Review of Regional Policy Instruments, Developments and Trends : CWANA
Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current Outbreaks
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Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current Outbreaks
Kumarse Nazari
INTERNATIONAL WHEAT STRIPE RUST SYMPOSIUM, ICARDA, ALEPPO, SYRIA, 18-20, APRIL 2011
More than 50 m ha of wheat production in CWANA25% of the total global wheat areas fall in CWANA
Stripe (Yellow Rust) Stem (Black) Rust Leaf (Brown Rust)
Stripe (yellow rust) local names in CWANAArabic: Shakiran" ران ق! األصفر " ,meaning reddish حميرة "meaning blond, and "Hummaira ش# الصدأ
(Yellow rust); "Sadaa Mokhatat" المخطط البرتقالي "Sadaa Burtokali" ; (Stripe rust) الصدأ الصدأ(orange rust) B. Baya,
Persian: زرد .Zardi, Zang, Sorkhi, J. Kamali K ,(rustic) زنگال ;(reddish) سرخه ,(yellow Rust) زنگNazari
Georgia called “Kviteli Zhanga” ( ყვითელი რუსტი ) Z. Sikharulidze
Nepal: Pahelo Sindure or Dharse Sindure S. Sharma
Pakistan Zard or Dhari Dhar Kungi (Urdo) Atiq Rattu
In Hindi is called “Pila Ratua” ( पी�ला� ज�ग) M. Prashar
Morocco: Bouzadagh but in SAIS area (meknès – Fès); Berber language, Ramdani, Amri
In Turkish and Azeri: Sarı Pas (farmers call Kinacik; means henna)
Kazakhstan; Sary Tat Alma Kokhmetova
Russian: Zheltoi Rzhavchin желтой ржавчине K. Aslanova
Ethiopia , Amharic name: Bitcha wag Bedada Girma
Pathogen NomenclaturePathogen Common
Name P. striiformis sensu stricto Stripe rust P. striiformoides (P. striiformis f.sp. dactylidis) Cocksfoot
stripe rust P. pseudostriiformis (P. striiformis f.sp. poae) Bluegrass
stripe rust P. gansensis
Liu, M. and Hambleton, S. (2010). "Taxonomic study of stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis sensu lato, based on molecular and morphological evidence.", Fungal Genetics and Biology, 114(10), pp. 881-899
Country/ Year Crop loss/ fungicide use million $Turkey
1992199620002009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 10 m ha)1.2 mt (Cekurova)3% Gereck 79?
5685310 (>1.5 mh)
Iran1992-42007 and 092010
25 million tones2000,0000 ha infection650,000 ha spray
158100?
Uzbekistan199820092010
35% yield lossesYellow rust outbreak
13525-30% 30%
Pakistan1993-42005
Yr9 Outbreaks (Pak 81)Inquilab 91
??
Morocco2009-10 Akhtar 25-35%
Azerbaijan, Tajikistan ? 30%
Syria 2010 Cham 8 fully susceptible 40-50%
Ethiopia, Kenya, SA 2010 ? ?
China 2011 2.67 m ha
Important Epidemiological Factors in CWANA & CAC
Conducive climatic conditionsSimilarity of wheat genotypes Mean of transportation: West-East wind movement,
Overlapping crop calendar eCo-evolution of host pathogens Vide range of host plants
Mega-cultivar: Genetic similarity 1980-1997: The Yr9-Outbreak
▪ Syria and Lebanon: Mexipak▪ Ethiopia: Dashen▪ Iran: Falat▪ Pakistan: Pak 81▪ Turkey: Seri 82
2000-2010: Yr27 virulent outbreak▪ Syria: Cham 8▪ Kubsa▪ Chamran & Shiroudi▪ Pakistan and India: Inquilab 91 & PBW343
Susceptible mega cultivarsSardari (Iran), Gerek (Turkey), Akhtar (Morocco), Bezostaya (CAC), …..
Earth Rotation and easterly trade winds
Risk of Accidental Transfer (the “747 route”)
A small world: A Single Airline Flight Map!
Plus – Very long distance natural “rare” events can occur!
We can also transfer the rust spore if….
Crop calendar “Green Bridge” & Continues cropping system
Country Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
East Africa
Near East
Egypt
Sudan
Oman
Saudi Arabia
North Africa
West Asia
Yemen-off-season
Yemen-main season
Planting
Growing
Harvesting
No crop
A. Yahyaoui
Historical Example of regional yellow rust epidemic1980’s in CWANA
classical example of transboundary wheat rusts
Yr27 Pst pt; A New Threat to wheat production in CWANA
Mega-cultivarsInqualab-91 5 million ha in PakistanPBW343 6 million ha in India
Yr27 Pst pt
Syria, Morocco, Uzbekistan (2009)
India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran - Inqualab-91, MH97, Chamran, Imam and Kubsa :
Yr27
- PBW343, Shiroudi, Bakhtawar and WH542 : Yr9 and Yr27
Wide spread of new Yr race: Yr27 virulence race in southern partCool and humid weather in warm areaYellow rust epidemic, Darab, Dezful and Ilam, 2007
Early infection foci
Yellow rust epidemic Akhtar cv-Morocco 2009 (75% of wheat growing areas) (Ezzahiri et al., 4th RYRC-Turkey)
Yellow rust high infection Uzbekistan, 2009Bezostaja become susceptible (R. Sharma)
Early Yr infection March 17, 2010, Aleppo
Syria 2010, Hassakeh, March 17Cham 8
Early infection foci
Syria 2010, Cham6
Yellow rust outbreak Ethiopia 2010
Early infection on Tetraplois wheat genotypes
Number of freezing days at Tel Hadya between November-January, 2006-2010
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-20100
10
20
30
40
50
60
Years
Nu
mb
er
of
freezin
g d
ays
Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Marc
h
Ap
ril
May
2006-7
-100
10203040506070
Mean Temp. (ºC) Maximum Temp. (ºC)Minimum Temp. (ºC) Prec. (mm)
Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Marc
h
Ap
ril
May
2007-8
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mean Temp. (ºC) Maximum Temp. (ºC)Minimum Temp. (ºC) Prec. (mm)
Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Marc
h
Ap
ril
May
2009-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Oct
No
v
Dec
Jan
Feb
Marc
h
Ap
ril
May
2008-9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yr race analysis of Pst in CWANASyria: Yr1, Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr(8), Yr9,
Yr10, Yr27, Yr25, Yr(Sd)Morocco: Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27,
Yr(Sd)Afghanistan: Yr1, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27,
Yr (Sd), YrSuKenya: Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25,
Yr27Ethiopia: Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27Tajikistan: Yr1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 25, 32 Iraq: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27Turkey: ? IRAN: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27
Testet/ cultivar Yr-GENE
2009 2010
Tel Hadya HASSAKEH MALKIEH ALEPPO DIRE AL ZOR
YR1/6*Avocet S Yr1 R S S S S
YR6/6*Avocet S Yr6 S S S S S
YR7/6*Avocet S Yr7 S S S S S
YR8/6*Avocet S Yr8 R S S S S
YR9/6*Avocet S Yr9 S S S S S
YR27/6*Avocet S Yr27 R S S S S
Ciano 79 Yr27 R S S S S
ATTILA-50Y Yr27+? R S S S S
OPATA 85 Yr27+Yr18 R S S S S
Cham 1 DW R R R R R
Cham 4 BW R S S S S
Cham 6 BW R S S S S
Cham 8 BW R S S S S
Morocco BW S S S S S
Challenges ahead1.Regional and international rust laboratory2.Expanding current rust surveillance3.Capacity building4.Reactivation rust networks5.Exchanging/ sharing information6.New platform toward understanding pathogenic
variability at farmer field7.Revision differential cultivars8.Standardization of rust laboratory protocols and
Revision differential cultivars9.Characterization and filed assessment of adult-
plant resistance genes10.Breeding for resistance (long lasting resistance)
He was happy when he had a bread
but when he didn’t !?