Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment and Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment and Democratic RevolutionDemocratic Revolution

Compare the major ideas Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their of philosophers and their effects on the democratic effects on the democratic

revolutions in England, the revolutions in England, the United States, and France.United States, and France.

Vocabulary Terms for Standard Vocabulary Terms for Standard 10.2.110.2.1

1. Enlightenment-1. Enlightenment- an 18 an 18thth century European movement in which century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.scientific method to all aspects of life.

2. Natural Rights-2. Natural Rights- Rights people are born with Rights people are born with3. Revolution-3. Revolution- To radical and complete change to in political To radical and complete change to in political

organizationorganization4. Separation of Powers-4. Separation of Powers- government in which the executive, government in which the executive,

legislative, and judicial branches placed limits and control on legislative, and judicial branches placed limits and control on each othereach other

5. Social Contract-5. Social Contract- an agreement among a whole society that it an agreement among a whole society that it would be governed by a general will/what is best for the entire would be governed by a general will/what is best for the entire community.community.

6. Branches of Government-6. Branches of Government- government divided into two or more government divided into two or more branches placing limits and control on each other.branches placing limits and control on each other.

Summary of the EnlightenmentSummary of the Enlightenment

The Enlightenment, an intellectual The Enlightenment, an intellectual

movement that spread from Europe to movement that spread from Europe to

America in the 1700’s, helped inspire America in the 1700’s, helped inspire

democratic revolutions in Europe, the democratic revolutions in Europe, the

United States, and Latin America. Key United States, and Latin America. Key

enlightenment writers included Locke, enlightenment writers included Locke,

Montesquieu, and Rousseau.Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

John Locke: England (Slide 1)John Locke: England (Slide 1)John Locke (August 29, EnglishJohn Locke (August 29, Englishphilosopher. Locke is considered philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricists,the first of the British Empiricists,but is equally important 1632but is equally important 1632October 28, 1704) was an to socialOctober 28, 1704) was an to socialcontract theory. His ideas hadcontract theory. His ideas hadenormous influence on theenormous influence on thedevelopment of epistemology anddevelopment of epistemology andpolitical philosophy, and he ispolitical philosophy, and he iswidely regarded as one of the mostwidely regarded as one of the mostinfluential influential EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers thinkersand contributors to liberal theory.and contributors to liberal theory.His writings influenced His writings influenced VoltaireVoltaire and andRousseauRousseau, many , many ScottishScottishEnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers, as well as thinkers, as well asthe the American revolutionariesAmerican revolutionaries. This. Thisinfluence is reflected in theinfluence is reflected in theAmerican Declaration ofDeclaration ofIndependenceIndependence. .

John Locke: England (Slide 2)John Locke: England (Slide 2)

1. People have 1. People have natural rightsnatural rights to life, liberty, to life, liberty, and the ownership of property.and the ownership of property.

2. People form 2. People form governments to protect governments to protect these rightsthese rights. Therefore, a government . Therefore, a government gets its gets its authority form the peopleauthority form the people and and should reflect their will.should reflect their will.

Influence:Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the main author of the the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence, the basis of , the basis of the American Revolution. It Stated that the American Revolution. It Stated that people have natural “unalienable rights” people have natural “unalienable rights” and that a government derives its power and that a government derives its power from the peoplefrom the people

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

the Declaration of the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

John Locke’s Ideas and InfluencesJohn Locke’s Ideas and Influences

Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 1)(Slide 1)

Montesquieu born on (January 18,Montesquieu born on (January 18,1689 in Bordeaux – February 10,1689 in Bordeaux – February 10,1755),more commonly known as1755),more commonly known asMontesquieu, was a French socialMontesquieu, was a French socialcommentator and commentator and political thinkerpolitical thinker who who lived during the lived during the EnlightenmentEnlightenment. He is. He isfamous for his articulation of thefamous for his articulation of thetheory of theory of separation of powersseparation of powers, taken, takenfor granted in modern discussions offor granted in modern discussions ofgovernment and implemented in manygovernment and implemented in manyconstitutions throughout the world.constitutions throughout the world.He was largely responsible for theHe was largely responsible for thepopularization of the terms popularization of the terms feudalismfeudalismand and Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Charles-Louis MontesquieuCharles-Louis Montesquieu

Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 2)Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 2)

1. Government should be kept under control 1. Government should be kept under control through separation of powers-a divisions through separation of powers-a divisions into independent parts so that no part has into independent parts so that no part has too much power.too much power.

2. A way to guarantee balance is to have three 2. A way to guarantee balance is to have three branches of government:branches of government:

• a a legislative branchlegislative branch to make laws; to make laws;• an an executive branchexecutive branch to carry out and enforce to carry out and enforce

laws;laws;• a a judicial branchjudicial branch to interpret the laws; to interpret the laws;InfluenceInfluence: Montesquieu’s ideas influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influenceJames Madison, Sometimes called the father ofJames Madison, Sometimes called the father ofthe U.S. Constitution because of histhe U.S. Constitution because of hiscontributions at the 1787 Constitutionalcontributions at the 1787 ConstitutionalConvention. The Constitution Separate powersConvention. The Constitution Separate powersinto three branchesinto three branches

Charles-Louis Montesquieu’s Ideas and InfluencesCharles-Louis Montesquieu’s Ideas and InfluencesJames MadisonJames Madison

U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution

cc

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: FranceJean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 1) (Slide 1)

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan Genevan philosopherphilosopher of the of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment whose political ideas influenced the whose political ideas influenced the French RevolutionFrench Revolution, the development , the development of of socialistsocialist theory, and the growth of theory, and the growth of nationalismnationalism. Perhaps Rousseau's . Perhaps Rousseau's most important work is most important work is The SocialThe Social ContractContract, which outlines the basis , which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order. for a legitimate political order. Published in Published in 17621762, it became one of , it became one of the most influential works of the most influential works of political political philosophyphilosophy in the in the WesternWestern tradition. tradition.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 2)(Slide 2)

1. A 1. A social contractsocial contract exists between citizens exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, and their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilitiesrights and responsibilities

Influence:Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin American revolutionary influenced Latin American revolutionary leader leader Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar. Bolivar fought to . Bolivar fought to liberate his country, present-day liberate his country, present-day Venezuela, from Spanish rule. He also led Venezuela, from Spanish rule. He also led movements for movements for independence and independence and democracydemocracy in what are now the nations of in what are now the nations of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru.Peru.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas and InfluencesInfluences

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 1 and 2Revolution Practice Questions 1 and 2

__1. The European intellectual movement that emphasized the __1. The European intellectual movement that emphasized the

responsibility of government to protect people's natural responsibility of government to protect people's natural

rights was calledrights was called

A. Glorious RevolutionA. Glorious Revolution

B. ReformationB. Reformation

C. EnlightenmentC. Enlightenment

D. Great AwakeningD. Great Awakening

__2. The phrase “natural rights” is original to and central to the __2. The phrase “natural rights” is original to and central to the

writings of which philosopher? writings of which philosopher?

A. John LockeA. John Locke

B. Charles-Louis MontesquieuB. Charles-Louis Montesquieu

C. Jean-Jacques RousseauC. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

D. James MadisonD. James Madison

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 3 Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 3

and 4and 4

___3. The Declaration of Independence expresses the philosophy

that the power of government comes from

A. God

B. the people

C. natural rights

D. the Constitution

___4. Which statement best summarizes the role of government in

the social contract?

A. Its basis is the rights and responsibilities of the people.

B. Its has legislative, executive, and judicial responsibilities.

C. It guarantees life, liberty, and the ownership of property.

D. Its main purpose is to interpret laws.

Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 5 and 6Revolution Practice Questions 5 and 6

___5. What principle is directly reflected in the division of a government into three branches? A. natural laws B. separation of powers C. the social contract D. democracy and independence___6. The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Simon Bolivar in his commitment to A. maintain the peaceful rule of the Spanish king. B. urge the Venezuelan government to separate into three branches C. negotiate a social contract between Spain and Latin America. D. fight for democratic revolution in Latin America.

Key and Grading Scale for Standard 10.2.1 The Key and Grading Scale for Standard 10.2.1 The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Key Key

• 1= C 1= C

• 2= A2= A

• 3= B3= B

• 4= A4= A

• 5= B5= B

• 6= D6= D

Number Number CorrectCorrect

GradeGrade PointsPoints

6 AA 1010

5 BB 0808

4 CC 0707

3 DD 0606

2 FF 0505

1 FF 0505