Staying Alive: Strategies for Dealing with Change & Increasing Professional Viability
Staying Alive or the Limitations of the See and Avoid Principle CAA Safety Investigation Unit.
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Transcript of Staying Alive or the Limitations of the See and Avoid Principle CAA Safety Investigation Unit.
Staying Alive or the Staying Alive or the Limitations of the Limitations of the
See and Avoid See and Avoid PrinciplePrinciple
CAA Safety Investigation CAA Safety Investigation UnitUnit
BackgroundBackground
Why I am presenting todayWhy I am presenting today
The USA perspective FAA AC90-48CThe USA perspective FAA AC90-48C
The Australian perspective The Australian perspective
BASI/ATSB Research ReportBASI/ATSB Research Report
Trends in New Zealand July/August Trends in New Zealand July/August
Vector 2009Vector 2009
NZ Reported Near MissesNZ Reported Near Misses
NZ Hot SpotsNZ Hot Spots
Hamilton Hamilton 1919
TaurangaTauranga 1212
Palmerston NorthPalmerston North 1111
ArdmoreArdmore 1010
ChristchurchChristchurch 9 9
ParaparaumuParaparaumu 8 8
QueenstownQueenstown 8 8
Mid Air AccidentMid Air AccidentZK-MBD and ZK-MBLZK-MBD and ZK-MBL
9 February 20069 February 2006
ZK-MBL Climbing 75kt 750ft/minZK-MBL Climbing 75kt 750ft/min
ZK-MBD Descending 75kt ZK-MBD Descending 75kt 600ft/min600ft/min
““The accident occurred due to the The accident occurred due to the pilots not being able to sight each pilots not being able to sight each other as a result of the aircraft’s other as a result of the aircraft’s inherent blind spots and position inherent blind spots and position of the sun”of the sun”
SSR RadarSSR RadarPlotPlot
Accident SiteAccident Site
ZK-MBD Main WreckageZK-MBD Main Wreckage
ZK-MBL Main WreckageZK-MBL Main Wreckage
Aircraft Blind SpotsAircraft Blind Spots
Mid Air AccidentMid Air AccidentZK-ETY and ZK-HGVZK-ETY and ZK-HGV
17 February 2008 Paraparaumu17 February 2008 Paraparaumu
ZK-HGV PPL(H) issue flight test A ZK-HGV PPL(H) issue flight test A Cat Examiner 2,674 hoursCat Examiner 2,674 hours
ZK-ETY Student pilot 25 hoursZK-ETY Student pilot 25 hours
TAIC Summary PageTAIC Summary Page
TAIC Safety Recommendation TAIC Safety Recommendation 5.1.25.1.2
ZK-ETY Main WreckageZK-ETY Main Wreckage
ZK-ETY Tail SectionZK-ETY Tail Section
ZK-ETY Roof DamageZK-ETY Roof Damage
ZK-ETYZK-ETYEngineEngine
ZK- HGV Placemakers ZK- HGV Placemakers RoofRoof
ZK-HGV Main WreckageZK-HGV Main Wreckage
What the CAA Rule SaysWhat the CAA Rule Says
91.229 Right-of-way rules91.229 Right-of-way rules
(a) (a) Right-of-Way: Right-of-Way: A pilot of an A pilot of an aircraft –aircraft –
(1) must, when weather conditions (1) must, when weather conditions permit, regardless of whether the flight permit, regardless of whether the flight is performed under IFR or under VFR, is performed under IFR or under VFR, maintain a visual lookout so as to see maintain a visual lookout so as to see and avoid other aircraft; and and avoid other aircraft; and
What the Advisory What the Advisory Circulars SayCirculars Say
AC61-3 AC61-5AC61-3 AC61-5
Lookout:Lookout:
Demonstrate an adequate lookout (both on the Demonstrate an adequate lookout (both on the ground and in the air).ground and in the air).
Maintain an adequate level of situational Maintain an adequate level of situational awareness by ensuring compliance with the awareness by ensuring compliance with the minimum VMC requirements for VFR flight and minimum VMC requirements for VFR flight and building a mental picture of the relative building a mental picture of the relative position of traffic, which may potentially affect position of traffic, which may potentially affect the flight.the flight.
What the Flight Test What the Flight Test Guides Advise for Guides Advise for RPL/PPL/CPLRPL/PPL/CPL
Assessment CriteriaAssessment Criteria
Task: Lookout (critical task)Task: Lookout (critical task)
Objective:Objective:
To determine that the candidate;To determine that the candidate;
(a)(a)Maintains a good lookout both on the ground and in Maintains a good lookout both on the ground and in the air for collision avoidance and separation from the air for collision avoidance and separation from other aircraft (other aircraft (critical elementcritical element).).
(b)(b)remains in VMC to comply with Visual Flight Rules remains in VMC to comply with Visual Flight Rules ((critical elementcritical element).).
(c)(c)Maintains situational awareness (Maintains situational awareness (critical elementcritical element))
““Lookout” Lookout” ConsiderationsConsiderations
FAA AC 90-48C gives eight key points:FAA AC 90-48C gives eight key points:Constantly alert within field of visionConstantly alert within field of visionSpotting threatsSpotting threatsProper scanning techniqueProper scanning techniqueShort regularly spaced eye Short regularly spaced eye movementsmovementsPeripheral vision most usefulPeripheral vision most usefulVisual search at night/peripheralVisual search at night/peripheralBrightness and contrastBrightness and contrastMoving head to search around Moving head to search around obstructionsobstructions
Scan TechniqueScan Technique
Scan TechniqueScan Technique
““To See” ConsiderationsTo See” Considerations
WorkloadWorkload
Glass cockpitsGlass cockpits
Diffusion of Diffusion of responsibilityresponsibility
Cockpit VisibilityCockpit Visibility
ObstructionsObstructions
GlareGlare
Blind SpotsBlind Spots
Visual field narrowingVisual field narrowing
Threshold for AcuityThreshold for Acuity
AccommodationAccommodation
Empty field myopiaEmpty field myopia
Alerted V UnalertedAlerted V Unalerted
Target characteristicsTarget characteristics
LightsLights
““And Avoid” And Avoid” ConsiderationsConsiderations
It should not be assumed that It should not be assumed that successful action is guaranteed successful action is guaranteed once threat sightedonce threat sighted
Time required to recognise Time required to recognise threat and take evasive actionthreat and take evasive action
Evasive manoeuvre may Evasive manoeuvre may increase collision riskincrease collision risk
Time to ReactTime to React
The Instructor’s/Flight The Instructor’s/Flight Examiner’s PerspectiveExaminer’s Perspective
Devote maximum time to collision Devote maximum time to collision avoidanceavoidance
Set an exampleSet an example
Safety pilotSafety pilot
““During any flight test, direct During any flight test, direct attention to the applicant’s vigilance attention to the applicant’s vigilance of other air traffic and an adequate of other air traffic and an adequate clearance of the area before clearance of the area before performing any flight manoeuvre”performing any flight manoeuvre”
ConclusionConclusion
New Zealand trendsNew Zealand trends
Instructing/assessment of Instructing/assessment of lookout, see, and avoidlookout, see, and avoid
Self preservation of instructors Self preservation of instructors and flight examinersand flight examiners
Tools for your toolbox (handouts)Tools for your toolbox (handouts)