TARABA STATE POLYTHECNIC SUNTAI,

JALINGO CAMPUS

SLT ND II COURSE NOTE

COURSE CODE: STB 211

COURSE TITLE:

PEST AND PEST CONTROL

LECTURERS: MRS VICTORIA ADAMS BAMBUR

AND

MRS RUTH SUNDAY

STB 211 : PEST AND PEST CONTROL

Pest is an organism which is regarded as unwanted or injurious, or unwanted, it can also be referred to as an insect or small animals that damages plants. This is most often because it causes damage to agriculture through feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock, such as codling moth (insect that fly by night), or ball weevil (insects that eat and destroy fibres and cotton).

An animal can also be a pest when it cause

damage to a wild ecosystem (household) or

carries germ (micro-organisms that causes

disease) within human habitats. Example of

these include those organism with vector

(transmit) disease on human such as rats and

fleas (an insect that feeds on human feces)

which carry the plague disease, or mosquito

which vector malaria

The term pest may be used to refer specially to

harmful animals but is also often taken to

mean all harmful organisms including fungi

and viruses. It is possible for an animal to be a

pest in one setting but beneficial or

domesticated in another

ANIMAL PHYLA CONTAINING PEST

This include:

i. phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

ii. Phylum: Mollusca

iii. Phylum: Arthropoda

iv. Phylum: chortdata

Phylum: nematoda (roundworms)

Nematodes commonly parastic on humans include whipworms,

hookworms, pinworms ascaris and filarids the species

a. Trichinella spiralis: commonly known as the trichana worm,

occurs in rats, pigs and humans and is responsible for disease

trichonosis

b. Baylisascaris: usually in fest wild animals but can be deadly to

humans as well.

c. Haemonchus contortus: is one of the most abundant

infectious agents in sheep around the world, causing great

economy damage to sheep forms.

In contrast, entomthogenic nematodes

parasitize insects are consider by humans to be

beneficial

Plant parastic nematodes include several

groups causing severe crops losses. The most

common general are:

Aphelen choides (foliar nematodes)

Meloidgyne (root-knot nematodes)

Heterodera, globodera (cyst nematodes) such as the potato cyst

Naccobus, pratylenchus (lesion nematdes)

some nematodes species transmit viruses through their feeding activity on roots. One of them is xiphinema index, vector of GFLV (Grapevine Fan Leaf Virus), an important disease of grapes.

PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA

The members of the phylum mollusca posses

soft bodies and hard external shells e.g snails

and snugs. They also possess a single flat

muscular foot for movement, possess head and

anus too.

The posterior part of the members is seen to

have a mantle cavity which has opening of

kidney and reproductive structures.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

(SNAIL)

They are soft bodied un-segmented.

Bodies differentiated into head, ventral, muscular foot for locomotion and a burrowing and a dorsal visceral lump covered by a fold of skin.

Some are aquatic while others are terrestrial.

Some possess tentacles on their head

They have eyes on the tentacle which is used for sensitivity

PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA

arthropoda are animals with a hard,

outerskeleton a jointed body and limbs this

make upaphylum of invertebrates that include

insects such as ants, beetles and butterflies;

crustaceans; such as lobsters, shrimps and

crabs; and arachinds include; scorpion, spiders

and ticks artropodes are adopted to life on

land, at sea and in the air.

as plant pollinators, nutrients recyclers and prey for other animals, they are essential members of the web of life. Many arthropodes, including, shrimps, lobsters and crabs are harvested as food for people through out the world. other arthropods provide the ingredients for fabric dyes, wood preservatives and medicines members of one arthropodes class in particular-insectar can be formidable pest, devouring crops destroying wood structures, spreading malaria and other life threatening disease

arthropoda is divided into three living

subphyla: chelicetra, crustacea and unirama.

examples are water fleas, woodlice, scorpions,

spiders tick, mites, cockroaches, house flies,

grasshoppers, mosquito, centipedes,

millipedes.

PHLUM: CHORDOTA

chordate, common name for animals of the phylum chordota, which include vertabrates as well as some invertebrate that possess at least for some time in their lives, a stiff rod called a notchord lying above the gut and beneath a single, hollow dorsal nerve chord. About 43,700 living species are known, making the chordates the third largest animal phylum. Three subphyla exist: cephalochordata, the fishlike lancelets with 25 species,

tunicata, the highly modified tunicates, with

about 2,000 species and vertebrate, animals

with backbones made up of vetebrae examples

are rats, mice squirrels, elephant, warthogs

e.t.c.

ARTHROPOD PEST

i. Class:insecta

insects are a major group of arthropods and

the most diverse group of animals on the earth,

with over a million describe species. Insects

may be found in nearly all environment on the

planet, although only a small number of

species occur in the oceans. Insects possess

segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton

A hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organised into three distinctive but interconnected units or tagmata: head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compounds eyes, one or three simple eyes (“o’cell’”) and three sets of variously modified appendages that from the mouth parts. The thorax has six segmented legs (one pair each for thee prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax)

And two or four wings. The abdomen (made up of

eleven segments some of which may be reduce or

fused) has most of the digestive, respiratory,

excretory and reproductive internal structures. The

mouth part is fort chewing, sucking or lapping they

are seperated sexes i.e male and female differs.

a. subclass: apterygota (without metamorphosis).

order: collembola e.g garden flea, this damages

young vegetable.

b. Subclass: pterygota (they are winged and have

metarmophosis)

order: orthoptera e.g grasshoper, cricket,

cockroaches

Dermaptera e.g earwigs

Isoptera e.g termites

Mallphaga e.g chewing lice

Anoplura e.g sucking lice

Pscoptera e.g booklice

Hemiptera e.g truebugs

Homoptera e.g aphids

Thysanptera e.g thrips

Lepidoptera e.g moths and butterflies

Diptera e.g flies, mosquitoes

Coleoptera e.g beetles, weevils

ii. Class symphala

they are about 6mm long. They are white,

have no eyes, and have antennae, jaws and 2

pairs of maxillae. Adult have 12 pairs f legs.

They are found in damp places with humus e.g

garden centipede. It injures seed and young

shoots or sugar beets, and other crops.

iii. Class: Arachinda

their abdomen lacks locomptory appendages. They have only simple eyes, no compound eyes. The cuticle is often with sensory hairs or scales. They are mostly oviparous with nometamorphosis.

Order: scorpionida eg. Scorpions`

Araneae eg. Spiders

acarina e.g. Mites and ticks

Iv. Class : Diplopoda – Their body is long and

cylinderical. Their head is with two pair of

segmented antennae, Jaws and maxillae. Their

abdoment is with 1 – 100 segments each with

two pairs of legs. Their development is direct,

they are found in moist places eg. Millipede.

V. Class: crustacea – their head is with two

pairs of antennae, a pair of jaws, two pairs of

maxillae. Their body is with a dorsal carapace.

They have a larval stage development eg.

Woodlice, crayfish.

NEMATODE PEST

The nematodes or roundworms are of Phylum

nematoda, and are one of the most common

phyla of animals, with over 80,000 different

described species. They live in fresh water,

marine and terrestrial environments, where

they often outnumber other animals in both

individual and species count. They are many in

parastic forms, including pathogens, in most

plant, animal and also in humans.

Roundworms are bilaterally symmetric and

triploblastic protostomes with a complete

digestive system, no circulatory or respiratory

system, so they use diffuse to breath. Nutrients

are transported throughout the body via fluid in

the pseudocoelon. Most free living nematodes

are microscopic, generally eat bacteria, fungi

and protozoans although some are filter

feeders.

From an agricultural perspective, there are two categories of nematodes; 1

1. predatory nematode which will kill garden eg. Cutworm

2. pest nematode which attack plants like the root-knot nematode. Rotation of plants with nematode resistant species or varieties are one means of managing parasitic nematode infections.

CASE STUDY: GLOBADERA ROSTOCHIENSIS

Classification:

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Nematoda

Order – Tylenchide

Class – secernentea

Subclass – Diplogasteria

Super family – Tylenchoidea

Family – Heteroderidea

Subfamily – Heteroderinea

Genus – Globodera

Species – rostochiensis.

Potato cyst nematode (PCN) are 1mm long roundworms. They

belong to the Genus Globodera with about 12 species. They

live in roots of plants of the family Solanaceae eg. Potatoes and

tomatoes. The PCN cause growth retardation and damage to

the roots and early senecence of plants. Fields are from PCN

until an introduction occurs, after which the typical patches, or

hot spots, occur on the farmland. These patches become full

field infestations when unchecked. Yield reductions can be up

to 60% at high population density. The PCN can survive in any

environmemt where potatoes can be grown. A period of 38 –

48 days, depending on the soil temparature, for complete life

cycle of the potato nematodes.

LIFE CYCLE OF GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS

Eggs remain dormant within the dead female’s body (i.e. cyst) until the proper stimulus to hatch is received i.e. A chemical stimuli released by the roots of the host plat (solanoedepine). Eggs can remain dormant and viable within the cyst for 30years

While in dormant stage, the nematodes are more resistant to nematicides.

When soil temperatures are warm enough (above 10degreesC), and the proper hatching signals are received, then the second stage juveniles hatch from the eggs, escape from the cyst and invade the tips of the root and establish a feeding site.

Egg hatch is stimulated by host root diffusate (60-80) and only about 5% hatch in water some eggs do not hatch until subsequent years

Host plant cells within the root cortex are stimulated to form special cells which transfer nutrients to nematodes.

After feeding commences, the juvenile grows and undergoes 3 more molts to become an adult.

Females grow and become round, breaking through the roots

and exposing the posterior portion of their body t the external

environment.

Male juvenile remain active feeding on the host plant till

maturity

Adult do not feed

Sex is determine by food supply

They reproduce sexually

Nematode may mate several times

The eggs can survive for up to 20 years inside these cyst.

MAJOR CROPS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO

NEMATODE ATTACK.

Abouut 2000 pla nts are suscetible to infection

by root knot nematode and they cause

approximately 5% of global crop loss.

Examples are : citrus cotton, cowpea , peanuts ,

rice, soybean, cucumber, pepper, flowers,

tomatoes, banana, carrots, ginger, grape,

strawberries, lotus, pawpaw, passion, fruits

pine apple, pumpkin etc.

Citrus: several nematode species are associated with citrus the most devastating one is citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) cause the diseases- slow declineof citrus

Coconut: the most destructive diseases affecting the crop is red ring disease, caused by the red ring nematode (Rhadinaphe lenchus cocophilus). Nematode ivades through root tissue, stem and leaves.

Corn: lesion nematodes and corn cyst nematode(Heterodera zeae) causing severe damage to corn.

Cotton: The two most important root diseases of cotton are root-knot caused by root knot nematode and fusarium wilt caused by fungus

Food legumes: several parasitic nematode are associated with legumes crops; pea cyst; stem nematode, root cyst and reniform nematodes.

CONTROL MEASURES BY WHICH NEMATODE

CAN BE REDUCED IN THE SOIL

Soil solization (specific nematode to specific crop)

Fallowing period

Pesticide

Sanitation

Planting resistant variety e.g tomato (VFN

Verticulum Fusarium Nematode)

Crop rotation

Suppressive plants.

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF THE ORDERS OF

INSECT OF AGRICULTURE

The orders of insect in agriculture are: orders hemiptera,

lepidoptera, coleoptera and hymenoptera

i. hemiptera(bugs) this include true bugs, stink bugs, aphids it is

divided into three sub-orders

a. geocrriza(terrestrial bug)

b. Amphibicorzae(semi aquatic or shore inhibiting bug)

c. Hydrocorizae(aquatic bug)

they have sucking, piercing mouth parts.

ii. order: lepidoptera- butterflies and moths are similar

animals. But they have some general differences.

Butterflies have knobs on tips of antennae moths

have thread like, feathery antenna. Butterflies and

moths are similar animals, but have the following

differences:-

Butterflies Moths

It has knobs (round shape) or

clubs (heavy shape) on the tip

of antennae

Moths has threat like

shape

Butterflies fly only in the day

time

Moths are active in the

night.

SIMILARITIES OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

Their mouth parts are for chewing in larval stage and sucking in

adult stage.

They have no mandible and maxillae jointed as coiled tube

(probosis) for sucking fluids.

They have large eyes.

They have long antennae.

They have membranous wings, broad with few cross vein.

Their larva (catapillar) is worm like with 3 legs pairs on

abdomen.

2 silk (a thin smooth cloth made from fibre) on lambium

iii. Order coleptera

These are the beetles

They are the largest group of animals on earth.

Coleoptera come from Greek words coeos(sheath) and ptera (wing) this refers to its characteristics of beetles.

They have chewing mouth parts.

Some have snout (long nose) like.

Their forewings are thick (elytra)

Their hind wings are membranous (thin) with few veins.

Most beetles can fly while some live on the ground due to loss of their ability to fly.

Some beetle live in the nest of ants and termites forming mutually beneficial relationship.

Beetle feeds on particular species of plant; are scavengers; predator and prey.

ORDER DIPTERAL

Their forewings are trabsparent, with few veins

Their hind wings are represented by short knobbed (round

shape) halters

Some are wingless

Their mouth is for piecing and sucking or sponging with

proboscis.

Their larvas are usually footless

Examples of Diptera are: black flies, sand flies, bee flies, tsetse

flies, mosquitoes etc.

ORDER: HYMENOPTERS

Hymen (membrane) Ptera (wing).

They are insect that are more than 1000,000 spp eg. Ants, bees,

wasp,sawflies, chalcids and ichneumons

The have chewing mouth part or biting

In bees, their mouths are modified to draw nectar from flowers

They have 2 pairs of membranous wings.

Some re wingless

The ovipositor(end of the abdomen) in female is used depositing eggs.

The ovipositor in some higher female is used for stinger only, i.e. for

defence.

Their larva are like caterpillar or legless

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF BIRDS AND ANIMALS

BIRD:

Bird belongs to the class Aves

They have a vertebral column and a skull

They are warm blooded animals i.e they

maintained their body temperature at a

constant level and above that of their

surroundings

EXTERNAL ANATOMY (FEATURES) OF BIRDS

They are covered with feathers

Their forelimbs are modified as wings, usually adapted for flight

Their hind limbs are use for walking, patching or swimming and with 4 toestheir feathers consist of a shaft with rows of fine filaments (bobs) on each side.

They have true digestive and respiratory system

They usually lay eggs.

USE OF RESISTANT VARIETIES OF CROPS TO

OVERCOME PEST

Development of resistance line seen to offer

the best prospects of crop protection,

particularly, if this is combined with the use of

healthy, clean seed, efficient weed control and

crop rotation.

BIOLOGICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL

Biological control of pest is the use of natural enemies of pest to control it,

instead of chemical agents like insecticides and herbicides eg. Ants, Lady

beetle and lacewings, paracitoids, pathogens.

TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Conservation: Adpted to targeted environment and to th target pest.

Classical biological control: introduction of natural enemies to a new locality

Augumentation: This involves the supplement or continous release of

natural enemies (paracitoids

CULTURAL METHODS ADPTED TO CONTROL

PEST

It involves variationS of standard horticultural or animal husbandry

practices. This control usually modify the relationships between a pest

population and its natural environment.

TYPES OF CULTURAL CONTROL OF PEST

Crop isolation

Planting density and spacing

Mixed cropping

Timing of seedlings and planting

Crop rotation

Destruction of volunteer plant

Management of alternate hosts

Management of trap crops

Other cultural methods are ; management of nursery crps, cultivation/

tillage, fertilization and manuring, timing f defoliation, irrigation drainage,

sanitation, mulches, timing harvest and strip harvest.

ADVANTATEGES OF CULTURAL CONTROL

They are the cheapest of all

They do not require extra labour

They are dependable

They are specific

They are not detrimental or effect of pesticides

They have no undesirable residues in food.

DISADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL CONTROL

They require long time planning for greater effectiveness

They need careful timing

They substitute knowledge

They require skills or energy demanding

They cause erosion.

CHEMICAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL:

This is the use of manufactured chemical compound, which is applied to

control a pest species eg. Herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides. etc.

Chemical control form the foremost methods for management of insect

pest of agriculture.

PESTICIDES

A pesticide is a mixture of substance used to kill a pest. The pesticide may

be chemical substance of biological agents and antimicrobial disinfection or

devise used against pest.

USES OF PESTICIDES

For most cropping system and in some case insect vectored disease,

pesticides are the only practical technology.

Pesticides have rapid curative action in preventing loss of crop yield or

protecting human/ animal health

Pesticides offer wide range of properties, uses method of application to pest

situation

Economic return-cost ratio for pesticides use is generally favourable.

CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES:

Pesticides are commonly classified in several ways:

chemical class

target organism

mode of action

application on timing or usage

PESTICIDES AND THEIR TARGET

TERMS - TARGET

Algaecide - Algae

Avicide - Birds

Bactericide - Bacteria

Defoliant - Cropfoliage

Deciccant - Crop plant

Fungicide - Fungi

Herbicide - plant (weeds)

Miticide - mites

Molluscicide - molluscas

Nematicide - nematodes

Plant growth regulator - Crop plants

Rodenticide - Rodents

Piscicide - Fish

Lampricide - Lamprey

Wood preservative - Wood destroying pest

TARGET CLASSIFICATION MAY ALSO SPECIFY GROWTH STAGES

Ovicides – eggs

Larvicides - Larvae

Adulticides - Adult

MODE OF ACTION EXAMPLES

Broad spectrum

Contact poison

Disinfectant (Eradicant)

Germination Inhibitor

Non-selective

Nerve Poison

Protectants

Repellants

Systemic

Stomach Poison

CLASSIFICATION BY TIMING

ANNUAL CROPS

Seed Treatment: Pesticides coats or is absorbed into seed.

Pre-plant-Pesticide: Pesticide applied anytime before planting.

At –planting: Pesticide applied during planting operation.

In furrow: In the planting row, direct contact with crop seed.

Side-dress: Next to the row, no direct contact with crop seed.

Broadcast: Distributed over soil surface.

Pre-emergent: before the crop has emerged from the ground.

Post-emergent: After the crop has emerged from the ground.

Lay-by: Final operation before harvest sequence.

PERENIAL CROPS:

Dormant: Applied during water.

Bud break: Applied as dormancy is broken.

HARVEST-RELATED TIMING:

Pre-harvest: just before crop is harvested.

Post-harvest: After crop is harvested.

BENEFITS OF PESTICIDES

Inexpensive.

Greater control confidence.

Effective and rapid.

Therapeutic.

Management efficiency.

Can enable other management practices.

DISADVANTAGES:

Cost of pesticide.

Greater human health threat.

Greater environmental cost.

Detrimental effects on non-target species.

Less sustainable.

SAFETY PRECAUTION IN APPLYING OF

PESTICIDE

Use the correct pesticide (Read the labelling on the container).

Deal with any emergency exposure

Know the first aid procedure for pesticide use

Prepare for accidental split-clay, charcoal.

Hydrated lime should be available for decontamination of spill surface.

Keep plenty of soap/detergent or water or anything suggested on the label.

Change of clothing is necessary i.e have extra clothes.

Move pesticide safely to avoid brokage of container. Follow the best way to

transport container.

Children must not be allowed to ride on or near the pesticide.

Never allow livestock to feed near the pesticides.

Secure all pesticide Container.

Thank you

Wishing you the best.