ALL EYES ON THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC----Sarah describes a recent trip to the Central African Republic, and discusses the challenges that this region is facing.

DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLICTICS----Canadian efforts to support peace in Darfur and Southern Sudan have been besieged lately after a unilateral move by the Sudanese government to alter the terms of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement has raised the prospect of renewed hostilities. Meanwhile, a major German me-dia provider has argued that the current round of negotiations in Doha are doomed to failure without significant changes from the international community.

HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY----Representatives of the GoS and UNAMID signed a framework for a plan of action to ensure the safety of UNAMID personnel and assets. Also, the North Sudan Dis-armament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission announced that for 2010 it will disarm nearly 35,000 fighters in Sudan. Darfur peace talks are threatened by the recent clashes between GoS and rebel forces in the region. Residents of North Darfur reported being victims of crimes committed by Chadian rebels. Funding for hu-manitarian and development efforts in Darfur have increased due to contributions from the Arab League and the Saudi Development Fund. As well, Sudanese minister of humanitarian affairs, Abdel Baqi al-Jailani, announced the creation of a plan to make 2010 the year “of the great voluntary return” of Sudanese refugees from Chad.

NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS----In a speech delivered at a ceremony which marked the fifth anniversary of the CPA of 2005, Sudanese president Al-Bashir and First Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit vowed never to return to war “because the people of [Sudan] need peace.” The CPA established a six year interim period before a popular referendum on the independence of South Sudan. On January 21, Sudan’s First Vice President and SPLM Chairman Salva Kiir Mayadrit announced the candidacy of Yasir Arman for the upcoming CPA elections of April 2010. As per elections in South Sudan, the position of Governor in the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) is one which has acquired much interest within Sudan. Meanwhile, tensions have risen between the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the NCP government as JEM has accused the government of ‘contempt toward the judiciary’.

SUMMARY // CONTENTS //

FEBRUARY 2010 // standcanada.org

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DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN SUDAN----Activity in the Southern Sudan this past January has been defined by the increase in tensions resulting from the upcoming general elections in April. While the beginning of this year marks the fifth anniversary of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), many observers are clearly worried that it is now on the verge of collapse. Because many of the funds and foreign aid originally promised in this agreement have been diverted towards the War in Darfur, little resources have been left over to implement the confidence building terms of this act, such as the creation of a joint North-South military force. This reality, coupled with the rise of violence, poverty, political tensions, and an unresolved North-South border dispute (over oil territories) contribute to a situation that Oxfam International calls a “risk of serious instability” to the region and the limited progress that the CPA has made.

IMAGES OF DARFUR // An Exhibition of Jehad Nga’s Photography.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS //

The enforcement of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA 2005) is crucial to maintaining peace in Sudan given the approaching elections (April 2010) and referendum (by March 2011). Canada should support the implementation of the CPA by increasing elections and civil society capacity programming. Canada can further support the democratic processes in Sudan by provid-ing considerable financial assistance and a team of election observers.

Civil society participation in the Darfur peace process is essential if a sustainable peace is to occur. The recent inclusion of Darfuri civil society in the Doha peace consultations in Nov 2009 was a positive sign. The government of Canada should encourage the continuation of this process and the participation of all relevant civil society actors in the peace negotiations.

Canada should engage more actively in multilateral diplomacy at the UN to bring a renewed sense of urgency to the Darfur issue and rally greater support for conflict resolution processes. Avenues at the UN include:

• As a co-chair of Friends of UNAMID, Canada should reach out to other nations to persuade them to join in the peacebuilding and peacekeeping process and, where possible, provide heavy lift capabilities to the Mission.• Canada’s membership on the UN Human Rights Council should be used to address the issue on a regular basis. • Embolden Canada’s ambassador to speak out at the UN General Assembly.

In order to effectively prevent, monitor and address grave human rights abuses and mass atroci-ties, the Government of Canada should create an institutional apparatus that is capable of carry-ing out this mission on a permanent basis. Stand calls on the government to:

• Create an interdepartmental Coordinating Office for the Prevention of Mass Atrocities. • Convert the All-Party Parliamentary Group for the Prevention of Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity into a standing joint committee.

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NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS // BY CHELSEA SAUVÉ

In a speech delivered at a ceremony which marked the fifth anniversary of the Comprehen-sive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005, Sudanese president, Al-Bashir and First Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit vowed never to return to war “because the people of [Sudan] need peace.” In a promise to continue to restore peace between the North and the South, Al-Bashir and Kiir prom-ised to protect the CPA accord as they swore to respect the outcome of Sudanese elections this coming April,as well as the referendum expected to occur in 2011 in the South of the Sudan to determine the sovereign status of Southern Su-dan. Al Bashir has stated that he intends for the

government to provide all necessary tools to the National Election Commission to ensure the suc-cess of the process. In the same speech, Al-Bashir encouraged all Sudanese citizens to vote for the leader of their choice; in an environment free of intimidation.

The CPA established a six year interim period before a popular referendum on the indepen-dence of South Sudan. It was commemorated in the United States on January 9 (the anniversary of the accord). Within the US, Republican Chris Smith, whose main priority is Africa and Global Health, submitted ‘House Resolution 1019’. In

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addition to re-iterating current US policy aims in Sudan which have yet to be met, the resolution urges US policy makers to “establish and adhere to specified measures to be taken against the respective parties if and when they fail to imple-ment the CPA in accordance with the terms and timeline established therein, and to implement a more robust set of multilateral measures against those individuals who act as obstructionists to peace.” Unfortunately Republican-Democrat politics have coloured the event as partisanship efforts have hindered the progression of the resolution.

On January 21, Sudan’s First Vice President and SPLM Chairman Salva Kiir Mayadrit announced the candidacy of Yasir Arman for the upcoming CPA elections of April 2010. As a member of the SPLM since its inception, Kiir suggested that Ar-man’s contributions to the party have been para-mount, and expressed his confidence that Arman would be capable to restoring Sudanese North-South relations. Despite the faith which many have placed in Arman to mend North-South rela-tions and facilitate unity, the National Congress Party has suggested that Arman simply wishes to further the agenda of the South; namely its bid for sovereignty. While Arman competes for a political position in the national sphere, SPLM’s Dr. Lam Akol’s is simultaneously competing for the position of president of the GoSS.

As per elections in Southern Sudan, the position of Governor in the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) is one which has acquired much inter-est. On January 22 Alfred Lado Gore is a senior official of the SPLM and acts as the presidential advisor of Diplomatic Affairs to the Southern Sudan president Salva Kiir Mayardit. Gore has declared his independent candidacy for gover-nor in the coming elections. Recently the SPLM chose Clement Wani to govern the post elections GoSS; however, fears concerning independent declarations of candidacy are rampant as indi-viduals continue to express interest in the role of president. Currently there are four candidates running, including the National Congress Party (NCP) representative General James Loro Sirisio. Currently, the candidates are being screened to ensure that they meet the criteria necessary for them to run legally in the coming election.

The Sudan Liberation Movement sought prog-ress in a New Years announcement which spoke to the people of Sudan and the victims of geno-cide, as they promised to deliver regime change in Khartoum. The SLM promised to ‘establish the Secular Liberal Democratic and United Sudan where all citizens would have equal rights of the citizenship without discrimination of any kind.’ Despite such optimistic notions, there have been rumours that the Democratic Union Party (DUP) plans to endorse Omar Hasan Al-Bashir’s bid for presidency with the NCP in the coming elections. These allegations have since been denied by DUP representatives who refute said notions and state that they will announce their presidential candidate shortly.

Meanwhile, tribes within Sudan held a long anticipated conference pertaining to discus-sions surrounding the current conflict between the Malual-Dinka and Rizeigat tribes. This long awaited dialogue was attended by 240 partici-pants in the town of Aweil to reach diplomatic terms between the tribes in a bid for peaceful co-existence between the two groups. While this reconciliation process continues, tensions have risen between JEM and the GoS as JEM has ac-cused the government of ‘contempt toward the judiciary’. Said accusations have emerged follow-ing the death sentences given by the Sudanese court to two JEM fighters who were implicated in an attack in Khartoum in May of 2008. JEM has stated that they believe the convictions to be politically based rather than based on the merits of justice; they have therefore deemed said con-victions as unconstitutional in nature. Tensions between JEM and the GoS continue to impede attempts at mediation in Qatar, where both groups have accused one another of neglecting to seriously preside over the process.

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HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY // BY SABRINA IRIARTE

To increase security, a framework for a plan of action to ensure the safety of UNAMID person-nel and their assets was signed on 29 Decem-ber 2009, in response to the increase in attacks against UNAMID personnel. It was signed by the Sudanese Ministry of Defence’s Director of International Cooperation, Lieutenant-General Magzoub Rahma and UNAMID Force Com-mander, Lieutenant-General Patrick Nyamvumba, who stated it will improve the existing Status-of-Forces. As well, the North Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission announced that for 2010, it will disarm around 35,000 fighters of Popular Defense Forces, East-ern Front and Darfur armed movements includ-ing 4700 in Darfur states and one thousand ex -combatants of the Darfurian movements.

Darfur peace talks due to reopen this month in Qatar could be jeopardized by the latest clashes between the Sudanese Army and rebel forces. On 6 January, the Sudanese army resumed daily aerial bombardments in West Darfur. According to Al Tigani Kurshaom, a JEM commander in the area, the bombardments killed several people and displaced hundreds of families. In retali-ation, the SLA launched a counterattack in a government-held town in the Jabel Marra area of Western Sudan. Balla Keita, UNAMID commander for West Darfur, said that UNAMID troops are not present in the region and that aid workers in the area are safe. On 16 January, Darfur rebels re-ported counterattacks by the government forces in a populated area of the western state of North Darfur.

Residents of North Darfur and sources in the aid community claim that Chadian rebels are raping, beating and looting villagers in the region. The African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies said those committing the crimes should be held ac-countable. “These acts may constitute war crimes and [we] call on the government of Sudan and relevant UN representatives to initiate a full and thorough investigation”.

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Funding for humanitarian and development efforts in Darfur have increased due to contribu-tions from the Arab League and the Saudi Devel-opment Fund. Amr Moussa, the Secretary Gen-eral of the Arab League inaugurated a number of humanitarian projects in North Darfur state on 20 January. The implementation of the projects was coordinated and supervised by the Hu-manitarian Aid and Development Organization. Furthermore, on 12 January, an agreement was signed between the GoS and the Saudi Develop-ment Fund, through which the Fund donated 15 million dollars to contribute to the humanitarian situation and development of Darfur.

The Voluntary Repatriation Programme for Refugees and Displaced Persons claims that the more than one million persons returning to Darfur have been settled in 762 villages. The Commissioner of the Humanitarian Aid, Has-sabu Mohamed Abdul-Rrahman attributed the improvement of the humanitarian aid situation to national and international efforts and the implementation of the presidential decisions. In addition, the Sudanese minister of humani-tarian affairs, Abdel Baqi al-Jailani, announced in early January that the GoS has put together, along with some United Nations agencies and the Chadian government, a plan to facilitate the return of over 200,000 Sudanese refugees living in Chad making 2010 the year “of the great volun-tary return” of Sudanese refugees from Chad.

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// The rebel groups that started the war in Dar-fur in 2003, catalyzing a conflict that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, almost seem to have gone into hiberna-tion. A woman returns to her home in the camp, closely watched by Afri-can Union peacekeepers.

Images of Darfur // An exhibition of Jehad Nga’s photography.

Originally published January 1 2010 in The New York Times: “Fragile Calm Holds in Darfur After Years of Death” By Jeffrey Gettleman. On loan from the photographer. Photos are not to be reproduced without permission.Curated by David Seal.

// The hybrid African Union-United Nations peacekeeping mission, the most expensive in the world at $1.6 billion per year, which took years of negotiation to put in place, is also go-ing much better than expected, the peace-keepers say.

FEBRUARY 2010 // 5

// The rebel groups that started the war in Dar-fur in 2003, catalyzing a conflict that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, almost seem to have gone into hibernation. A woman returns to her home in the camp, closely watched by African Union peacekeepers.

// The hybrid African Union - United Nations peacekeeping mission, the most expensive in the world at $1.6 billion per year, which took years of negotiation to put in place, is also going much better than expected, the peacekeepers say.

Images of Darfur // // An exhibition of Jehad Nga’s photography.

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// The rebel groups that started the war in Dar-fur in 2003, catalyzing a conflict that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, almost seem to have gone into hiberna-tion. A woman returns to her home in the camp, closely watched by Afri-can Union peacekeepers.

// The hybrid African Union-United Nations peacekeeping mission, the most expensive in the world at $1.6 billion per year, which took years of negotiation to put in place, is also go-ing much better than expected, the peace-keepers say.

Images of Darfur // // An exhibition of Jehad Nga’s photography.

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DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLITICS // BY JOHN MATCHIM

December witnessed a sharp escalation in ten-sions between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement, a rift that threatens to further undermine the Doha peace talks while also exposing Darfur refugees seek-ing shelter in the south. On December 24 the National Congress Party “amended agreed-upon language to the National Assembly’s referendum bill on Southern Sudan separation without con-sulting the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement.” Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon warned that the amendment was in violation of the CPA which stipulates that the terms of the 2011 referendum on independence must be agreed upon by both parties.

Southern Sudan is one of the largest recipi-ents of refugees fleeing Darfur and a renewal of hostilities in the region would spark a major humanitarian crisis. Darfur rebel groups may take advantage of a distracted Sudanese government and launch a renewed offensive against weak-ened government forces. While such a scenario remains distant, the Canadian government must do more than call upon parties to “reaffirm their commitment” to the CPA.

Despite the rupture in North-South relations, Qatari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs H.E.Ahmed bin Abdullah al-Mahmoud remains optimistic that the Doha peace talks will pro-duce a “comprehensive solution.” Al-Mahmoud stressed that the continued presence of the UN, the African Union, Canada, the US, France, Japan and other relevant parties was critical to the suc-cess of the conference. However, German broad-caster Deutsche Welle recently reminded readers that similar international support for the Darfur Peace Accord in 2006, which was largely funded by Canada and the United States, had failed to realize its objectives because international actors had pressured parties into the agreement against their will. Deutsche Welle asserted that “peace will remain unobtainable as long as peace agree-ments are conceptualized entirely by outsiders and merely expected to be implemented by local actors.”

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ALL EYES ON THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC // BY SARAH KATZ-LAVIGNE

On 12 January International Crisis Group (ICG) released a new report, Central African Republic: Keeping the Dialogue Alive, which demonstrates that despite the Inclusive Political Dialogue in December 2008, the reality in CAR now is that “violence is on the rise, as rebels try to bolster their negotiating positions and the government remains set on pursuing a military solution.” The Central African Republic, is typically overlooked by the international media. The country’s inter-nal dynamics are remarkably similar to those of Sudan; with serious rebel movements still active to this day in the country’s remote, neglected north-west and north-east regions. Beginning in 2005, the government unleashed brutal counter-insurgency operations, with the CAR armed forces killing hundreds and burning thousands of homes in the country’s northern region; viola-tions which are still little known internationally.

My recent travels in the Central African Repub-lic appeared to confirm what I’d read about the country prior to travelling there. A five-hour drive from the Central African capital, Bangui, to the town of Bossangoa, to the north-west of Bangui, is enough to make you realise that the country actually seems set up to prevent easy access to the capital. Gendarmerie toll barriers are set up at regular intervals, with a 500 franc (nearly 1 euro) toll to be paid at each – no small feat in a country where from 2000-2007, 62.4% of the population was living on less than US $1.25 a day. But when you’re driving a 4x4, paying the tolls alone won’t get you past the barrier. You are required to have an ordre de mission; essentially a piece of paper giving the reason for your travel and the names of everyone driving with you. The constant threat of rebellion, in this country where the current president came to power in a military coup, is ap-parent in the way the country’s organised.

Even more striking for me on our drives through the Central African countryside was how many mud houses we saw, and how little of anything else. Passing through village after village, we saw the same thing over and over: mud house;

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woman of the house pounding manioc; children and babies moving through the clean, swept area around the house; village men gathered in clumps in the shade. In comparison, it becomes very clear how much investment has been poured into Bangui, with its large monuments to national unity and to unite-dignité-travail ( French for unity, dignity, work). In my travels I’ve been able to observe with my own eyes what looks like startling neglect by the central gov-ernment of the areas surrounding Bangui – and keep in mind that the areas I’ve visited are rela-tively close to the capital, unlike the country’s more remote northern regions.

Will this neglect be remedied anytime soon? In its report, ICG highlights the limitations of the democratic process as it will soon be car-ried out in CAR, where presidential elections are planned for April: “Bozizé [the incumbent] is in a strong position. He has already begun a coun-trywide campaign and, with unchecked access to state resources, he can win support from the poor with demonstrations of his largesse. In the countryside, where needs are great and a demo-cratic culture has yet to take root, distributions of salt, soap or small bank notes are enough to buy support.” It is disturbing to think that the people we drove by in our 4x4 may very well be failed by the democratic process. Their vote – if they get one – will likely be devoid of real mean-ing in a country where regime after regime has favoured their own interests – which lie firmly in the capital city – to the detriment of everyone else. But if the presidential elections take place in a climate of peace and compromise, it just might be enough to give people hope for another day. This is similar to the situation which faces the people of Sudan and should not be belittled by the other challenges in the country.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN SUDAN // BY STEVEN CHUA

Violence continues to be an ongoing problem in Southern Sudan with intertribal conflicts tak-ing center stage. Notable examples include the killing of 139 Dinka tribesmen by armed Nuer forces, and the cattle raids that continue to result

from the resource competition in wake of an ongoing drought. To quell the ongoing violence, the UN has responded by sending peacekeeping forces to the region as part of the UNMIS mission.

In preparation for the upcoming general elections this April, Sudanese President Omar-al-Bashir has resigned from his position as Commander in Chief. Bashir will be running for the position of Sudanese National President under the north-based National Congress Party, while the oppos-ing Abdullah Deng Nhial will be running under the banner of the Popular Congress Party (PCP.) Nhial is from the South of Sudan and is a relative of John Garang, the former leader of the south-ern rebel group, The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM). The current PCP leader, Is-lamist Hassan al-Turabi has decided not to run for presidency on the basis that he wishes to remain party leader.

In the run-up to the elections for the Presidency of Southern Sudan, two elections candidates have been declared so far: Lam Akol, a member of a splinter cell group of the SPLM, and Salva Kiir, the leader of the SPLM, and the former Vice Presi-dent of Sudan. Lam Akol has reportedly shared anti-secessionist views with regard to next year’s referendum, which are contrary to the sentiments of the majority of Southern Sudanese who are expected to vote in favour of secession next year.

Election preparations are well under way, but observers have reported a number of factors that will potentially compromise the situation. The absence of funds for peace programs, allega-tions of NCP vote-buying and intimidation, and lack of voter education could very well produce an election the SPLM claim to “not…be free or fair.” The international community has also voiced grave concern over a new Sudanese law passed last month that grants Sudanese intel-ligence wide-ranging search and arrest powers. Britain in particular has raised concern over a lack of credible elections monitors. Southern politi-cians have in turn succeeded in passing a law that requires Southerners living in the North of Sudan to vote in South Sudan; the rationale behind this policy being that Southern Sudanese would face a decreased chance of being threatened with violence should they vote in the South.

DARFUR DIGEST STAFF //

MANAGING EDITOR // CHRISTINE JOHNSTON

EDITOR // DESIGNER // DAVID SEAL

FEATURED PHOTOGRAPHER // JEHAD NGA (IMAGES OF DARFUR)

WRITERS // CHELSEA SAUVÉ, SABRINA IRIARTE, JOHN MATCHIM, SARAH KATZ-LAVIGNE, STEVEN CHUA

REFERENCES //

NEGOTIATIONS AND PEACE PROCESS

• “JEM rebels have reservation on civil society participation in peace talks.” Sudan Tribune. Tuesday November 17 2009. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33147• “Sudan heads pledge peace in ‘difficult year’.” Sudan Tribune. Thursday January 21 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33851.• “US Congress reps. seek to commemorate Sudan’s CPA.” Sudan Tribune. Thursday January 21, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33854.• “SPLM candidate vows to work for Sudan’s unity.” Sudan Tribune. Thursday January 21, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33866.• “Kiir’s presidential advisor declares independent candidacy for governorship.” Sudan Tribune. Friday January 22, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33863.• “SPLM vows to establish Democratic & United Sudan.” Sudan Tribune. Saturday January 2, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33647.• “Sudan’s DUP denies alliance with ruling NCP in elections.” Sudan Tribune. Saturday January 23, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33874.• “Over 240 participants attend peace conference in Aweil.” Sudan Tribune. Saturday January 23 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33870.• “Darfur JEM accuse Sudanese government of contempt toward judiciary.”Sudan Tribune. Thursday January 21, 2010. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33855.

HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY

• “Government rally to increase security in Darfur,” UNAMID Featured News, December 29, 2009, http://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=898&ctl=Details&mid=1062&ItemID=7067. • “DDR Commission disarms 35000 fighters of Popular Defense Forces, Eastern Front & Darfur armed groups,” ReliefWeb, January 9, 2010, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MYAI-7ZK796?OpenDocument&rc=1&cc=sdn. • “Sudan kills five civilians in Darfur during aerial bombing –rebels,” Sudan Tribune, January 7, 2010, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-7ZGHQL?OpenDocument&cc=sdn. • McDoom, Opheera. “Darfur rebels say attack govt town after bombings,” Reuters Africa, January 13, 2010, http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD34093420100113. • “Darfur rebels say Sudan army attacks market area,” Reuters Africa, January 16, 2010, http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD66025520100116. • McDoom, Opheera. “Chadian rebels attack, rape Darfuris—residents,” Reuters Africa, January 11, 2010, http://af.reuters.com/article/su-danNews/idAFMCD16360420100111?sp=true. • “Arab League Chief to Inaugurate humanitarian projects in Darfur,” Sudan Tribune, January 4, 2010, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/VVOS-7ZETDV?OpenDocument&cc=sdn. • “Saudi Development Funds Donates 15 Million Dollars for Support to the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur,” Sudanese New Agency (SUNA), January 12, 2010. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ADGO-7ZMT4R?OpenDocument&rc=1&cc=sdn. • “Million of Refugee and Displaced Return to 762 Villages in Darfur, Says Humanitarian Aid Report,” Sudanese News Agency (SUNA), December 29, 2009, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SODA-7Z7QZH?OpenDocument. “Sudan-Chad: Khartoum announces plan for return of Darfur refugees,” Missionary International Service News Agency (MISNA), January 7, 2010. http://www.misna.org/news.asp?a=1&IDLingua=1&id=263674.

DARFUR AND CANADIAN POLICTICS

• Government of Canada, http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/sudan-soudan/news_releases-communiques/2009-12-24.aspx?lang=eng.• The Gulf Times, http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337943&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16• Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5068759,00.html

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REFERENCES CONTINUED//

ALL EYES ON THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

• “Central African Republic: Keeping the Dialogue Alive,” International Crisis Group, Africa Briefing no. 69, Nairobi/Brussels, 12 January 20101, 1. • “Human Development Report 2009, Central African Republic HDI Rank – 179,” United Nations Development Programme, 2009, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CAF.html.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN SUDAN

•“Sudan’s Coming Elections: How Did It Come To This?” The Economist. January 14, 2010. http://www.economist.com/world/middleeast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15270984• “Britain Presses Sudan to Agree on Border, Oil.” Reuters Africa. January 13, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE60C0LE20100113?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0• “Rescuing the Peace In Southern Sudan.” Joint NGO Briefing Paper. January 2010. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/conflict_disasters/downloads/rescuing_peace_s_sudan_en_full_080110.pdf• “Timeline-Violence Spirals in South Sudan.” Reuters UK. January 7, 2010. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6060ZB._CH_.2420• “Sudan: UN Sends Long Range Patrol to Scene of Deadly Ethnic Clash in South.” United Nations News Service. January 8, 2010. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33443&Cr=Sudan&Cr1=• “Update 1 – Sudan’s Bashir Retires as Army Chief Before Vote.” Reuters Africa. January 11, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudan-News/idAFMCD17592020100111• “Opposition Nominates South Sudanese for President.” Reuters Africa. January 3, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD34787720100103• “Sudan Highest Court Refutes Southern Party Ban.” Reuters Africa. January 17, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD77088920100117• “Sudan Presidential Hopeful Opposes Immediate Secession.” AFP News. January 17, 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j36HW9AQTAqJGfcrgskuwc8ctd0A• “Sudan Needs More Fund for Referendum, Report Says.” Reuters Africa. January 14, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD44462520100114?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0• “Sudan Extends Deadline for Elections Nominations.” Reuters Africa. January 20, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD06329820100120?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0• “Sudan’s Elections Need Credible Monitors - Britain.” Reuters Africa. January 12, 2010. http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFMCD26036120100112• “Sudan Adopts Law for Southern Independence Vote.” AFP News. December 29, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar-ticle/ALeqM5hg_xsfrf5_GiKEHCiPQucapMmA9w

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