Stakeholder Analysis Report

74
Stakeholder Capacity Building Assessment Stakeholder Analysis Report (Stakeholder Capacity Building for Key Biodiversity Area Management Planning in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains) By Felistas Chikaura and Batsirai Frank July 2013

Transcript of Stakeholder Analysis Report

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Stakeholder Capacity Building Assessment

Stakeholder Analysis Report

(Stakeholder Capacity Building for Key Biodiversity Area Management

Planning in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains)

By Felistas Chikaura and Batsirai Frank

July 2013

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all members of the BirdLife Zimbabwe team who provided

information and supported the field surveys. We would particularly like to thank

Togarasei Fakarayi, who is responsible for the Capacity Building project of BirdLife

Zimbabwe for all his hard work and support during this stakeholder assessment.

We would also like to thank all the stakeholders who ranged from Government

Departments, Rural District Councils, NGOs, Schools and Privates Sector members

of the Eastern Highlands community who provided information for this assessment

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Executive Summary

BirdLife Zimbabwe (BLZ) is a membership based conservation non-governmental

organisation (NGO), a local bird conservation initiative established in 1951. The aim

of BLZ’s conservation and capacity building programmes is to improve the

conservation of birds and biodiversity for the benefit of bird species and improve the

quality of life of people, with a view to soliciting conservation action by all. The

project will take place in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains priority corridor in

Zimbabwe. The KBA sites involved will be:

1. Nyanga Mountains,

2. Stapleford Forest Reserve

3. Vumba Highlands

4. Chimanimani Mountains

5. Chirinda Forest Reserve,

Stakeholder capacity building project for KBA management project will assess the

capacity of organisations, groups and individuals that are actively involved in the

biodiversity management and protection or whose interests may be positively or

negatively affected by biodiversity conservations. The ultimate goal is that of

creating awareness of the value of biodiversity, building Site Support Groups (SSG),

and building Stakeholder Management Advisory Groups (SMAG) for improving the

management and conservation activities at these sites.

The main purpose of the stakeholder assessment (as stated in the ToR) was to

identify stakeholders in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains corridor and

understand their current activities, their interests and capacity needs in biodiversity

to assist BLZ to implement biodiversity conservation projects especially for birds in

the 5 KBAs. The assessment also looked at some of the legal frameworks that govern

biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe.

The study found out that there were government departments, Non Governmental

Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and private sector

organisations doing a variety of activities on biodiversity management. The district

structures of Natural Resources management exist but the main constraints for a co-

ordinated approach to conservation activities include among other things are

financial, human and materials resources.

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All stakeholders consulted were happy and eager to work with BirdLife Zimbabwe

in the biodiversity conservation programme in this IBA. It is recommended that BLZ

should use the existing structures of the Rural District Council (RDC) to have a

coordinated approach in the management of biodiversity. The structures would be

effective in promoting learning, documentation of researches, capturing and using

the IKS and recording of birds species found in these areas for sharing with others in

the country and beyond.

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Table of Contents

Taof Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 1

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. 4

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 8

1. Background and Context .......................................................................................................... 10

1.1. Purpose of Stakeholder Assessment................................................................................ 11

1.2. Project Description ............................................................................................................. 11

1.3. Approach to Study ............................................................................................................. 12

1.4. Assumption and Limitations ................................................................................................. 12

2.0 Legal Frame Works Governing Biodiversity Conservation in Zimbabwe ........................................ 13

2.1 Introduction to Zimbabwe’s Legislative Framework ................................................... 13

2.1.1 Constitution of Zimbabwe and the Environment ................................................. 13

2.2 National and Institutional Environmental Policy ......................................................... 14

2.2.1 Zimbabwe National Environmental Policy ............................................................ 15

2.2.2 Company Environmental Policies ........................................................................... 16

2.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework ................................................................ 16

2.3.2 Local Government ...................................................................................................... 17

2.3.3 Environmental Management Agency ..................................................................... 18

2.4 Environmental Framework Legislation/Proclamation ................................................. 22

2.4.1 Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] ................................................. 22

2.4.2 Environmental Management Act Regulations ....................................................... 23

2.5 Other Relevant Legislation to the Biodiversity Conservation Project ........................ 24

2.6 Regional and International Multilateral Agreements ................................................... 25

3.0 Study Findings........................................................................................................................ 27

3.1. Defining of Terms ................................................................................................................... 27

3.1.1. Stakeholder ......................................................................................................................... 27

3.1.2. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces.................................................................................. 27

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3.2. Key Biodiversity Areas of Zimbabwe .................................................................................. 28

3.3.1. Population Distribution................................................................................................... 28

3.3.2. Ethnic Groups ................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.3. Water and Sanitation ....................................................................................................... 28

3.3.4 Religious Practices and Beliefs ........................................................................................ 29

3.3. Nyanga District ....................................................................................................................... 30

3.3.1 Nyanga National Park ...................................................................................................... 32

3.3.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ........................................................................ 34

3.3.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces.................................................................................. 35

3.4. Mutasa District ........................................................................................................................ 38

3.4.1. Stapleford Forest /Allied Timbers .................................................................................. 39

3.4.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ........................................................................ 39

3.4.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .................................................................................. 41

3.5. Mutare District ........................................................................................................................ 42

3.5.1. Vumba Forest .................................................................................................................... 42

3.5.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ........................................................................ 44

3.5.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .................................................................................. 45

3.6. Chimanimani District ............................................................................................................. 48

3.6.1. Chimanimani National Parks ......................................................................................... 48

3.6.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ........................................................................ 49

3.6.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .................................................................................. 51

3.7. Chipinge District ..................................................................................................................... 53

3.7.1. Chirinda Forest ................................................................................................................. 53

3.7.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ........................................................................ 55

3.7.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .................................................................................. 56

4.0 Local Area Livelihoods and Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Biodiversity

Conservation ....................................................................................................................................... 58

4.1. Local Area Livelihood Systems ........................................................................................ 58

4.2. Local Indigenous Knowledge systems ............................................................................ 58

4.3. Knowledge Belief and Attitudes on Biodiversity .......................................................... 62

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4.4 Capacity Building Needs .................................................................................................. 65

5. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 67

6. References ................................................................................................................................... 70

7. Appendices ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7. 1. Stakeholder Log ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2. Questionnaire and Interview Guide ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3. Schools Knowledge Attitude Practice Test .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.4. Nyanga RDC Chief Executive officer ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.5. Nyanga District Administrator ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.7. Nyanga Ministry of Education ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.8. Nyanga Ministry of Education DEO ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.9. Nyanga National Parks ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.9. B. Nyanga Parks Action of Section D. Tourism Management Programme ..... Error! Bookmark

not defined.

7.10. Nyanga Village Inn........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.11.Nyanga Forestry Extension ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.12. Nyanga Kairezi Catchment Area Zimwa ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.13. Nyanga ZRP .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.14. Nyanga Claymont Estate .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.15. Mutasa DA .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.16. Mutasa RDC ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.17. Mutasa AGRITEX .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.18. Mutasa Ministry of education ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.19.Mutasa Zimbabwe Republic Police ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.20.Mutasa Allied Timber .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.21. Mutare Vumba Botanical Gardens and Reserve .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.22. Chimanimani DA .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.23. Chimanimani EMA ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.24. Chimanimani Hotel ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.25. Chimanimani Ministry of Education............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.26. Chimanimani National Parks ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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7.27. Chimanimani Risitu High School .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.28. Chimanimani AGRITEX ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.29. Chimanimani Allied Timbers ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.30. Chipinge Chirinda Forest ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.31. Chipinge Forestry Extension ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.32. Chipinge Ministry of Education .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.33. Mutare EMA ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.34. Mutare DA RDC ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.35. Mutare Seldom Seen.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.36. Nyanga Nyamhuka primary school KAP Results .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.37. Chimanimani Risuti High school KAP Results ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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List of Figure

Figure 1Key Biodiversity Areas of Zimbabwe ........................................................................................ 28

Figure 2 Smouldering Saw Dust hips at Allied Saw Mills ...................................................................... 31

Figure 3 Logging Truck at Allied Saw Mills ............................................................................................ 31

Figure 4 Nyanga Parks in Relation to Other Parks in Zimbabwe .......................................................... 32

Figure 5 Chimanimani ........................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 6 River Water Polluted By Illegal Gold Paners ........................................................................... 49

Figure 7 Craft Products from Natural Resources .................................................................................. 53

Figure 8Chirinda Forest ......................................................................................................................... 53

List of Tables

Table 1 Environmental Regulatory Authorities in Zimbabwe ............................................................... 18

Table 2 Multilateral Agreements Zimbabwe is Signatory to ................................................................ 25

Table 3 Number of Schools in Manicaland Province ............................................................................ 30

Table 4 Nyanga Stakeholders Consulted and Identified ....................................................................... 34

Table 5 Nyanga Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .......................................................................... 35

Table 6 Mutasa District Stakeholders Consulted .................................................................................. 39

Table 7 Mutasa District Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces ............................................................. 41

Table 8 Mutare Stakeholders Consulted and identified ....................................................................... 44

Table 9 Mutare Gapes, Hindrances and Driving forces ........................................................................ 45

Table 10 Chimanimani Stakeholders Consulted and identified ............................................................ 49

Table 11 Chimanimani District Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces .................................................. 51

Table 12 Chipinge Stakeholders Consulted and identified ................................................................... 55

Table 13 Chipinge Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces ...................................................................... 56

Table 14 Stories of Indigenous Knowledge Systems ............................................................................. 60

Table 15 Questions and Responses ...................................................................................................... 63

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Abbreviations

BEST Environmental Science Teaching

BKAP Biodiversity Knowledge Attitude and Practice

BLI BirdLife International

BLZ BirdLife Zimbabwe

CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme For Indigenous Resources

CBO Community Based Organisation

CMA Community Management Agreement

EMB Environmental Management Board

Gvt Government

IBA Important Bird Area

IKS Indigenous Knowledge Systems

KBA Key Biodiversity Area

MENRM Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources Management

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism

MLGPW Ministry of Local Government, Public Works

NEnvC National Environmental Council

NGO Non Governmental Organisations.

NRDC Nyanga Rural District Council

PVO Private Voluntary Organization

RDC Rural District Council

SMAG Stakeholder Management Advisory Group

SSG Site Support Group

TOR Terms of Reference

UN United Nations

ZNEP Zimbabwe National Environment Policy

ZPWMA Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority

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1. Background and Context

BirdLife Zimbabwe (BLZ) is a membership based conservation non-governmental

organisation (NGO), a local conservation initiative that was established in 1951. It is

registered with the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare as a Private Voluntary

Organization (PVO 7/91). The goal of the organization is to conserve biodiversity by

using birds as indicators. BirdLife Zimbabwe’s mission is to promote the survival of

birds in Zimbabwe and elsewhere for their intrinsic value and the enjoyment of

future generations. The day-to-day operations of BLZ are carried out by a Secretariat

of paid staff, employed by the organization. The Secretariat is answerable to a

Council of Trustees which is elected by the members at BLZ’s Annual General

Meetings. BirdLife Zimbabwe is a full partner in BirdLife International (BLI), and as

such is the national representative of BLI in Zimbabwe. However BLZ is a

completely independent organization with its own governance structures and BLI is

not represented on BLZ’s Council.

The aim of BLZ’s conservation and capacity building programmes is to improve

conservation education status of birds conservation sites and habitats for the benefit

of bird species and improve the quality of life of people, with a view to soliciting

conservation action by all. BirdLife Zimbabwe has been monitoring and conserving

biodiversity in Important Birds Areas (IBA) in Zimbabwe. All the Key Biodiversity

Areas (KBA) in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe are also IBAs and BLZ has been

working in these areas with communities and government agencies for the past eight

years.

The conservation projects will take place in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains

priority corridor in Zimbabwe. The KBA sites involved will be:

1. Nyanga National Park,

2. Stapleford Forest Reserve,

3. Vumba Highlands,

4. Chimanimani Mountains National Park and

5. Chirinda Forest Reserve,

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1.1. Purpose of Stakeholder Assessment

The main purpose of the stakeholder assessment (as stated in the ToRs) was to carry

out a stakeholder analysis in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains corridor. The

consultancy had field work covering the following areas:

1. Nyanga National Park

2. Stapleford Forest Reserve

3. Vumba Highlands

4. Chimanimani s National Park

5. Chirinda Forest Reserve

The consultant interviewed and collated data of:

Current and potential stakeholders activities in biodiversity conservation and

established their roles and responsibilities in biodiversity and their different

levels of influence,

Level of awareness of stakeholders on the importance of biodiversity

conservation in all the KBAs in the Chimanimani-Nyanga Mountains corridor.

Stakeholders’ information needs/gaps.

Key barriers and challenges in the KBAs to effective and active stakeholder

participation in biodiversity conservation/sustainable use of biodiversity

products.

1.2. Project Description

The Stakeholder Capacity Building project will take place in the Chimanimani-

Nyanga Mountains priority corridor in Zimbabwe. The KBA sites involved will be:

1. Nyanga National Park

2. Stapleford Forest Reserve

3. Vumba Highlands

4. Chimanimani s National Park

5. Chirinda Forest Reserve

Stakeholder capacity building for KBA management project will work with

organisations, groups and individuals that are actively involved in management and

conservation of biodiversity or whose interests may be positively or negatively

affected by biodiversity conservations. The project also seeks to promote awareness

on the value of biodiversity, building SSGs, and building Stakeholder Management

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Advisory Group SMAGs for improving the management and conservation status of

the conservation sites.

1.3. Approach to Study

The stakeholder assessment team travelled from Harare to Nyanga, Mutasa, Mutare,

Chimanimani and Chipinge and used a participatory approach and conducted 37

interviews discussions and administered a Biodiversity Knowledge Attitudes and

Practices (BKAP) tests to one primary school in Nyanga grade 7 (26 pupils) and one

secondary school in Chimanimani forms 5 and 6 (33 pupils). It was also meant check

on their interests, roles, responsibilities and gaps in biodiversity conservation. The

team assessed and identified stakeholder information needs and opportunities on

biodiversity conservation in the KBAs. The team identified three critical levels of

stakeholders to this project and these are government departments, CBOs/NGOs and

the local community (urban/rural). The consultation of a wider spectrum of the

community was not possible because all NGO activities are not active as most people

are involved in the preparations for the impending general elections.

1.4. Assumption and Limitations

It was assumed that the assessment would cover the 5 districts at all levels in the

community, but only urban and other government, parastatals and a few NGOs

were consulted since most people were involved in the preparations for the

impending hamonised elections in the country.

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2.0 Legal Frame Works Governing Biodiversity Conservation in

Zimbabwe

The Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia, the Republic of

Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern

part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is

bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the

northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages:

English, Shona and Ndebele and minority languages like Tonga, Shangani, Venda

and Nambia.

Zimbabwe began as the British crown colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from

land held by the British South Africa Company. Mr. Robert Mugabe is the President

and head of State while Mr. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Zimbabwe is a

semi-presidential republic, which has a parliamentary system of government. Under

the constitutional changes in 2005, an upper chamber, the Senate, was reinstated. The

House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament.

Biodiversity conservation has been a major concern for Zimbabwe and efforts have

been deliberately put by central government through various arms of government

namely Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Environmental Management

Agent (EMA), Forestry Commission, Agritex and Rural District Councils (RDC).

Apart from these government agents there has been great effort as well from Non

Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) agencies. All these

players in biodiversity conservation are guided by international laws, conventions

and national laws in their quest to conserve biodiversity. This section shall look at

some of the legal frameworks that govern biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe is a signatory to some international conventions which are aimed at

conserving biodiversity.

2.1 Introduction to Zimbabwe’s Legislative Framework

Zimbabwe’s Legal system consists of the Common law (non- statutory or unwritten

Anglo Roman Dutch Law) Legislation, Case Law (Precedent) and Customary Law.

2.1.1 Constitution of Zimbabwe and the Environment

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The New Constitution of Zimbabwe was Gazetted on Wednesday 22nd May 2013.

The constitution gives general provisions in terms of rights of citizens. The

environmental rights are covered in section 73, some of them include the follwing:

Environmental Rights:

(1) Every person has the right-

i. To an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being and

ii. To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future

generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that-

iii. Prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

iv. Promote conservation and

v. Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while

promoting economic and social development

(2) The State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of the

resources available to it, to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights set out in this

section.

The Constitution of Zimbabwe is the Supreme Law of the country and it is the parent

Act of any other Legislation. With the exception of Criminal Law, Zimbabwe’s law is

mainly uncodified.

2.2 National and Institutional Environmental Policy

The National Conservation Strategy of 1987 was the first policy document to

incorporate the concept of sustainability into development and environmental

management in Zimbabwe. In 1997 the then Ministry of Environment and Tourism

(MET) published the Environmental Impact Assessment Policy which became the

foundation for a law reform process which resulted in the Environmental

Management Act, 2002 [Chapter 20:27], as amended in March 2006. The Zimbabwe

National Environmental Policy of 2004 is used in conjunction with the

Environmental Management Act, the new EIA Regulations and the EIA Guidelines

to ensure that EIA’s are carried out correctly before any development has been done.

This has been done to ensure that development project do not impact on the

environment negatively.

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2.2.1 Zimbabwe National Environmental Policy

The Zimbabwe National Environment Policy (ZNEP) supports Zimbabwe's national

policy objective of alleviating poverty and improving the quality of life of the people

of Zimbabwe through strategic measures that are aimed at ‚sustaining the long-term

ability of natural resources to meet the basic needs of people, enhance food security,

reduce poverty and improve the standard of living of Zimbabweans through long-

term economic growth and the creation of employment‛. The ZNEP contends that

land degradation, inequitable distribution of land and insecure tenure are key issues

affecting the environment just as they are root causes of land degradation. The

degradation of land has an effect on biodiversity and accordingly, the national

environmental policy calls for sustainable use of land, integrated land-use planning

and the provision of secure tenure in the newly settled areas. The 2003 ZNEP was

developed in line with the National policy objective of the Government of Zimbabwe

which seeks to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life of the people of

Zimbabwe. The ZNEP’s major objective therefore is to avoid irreversible

environmental damage, maintain essential environmental processes and preserve the

broad spectrum of biological diversity so as to sustain the long term ability of natural

resources to meet the basic needs of people, enhance food security, reduce poverty

and improve the standard of living of Zimbabweans through the long term economic

growth and the creation of employment.

The ZNEP recognizes guiding principles to biodiversity conservation, use and

sustainable management. These include the following:

That the biodiversity of Zimbabwe is the foundation of the natural heritage of

the country

The conservation of biodiversity in all its forms is more likely to be sustained

if there is an economic incentive arising from the use of that biodiversity by

those people living closest to the resource;

As a major component of Zimbabwe’s natural heritage, and as an economic

resource plant diversity and the ecosystems of which it forms part must be

protected, conserved and used in sustainable ways;

The many economic, environmental, cultural, spiritual and aesthetic functions

and values of forests and woodlands need to be maintained, both for their

intrinsic worth and for the contributions they make to human welfare;

The best custodians of wildlife and other natural resources are those

landowners, including local communities, who are able to benefit directly

from the use of the wild life on their land;

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The conservation of biodiversity and other natural resources requires a multi-

faceted approach including the establishment of protected areas; and

Collaboration between countries over shared trans-boundary natural

resources ensures more effective sustainable development.

2.2.2 Company Environmental Policies

Companies in Zimbabwe have promulgated Environmental Policies which guides

their activities. These policies are an indication that the world over business has

become environmental sensitive and also that it makes good business sense to

promote good environmental practices. The environmental policies commit

Companies to the following:

cleaner production;

control of waste;

prevention of pollution; and

safe operation of plant.

The goals of corporate environmental policies are to ensure all companies attain ISO

14001 certification. To realize these policy goals companies commit to institute the

following at their plants:

Conduct frequent environmental audits of all their operations to ensure

conformance to the ISO 14001 Standards.

Review our environmental objectives and targets continuously.

Carry out continuous campaigns to all our staff and stakeholders on friendly

environmental practices

Document, maintain and make available information on all our environmental

practices to all the stakeholders.

Continuously improve on our environmental performance.

2.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework

The following paragraphs discuss the institutional and administrative framework at

the national and local level and organizations responsible for the preparation of

environmental policy and technical guidelines.

Zimbabwe has a centralized government and is divided into eight provinces. The

two major cities, Harare and Bulawayo have been granted provincial status for

administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where official

business is usually carried out. The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and

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1,200 wards (sometimes referred to as municipalities or local authorities). Each

district is headed by a District Administrator, appointed by the Public Service

Commission and represents the Ministry of Local Government in the District and has

ultimate authority over all district affairs. There is also a Rural District Council made

up largely of elected members which appoints a Chief Executive Officer to

administer affairs of council. The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward

councillors, the District Administrator and one representative of the chiefs

(traditional leaders appointed under customary law) in the district. Other

government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national

government departments.

2.3.2 Local Government

The activities of local government units are co-ordinated by the Ministry of Local

Government and Public Works (MLGPW). The ten provinces into which the country is

divided are administrative rather than political provinces and do not have elective

structures. The juridical framework for local government is set out in several pieces of

legislation. The principal Acts governing local authorities in Zimbabwe, the Urban

Councils Act and the Rural District Councils Act set local authorities as separate and

fairly autonomous legal corporate institutions. The main Acts for local governance

purposes are:

1. Urban Councils Act (Chapter 29:15),

2. Urban Councils Amendment Act (Chapter 29:16),

3. Rural District Councils Act (Chapter 29:13),

4. Chiefs and Headmen Act (Chapter 29:01),

5. Communal Land Act (Chapter 20:04),

6. Provincial Councils and Administration Act,

7. Customary Law and Local Courts Act (No. 2) of 1990 and

8. Traditional Leadership Act of 1998.

In addition, there are a number of statutory instruments defining the legal parameters

of local government. The Ministry of Local Government administers all these Acts and

Statutory Instruments promulgated in the local government area. The Minister retains a

substantial supervisory role over all local government units (LGUs) and enjoys the

ultimate power of intervention and suspension of any local council

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2.3.3 Environmental Management Agency

Environmental management in Zimbabwe is regulated by three related agencies in

the MENR namely:

National Environment Council (NEnvC);

Environmental Management Agency (EMA); and

Environmental Management Board (EMB).

The organizational responsibilities and institutional arrangements in the MENR are

as per Table 1 below.

Table 1 Environmental Regulatory Authorities in Zimbabwe

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Minister of Environment

& Natural Resources

Permanent Secretary

Director Environment & Conservation Director Administration

Principal Director

EMA National Parks

Forestry Commission

Water

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The Environmental Management Act sets out the main responsibilities of these

entities which can be summarized as follows.

National Environmental Council (NEnvC)

The functions of the Council as extracted from the Environmental Management Act

are as follows:

1) to advise on policy formulation and give directions on the implementation of

this Act; and

2) to advise on national goals and objectives and determine policies and

priorities for the protection of the environment; and

3) to promote co-operation among public departments, local authorities, private

sector, non-governmental organisations and such other organisations engaged

in environmental protection programmes; and

4) to make recommendations to all appropriate persons and authorities

regarding the harmonisation of functions related to the environment;

5) to review and recommend to the Minister guidelines for environmental

management plans and environmental action plans; and

6) to review the national environmental plan; and

7) to review and recommend incentives for the protection of the environment;

and

8) to perform such other functions as are assigned to it by the Minister under this

Act.

Environmental Management Agency (EMA)

The duties of the agency are stipulated in the Act and they are as follows:

a) to formulate quality standards on air, water, soil, noise, vibration, radiation

and waste management;

b) to assist and participate in any matter pertaining to the management of the

environment;

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Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZPWMA)

The main purpose of ZPWMA is to conserve Zimbabwe's wildlife heritage through

effective, efficient and sustainable utilisation of natural resources for the benefit of

present and future generations and stakeholders. According to the Parks Act 20-14

section Part II part 4 functions of Parks and Wild Life Management Authority among

other shall be:

(i) to control, manage and maintain national parks, botanical reserves and

botanical gardens, sanctuaries, safari areas and recreational parks for

the purposes set out reasonable, practicable and compatible with such

purposes, to provide facilities for visitors thereto;

(ii) to examine and report to the Minister from time to time upon—(i) the

policy which should be adopted to give effect to the objects and

purposes of this Act; and

(iii) the conservation and utilisation of the wild life resource of Zimbabwe;

(iv) the conservation and utilisation of the fish resource of Zimbabwe; and

(v) the preservation and protection of natural landscapes, wild life and

plants and the natural ecological stability of wild life and plant

communities in national parks; and

(vi) the preservation and protection of rare or endangered plant communities

growing naturally in the wild in botanical reserves; and

(vii) the propagation and cultivation of exotic and indigenous plants

in botanical gardens; and

(viii) the protection of animals or particular species of animals in

sanctuaries;

(ix) the preservation and protection of the natural habitat and wild life in

safari areas and the facilities and opportunities given to the public for

camping, hunting, fishing, photography, viewing of animals, bird

watching and such other pursuits that may be permitted therein in

terms of this Act; and

(x) the preservation and protection of the natural features of recreational

parks; and

(xi) plans for the development of national parks, botanical reserves,

botanical gardens, sanctuaries, safari areas and recreational parks;

taking into account in particular the geography and geology of each

area reported upon, research and management therein, the enjoyment,

education, etc;

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Forestry Commission

Some of the duties of Commission as spelt out in the Forestry Act 19-05 include:

(a) the consideration of all questions and matters arising out of or relating

to general forest policy and the making of reports and

recommendations thereon to the Minister;

(b) the control, management and exploitation of State forests, plantations

and forest nurseries belonging to the State and such other land as may

be acquired by the State for forestry purposes;

(c) the establishment, maintenance, improvement, renewal and

exploitation of plantations and forest nurseries;

i. the exploitation of all forms of forest produce, including—

ii. the manufacture of articles from forest produce and the sale

and exportation of such articles; and

iii. the production, sale and exportation of seed; and

iv. the conduct of hunting or photographic safaris;

(d). the survey of the forest resources of Zimbabwe;

(e). advice and propaganda on all forestry matters;

(f). conducting research and investigations into all matters pertaining to

forestry and forest products;

(g). the determination of whether the President should exercise any of his

powers in terms of section thirty-five and to make a recommendation

thereon to the President;

(h). the investigation of any matter relating to the use or occupation of

the Forest Estate and the making of recommendations thereon to the

President where it considers such use or occupation is inconsistent with

this Act etc;

2.4 Environmental Framework Legislation/Proclamation

The main laws and regulations of relevance to biodiversity conservation are

summarized in this Section.

.4.1 Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27]

The Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] was enacted in 2002 (Act 13 of

2002) and amended in 2006. The Act repeals the following former Acts:

Natural Resources Act [Chapter 20:13]

The Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act [Chapter 20:03]

Hazardous Substances and Articles Act [Chapter 15:05]

Noxious Weeds Act [Chapter 19:07]

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2.4.2 Environmental Management Act Regulations

Several Statutory Instruments (SI) to operationalize the Environmental Management

Act, have been passed in terms of Section 140 of the Act. These regulations

incorporate the modern principles of environmental management that include:

“polluter pays principle” The polluter shall bear the cost of measures to

reduce pollution decided upon by public authorities to ensure that the

environment is in an acceptable state, and should compensate citizens for the

harm they suffer from the pollution;

‚precautionary principle‛ Where there are threats of serious or irreversible

damage lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for

postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation;

‚strict liability principle‛ Any person who contravenes this Act or

regulations shall be liable to the penalties prescribed thereafter;

‚avoidance principle‛ It is preferable to avoid environmental damage as it

can be impossible or more expensive to repair rather than prevent the

damage

The following environmental regulations are applicable for the project.

(a) Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessment and

Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 7 of 2007

This SI deals with the regulation of the environmental impact assessment process

and the protection of ecosystems. These regulations provide the method of carrying

out the EIA. The developer has to submit a prospectus to the Agency which shall

issue a licence if satisfied by the contents of the prospectus. The prospectus has to

contain details of the environmental impacts of the project and the measures to be

taken to contain or mitigate such impacts. In preparing an EIA the developer is

obliged to consult widely with all stakeholders. The Agency will not issue a licence if

it is not satisfied that the developer consulted widely with all stakeholders in the

preparation of the EIA.

(b) Environmental Management (Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal

Regulations, Statutory Instrument No.6 of 2007

These regulations prohibit any person from disposing waste into a public stream or

ground water without a licence. Every generator of waste (except households) is now

required to come up with a waste management plan by the 31st December of each

year which deals with quantity of waste; components of waste; goals for reduction in

quantity and pollutant discharges of the waste; transportation and disposal of waste;

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and adoption of environmentally sound management of the wastes. It is an offence

for any waste generator to fail to produce the waste management plan.

(c) Hazardous Substances, Pesticides and Other Toxic Substances Regulation,

Statutory Instrument No. 12 of 2007

These regulations provide for the labelling, packaging, repackaging and sale of

hazardous substances or articles containing hazardous substances. The regulations

prescribe conditions which have to be observed by employers over the handling of

hazardous substances at the workplace; conditions for transporting hazardous

substances; and procedures to be followed when there is an accidental spillage of the

hazardous substance.

(d) Environmental Management (Atmospheric Pollution Control) Regulation,

Statutory Instrument No. 72 of 2009

These regulations relate to the management of ambient air quality and set emission

standards for certain activities. They also outline procedures to be followed in the

issuance of emission licences. Procedures to be employed in sampling of emissions

are also outlined.

(e) Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Management) Regulation,

Statutory Instrument No. 10 of 2007

These regulations require that any person generating, storing, selling, transporting

using, recycling, discharging or disposing waste to the environment have a licence

from disposing waste into a public stream or ground water without a licence. Every

generator of waste (except households) is required to come up with a waste

management plan by the 31st December of each year which deals with quantity of

waste; components of waste; goals for reduction in quantity and pollutant discharges

of the waste; transportation and disposal of waste; and adoption of environmentally

sound management of the wastes. It is an offence for any waste generator to fail to

produce the waste management plan. The regulations also relate to waste collection

and management by local authorities.

2.5 Other Relevant Legislation to the Biodiversity Conservation Project

a) Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10]

The Act gives the authority to the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe to

compulsorily acquire land for public good. It also sets out the procedure for

acquisition as well as modes and assessment of compensation (Part V Section 1(a)).

Biodiversity exists on land that may be privately owned or owned by the state and as

such there are laws that govern the access to these lands. It is important to

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understand the provision of the law in this regards. Government though National

Parks proposed a Wild Life Based Land Reform Programme aimed at restocking

farms that had wildlife before 2000.

b) Water Act [Chapter 20:24]

The Act regulates the planning and development of water resources, and provides a

framework for allocating water permits. Water bodies are home to aquatic

biodiversity and water is the most common disposal medium for wastes which

eventually harm aquatic life. The Water (Wastewater and Effluent Disposal)

Regulations of 2000 which are associated with this Act specify what quality is

acceptable in terms of effluent released into rivers. These regulations will need to be

adhered to in the process silt flushing of silt traps at the tunnel intake.

c) National Museums and Monuments Act [Chapter 20:27]

The Act provides for the protection of all areas of historical and archaeological

significance. It also provides for the conservation of ancient relics and pre-historic

artefacts or objects. No excavation, blasting or drilling can be done on the historical

areas. The Eastern Highlands area is rich in historical monuments. One of the

monuments is call Ziwa monument in Nyanga. The property on the estate consist of

terraces enclosure, pits enclose and passages smelting furnaces and grinding places.

Nyanga Estate monument are build pit structure and include Nyangwe and

Chawomera Fort. Other monuments in the eastern highlands include Nyahokwe,

Matendera, kagumbudzi and Harleigh Farm monuments and relics. Also there is one

of the Rock art national monuments in the Eastern Highlands region at Diana’s Vow

rock painting (http://nmmz.co.zw/web2.0) During the implementation of the project

archaeological artefacts may be encountered and BirdLife Zimbabwe and its

associated community members will be required to disclose this to the Department

of Museums and Monuments the discovery of such historical items. This will in turn

help to have the artefacts and sites protected by the laws of the country.

d) Regional, Town and Country Planning Act [Chapter 29:12]

This Act provides for the planning of regions, districts and local areas with the

objective of conserving and improving the physical environment

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26 July, 2013

e) Parks and Wildlife Act [Chapter 20:14]

The Act establishes national parks and nature reserves, conserving timber resources,

regulating trade in forest produce and regulating the hunting/trapping of animals

and burning of vegetation.

f) Forest Act[Chapter 19:05]

The Act provides for demarcating forests and nature reserves, conserving timber

resources, regulating trade in forest produce, and regulating the burning of

vegetation.

g) Rural District Councils Act [Chapter 29:13]

The Act allows for the establishment of Rural District councils responsible for

initiating and regulating development in rural areas. The project is located within the

Nyanga Rural District Council (RDC), Mutasa RDC, Mutare RDC, Chimanimani

RDC and Chipinge RDC administrated areas and RDCs who can be central co-

ordinating stakeholders.

h) Communal Land Forest Produce Act [Chapter 19:04]

The Act controls the use of wood resources within communal lands. Such resources

in communal lands should be used for domestic purposes by the residents only. The

project contractors’ employees will need firewood for some purposes and the

provisions of the act will be adhered to in the abstraction of these resources.

i) Trapping of Animals (Control) Act [Chapter 20:12]

The Act prohibits making, possessing or using certain types of traps, and specifies

the purposes for which animal trapping is permitted.

j) Plant, Pests and Diseases Act [Chapter 19:08]

The Act provides for the eradication and prevention of the spread of plant pests and

diseases.

k) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act [Chapter 19:09]

The Act prohibits activities considered cruel to animals. Several new access roads

will be created and the project construction and operating activities will introduce

heavier traffic onto these rural roads. Measures, like stock-proof fencing which will

direct animals to designated crossing places, will need to be put in place to prevent

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animals inadvertently straying onto access roadways where they can be killed or

injured.

l) Traditional Leaders Act29:17

This Act to provide for the appointment of village heads, headmen and chiefs; to

provide for the establishment of a Council of Chiefs and village, ward and provincial

assemblies and to define their functions; to provide for the issue of village

registration certificates and settlement permits; to repeal the Chiefs and Headmen

Act [Chapter29:01]. The Act also provides for as one of the duties of the local leaders

responsible within their areas for—(a) performing the functions pertaining to the

office of a chief as the traditional head of the community under his jurisdiction;(b)

promoting and upholding cultural values among members of the community under

his jurisdiction, particularly the preservation of the extended family and the

promotion of traditional family life. In line with this the Communal Land and Forest

and Produce Act controls the use of wood resources within communal lands. Such

resources in communal lands should be used for domestic purposes by the residents

only. The same Act also noted that it ensures that Communal Land is allocated in

accordance with Part III of the Communal Land Act [Chapter 20:04] and ensure that

the requirements of any enactment in force for the use and occupation of communal

or resettlement land are observed; and others. It also ensures that the land and its

natural resources are used and exploited in terms of the law and, in particular,

controlling—

(i) over-cultivation

(ii) over-grazing

(iii) the indiscriminate destruction of flora and fauna

(iv) illegal settlements

(v) abuse or misuse of land and natural resources in his area;.

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25

2.6 Regional and International Multilateral Agreements

Zimbabwe has ratified several international conventions and protocols details of which are shown in Table below: Table 2 Multilateral Agreements Zimbabwe is Signatory to

Title Of Treaty/

Convention Or Protocol

Objective MINISTRY

RESPONSIBLE

The United Nations

Framework Convention

on Climate Change

(UNFCCC)

The main aim of the protocol is to regulate levels of greenhouse gas

concentration in the atmosphere, so as to avoid the occurrence of climate

change at levels that would harm economic development, or that would

impede food production activities. One of the ways of doing this is for

countries to work towards greater, energy efficiency and, in the process,

saving forests and vegetation (which serve as carbon sinks and

reservoirs) and turning increasingly to the use of renewable sources of

energy.

Ministry of

Environment and

Natural

Resources

Management and

M Environment

and Tourism

The Convention on

Biological Diversity

(CBD)

A major objective of the convention is to ensure the conservation and

sustainable use of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its

component parts.

MENRM and

MET

The Convention on

International Trade in

Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES)

Seeks to ensure that the international trade in species of wild fauna and

flora does not threaten the survival in wilderness of the species

concerned. Species on the CITES lists are considered of conservation

concerns.

MENRM and

MET

CL(2006) 25:SADC

Protocol on Forestry

The Protocol on Forestry of 2002 aims to promote the development,

conservation, sustainable management and utilisation of all types of

forest and trees; trade in forest products and achieve effective protection

of the environment, and safe-guard the interests of both the present and

future generations.

MENRM and

MET

CL(2006)29: Kyoto

Protocol to the United

Nations Framework

Seeks to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the

national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by

establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries.

MENRM and

MET

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26

Convention on Climate

Change

CL (2000) 45: Ratification

of the Zimbabwe Policy

Seeks to develop Zimbabwe's National Environmental Policy and its

overall development plans.

MENRM and

MET

CL (2006) 15: Convention

on Wetland of

International

Importance especially as

Waterfowl Habitat

(Ramsar)

Seeks to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now

and in future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of

wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value.

MENRM and

MET

CL (2006) 23: SADC

Protocol on wildlife

Conservation and Law

Enforcement.

The Protocol commits the SADC Member States to ‚promote the

conservation of the shared wildlife resources through the establishment

of trans-frontier conservation areas‛.

MENRM and

MET

CL (2000) 24: SADC

Protocol on Fisheries.

Seeks to emphasise the important role of fisheries in the social and

economic well-being and livelihood of the people of the Region, notably

in ensuring food security and the alleviation of poverty with the ultimate

objective of its eradication.

MENRM and

MET

Southern Africa

Biodiversity Network

(SABNET)

Seeks to find African solutions to the ecological and socio-economic

challenges that face the continent.

MENRM and

MET

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3.0 Study Findings

3.1. Defining of Terms

3.1.1. Stakeholder

A stakeholder can be defined in various ways and but for the purpose of this

assessment we shall use the definition by Gord Gibben (2012), who defined

stakeholders, as:

‘’ Individuals and groups that are actively involved in the project or whose

interests may be positively or negatively affected as a result of the project

execution or project completion; they may also exert influence over the project

and its results.’’

In this assessment the team looked at a stakeholder as anyone who will make use of

natural resources, involved in the management and conservation of natural resources or

those who have an impact on any aspect of biodiversity especially birds. Stakeholders

can be either direct or indirect. In this case direct stakeholders are those organisations

and people (Government Departments (RDC, DA, Agritex, National Parks and

Forestry), NGOS, Parastatals, CBOs, Private sectors and communit members) whose

actions and programmes have direct impact on biodiversity in general. Indirect

Stakeholders are those who have some political power to influence the project or those

who are interested in its outcomes.

3.1.2. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces.

In a project, hindrances, gaps and driving forces are often termed obstacles. In this

report hindrances shall be taken to mean obstructions or stops while gaps shall mean

unfilled space or divergence and driving force shall mean capacity to achieve things or

the inner urge to attain a good. In all the 5 KBAs in the Zimbabwean Eastern Highlands

gaps, hindrances, and driving forces were identified.

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28

3.2. Key Biodiversity Areas of Zimbabwe

The Eastern Highlands form a physical barrier between Zimbabwe and its eastern

neighbour Mozambique and the range of

mountains stretch over 300km with

conjoined Nyanga, Vumba and Chimanimani

mountains as part of this great barrier. The

Eastern Highlands falls in all the 5 Agro-

Ecological Regions of Zimbabwe and the

project area is in region 1 with distinctive

orographic features including the rainfall

pattern that has a predominant rainfall type

raised by the warm moist air from the

Mozambique Channel that rises over the

mountain range. This gives the area all year

round rainfall feeding the numerous streams

and rivers.

3.3.1. Population Distribution

Manicaland Province has a total of 1 755 000 (923238 females and 831762 males

according to Zimbabwe Statistic (2012). The current population of Nyanga according to

the 2012 Population Census is 125 688 with about 32 359 households. Mutasa District

has a population of 169 756 (79 825 males and 89 931 females) and 42479 households,

Mutare District has a population of 188 243 (88 957 males and 99 286 females) and 48258

households; Chimanimani has a populations of 133 810(64 332 males and 69 478

females) and 32801 households; while Chipinge has a population of 300 792 (139 202

males and 161 590 females) and 66 403 households.

3.3.2. Ethnic Groups

The people of Manicaland speak Shona’s Manyika dialect, but each district has their

own sub-dialect. In Nyanga and Mutasa District they speak the Manyika dialect. In

Chipinge and Chimanimani they speak Ndau. Mutare speak Bocha and Jindwi dialects.

The province because of its proximity to Mozambique there are some areas with people

using Mozambiquean languages that are diluted with Manyika or Ndau.

3.3.3. Water and Sanitation

Zimbabwe is divided into six hydrological zones reflecting the country’s main river

systems. A few perennial rivers surface in areas with mean annual rainfall greater than

Figure 1Key Biodiversity Areas of Zimbabwe

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29

800 mm and where there is contribution from groundwater. According to Zimbabwe

State of the Environment Report of 1998, surface water resources (mostly rivers) account

for 90% of the country’s water supply with a supplement from dams. In 1998 there were

140 large dams and 10 747 small dams. Because of recurrent droughts, over-

exploitation, poor management and ecological degradation freshwater is increasingly

becoming a scarce resource. Water Sector reforms since 1995, the new Water Act (1998)

and the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) put emphasis on:

• correction of skewed water distribution

• environmental sustainability

• stakeholder involvement

Population distribution in Manicaland is 17% urban and 83% rural (Zimbabwe Statistic

2012). This is slightly different from the national average of 70% rural and 30% urban. In

general Manicaland has a higher agricultural potential than other parts of the country

except for the drier rain shadow areas of Makoni and Buhera.

There are a number of rivers in the province and as already been mentioned that the

mountain range marks the watershed of many rivers. People draw water from the

rivers for various purposes including domestic and agricultural.

3.3.4 Religious Practices and Beliefs

A few people still practice traditional ways of worship as Christianity has the majority

of people attending the Methodist Church, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Anglican

Church and Roman Catholic Church. Some attend the Apostolic Churches which have

various sects in the area. A higher proportion of the apostolic followers in the province

practice polygamy and is quite prevalent among church members.

The People in Manicaland are predominantly Christians accounting for almost 80% of

the community while a few people still practice African traditional ways of worship.

Generally the community is highly superstitious. Some of the myths and tales date back

from time immemorial of sacred hills and caves, pools with mermaids and other

mysterious disappearance and happenings. One of the most told stories was that of

people disappearing or wandering in the forests after venturing or saying things in the

sacred forests in the province. As such there is high belief in supernatural powers that

many places/sites or animals possess and the people respect this tradition.

Education Facilities

Literacy levels in the province stands as high as 96%. This is a result of the high density

of educational facilities when compared to the rest of the country. The cooler climate

seems to have attracted early missionaries to set up missions which also prioritized

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30

construction of educational facilities in the region. There are 822 primary schools and

298 secondary schools in the province.

Number of Schools in Manicaland Province

Table 3 Number of Schools in Manicaland Province

District Primary Secondary

Buhera 140 55

Chimanimani 68 24

Chipinge 125 40

Makoni 170 60

Mutare 172 67

Mutasa 72 27

Nyanga 75 25

Total 822 298

3.3. Nyanga District

Nyanga District is Manicaland Province, in north eastern Zimbabwe, close to the

International border with Mozambique. Nyanga National Park in Nyanga District with

about 115 kilometres (71 mi), by road, north of Mutare, the nearest large city. This

location lies approximately 265 kilometres (165 mi), by road, east of Harare, the capital

of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Nyanga sits at an elevation of 5,509

feet (1,679 m), above sea level

Mount Nyangani, the highest mountain in Zimbabwe, lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi),

southeast of the town. Its highest peak rises to approximately 2,600 metres (8,500 ft),

above sea level. Nyanga is primarily a tourist town and is a popular tourist destination

with its fishing, golf courses, mountain hikes and holiday resorts. The Mtarazi Falls,

inside Nyanga National Park, are the highest waterfalls in the country, cascading about

760 metres (2,490 ft), from top to bottom. The surrounding areas also contain many

Stone Age and Iron Age archaeological remains such as pit structures, stone forts,

terraces and pathways.

The current population of Nyanga according to the 2012 Population Census is 125 688

with about 32 359 households. The Nyanga District is divided into 31 wards. The

District is headed by a District Administrator and the Rural District Council is lead , by

an appointed a Chief Executive Officer.

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31

The economy of Nyanga District is mainly supported by agriculture, forestry,

sawmilling and tourism. There is mining taking place but it is not that significant.

Nyanga’s economic activities include Retail business which is highly developed in

Nyanga town and there are small service centres in the rural areas providing low order

services such as provision of basic commodities for households.

Nyanga was once a thriving agricultural area and the Land Reform programme saw

most of the former white commercial farmers leaving the farms after their acquisition

by the state. The new farmers are slowly picking up and the transition has seen a

decline in agricultural production. Ministry of Agriculture through its extension

services is helping farmers and training the new farmer in agricultural production. Most

farmers are growing potatoes which is fast becoming popular as a cash crop. Almost all

households grow maize for sadza the staple diet. Citrus fruit production is yet another

major farming activity in the area and fruits such as apples, peaches, nectarines and

grapes are produced.

Forestry

Pine, Eucalyptus and Wattle are the main

species in the forestry plantations in the

area. The plantations are mainly found in

the former commercial farming areas. The

trees are sawn into timber at local

sawmills in the district. Sawmilling is a

major trade in the area and there are

many sawmills on most of the

farms. The harvesting of the

timber is done throughout the year

and sawn timber is always available. The sawn

timber is sold to most parts of the country from

Manicaland; Nyanga contributes significantly to

the soft timber demands of the country. There is

also hardwood timber available in the district but

the exploitation of the hardwoods is controlled by

the Rural District Council which issues out the

hardwood extraction permits after an operator

has been given a permit by the Forestry

Commission. The extraction of the soft woods is

not controlled as the exotic tree species Figure 2 Smouldering Saw Dust hips at Allied Saw Mills

Figure 3 Logging Truck at Allied Saw Mills

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32

regenerate or can easily be grown in nurseries and they are also fast growing and

maturing unlike the indigenous hardwoods. The hardwoods therefore need to be

carefully extracted to prevent total loss of the indigenous trees. The main problem of

sawmilling is disposing of the saw dust that is causing smoke or unsightly mountains of

saw dust.

Fisheries

Fish farming is done on the commercial farms such as Claremont where trout is bred

and reared. The rivers in the area are not that deep and have fast running water and as

such there is little fish food in the fast flowing sections of the rivers. Trout fish thrives in

the upper sections of the rivers where there are rapids. Nyanga Development Trust

operates Nyanga Downs Fly Fishing Club which has been in existence since the 1990s.

They raise and fish trout on the Gairezi River and club members do sport fishing on the

‘catch and throw back’ principle.

Tourism

The Eastern Highlands offers scenic views and the fair climate that prevails in the area

attracts tourists. The Nyanga National Park which is 47 000km² boasts of a wide variety

of animals except the elephant, rhino and buffalo offers tourists an opportunity to view

game and birds in this cool climate. Cecil John Rhodes himself found this place so

fascinating that he desired to buy land and Rhodes Nyanga National Park was later

established. Today, the Nyanga National Park formerly known as Rhodes Nyanga

National Park has campsites, lodges and a hotel.

Education Facilities

There are 75 primary schools and 25 secondary schools in Nyanga District. The schools

are important in the project because information dissemination is made easier .

3.3.1 Nyanga National Park

Nyanga National Park was established in 1926 and is

one of the oldest parks in Zimbabwe and coined one of

key biodiversity area. It was first known as Rhodes

Inyangani National Park, a bequest from Cecil

Rhodes. The park extended to double its size

through extensions in the 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s to

its current size of 472km with 40,000ha. Figure 4 Nyanga Parks in Relation to Other

Parks in Zimbabwe

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33

The park is unique as it is characterized by highest land elevation in the country. All the

hills are green and are intercepted by perennial rivers. Although, Nyanga is well known

for its richness in plant species that are endemic to the Eastern Highlands, Acacia

mearnsii (black wattle) was introduced to the park in 1902 and Pinus patula was

introduced in 1923 (Worsley, 1994). Their introduction in the park and surrounding

areas has had a profound effect on the vegetation. These trees have and are invading

the montane grassland including the unique dwarf Brachystegia spiciformis woodland

and rivers stretching from the area above Pungwe gorge up to Troutbeck passing

through the Nyangombe River to Warrendale. According to Worsley (1994), over 40%

of the park had been affected by the noxious plants. When these noxious plants invade

grasslands they change the structure of the vegetation from open grassland to a mono-

specific thickets and forests, they also affect the soil nitrogen and phosphorus status

(Worsley, 1994).

Although there is no proper game census that has been conducted in the Park, the game

that is in Nyanga Parks include kudu, duiker, bushbuck, reedbuck, waterbuck, bush

pig, zebra, lion, wildebeest, impala, baboon, monkey, sable, civet cats and leopards. The

Blue Swallow, Pungwe lizard and Bernard’s Dwarf Gecko. The waterbuck, zebra,

wildebeest, impala and sable were introduced into the park Nyanga Park. Besides the

invasion of the wattle tree and pines the Nyanga Parks is also under threat of wild fires

and poaching of the animals from the local communities. Recently Zimbabwe has

experienced unwanted wild fires threatening forests, plantations and wild animals and

it is being blamed on the new farmers.

The national park is partly fenced and the access is restricted and people have to pay a

fee to access. The Nyanga Parks is guarded and national Parks officers patrol the area.

To the National Parks point of view the communities surrounding the Park are all

potential poachers of animals for meat and fire wood. While the Nyanga Rural District

Council (NRDC) also thinks the Parks sees all community members as potential

poachers. As much as they work together well they have a strained relationship.

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3.3.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Table 4 Nyanga Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Stakeholder

(SH)

Sta

tus

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

DA Gvt Represents government in

all development activities

Overall responsible for

traditional Chiefs

Coordination role through the

traditional leaders

RDC LGvt Runs community affairs

including management

environmental issues

They are people in direct contact

of the community activities

EMA Gvt Regulates, enforcing and

monitoring Environ

including air, water, soil,

noise, vibration , radiation

and waste management

Monitoring , enforcing and

educating the communities on

proper natural resource

management

ZRP Gvt Criminal and Envtal law

Enforcement

Enforcing of criminal and

environment laws in the

community

Agritrex Gvt Works with the

community in food

production and NRM for

livelihood activities

Guidance and promotion of

sustainable land use, food

production and natural

resources management

Forestry

Extension

Gvt Promote agro forestry

forestation and

afforestation

Promote agro forestry forestation

and afforestation

Min of

Education

Gvt Promote awareness in

NRM in the young

generation

Promote education ,

environmental and biodiversity

to children and willing to

collaborate with others

Claremont

Estate

Pvt crop, fruit and fish

production

ISO standards

Not established but willing to

participate in Biodiversity

activities.

Village Inn Pvt Hospitality Is willing to host workshops and

Page 39: Stakeholder Analysis Report

35

Stakeholder

(SH)

Sta

tus

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

promotes awareness through

distribution of brochures/posters

ZINWA Ps Biodiversity of catchment

area management

Is willing to collaborate in the

biodiversity activities

Sanyatwe

Village

SSG Community Biodiversity

need to be explored

Has been involved with

conservation of the blue swallow

Tangwena

Villages

need to be explored

National

Museums and

Monuments

need to be explored

3.3.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces.

Nyanga KBA gaps, hindrances, and driving forces that were identified and are given

below: Table 5 Nyanga Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

Lack of financial resources to:

o Fence some sections of

the park

o Protect cultural sites

outside the park area

such as caves and

sacred hills

o Fully administrate the

park as funds from

central government and

conservation fees paid

by tourist are not

sufficient

o Purchase of accessories

such as binoculars, GPS

units and tents used

when on patrols or

The highest

concentration of

biodiversity in the

KBA is the national

park. Conflicts over

biodiversity value

may occur between

the community and

the park over

utilisation of the

biodiversity

resources.

Trespassing of

humans and

domestic livestock

in the park area.

Grazing, logging,

increasing poverty,

non sustainable

resource exploitation

leading to habitat

degradation due to

pollution and over

exploitation, markets,

Page 40: Stakeholder Analysis Report

36

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

study

o Carry out research on

the Blue Duiker and

Blue Swallow as

contained in the

Nyanga National Park

10 Year Development

Plan 2010-2020

Lack of human resources in

the areas of:

o Ecology

o Bird Specialist

o Research &

Development

Information on bird

conservation and the methods

for bird conservation

Insufficient or poor

knowledge and technologies

necessary for sustainable

management of biodiversity

resources

Inadequate economic

valuation of biodiversity

resources. The parks authority

has hunting quotas for big

mammals and there are price

tags for animals like Buffalo,

Lion, Elephant and others.

There are no price tags for the

bird species and other animals

hence there is little or no

importance placed on these

non priced animals.

Page 41: Stakeholder Analysis Report

37

Nyanga National Park

Page 42: Stakeholder Analysis Report

38

3.4. Mutasa District

Mutasa District is one of seven districts in the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe.

Mutasa District is located 57 km from Mutare and stretches up to the Honde Valley,

which is about 100 km northeast of Mutare along a tarred road that branches off the

Nyanga road.

Mutasa District economy is agro-based. Villagers practice semi-commercial agriculture.

The district has several plantations and estates that provide employment. Villagers raise

cattle, goats and chicken. And they grow maize, groundnuts, sugarcane etc. and have

plantations of fruit trees in the fields. Some of the villages are small holder growers of

coffee, tea and banana plantations. Large scale commercial plantations produce timber,

coffee and tea.

Most of the district is covered by wireless or cell phone networks, although

mountainous areas of the district have poor reception. Land telephone lines connect

most of the business centres throughout the district. Villages and business centers with

telephone services have access to the internet.

Mutasa District is in the Highveld, receiving high rainfall, hence there are a number of

small to large dams in the district, the major ones being Osborne Dam and Nyawamba

Dam. Pungwe–Mutare pipeline also pass through the district and the district is still to

benefit from water points along the route. It is proving expensive for local communities

to access the piped water from the Pungwe along the way to Mutare in terms of

acquiring the right pipes for their irrigations. In Honde Valley, water supplied from by

a number of small piped systems and motorised pumps serving small towns, growth

points, commercial plantations, service centres and some villages, as well as direct

abstractions from the rivers by riparian village communities not connected to

developed installations.

Mutasa has about 15 (fifteen) primary schools and 17 (seventeen) secondary schools run

by the Ministry of Education. There are only two tertiary institutions at Bonda and

Honde valley mission.

Page 43: Stakeholder Analysis Report

39

3.4.1. Stapleford Forest /Allied Timbers

Stapleford Forest is south of the Honde valley, 50 km north-east of Mutare, near the

village of Penhalonga and forms part of the eastern border of Zimbabwe with

Mozambique. It is commercial forestry plantations owned by the Allied Timbers which

is a commercial branch of the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe. The plantation falls

within the Mutasa Rural District Council. The Mutasa Communal Land forms the

northern and western borders of Stapleford. The highest point of 2,030 m (Mt Rupere)

in the west of Stapleford forms a watershed, with the Odzani River flowing south-west

and the Nyamahwarara River flowing north-east.

The site includes the three areas of indigenous rainforest and Brachystegia woodland

found within Stapleford. There is a fairly large patch of montane rainforest on the

south-eastern slope of a steep-sided valley beneath Mt Rupere, next to the John Meikle

Forest Research Station. It contains six different forest-types and many interesting

species. The area has not been checked from the ground so the exact size and site

descriptions are not known. From vegetation maps, the forest and Brachystegia

woodland appear to cover an area of 1,400 ha.

On the eastern border is a prominent mountain, Gurungwe, which peaks at 1,885 m and

drops steeply to the Nyamahwarara valley at 700 m. The top and eastern slopes of Mt

Chinyamariro, to the south of Stapleford, have a well-developed Syzygium forest. Most

of this forest belongs to Allied Timbers, a commercial forest estate.

3.4.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Table 6 Mutasa District Stakeholders Consulted

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other

stakeholders (partnership or

conflict)

DA Gvt Represents governments in

all development activities

Overall responsible for

traditional Chiefs

Coordination role through the

traditional leaders

RDC LGvt runs community affairs

including management

environmental issues

They are people in direct

contact of the community

activities

EMA Gvt Regulates, enforcing and

monitoring Env

Monitoring , enforcing and

educating the communities on

proper natural resource

Page 44: Stakeholder Analysis Report

40

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other

stakeholders (partnership or

conflict)

management

ZRP Gvt Criminal and Evn law

Enforcement

Enforcing of criminal and

environment laws in the

community

Agritrex Gvt Works with the community

in food production and

NRM for livelihood

activities

Guidance and promotion of

sustainable land use, food

production and natural

resources management

Forestry

Extension

Gvt Promote agro forestry

forestation and afforestation

Promote agro forestry

forestation and afforestation

Min of

Education

Gvt Promote awareness in NRM

in the young generation

Promote education ,

environmental and

biodiversity to children and

willing to collaborate with

others

John

Meikles

Research

Centre

Ps Biodiversity conservation

and tree production research

Would want to share findings

of their research and

appropriate technology in the

production.

Honde

Valley and

Rupinda

villages

land use for agriculture

production

wood for domestic

animals and birds for meat

medicinal plants

employment

Not established

Eastern

Angling

Society

Ps social and recreational club Not established

Page 45: Stakeholder Analysis Report

41

3.4.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Mutasa KBA gaps, hindrances, and driving forces that were identified and are given

below:

Table 7 Mutasa District Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

Lack of financial resources to:

o Fence some sections of

the park

o Protect cultural sites

outside the park area

such as caves and sacred

hills e.g. Mt

o Purchase of accessories

such as binoculars, GPS

units and tents used

when on patrols or study

o Carry out research on

bird species in the forest

and also create a bird

inventory

Lack of training on bird

conservation.

Lack of reading materials on bird

conservation

Lack of human resources in the

areas of:

o Ecology

o Research & Development

Information on bird conservation

and the methods for bird

conservation

Insufficient or poor knowledge

and technologies necessary for

sustainable management of

biodiversity resources

The highest

concentration of

biodiversity in the

KBA is in the

Stapleford Forest

plantation and

some sacred

mountains such as

Bvumba

Trespassing of

humans and

domestic livestock

in the forest

plantations.

Grazing, logging,

increasing poverty, non

sustainable resource

exploitation leading to

habitat degradation due

to pollution and over

exploitation, markets,

Page 46: Stakeholder Analysis Report

42

3.5. Mutare District

The Mutare District is also in the Manicaland province. Mutare town lies north of the

Vumba Mountains of the eastern block of Zimbabwe in the Manicaland Province. The

town is about 8 km from the border with Mozambique, and is just 290 km from the

Mozambican port of Beira and 290 km from Harare.

Despite its tropical location, the city has a temperate climate. The average annual

temperature is 19 °C, surprisingly low for its moderate altitude (about the same as

Harare which is 360 metres higher.) This is due to its sheltered position against the

mountain ridge of Cecil Kop which encourages cool breezes from lower altitude to the

east and south. The coldest month is July (minimum 6 °C and maximum 20 °C) and the

hottest month is October (minimum 16°C and maximum 32 °C). The annual rainfall is

818 mm. Rain falls mostly in the months December to February although heavy

showers are possible before and after this period. The wettest month on record was

January 1926 which received 580 mm while January 1991 received only 24 mm.

The population is predominantly Shona, the majority of them speaking the Manyika

dialect. According to the 2012 preliminary census data, Mutare has a population of 188

243; 88 957 being female and 99 286 males. This marks a rapid increase from a

population of 69,621 in 1982 and 131,367 in 1992.

3.5.1. Vumba Forest

The Vumba Mountains lie on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border, approximately 25 km

south east of Mutare covering about 3000ha. The Bvumba rise to Castle Beacon at 1911

metres, and are, together with the Chimanimani and Nyanga part of the Eastern

Highlands in Zimbabwe bordering Mozambique. Referred to as the "Mountains of the

Mist", (Bvumba is the Shona name for "mist".), as so often the early morning starts with

a mist but clears by mid morning. Although lying mostly within Zimbabwe, the

mountains extend north-east into Mozambique. These cool green hills shelter country

hotels, a casino and golf course at the Leopard Rock Hotel and Botanical Garden with

one of the best views in Africa. There are other private owned lodges like Seldom Seen

where bird watching with local bird guides is among the activities. The mountains are

also known for their coffee plantations.

Flora

The mountains are dominated by savannah woodland, including Brachystegia / miombo.

There are also extensive sub-montane grasslands, local mist-belts with mosses and

epiphytic and lithophytic ferns and sub-montane evergreen forest in the deeper ravines.

Page 47: Stakeholder Analysis Report

43

The higher levels of the mountains are sparsely vegetated, with shrubs such as proteas,

aloes and Strelitzia.

In the centre of the mountains lies the Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve and

neighbouring Bvumba Botanical Garden. The latter is landscaped around a number of

small streams and includes an important cycad collection, with 59 of the 189 known

species.

Fauna

Although small in area, the mountains are a botanical paradise and home to some of the

rarest butterflies in the region. The Bvumba mountains offer exciting and varied birding

opportunities. The area is probably best known as one of the main breeding areas of

Swynnerton's Robin, a rare specie which lives and breeds in small patches of forest,

some on private land, others within the Bunga forest. Livingstones Turacos, Tauraco

livinstonii are present in large numbers though their territorial calls may often be heard

long before they are seen - the brilliant crimson wing feathers sometimes visible for

miles as they glide from one patch of canopy to another. A smaller number of mammals

inhabit the Bvumba, perhaps the most notable of which are the leopard and the samango

(blue) monkey, the latter's range being very limited. Savannah woodland adjoining the

Mozambique side of the range is home to several rare reptiles including Marshalls Leaf

Chameleon, Rhampholeon marshalli Arnolds Skink, Proscelotes arnoldi and frogs.

Archaeology

Chinhamapere Hill, on the Mozambique side of the mountains, has been a culturally

important site since the Iron Age. There are well-preserved hunter-gatherer rock art

paintings (comprising several human figures, some holding bows and arrows and

others in trance) thought to be of around 8000 years in age, as well as contemporary

ritual sites, used for rainmaking, divining and healing. There are at least 86 Stone Age

sites in the Zimbabwean portion of the mountains, some of which also continue to play

roles of cultural significance. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage

Tentative List on August 20, 2008 in the Cultural category. It was proposed by

Mozambique. The neighbouring community include Chigodora and Burma Valley

communities.

The main activities of the area are citrus farming, mining, agriculture, hospitality and

cattle ranching. Two of the largest food producers in Zimbabwe, Cairns Foods and

Tanganda Tea, have their headquarters in Mutare. Over the past few years the city has

suffered as a result of the collapse of the country's economy.

Page 48: Stakeholder Analysis Report

44

The main threats of this area are encroachment by alien wattle and pine species and

fires.

3.5.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Table 8 Mutare Stakeholders Consulted and identified

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

DA Gvt Represents governments in

all development activities

Overall responsible for

traditional Chiefs

Coordination role through the

traditional leaders

RDC LGvt runs community affairs

including management

environmental issues

They are people in direct contact of

the community activities

EMA Gvt Regulates, enforcing and

monitoring Environment

Monitoring , enforcing and

educating the communities on

proper natural resource

management

ZRP Gvt Criminal and

Environmental law

Enforcement

Enforcing of criminal and

environment laws in the

community

Agritex Gvt Works with the

community in food

production and NRM for

livelihood activities

Guidance and promotion of

sustainable land use, food

production and natural resources

management

Forestry

Extension

Gvt Promote agro forestry

forestation and

afforestation

Promote agro forestry forestation

and afforestation

Min of

Education

Gvt Promote awareness in

NRM in the young

generation

Promote education , environmental

and biodiversity to children and

willing to collaborate with others

Seldom

Seen

provide accommodation

and guided bird viewing

and education

Good and workable relations that

promote biodiversity/working well

with the Parks.

Private

lodge and

Providing accommodation Need to be established

Page 49: Stakeholder Analysis Report

45

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual analysis Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

Hotels

Chigodora

Villages

Burma

Village

Tikkie

Hywood

trust

The Green

fund

National

Museums

and

Monuments

need to be explored

3.5.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Mutare KBA gaps, hindrances, and driving forces that were identified and are given

below:

Table 9 Mutare Gapes, Hindrances and Driving forces

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

Lack of financial resources to:

o Fence some sections of the

park that have fence broken

by fires and vandalism

o Protect cultural sites and

wetlands outside the park

o Fully administrate the park

as funds from central

government and

conservation fees paid by

tourist are not sufficient

o Purchase of accessories such

The highest

concentration of

biodiversity in

the KBA is in

the Botanical

Garden and

Reserve

Trespassing of

humans and

domestic

livestock in the

park area.

Grazing, logging,

increasing poverty,

non sustainable

resource

exploitation

leading to habitat

degradation due to

pollution and over

exploitation,

markets,

Page 50: Stakeholder Analysis Report

46

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

as binoculars, GPS units

and tents used when on

patrols or study

o Carry out research on the

birds and other species such

as the samango

monkey/Blue Monkey in the

Vumba Botanical Gardens

and Reserve

Lack of training on bird

conservation.

Lack of reading materials on bird

conservation

Lack of training on bird

conservation.

Lack of reading materials on bird

conservation

Lack of human resources in the

areas of:

o Ecology

o Bird Specialist

o Research & Development

Lack of information on bird

conservation and the methods for

bird conservation

Insufficient or poor knowledge

and technologies necessary for

sustainable management of

biodiversity resources

Inadequate economic valuation of

biodiversity resources. The parks

authority has hunting quotas for

big mammals and there are price

tags for animals like Buffalo, Lion,

Elephant and others. There are no

price tags for the bird species and

other animals hence there is little

or no importance placed on these

Page 51: Stakeholder Analysis Report

47

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

non priced animals.

Page 52: Stakeholder Analysis Report

48

3.6. Chimanimani District

Chimanimani District is another mountainous district in the province of Manicaland

province of Zimbabwe. The area is distinguished by large peaks, carved from a rifted

quartzite block, the highest reaching to 2440 m

(8005 ft) and stretching for some 50 km (31 mi),

forming the border with Mozambique. Between

the village of Chimanimani and the border the

ranges are gentler and more rounded. The

national park is in the southernmost area of the

Eastern Highlands, and is 150 km (93 mi) from

the town of Mutare.

Much of the range is composed of quartzite

ridges, with Monte Binga at 2436m the highest

point in Mozambique, right after the border. Chimanimani is one of Zimbabwe's finest

mountain wilderness areas and a very popular hiking destination. Close to the town are

the scenic Bridal Veil Falls. There is a National Parks Sanctuary and arboretum near the

village.

3.6.1. Chimanimani National Parks

Chimanimani parks covers a magnificent Chimanimani Mountains, a massive barrier of

ancient and jagged crystalline rock forming the border with Mozambique 17,100ha and

the immediate surrounding populations is estimated at 25,000. The villages bordering

the park are Chikukwa and Vhimba villages.

The breathtaking beauty and pristine environment of these mountains have always

drawn adventurous travellers. At present the park provides only basic facilities,

catering for the self-sufficient explorer. Hiking, rock climbing, birding, camping in

caves among the sparkling waterfalls and natural swimming pools. This park is for

those who want nothing more than to revel in the heart-soothing loveliness of nature.

Local tour guides with excellent knowledge of the area’s specialised wild plants and

animals offer hiking tours into the national park.

Figure 5 Chimanimani

Page 53: Stakeholder Analysis Report

49

A pleasant walk takes visitors to the lovely Bridal Veil Falls – a favourite picnic spot –

and in the hills above Chimanimani village there’s an Eland Sanctuary. The Outward

Bound organisation has a facility at the

foot of the mountain, and the

challenging terrain is occasionally used

by other organisations for team-building,

super-fitness training and orienteering.

The main threats in Chimanimani

community and reserve area is

degradation from unsustainable small

scale gold mining, alien fish species in

the Bundi River, water pollutions from

the gold miners and fires, particularly outside the National Park where ZPWMA and

RDCs have no mandate to control it.

3.6.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Stakeholders: ZPWMA local office; EMA local office; Chimanimani RDC; Chikukwa

and Vhimba villages; Kew Botanic Gardens (UK);

Table 10 Chimanimani Stakeholders Consulted and identified

Stakeholder (SH) Statu

s

Interests in the contextual

analysis

Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

DA Gvt Represents governments

in all development

activities

Overall responsible for

traditional Chiefs

Coordination role through the

traditional leaders

RDC Gvt runs community affairs

including management

environmental issues

They are people in direct contact

of the community activities

EMA Gvt Regulates, enforcing and

monitoring Env

Monitoring , enforcing and

educating the communities on

proper natural resource

management

Figure 6 River Water Polluted By Illegal Gold Paners

Page 54: Stakeholder Analysis Report

50

Stakeholder (SH) Statu

s

Interests in the contextual

analysis

Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

ZRP Gvt Criminal and Env law

Enforcement

Enforcing of criminal and

environment laws in the

community

Agritex Gvt Works with the

community in food

production and NRM for

livelihood activities

Guidance and promotion of

sustainable land use, food

production and natural

resources management

Forestry

Extension

Gvt Promote agro forestry

forestation and

afforestation

Promote agro forestry forestation

and afforestation

Min of

Education

Gvt Promote awareness in

NRM in the young

generation

Promote education ,

environmental and biodiversity

to children and willing to

collaborate with others

Outward

Bound

Pvt Adventure open in the

wilderness school for

team building, leadership

courses k learning

Introducing people of all walks

of life to appreciation of nature

TSURO NGO Promotion of small grain

and OVP in 188 villages

nursery tree of fruits and

indigenous trees

agro forestry plantation

animal impact project-

planned

grazing/controlled

watershed Area

management

rain water harvesting –

ground cover, trap water

infiltration and increase

water table

CELUCT community permaculture

agriculture CBO that

promote biodiversity

Willing to collaborate and works

well with the RDC

Page 55: Stakeholder Analysis Report

51

Stakeholder (SH) Statu

s

Interests in the contextual

analysis

Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

Chikukwa

Village

members of CELUCT

practising perma culture

principles

Willing to collaborate works well

with other partners.

Vhimba

Village

need to be explored

MICAIA

Foundation

(Mozambique).

need to be explored

National

Museums and

Monuments

need to be explored

3.6.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Chimanimani KBA gaps, hindrances, and driving forces that were identified and are

given below:

Table 11 Chimanimani District Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

Lack of financial resources to:

o Fence some sections of

the park that have

broken down by fire

and vandalism

o Protect cultural sites

outside the park area

such as caves, pools and

sacred hills in the

Chimanimani Sanctuary

and the National Park

o Fully administrate the

Chimanimani Sanctuary

and Park as funds from

central government and

conservation fees paid

The highest

concentration of

biodiversity in

the KBA is in the

sanctuary and

national park.

Conflicts over

biodiversity

value may occur

between the

community and

the park over

utilisation of the

biodiversity

resources.

Trespassing of

Grazing, logging,

increasing poverty, non

sustainable resource

exploitation leading to

habitat degradation

due to pollution and

over exploitation,

markets,

Page 56: Stakeholder Analysis Report

52

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

by tourist are not

sufficient

o Purchase of accessories such as binoculars, GPS

units and tents used when

on patrols or study.

Equipment such as

binoculars are obsolete

and irreparable

o Carry out research on the

Blue Swallow which had

been initiated.

Lack of training on bird

conservation.

Lack of reading materials on bird

conservation

Lack of human resources in the

areas of:

o Ecology

o Bird Specialist

o Research & Development

Information on bird conservation

and the methods for bird

conservation

Insufficient or poor knowledge

and technologies necessary for

sustainable management of

biodiversity resources

Inadequate economic valuation of

biodiversity resources. The parks

authority has hunting quotas for

big mammals and there are price

tags for animals like Buffalo, Lion,

Elephant and others. There are no

price tags for the bird species and

other animals hence there is little

or no importance placed on these

non priced animals.

humans and

domestic

livestock in the

park area.

Page 57: Stakeholder Analysis Report

53

3.7. Chipinge District

The district is located in Manicaland Province, in south eastern Zimbabwe, close to the

International border with Mozambique. Its main town, Chipinge, with an estimated

population of 18,860 in 2012 is located about 170 kilometres by road, south of Mutare,

the nearest large city and the location of the provincial headquarters with a Latitude of

20.2000 and Longitude of 32.6000.

The average annual rainfall in Chipinge is about

1,105 millimetres (43.5 in). The hot climate and

high rainfall are well suited to agriculture. The

local farmers grow tea in the Tanganda, coffee,

bananas and macadamia nuts. The surrounding

mountain slopes are covered with pine and

acacia plantations. Dairy farming in

Southdowns is also the main farming activity in

the area which has prompted the establishment

of cheese and other dairy products processing

factories in the town. Some people also do some

crafts using natural resources like baobab trees for mats, mukamba tree for wood

carvings and drums and baskets.

One of Zimbabwe's most famous landmarks, the Birchenough Bridge is located on the

Save River about 62 kilometres from Chipinge.

3.7.1. Chirinda Forest

Chirinda Forest is a state forest in the

southernmost tropical rainforest in Africa,

covering the two rounded hilltops of Mount

Selinda. Chirinda is administered by the

Forestry Commission. It is situated 30 km

south of Chipinge town, and is easily accessible

along a tar road. It is one of the best researched

forests in Zimbabwe, with scientific collections

of flora and fauna being made as early as 1900.

Figure 7 Craft Products from Natural Resources

Figure 8Chirinda Forest

Page 58: Stakeholder Analysis Report

54

Mount Selinda rises to 1,200 m altitude from the surrounding plateau and Mozambican

coastal plain. Being the only high ground from there to the Indian Ocean 200 km away

to the east, it is frequently covered in cloud and mist and receives about 1,400 mm of

orographic rain per year. The mists are important as the extra moisture, often occurring

in the dry season, permits forest species to survive in an area which would otherwise be

too dry for them. Chirinda Forest covers 950 ha, of which 606 ha is moist forest and the

remainder bush land or woodland. The forest covers the south and south-eastern slopes

that receive the moisture, being replaced by dense woodland on the drier northern

slopes.

Chirinda is classified as a mid-altitude or sub montane forest and is a representative of

a type that was previously widespread throughout the Eastern Highlands. It is an

island surrounded by a sea of agricultural land. The forest has a well-developed

structure, with the canopy reaching 40–55 m high. The woody species represent largely

a mixture of elements from Afromontane and East African coastal forests, with some

West African and Congo forest affinities.

Chirinda contains a giant specimen of Khaya anthotheca (VU), known as the Big Tree,

measuring 54 m high and 5.25 m circumference around the base. The Big Tree is

considered to be not less than 1,000 years old and is a National Monument. As with the

birds, Chirinda is important in the distribution of forest reptiles and amphibians

because it is intermediate between high and low altitudes.

The main threats in this area are from poaching of animal and firewood from locals and

nationals bordering Mozambique where there are no very strict laws restricting

poaching. Veld fires and increasing land distribution by traditional leaders is causing

encroachment near the forest protected area.

The main constrain of the forestry staff was said to be financial resources for awareness

activities and relation building with the local communities.

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55

3.7.2. Stakeholders Consulted and Identified

Table 12 Chipinge Stakeholders Consulted and identified

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual

analysis

Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

DA Gvt Represents governments

in all development

activities

Overall responsible for

traditional Chiefs

Coordination role through the

traditional leaders

RDC Gvt runs community affairs

including management

environmental issues

They are people in direct

contact of the community

activities

EMA Gvt Regulates, enforcing

and monitoring Env

Monitoring , enforcing and

educating the communities on

proper natural resource

management

ZRP Gvt Criminal and Env law

Enforcement

Enforcing of criminal and

environment laws in the

community

Agritex Gvt Works with the

community in food

production and NRM

for livelihood activities

Guidance and promotion of

sustainable land use, food

production and natural

resources management

Forestry

Extension

Gvt Promote agro forestry

forestation and

afforestation

Promote agro forestry

forestation and afforestation

Min of

Education

Gvt Promote awareness in

NRM in the young

generation

Promote education ,

environmental and biodiversity

to children and willing to

collaborate with others

Mt. Selinda

Mission-

Hosiptal and

Church need to be explored

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56

Stakeholder

(SH)

Statu

s

Interests in the contextual

analysis

Relationship with other stakeholders

(partnership or conflict)

school

Chirinda

Village

need to be explored

Mapungwana

Village

need to be explored

Chako

Village.

need to be explored

Gwenzi

Villages

need to be explored

Chimana

Village

need to be explored

Vheremu

Village

need to be explored

Dimire

villages

need to be explored

3.7.3. Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Chipinge KBA gaps, hindrances, and driving forces that were identified and are given

below: Table 13 Chipinge Gaps, Hindrances and Driving Forces

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

Lack of financial resources

to:

o Fence some sections

of the park

o Protect cultural sites

outside the park area

such as caves and

sacred hills

o Fully administrate the

park as funds from

central government

and conservation fees

The highest

concentration of

biodiversity in the

KBA is the

Chirinda Forest.

Conflicts over

biodiversity value

may occur

between the

community and

the park over

utilisation of the

Grazing, logging,

increasing poverty,

non sustainable

resource exploitation

leading to habitat

degradation due to

pollution and over

exploitation, markets,

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57

Gaps Hindrances Driving Forces

paid by tourist are not

sufficient

o Purchase of accessories

such as binoculars, GPS

units and tents used

when on patrols or

study

Lack of training on bird

conservation.

Lack of reading materials on

bird conservation

Lack of human resources in the

areas of:

o Ecology

o Bird Specialist

o Research &

Development

Information on bird

conservation and the methods

for bird conservation

Insufficient or poor knowledge

and technologies necessary for

sustainable management of

biodiversity resources

Inadequate economic valuation

of biodiversity resources. The

parks authority has hunting

quotas for big mammals and

there are price tags for animals

like Buffalo, Lion, Elephant and

others. There are no price tags

for the bird species and other

animals hence there is little or no importance placed on these

non priced animals.

biodiversity

resources and

traditional

cultural sites

within the forest.

Trespassing of

humans and

domestic

livestock in the

park area.

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4.0 Local Area Livelihoods and Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Biodiversity

Conservation

4.1. Local Area Livelihood Systems

Livelihoods, environmental crisis and the social crisis are all closely linked. Livelihood

in rural communities are heavily dependent on agricultural. Sustainable ecosystems

that serve as the foundation for agriculture for food security should provide the

resources that ensure sustainability. It is important to move towards restoration of

natural ecosystems, agro forestry, agriculture and rural energy mobilizing in particular

carbon offset mechanisms and all stakeholders from communities themselves, the

private sector and civil society organizations.

There are some negative aspects emanating from the livelihood activities in all the areas

of Eastern Highlands. Agriculture practices are leading to deforestation and

encroachment on protected areas. Mining especially from small scale miners is directly

linked to serious land degradation and water pollution. Timber plantation from small

holder farmers and the new farmers is not sustainable since it is being carried

unprocedurally and without control. On the other hand tourism promotes the safe

guarding of the environment. Crafts that are being produced using natural resources

have some on the baobab trees and ilala if not harvested sustainable. However, the

community interviewed thinks they are being harvested sustainably.

4.2. Local Indigenous Knowledge systems

The increasing attention indigenous knowledge is receiving by academia and the

development institutions have not yet led to a unanimous perception of the concept of

indigenous knowledge. None of the definitions is essentially contradictory; they overlap

in many aspects. Warren (1991) and Flavier (1995) present typical definitions by

suggesting:

Indigenous knowledge (IK) is the local knowledge, knowledge that is unique to a given

culture or society. IK contrasts with the international knowledge system generated by

universities, research institutions and private firms. It is the basis for local-level decision

making in agriculture, health care, food preparation, education, natural-resource

management, and a host of other activities in rural communities. (Warren 1991)

Indigenous Knowledge is one of the information bases for a society, which facilitates

communication and decision-making. Indigenous information systems are dynamic,

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59

and are continually influenced by internal creativity and experimentation as well as by

contact with external systems. (Flavier et al. 1995: 479). In all the five areas visited there

were some IKS that have been passed on through oral tradition. In some case the

traditional knowledge was similar. For example the Fish eagle and the Stock birds are

considered sacred bird to all the 5 KBAs.

Why is Indigenous Knowledge Important?

In the emerging global knowledge economy a country’s ability to build and mobilize

knowledge capital, is equally essential for sustainable development as the availability of

physical and financial capital. (World Bank, 1997) The basic component of any country’s

knowledge system is its indigenous knowledge. It encompasses the skills, experiences

and insights of people, applied to maintain biodiversity and or improve their

livelihood. Recently people have realized that significant contributions to global

knowledge have originated from indigenous people, for instance in medicine and

veterinary medicine with their intimate understanding of their environments.

Indigenous knowledge is developed and adapted continuously to gradually changing

environments and passed down from generation to generation and closely interwoven

with people’s cultural values. Indigenous knowledge is also the social capital of the

poor, their main asset to invest in the struggle for survival, to produce food, to provide

for shelter or to achieve control of their own lives.

Today, many indigenous knowledge systems are at risk of becoming extinct because of

rapidly changing natural environments and fast pacing economic, political, and cultural

changes on a global scale and lack reference materials. Practices vanish, as they become

inappropriate for new challenges or because they adapt too slowly if not recorded and

documented. However, many practices in the Eastern Highlands are disappearing not

only because of the intrusion of foreign technologies or development concepts that

promise short-term gains or solutions to problems without being capable of sustaining

them but because they are not documented. The tragedy of the impending

disappearance of indigenous knowledge is most obvious to those who have developed

it and make a living through it. But the implication for others can be detrimental as

well, when skills, technologies, artifacts, problem solving strategies and expertise are

lost.

There are sacred sites in the Eastern Highlands region that are under the custody of

chiefs and spirit mediums. It was clear that there are some IKS and beliefs that are in the

communities. For Example in the Nyanga Mountains, the disappearance of the Masaya

children and other are associated with the IKS and mysteries of the mountains. For

example in Chipinge the Chirinda Forest is believed by the local Chiefs that it is a

sacred place. They believed there are spiritual lions in the forest. Although the foresters

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60

at the office confirmed that they have seen some lions, they do not know if they are

spirituals. The local elders also believe that there is a pool at the centre of the forest. One

ranger argued that he had gone where they said is the pool but did not see it. Every

year in Chirinda, the local Chief and elders go in the forest to do their rituals and

ceremonies to their ancestors and Musikavanhu (God).

All the 5 KBA have some important sites that include hills, mountains springs,

wetlands, open forests, rivers, and trees. These places or sites have long standing

protection activities around them and as such these places may be exploited for the bird

conservation project but with strict involvement and consultation with the keepers of

these sites. The community structures already in existence need to be explored by

BirdLife Zimbabwe and understand how they function and see if they are opportunities

to take up in the conservation project. In Nyanga in most of the rivers are believed to

have mermaids at some sites and in some rivers people are not allowed to do laundry

or bath with soap or to draw water using metal tins or plastic containers used to store

fuel.

Other stories of IKS that we gathered during this study:

Table 14 Stories of Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Aspect Norms and Values Narrative

Birds Totems

Bearers or foretellers of omen

The Fish Eagle (Hungwe) is rarely seen,

when seen it heralds something

important is about to happen. One

should not point a finger to it

Honeybirds directs people to beehives

and also signals the start of rains

Heron makes sounds to signal the

entrance of any intruder to a water

body

Riti/Dendera signals rains

Animals Totems Baboon, Hippo, Lion, Elephants, Zebra

and others.

Pangolin is sacred when seen it should

be handed over to the chief of that area.

When bitten by a chameleon the wound

would not heal so people avoid the

chameleon and hence it gets protection

as a vulnerable animal

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61

Aspect Norms and Values Narrative

Plants Muzhanje and all wild fruit

trees

Muzhanje and other wild fruit trees are not

supposed to be cut unnecessarily or used as

fire wood.

Sites Ziwa Ruins

Cemeteries

Nyangani Mts

Dambos

Gullivers (Claremont Estate)

River Pools

Mt Nyangani is sacred one is not

allowed to point a finger towards it

Dambos used for burial for newly born

babies

Gullivers kopje has abundant wildlife

Birds Fish Eagle

Go Away Bird

Hurekure

Sacred

Security

Security

Animals Pangolin

Python

Should be taken to the chief when seen or

found

Plants Herbarium

Mukamba

Muonde

Sites Mountains Some mountains have caves where chiefs

are buried

Birds Owls

Cuckoo

Ground Hornbills and Riti

Associated with witchcraft and pest control

Associated with rain

Animals Pangolin It is not allowed to kill and if you see it

you take it to the chief.

Plants Medicinal herbs

Ndima Forest

Sites Nyakwa village

Near Chimombe homestead in the

sanctuary

Not pointing fingers at hills

Confluence of Rusitu River and Haroni

River is a sacred forest with abundant

biodiversity

Saurombe

Madzimambo area does not burn

Cashel Valley- Mbuya

Mazhuwa/Sabhuku Manyika

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Aspect Norms and Values Narrative

Birds Owls

Bats

Haya

These birds are signals of bad omen

Haya, rainbird that should not be killed

Animals Baboons

Snakes

Porcupine

Lions

Snakes should not be killed

Porcupine to be given to the chief

Baboons are sacred

Royal lions in Chirinda Forest

Plants Big Trees Traditional rites under such trees

Sites Valley of Giants

Sacred Springs

Mt Selinda Forest

Mermaid Pools

A forest in Musikavanhu

Burial sites for Chiefs

People are not allowed in the valley nor to

touch anything and traditional leaders to be

consulted when getting into the valley

4.3. Knowledge Belief and Attitudes on Biodiversity

This study has already pointed out that there is a close interdependence in the

relationship between people, livelihood activities and agricultural biodiversity. Thus,

the potentialities of agricultural biodiversity in any one agro-ecosystem are determined

by a matrix of ‘human’ factors and knowledge, beliefs and feedback systems in addition

to the underlying natural conditions.

This study managed to give a short test on Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of some of

the stakeholders and two school children (primary and secondary) that were

interviewed.

Generally the stakeholders understood what biodiversity meant and nearly all the

stakeholders interviewed had one or more biodiversity conservation activities that they

are doing and were uncoordinated. There are no programs specifically meant for bird

conservation. The conservation activities are mainly forest preservation, soil

conservation and animals. Lack of ecological knowledge and resources were said to be

the limiting factors.

The results from adult respondents on knowledge awareness and practices on

biodiversity are overwhelmingly indicative that people are knowledgably and aware of

biodiversity practices.

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63

The results of the primary school indicated that the primary school pupils general have

knowledge and are aware of biodiversity practices. Although the responses to the

question No. 15, 16, and 20 would indicate that there are certain practices that they

might not be very well vested with. This could be because the school is in an urban

setting.

The responses by Risitu High School pupils are indicative of a broader knowledge and

awareness of biodiversity practices. However, responses to questing 15 would be an

indication that traditional ways of biodiversity conservation need to be promoted.

These children come from different areas since they are boarders. The response to

question No. 20 also indicates that there is need for further awareness initiative for

communities to support their livelihoods without compromising biodiversity.

It was clear that 37 stakeholders interview were doing something in biodiversity

conservation but lacked institutional coordination.

Table 15 Questions and Responses

Question Response

Part III. 1. What biodiversity conservation

activities are taking place in your area?

Control of invasive exotic trees

Agroforestry

Fire Prevention

Tree nurseries

Chemical disposal procedures

Rotten fruit dumps for wildlife

Snare removal

Conservation areas eg Claremont

Estate

Anti poaching

Global Gap Compliance

certification

Soil Conservation

Bird Sanctuaries

Animal Protection in the Park area

Trout farming

Fire awareness campaigns in

community and schools

Wetlands rehabilitation and

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64

protection

Weir construction

Water harvesting

Part III. 2. Who coordinates and organises the

activities?

EMA

Forestry Commission

National Parks

RDCs

NGOs

Parastatals

Traditional Leaders

Agritex

Education sector

DAs

Farmers

SHE Officers

Part III. 3. Birds are part of biodiversity; what

conservation activities or programmes for bird

conservation are being undertaken in your

area?

National Parks

Ward 27 – Councillor Chitere

Protection of migratory birds at

Claremont

Stopping use of harmful pesticides

e.g. Methylbromide, Paraquat

(Purple Labels)

Birds taking advantage of water

troughs on farms

Monitoring the Blue Swallow

Wetland protection

Dam construction

Part III. 4. Who is coordinating and organising

these bird conservation activities in your area

if they are any?

Government Departments

RDC

Communities

EMA

Parks

Forestry

Farm security

SHE Department

BirdLife Zimbabwe

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4.4 Capacity Building Needs

All the stakeholders consulted that include National parks, Forestry, EMA, AGRITEX,

Education etc. are doing something in biodiversity , the only constraint of desired

activities is lack of financial resources, IKS, ecological and methodologies of bird

conservation knowledge and skills to implement what they would want to do. The

National Parks especially Nyanga has a 10 year Park strategic Management Plan that

they produced with other stakeholders in the Districts; Set of the objectives of the Park

Plan include among other things:

Objective 1 Management oriented monitoring and research of Principal

Ecosystem Components (PECs) and Key Ecological Attributes (KEAs) carried

out.

Objective 2: Strategic adaptive management systems for the long-term

conservation of Nyanga National Park Ecosystem and Biodiversity developed

and fully implemented.

Objective 3 Spread of Invasive-alien species reduced and afro-montane habitat

conserved

Objective 4 Hydrological systems and biodiversity of Nyanga National Park

conserved and monitored

Objective 5 Anthropogenic impacts on Nyanga National Park Ecosystems

mitigated and managed.

Of interest is the Action of Section D. Tourism Management Programme, Objective 4

(Appendix 7.9. B. that specified: Private, Public, Community Partnerships Promoted.

The Nyanga National Parks want to develop a formal and structured Private Public

Community Partnership and train to increase their appreciation and understanding of

the opportunities and constraints in the biodiversity business ventures. This is clear

that some stakeholders have plans and well laid out activities that can be done but the

main challenge is resources to implement. This is an opportunity for BLZ to take up the

planned activities and enhance activities that are already on the ground.

In the Nyanga National Park 10 Year Development Plan they have identified some

species namely the Blue Swallow and the Blue Duiker that need to be studied and this

presents an opportunity for BirdLife Zimbabwe to partner Parks in this study. The Park

has some resource challenge which with cooperation and collaboration with other

interested parties may be made possible.

The Forestry Extension Officer in Nyanga District has been doing some competitions

with Better Schools Programme on environments and beautifying schools with

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66

ornamental plants and trees. One school that is in Makoni District, Cheneka School was

known to be the best in bird conservation activities. Initially the school bird

conservation activities were initiated and supported by BLZ were binoculars were

distributed and training of school children in bird conservation done. The activities

have since declined due to lack of structured activities by BLZ. In Chipinge the

Education Ministry DEO noted some competitions happening at his former school, Mt.

Selinda on birds and other species. It is clearly evident that schools in the KBAs can

become information and activity centres for the biodiversity capacity building project

through the basic Environmental Science Teaching (BEST). Institutions of higher

learning such as teachers colleges, polytechnic and universities can also be instrumental

in research and development of biodiversity conservation technologies and

methodologies.

In general the capacity needs that come up from the interview were expectation for BLZ

as follows:

BirdLife Zimbabwe

Workshops/training programmes on Environmental education- anti poaching,

values of biodiversity, ecological aspects and bird species inventory at District

and village levels.

Participatory mapping of bird habitats

Awareness programmes

Promotional –Flyers, brochures, posters etc

Engaging Communities

Provision of binoculars

Providing bird baths and shelter

IKS documentation and publications

Exchange visits to other areas in the Eastern Highlands (Sister KBAs)

Initiating and supporting site support groups

Literature on biodiversity for schools and villages

Documentation of IKS in all the KBA

Financial Support

Promoting biodiversity cultural activities

Providing binoculars

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5. Conclusions and Recommendations

Generally all the people interviewed in the 5 KBAs namely Nyanga, Stapleford Forest,

Vumba, Chimanimani and Chirinda welcomed the BLZ idea of stakeholder/ community

based biodiversity conservation and management. They agreed on the need for

collaborated community efforts in biodiversity conservation. The Eastern Highlands of

Zimbabwe are rich natural and cultural heritage of biodiversity conservation.

The people still have some traditional beliefs which they still follow as evidenced by the

presence of so many sacred sites. These sites have become haven for biodiversity

species both flora and fauna. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wild Management Agent

(ZPWMA) and other governmental agencies such as EMA, Forestry Commission,

ZINWA and schools are more than ready to take up initiatives by BirdLife Zimbabwe in

biodiversity conservation especially birds as most people felt that it was a fairly

neglected concept which is specifically for birds.

Social and biodiversity synergy of local rules, regulations, law making, conservancies,

livelihoods, and biodiversity conservation can be effective pathways to achieve social

and ecological benefits of the Eastern Highlands. The reality on the ground with the

traditional leaders’ roles and responsibilities, other government departments like the

EMA, Police, RDC and Agritex roles and responsibilities seem not to synchronized well.

They seem not to have harmony especially on the issue of natural resources use, culture

and biodiversity management. There is need for a review on Traditional Leaders Act in

order to be synchronised with other legislations.

There is oral Indigenous knowledge (IK) being passed on from one generation to the

other in the Eastern Highlands. This IK is not yet being fully utilized in the

development and biodiversity management process. Stakeholders, environmentalists

and ecologists in their campaigns against wild fires, environmental degradation,

poaching, pollution of water resources and overfishing which prominent in the area,

should use IK as basis for understanding and appreciating new strategies on

biodiversity management. Conventional approaches imply that development processes

always require technology transfers from locations that are perceived as more

advanced. This has led often to overlooking the potential in local experiences and

practices. Indigenous knowledge can be relevant on three levels for the development

process.

It is, obviously, most important for the local community in which the bearers

of such knowledge live and produce.

Development agents (CBOs, NGOs, governments, donors, local leaders, and

private sector initiatives) need to recognize it, value it and appreciate it in

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68

their interaction with the local communities. Before incorporating it in their

approaches, they need to understand it – and critically validate it against the

usefulness for their intended objectives.

Lastly, indigenous knowledge forms part of the global knowledge. In this

context, it has a value and relevance in itself. Indigenous knowledge can be

preserved, transferred, or adopted and adapted elsewhere.

The development process interacts with indigenous knowledge. When designing or

implementing development programs or projects, three scenarios can be observed:

relies entirely or substantially on indigenous knowledge,

overrides indigenous knowledge or,

Incorporates indigenous knowledge.

Planners and implementers need to decide which path to follow. Rational conclusions

are based on determining whether indigenous knowledge would contribute to solve

existing problems and achieving the intended objectives. In most cases, a careful

amalgamation of indigenous and foreign knowledge would be most promising, leaving

the choice, the rate and the degree of adoption and adaptation to the communities.

Foreign knowledge does not necessarily mean modern technology, it includes also

indigenous practices developed and applied under similar conditions elsewhere. These

techniques are then likely to be adopted faster and applied more successfully. To foster

such a transfer a sound understanding of indigenous knowledge is needed. This

requires means for the capture and validation, as well as for the eventual exchange,

transfer and dissemination of indigenous knowledge. This can be done using

community publication methods.

Indigenous knowledge on biodiversity issues needs to be incorporated in to the school’s

curriculum of Zimbabwe. Currently there is absence or little IK on in the education

system of Zimbabwe.

The fire awareness campaigns that were conducted by the District teams in all the KBAs

are important and there is need for more information on the value of fauna and flora,

ecological and bird habitats education that could benefit the life of birds in the

communities.

The capacity to manage agricultural biodiversity also varies considerably within

communities and depends on the ethnic group, social status, gender relations and age

of the farmer. Different social groups of farmers within a community may use different

varieties of the same crop, each adapted to optimise performance under his or her

respective resource constraints. In Zimbabwe, the new farmers who lack resources to

prepare their land early in the season use a higher proportion of early maturing

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69

varieties than experienced farmers. It is therefore recommended that agriculture

biodiversity management and alternative energy should be part of this capacity

building project to contribute to food security and reduce dependence on the forests

and reserve products for food.

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6. References

BirdLife International (2013) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Stapleford Forest.

Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 14/07/2013

Chenje, M;Sola, L and Paleczny, D. (19981) The state of Zimbabwe’s Harare: Ministry Of

Mines, Environment And Tourism.

Chikunda, J. (2007) Zimbabwe’s better Environmental Science Teaching Programme: A Step

Towards Education For Sustainable Development.

Davis, S. (1994) Information Knowledge and power. IDS bulletine

Elizabeth Cromwell (1999) Agriculture, Biodiversity and Livelihoods: Issues and Entry Points

Final Report, Overseas Development Institute

Elizabeth Cromwell. (2009)Agriculture, Biodiversity And Livelihoods: Issues And Entry

Points, Overseas Development Institute

Irwin (1979), Muller (1994), Mundy et al. (1984).

Warren, D.M. (1991) Using Indigenous Knowledge in Africa and Diaspora Communities,

Harare University of Zimbabwe

World Agroforestry Centre. - See more at: http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.

ZimStats : Preliminary Report 2012 Population Census