STAAR Reporting Category 2 Force, Motion, & Energy
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Science STAAR Need to Know 1 STAAR Reporting Category 2 Force, Motion, & Energy Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know
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STAAR Reporting Category 2 Force, Motion, & Energy. Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know. Energy. The ability to do work or to cause change. Chemical Energy – Energy transformations. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of STAAR Reporting Category 2 Force, Motion, & Energy
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STAAR Reporting Category 2Force, Motion, & Energy
Middle School ScienceScience STAAR Need to Know
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EnergyThe ability to do work or to cause
change
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Chemical Energy – Energy transformations
Chemical energy – when light energy from the sun is converted to the energy in the bonds of the sugar molecules formed in photosynthesis.
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Chemical Energy
Examples of chemical energy changing into heat energy:
Lighting a matchBurning a wood fire
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Electrical energy- Energy transformations
Electrical energy- flow of electrons (a current)
Other ways of generating electricity:• Water flowing through a dam in a river to move
turbines
• Wind generators that use the energy of moving wind & operate a generator
• Nuclear power plants convert atomic energy into heat. Heat boils water to form steam & then follows the same energy transformations as coal power plants666
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Many energy transformations…
Electrical to mechanical:Electricity used to spin the CD (Spinning CD has mechanical energy due to its position or motion)Electrical to sound:A laser converts the digital information on the CD into electrical energy and this energy goes to the headphones as a vibration- this transmits Sound!Chemical to electrical:Batteries store chemical compounds that react when they are used to power something. This produces a flow of electrons which is electricity!!
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Sound energy- Energy transformations
Sound – consists of mechanical energy waves created by vibrations.Sound must travel through something (called “medium” or “media”) such as air, water, or a solid. The medium carries the energy of the wave from one place to another. Example: Air transmits the energy of the vibrating material in the headphones to your eardrums.
A vacuum is a space that contains little or no matter. Sound can’t travel through a vacuum since there are no particles to squeeze together (compression) or spread apart (rarefaction)
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Light waves do not need a medium to transmit energy! They can even travel through empty space.
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Water waves are a form of a wave that transmits mechanical energy across the surface of water.
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another.
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Seismic waves are caused by earthquakes that transmit mechanical energy through the Earth’s layers.
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Potential (PE)
Stored energy
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Kinetic Energy (KE)
Energy due to motion of an object
Speed & mass affect kinetic energy–
Faster/heavier…more Kinetic Energy
Did you know that the gas burned in a car engine is chemical energy being turned into Kinetic Energy?
Rubber band flying through the air has kinetic energy
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Before the yo-yo begins its fall it has stored energy due to its position. At the top it has its maximum potential energy. As it starts to fall the potential energy begins to be changed into kinetic energy. At the bottom its potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy so that it now has its maximum kinetic energy
A waterfall has both potential and kinetic energy. The water at the top of Bridal Veil Falls has stored potential energy. When the water begins to fall, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
This change in energy also happens at Niagara Falls where it is used to provide electricity from the transformation of mechanical and electromagnetic energy.
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Energy TransformationsPotential energyA rock sitting at the
top of a cliffRoller coaster car at
the top peak of a hill
A swimmer posed to dive off the end of a diving board
NO MOTION !!
Kinetic energyA bouncing ballA moving roller
coaster A track star
runningA girl skiing
MOTION is the key!!!!
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Forces may MOVE objects
Forces may transfer
energy between objects
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A book resting on a desk illustrates balanced forces. However, a book dropped from a desk illustrates unbalanced forces. In this case, gravity has overcome the balance of forces.
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GRAVITY
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You use force to move your bodyWhen you bend your arm, your muscles contract, which applies force to your arm bones. Your arm responds to this force by moving.
During breathing, muscles contract (use force) to move air in and out of the lungs.
The heart contracts (uses force) to pump blood through the blood vessels, carrying oxygen to the muscles.
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All living things use force to move
Emerging seedlings exert force on the surrounding soil.This force pushes the stem of the plant out of the ground.
Plants exert force to open flower petals, curl & uncurl leaves & push roots through the soil.
Force is used to move materials in & out of cells.
Fish exert force to swim by pushing against the water.
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In order for a force to move something, it must be an unbalanced force. This means that a force is
stronger in one direction than the forces in the opposite direction.
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Acceleration of an object moving in one direction is the speed (m/s) per unit of time (s), or change in speed divided by time. The unit for acceleration is m/s2.
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Data can be displayed &
interpreted in many ways
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ACCELERATION
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Force & motion are related
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NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION
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NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION
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NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF MOTION
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A lever is a bar that rests on a support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads.
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Types of levers
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A pulley is a simple machine that uses grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load. When a rope passes over a wheel, it changes the direction of effort (pull) needed to move the load.
This pulley has 1 wheel, so it changes the direction of pull 1 time. The input force is the same as the weight using the pulley.
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WedgeA wedge is an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart.
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An inclined plane is a ramp used to reduce the effort needed to raise or lower an object over a vertical height.
It is easier to climb stairs to get to a second floor than to climb straight up a rope. It is easier to walk up a long, gentle hill than to climb up a short, steep hill.
Examples of inclined planes:Loading ramp; Stairs or wheelchair rampMountain road; Threaded screw.
The ancient Egyptians used inclined planes, or ramps, to move huge blocks of stone to build the pyramids.
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A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a pole
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Wheel & axleA wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads.
