Standards for Wireless Comms

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BITS, PilaniGoa Campus

Standards of Wireless Communications



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Standards Bodies

The European Conference of Postal andTelecommunications Administrations - CEPT - wasestablished in 1959 by 19 countries, which expanded to26 during its first ten years. Original members werethe monopoly-holding postal and telecommunicationsadministrations. CEPT's activities included co-operation on

commercial, operational, regulatory and technicalstandardisation issues.

In 1988 CEPT decided to create ETSI, the EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, into which all itstelecommunication standardisation activities weretransferred.


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Standards Bodies

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) produces globally-applicable standards for Information and

Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile,radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies.

Recognized by the European Union as a European StandardsOrganization.

ETSI is a not-for-profit organization WITH 766 member organizations

from 63 countries across 5 continents world-wide.


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Standards Bodies

International Telecommunication Union United Nations agency for information and communication

technology issues has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum,

promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits,worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in thedeveloping world & established the worldwide standards .

Handles issues from broadband Internet to latest-generationwireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritimenavigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology,from convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data,voice and TV broadcasting to next-generation networks.

ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membershipincludes 191 Member States and more than 700 SectorMembers and Associates.


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Cordless telephony

Cordless Telephone 1 (CT-1) Traditional 1st generation cordless phone used to get wireless access

to Public Switching Telephony Network (PSTN) One BS & one mobile device

Limited mobility Low speech quality Residental usage

CT-2 introduced 1985 by CEPT Allowed more mobility in with fixed BSs

Own phone could be used in dedicated areas

DECT (1992) Digital European Cordless Telephone until 1995 ->Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, is an ETSIstandard for digital portable phones (cordless home telephones),

commonly used for domestic or corporate purposes.

DECT has been adopted by many countries all over the world.Outside Europe, it is used in most of Asia, Australia and SouthAmerica. In the US accepted in 2005 with changed channelization


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Cordless telephony

DECT services include

domestic cordless telephony, using a single base station to connectone or more handsets to the public telecoms network enterprise premises, using many base stations for coverage. Calls

continue as users move between different coverage cells, throughhandover. Traffic both within and to the public telecom networks

public access, using large numbers of base stations to providebuilding or urban area coverage as part of a public telecoms network

DECT standard allows the use of PABX - private automatic branchexchange

To make connections among the internal telephones of a privateorganization (usually business) and also connect them to PSTN.

Can handle exchange functionality for telephones, fax machines andmodems

primary advantage of PBXs is cost saving on internal phone calls

Currently also DECT/VoIP BSs available


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GSM

GSM phase 1 (1991-1994) Base of commercial GSM service Only sub set of services was available

Phase 2 (1994-1995) Full version of the standard

Signaling & protocols enhanced Supplementary serives

Phase 2+ (1995->) Speech quality -> GSM to accept different encoding algorithms Group calls GPRS SMS service additions


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Universal Personal Telecommunications

UPT is a special segment of the international telephone number

space for universal personal telephone numbers. This servicehas been allocated country code +878. UPT numbers differsignificantly from Personal Numbers which are embedded as anArea Code within the national Telephone numbering plan.

ITU introduced this concept in 2001, referring to it as "globalnumber portability".

UPT phone number is intended to be an internationallyconsistent number which an individual can acquire, which can

then be used to contact them via telephone or other services. AUPT provider basically must have the ability to receiveconnections from the international telephone network, and thenforward the called number to the individual's real number.


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IMT-2000 A.K.A 3G

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000),

better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standardsfor mobile telecommunications defined by the ITU, whichincludes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT andWiMAX[2007]. Services include wide-area wireless voicetelephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobileenvironment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allowssimultaneous use of speech and data services and higher datarates.

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatibleextensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionarystandards that require all-new networks and frequency allocations.The later group is the UMTS family, which consists of standardsdeveloped for IMT-2000, as well as the independently-developedstandards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fitthe IMT-2000 definition.


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UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile

telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. It is specifiedby 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. Being a complete network system, UMTS

covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network; UTRAN), the core network(Mobile Application Part; MAP) as well as authentication of users via USIM cards (Subscriber IdentityModule).

UMTS requires new cell towers and new frequency allocations. However, it is closely related toGSM/EDGE as it borrows and builds upon concepts from GSM. Further, most UMTS handsets alsosupport GSM, allowing seamless dual-mode operation. Therefore, UMTS is sometimes marketed as3GSM, emphasizing the close relationship with GSM and differentiating it from competingtechnologies.

Outside of Europe, the system is also known by other names such as FOMA ( Freedom of Mobilemultimedia Access - 1st 3G service in Japan ) or W-CDMA ( air interface used in 3G mobiletelecommunications ) In marketing, it is often just referred to as 3G .

In the case of GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, to GPRS, also known as 2.5G. E-GPRS, orEDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern coding schemes. EDGE systemsare often referred as "2.75G Systems.

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgradedwith High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPAenables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplinktransfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling. The high data speeds of UMTS arenow most often utilised for Internet access: experience has shown that user demand for video calls isnot high


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IS-54, IS-136 -> D-AMPS

IS-54 and IS-136 are second-generation (2G) mobile phonesystems, known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) - > AMPS =Advanced Mobile Phone System.

Used Americas, particularly in the United States and Canada. D-AMPS is considered end-of-life, and existing networks havebeen replaced by GSM/GPRS or CDMA2000 technologies.

IS-54/136 dual mode phone uses digital channels whereavailable and defaults to regular AMPS where they are not.Backward compatible with analog cellular and indeed co-existson the same radio channels as AMPS. No analog customerswere left behind; they simply couldn't access IS-54's newfeatures. IS-54 also supported authentication preventing fraud

IS-136 added a number of features to the original IS-54specification, including text messaging, circuit switched data(CSD), and an improved compression protocol. SMS and CSDwere both implemented nearly identical fashion with GSM.


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IS-95

IS-95 is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneeredby Qualcomm. The brand name for IS-95 is cdmaOne.

It is a 2G Standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access schemefor digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data betweenmobile telephones and cell sites.

CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies.Unlike TDMA "time division multiple access" of 2G GSM, allradios can be active all the time, because network capacity doesnot directly limit the number of active radios. Since largernumbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economicadvantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellularstandards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS.It is now being supplanted by CDMA2000


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Personal Digital Cellular - PDC

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) is a 2G mobile

telecommunications standard developed and usedexclusively in Japan

Like D-AMPS and GSM, PDC uses TDMA. The servicesinclude voice, supplementary services (call waiting, voice

mail, three-way calling, call forwarding, and so on), dataservice (up to 9.6 kbit/s CSD), and packet-switchedwireless data (up to 28.8 kbit/s PDC-P).

Compared to GSM, PDC's weak broadcast strength allowssmall, portable phones with light batteries at the expenseof substandard voice quality and problems maintainingthe connection, particularly in enclosed spaces likeelevators.


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Personal Handy-phone System - PHS PHS is used mainly in Japan, China, Taiwan and some other Asian countries.

cordless telephone like DECT, with the capability to handover from one cell to another.PHS cells are small, BS range typically measures in tens or at most hundreds of metersas opposed to the multi-kilometer ranges of CDMA and GSM. This makes PHS suitablefor dense urban areas, but impractical for rural areas, and the small cell size alsomakes it difficult to make calls from rapidly moving vehicles.

PHS support many value-added services such as high speed wireless data / Internetconnection (64 kbit/s and higher), e-mailing, text messaging and color image transfer.

PHS technology is also a popular option for providing a wireless local loop, where it isused to bridge the "last mile" gap between the Plain old telephone service (POTS)network and the subscriber's home. Actually, it was developed under the concept thatit makes up a wireless front-end of an ISDN network. So a base station of PHS has acompatibility with, and is often connected directly to ISDN telephone exchangeequipment (A.K.A. a digital switch).

PHS phone has 3 modes: Private mode -> Cordless phone at home or office Public mode -> uses network operators wireless service outside office/home Tranciever mode -> enables direct connection between terminals near by

Standards for Wireless Comms

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