Sromis kultura da religiuri

diskursi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva TemSi

i. kaWkaWiSvili, T. mataraZe, g. niJaraZe, g. SubiTiZe

gamomcemloba inteleqti

Tbilisi 2013

kvleva Catarda programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akade­

miuri qselis~ mxardaWeriT. programa `kavkasiis Sveicari­

uli akademiuri qselis~ mizania samxreT kavkasiaSi social­

uri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTareba sxvadasxva aqtivobebisa da RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa: kv­

leviTi proeqtebis dafinanseba, treningebis Catareba, sxva­

dasxva saswavlo da kvleviTi grantebis gacema. programa

xels uwyobs niWieri mkvlevrebis axali Taobis aRmoCenas

da maT saerTaSoriso akademiur qselSi integracias.

programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiur qsels~

axor cielebs Sveicariis friburgis universitetis cen­

traluri da aRmosavleT evropis interfakulteturi insti tuti. programas afinansebs `gebert riufis fondi~, romelic dafuZnebulia bazelSi.

avtorebi gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdian profesor

zaza firaliSvils, religiis sakiTxTa eqsperts, filoso­

foss, romelmac dawera am wignis Sesavali.

avtorebi madlierebas gamoxataven, agreTve, Tsu so­

cialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis magis­

trantebis – ivane baZaRuas, sofo daviTurisa da xatia

nadaraias – mimarT, romelTac monawileoba miiRes meoradi

monacemebis moZiebasa da damuSavebaSi.

ISBN 978-9941-446-90-0

© i. kaWkaWiSvili, T. mataraZe, g. niJaraZe, g. SubiTiZe, 2013.

3

sarCevi

avtorebis Sesaxeb ................................................................................5Sesavali: religiuri cxovrebis zogi Tavisebureba

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi .................................................8Semajamebeli daskvna ..........................................................................23kvlevis meTodologia .......................................................................34

Tavi 1. literaturis mimoxilva

1.1. ZiriTadi Teoriuli foni: maqs veberis gamowveva .....421.2. Sromis eTikis bibliuri gageba ..........................................511.3. Seusabamobebi Sromis protestantul da bibliaze

dafuZnebul eTikas Soris ..................................................541.4. religiisa da ekonomikuri qcevis (Sromis)

mimarTebis Tanamedrove konteqsti ..................................561.3. lourens harisoni: `centraluri liberaluri

WeSmariteba~ .............................................................................69

Tavi 2. Sromis kultura da religiuri diskursi

eqspertuli/CaRrmavebuli interviuebisa da

fokus jgufebis analizi

2.1. qarTuli sazogadoeba da marTlmadidebloba ..............802.2. individualizmi VERSUS koleqtivizmi ...........................832.3. Sroma sulierebis winaaRmdeg Tu sulierebasTan

erTad? ........................................................................................862.4. `madli~ da misi gavlena yoveldRiur praqtikebze ....872.5. sxvadasxva religiaTa (eklesiaTa) socialuri

politika .....................................................................................90

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2.6. Sromisa da rwmenis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ................................................................................91

2.7. SromasTan damokidebulebis xuTi determinanti ........99 2.7.1. dauRalavi Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli

warmateba .....................................................................................101 2.7.2. fulisa da drois dazogvasTan

(momWirneobasTan) dakavSirebuli atitudebi ...............106 2.7.3. Tavisufali drois mimarT uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba ........................................................................107 2.7.4. kontrolis internaluri lokusi ..........................115 2.7.5. Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad ..........................119

Tavi 3. religiisa da Sromis kulturuli aspeqtebi

socialur-anTropologiuri analizi

3.1. meTodis gamoyenebis mizani da meTodologia ..............1243.2. marTlmadideblebis kognituri ruka da

proeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ....1263.3. kaTolikeebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad

gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ................................1323.4. baptistebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad

gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ................................1373.5. iehovas mowmeebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad

gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ................................1423.6. muslimebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad

gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ................................1483.7. aramorwmuneebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad

gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema ................................152

danarTi

1. gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................1582. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis sia ..............................................1613. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva TemSi Catarebuli fokus

jgufebis sia ..............................................................................163

5

avtorebis Sesaxeb

iago kaWkaWiSvili – sociologiis mecnierebaTa doq­tori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori, sociologiisa da social­uri muSaobis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli. uZRveba saleq­cio kursebs modernul da postmodernuli socialur Teo­riebsa da, agreTve, socialuri kvlevis meTodebSi. iago kaWkaWiSvils ganxorcielebuli aqvs kvleviTi proeqtebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba ganaTlebas, politikas, eTnikuro­bas, socialur dacvas da inkluzias, aiv/Sidsis, usafrTxo seqsisa da reproduqciuli janmrTelobis problemebs, re­ligiurobas da sxva. 2000 wlidan uxelmZRvanela da monaw­ileobda 50­ze met kvleviT da saswavlo proeqtSi. 2005 wlidan aqtiurad aris CarTuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni­versitetSi socialuri muSaobis ganaTlebis danergvasa da socialuri muSaobis programis administrirebaSi. i. kaWkaWiSvili aris arasamTavrobo kvleviTi organizaciis – `socialuri kvlevisa da analizis instituti~ – xelmZ­Rvaneli; agreTve, saerTaSoriso recenzirebadi Jurnalis – `socialuri politika da socialuri muSaoba gardamaval periodSi~ (~Social Policy and Social Work in Transition”) – Tanare­daqtori. avtori da Tanaavtoria 5­ze meti wignis da 40­ze meti samecniero statiis, romlebic dabeWdilia qarTul, inglisur da rusul enebze.

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giorgi niJaraZe – fsiqologiis akademiuri doqtori,

Tbilisis Tavisufali universitetis sruli profesori. 80­

ze meti samecniero statiis avtori. g. niJaraZis kvleviTi

interesebi ukavSirdeba kroskulturul fsiqologias da

kulturis socialur fsiqologias, aris kroskulturuli

fsiqologiis saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri. g. niJaraZe

aris sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tu erovnuli empiriuli kv­

leviTi proeqtebis koordinatori da monawile social­

uri mecnierebebis sferoSi; iyenebs rogorc Tvisebrivi

(siRrmiseuli da naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi,

fokus jgufebi, SemTxvevis Seswavla da sxva), ise raodeno­

brivi (gamokiTxva, kontent­analizi, sxvadasxva socialur­

fsiqologiuri teqnikebi) kvlevebis meTodebs. g. niJaraZe

kiTxulobs Semdeg saswavlo kursebs: zogadi fsiqologia

(Sesavali), socialuri fsiqologia (Sesavali), socialur

mecnierebaTa meTodebi da adamiani socialur­kulturul

garemoSi.

Teona mataraZe – ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili­

sis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiisa da social­

uri muSaobis mimarTulebis asistent­profesori. 2006­09

wlebSi iyo maqs plankis socialuri anTropologiis insti­

tutis doqtoranti da kavkasiis sazRvrebisa da moqalaqeo­

bis jgufis wevri. T. mataraZis sadoqtoro disertacia exe­

ba moqalaqeobisa da migraciis sakiTxebs. 2010 wels miiRo

saqarTvelos prezidentis granti saqarTvelos SromiTi ba­

zris kvlevis Casatareblad da gamosacemad moamzada mono­

grafia `saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa pirobebi saqarTvelos

SromiT bazarze.~ aswavlis socialuri muSaobis Sesavals,

kvlevebsa da mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebul praqtikas da

sxva saswavlo kursebs.

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giorgi SubiTiZe – luvenis universitetis (KU Leuven

University, belgia) doqtoranti gacvliTi programis far­

glebSi. amzadebs sadoqtoro disertacias religiis so­

ciologiis sferoSi. g. SubiTiZe monawileobda sxvadasxva

kvleviT proeqtSi. 2007 wels iyo hainrix biolis samxreT

kavkasiis regionaluri fondis stipendianti, romlis far­

glebSic Caatara kvleva da gamosca naSromi `klientelizmi

saqarTvelos TviTmmarTvelobis organizaciebSi~ (Sida qar­

Tlis magaliTze). g. SuibiTiZe, agreTve, Tanaavtoria Semde­

gi publikaciebis: `dedaqalaqis gareT arsebuli gazeTebi~

(CIPDD, 2007) da `saqarTvelos regionaluri mediis ruka~

(CIPDD, 2005). 2010 wels iyo sociologiisa da socialuri

kvlevis meTodebis leqtori saqarTvelos universitetSi.

8

Sesavali: religiuri cxovrebis zogi Tavisebureba postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

zogadi religiaTmcodneobiTi SesavliT daviwyebT.

mas Semdeg, rac Sesaqmis dasasruls, oqros xanaSi,

rodesac ca da miwa erT konteqsts qmnida da dedamiwaze

mxolod pirveli adamianuri wyvili saxlobda, Sroma, ro­

gorc adamianis mier sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunvelyofisa

da, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `metafizikuri siSiSvlis~ dafarvis

saSualeba, ar arsebobda; an, rogorc es iudaur­qristia­

nul tradiciaSia, arsebobda erTgvari zrunvis movaleoba,

RvTaebrivi kreaciis erTgvari gagrZeleba miwis damuSave­

bisa da cocxal arsebaTa saxeldebis saxiT. es movaleoba

ufalma Sesaqmis gvirgvins, Tavis xatsa da msgavss, ada­

mians daakisra. `aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad... gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwisagan velis yvela cxoveli da da cis yvela frinveli da mihgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqme­vda. romel suldgmuls ras daarqmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda~ (dabadeba, Tavi 2: 15, 19).1 rigi sxva miTolo­

giuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, oqros xanaSi adamiani amg­

vari movaleobisganac iyo Tavisufali. mxolod RmerTi Tu

RmerTebi iyvnen dakavebuli Tavisi zenaari da maradiuli

TamaSiTa da amouwuravi kreaciiT. miwis nayofi yvelasa­

Tvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.

am pirveladi mdgomareobis universalurobas mravali

miTologiuri sistema adasturebs – iqneba es vedanturi

1 biblia 2013: 8.

9

gadmocemebi, berZnuli da iudeo­qristianuli tradicia,

afrikuli, Crdilo da samxreTamerikuli miTologiuri na­

rativebi da sxvani. igi, rogorc wesi, esqatologiuri Txro­

bis aucilebeli nawilia. am samoTxiseuli yofis dakargva

TiTqmis yvelgan ukavSirdeba raRac Secdomas, raime egois­

tur miswrafebaze dafuZnebul adamianur arCevans da Sede­

gad mosdevs siSiSvle, kosmiuri Tanxmierebidan amovardna,

ukvdavebis dakargva, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ciklis ga­

Cena da sasjeli, romelic cxovrebis SesanarCuneblad mZime

Sromis garduvalobaSi mdgomareobs. `Cvens welTa ricxvi samocdaaTi weliwadia, xolo janmagrobis dros – oTxmoci weliwadi; da amaTgan umetesi jafa da usamarTlobaa, rad­gan swrafad gaivlian da Cven mivfrinavT~, naTqvamia Zvel

aRTqmaSi (fsalmuni: 89.10).2

interpretatorebi am mdgomareobas xSirad adarebdnen

sizifes yofas, romelic ukiduresi ZalisxmeviT cdilobs

lodi mTis wverze aagoros, raTa mosveneba da Tavisufle­

ba moipovos, magram miznisTvis ver miuRwevia da samaradi­

sod aris am uSedego saqmiT dakavebuli. ase iqceva Sroma

kacobriobis istoriis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad. Sroma,

rogorc sasjeli, mianiSnebs adamianis distancirebaze

kosmosisagan, kosmosis universaluri mTlianobisagan. igi

maradi gandevnilia, romelic pirveladi mTlianobis aRd­

genas dausrulebeli SromiT cdilobs. amdenad, Sroma ada­

mianisaTvis sasjelicaa da Sinagani garduvalobac. erTic

da meorec arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs bzari

adamiansa da yofierebas Soris, adamianis mier ganxorcie­

lebuli raRac pirveladi aqtiT (pirveladi codviT) rom

iqna daSvebuli. iudaur­qristianul tradiciaSi es aqti

cnobadis xis nayofis dagemovnebas ukavSirdeba. `cnoba~

am konteqstSi `distancirebas~ niSnavs. cnoba SesaZlebe­

2 biblia 2013: 440.

10

lia imisi, rac gaucxoebulia Sengan. adamianma, rogorc

amas maqs Seleri ambobs, dakarga is eqstaturi CarTuloba

samyaroSi, romliTac pirveladad iyo uzrunvelyofili

(Scheler 1928: 37­38). maSasadame, rogorc iTqva, am azriT,

Sroma pirvelyofili mdgomareobis aRdgenis, oqros xanis

dabrunebis mcdelobis sinonimia.

kidev gavimeorebT, rom rogorc dabadebis zemoT mota­

nili fragmentidan Cans, iudaur­qristianul tradiciaSi

adamianuri yofierebis pirveladi sakraluri konteqsti

sruliadac ar gamoricxavda Sromas. saqme Seexeba ara Sro­

mis fenomenis gaCenas, aramed misi sakraluri konteqstis

dakargvas, ris gamoc igi saerTo adamianuri yofis tragi­

kulobis gamoxatulebad iqceva. biblia ase gamoxatavs am

mdgomareobas: `adams uTxra (ufalma): raki Sens dedakacs daujere da SeWame xis nayofi, romlis Wama akrZaluli mqonda SenTvis, miwa daiwyevlos Sens gamo: tanjviT mii­Rebde misgan sazrdos mTeli sicocxle. ZeZvi da ekali aRmogicenos da mindvris balaxi iyos Seni sazrdo. piro­fliani Wamde purs, vidre miwad miiqceode, radgan misgana xar aRebuli, radgan mtveri xar da mtvradve miiqcevi~ (da­

badeba, Tavi 3: 17, 18, 19).3

amgvari gandevnis Semdeg Sroma, erTi SexedviT, ukve

sxva araferia, Tu ara desakralizebuli fenomeni, romlis

daniSnulebac sicocxlis uzrunvelyofaa, magram ara mxo­

lod es. sxvadasxva religiuri praqtikebi, gansakuTrebiT

abraamistuli religiebi, mudmivad axdendnen mis Tematize­

bas Sromis sakraluri konteqstis aRdgenis mizniT. ras

SeiZleba niSnavdes Sromis sakraluri konteqsti? SeiZleba

ki adamianma Tavis sasicocxlo garemoSi miagnos Zalisxme­

vis imgvar formebs, romelic umaRlesi sazrisisa da mniS­

vnelobis matarebeli iqneba da is, rac imTaviTve sasjelia,

3 biblia 2013: 8.

11

pirveladi mdgomareobis kvlavmopovebis gzad iqces? esaa

kiTxvebi, romlebic ama Tu im intensivobiT mTel Teolo­

giur literaturaSi gvxvdeba, xolo, maqs veberis wyalobiT,

Tematuri xdeba sociologiisaTvisac. swored maqs veberma

miuZRvna Tavisi Zalisxmeva imis Cvenebas, Tu rogor gan­

sazRvravs sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa religiuri cxovreba

Sromis eTikas da, sabolood, im sasicocxlo garemos rao­

bas, romelsac adamianebi erTiani ZalisxmeviT qmnian.

sakralurTan mimarTebaSi Tavad Sromis cneba gansxvave­

bul mniSvnelobebs SeiZleba atarebdes: dawyebuli fiziku­

ri SromiT, romelic mraval interpretaciaSi moralurad

neitraluri da profanulia (Tumca ki, Tu gavxsenebT, rom

igi sasjelis formas warmoadgens, amgvari neitraloba ukve

saeWvo xdeba; miuxedavad amisa, garkveul pirobebSi SeiZle­

ba CavTvaloT aseTad). Semdeg gonebrivi Sroma, romelsac

ufro meti moraluri Rirebuleba aqvs, ramdenadac uSua­

lod ukavSirdeba sulier cxovrebas da, sabolood, locva­

Si, meditaciaSi, religiuri ritualis aRsrulebasa da aske­

zaSi gamoxatuli sulieri Rvawli, rogorc Sromis uzenaesi

forma adamianisaTvis, romelic RvTaebriv konteqstSi kvla­

vmibrunebis mcdelobis uSualo gamoxatulebaa. cxadia, es

dayofa xSirad erTi da imave religiuri tradiciis far­

glebSic ki pirobiTia. sabolood, martin luTerTan gvxv­

deba mcdeloba, rom Sromis nebismieri formis sakralizeba

moxdes. misTvis miwieri moRvaweoba warmoadgenda ukve ara

mxolod aucilebel safuZvels RvTismsaxurebisa, rogorc

amas tradiciuli eklesiebis – marTlmadidebelisa da ka­

Tolikuris – wiaRSi miiCnevdnen, aramed RvTismsaxurebis

uSualo formas. sabolood, es gvaZlevs zogadad TiTqmis

mTeli protestantuli msoflmxedvelobrivi samyarosa­

Tvis damaxasiaTebel sakralizebas Sromisa da profesiisa,

erTgvari `saero asketizmis~ koncefciis gaCenas da samo­

nastro asketizmis fenomenis uaryofas (Вебер 1990: 97­98).

12

cxadia, Sesavlis saxiT naTqvami warmoadgens mxolod

zogad religiaTmcodneobiT wanamZRvars im problemisa,

romlis Seswavlasac Cveni kvleva eZRvneba.

vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia Sromis kulturisa da religiu­

ri diskursis urTierTmimarTebis Seswavla postsabWoTa

sivrcis unikaluri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

post­totalitarul sazogadoebaTa `istoriaSi dabrune­

bam~ da akomodaciis formebis Ziebam religiuri cxovre­

bis Zalze Taviseburi suraTi Seqmna. religiur cnobiere­

bis prizmaSi gatarebuli eqsistencialuri da kulturuli Soki da adaptaciuri krizisi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axden­

da da dRemde axdens ubralo adamianebis damokidebule­

baze `istoriaSi dabrunebis~ procesisa da, pirdapir Tu

arapirdapir, iseTi fundamenturi fenomenis mimarTac ki,

rogoricaa Sroma.

amerikeli mecnierebis r. starkisa da u. beinbrijis

kla sifikacias Tu daveyrdnobiT (Stark and Bainbridge 1979),

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sabWoTa epoqaSi saxelmwifos mier

Seviwrovebul religiur organizaciebs hqondaT e.w. klien­

taruli kultebis xasiaTi. maT gaaCndaT organizaciuli

struqturebi da maTi urTierToba morwmuneebTan amoiwure­

boda konsultantisa da klientis urTierTobaTa xasiaTiT.

morwmuneebi moklebulebi iyvnen saSualebas, socialurad

artikulirebuli religiuri moZraobebi SeeqmnaT da raime

gavlena moexdinaT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ragvarobaze.

saqme gvqonda ara sekularizaciis im TavisTavad proces­

Tan, romelic mimdinareobda mecxramete­meoce saukuneebis

dasavleTis qveynebSi da romelTac win udidesi istoriuli

da msoflmxedvelobrivi Zvrebi uZRoda (jvarosnuli omeb­

Si marcxi, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi, Teologiuri Tu

Teosofiuri diskursisagan Tavisufal mecnierebaTa gaCena

da sxv.), aramed religiuri cxovrebis formaTa myisier da

Zaladobriv aRkveTasTan. Sroma, rogorc sakuTari sasi­

cocxlo garemos Seqmnaze individis zrunvis forma, mi­

13

Tumetes, is Teologiuri konteqsti, romelSic es zrunva

SeiZleboda yofiliyo mocemuli, radikalurad iqna uaryo­

fili da misi adgili daikava `masaTa SromiTi aRtyinebis~

erTgvarma abstraqtulma ideam. am saxiT igi sabWoTa samo­

qalaqo religiis ganuyrel da centralur elementad iqca.

samoqalaqo religiasTan saqme gvaqvs maSin, rodesac xdeba

samoqalaqo cxovrebisa da samoqalaqo ideologiaTa reli­

giis morfologiur formebSi ganTavseba. amgvari parare­

ligiuri fenomenis gaCenis Sesaxeb ukve didi xania weren

dasavlur religiaTmcodneobiT literaturaSi (am Temaze

SegiZliaT, ixiloT: Bellah and Hammond 1980). amasTan, Tu es

fenomeni dasavluri civilizaciis qveynebisaTvis bunebrivi

procesis Sedegi iyo da sekularul sazogadoebaTa Camoya­

libebis erT­erT umniSvnelovanes niSnad iqca, sabWoTa si­

namdvileSi am fenomenis wanamZRvari iyo swored aTeisturi

sazogadoebis mSeneblobis eqstremistuli idea. aTeisturi

ideologia Zaladobrivi formebiT ganTavsda religiur

formebSi. religiuri kategoriebi da matrica mTlianad

da radikalurad iqna Canacvlebuli marqsistuliT. Zveli

sakulto adgilebi axlebiT iqna Secvlili, gaCnda `Sromisa

da omis gmirebis~ saxiT wmindanTa axali ierarqia, xolo

Sromam (iseve rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirvel

xanebSi msoflio kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolam) per­

manentuli marqsistuli liturgiis centraluri adgili

daikava.

unda gavixsenoT is xelovnuri Tu aSkarad Zaladobrivi

xerxebi, romliTac rigiT adamianebSi SromiTi enTuziazmis

aRZvrasa da sabWoTa utopiisaken warmarTvas cdilobdnen.

am viTarebaSi Sroma mxolod im SemTxvevaSi inarCunebda

realur sazriss, Tu igi lokaluri garemos, pirvel rig­

Si, ojaxuri meurneobis mowesrigebisaken iyo mimarTuli

da kargavda sazogadoebis mier sakuTari sasicocxlo ga­

remos Seqmnis sazriss. Tumca, Tu gavixsenebT Sromis Se­

degTa sikeTeebiT sargeblobis totalur reglamentacias,

14

riTac xelisufleba socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevas

cdilobda, adamiani lokaluri sasicocxlo garemos Seqm­

naSic ar iyo Tavisufali, es ukanaskneli misgan kanonTan

mudmiv konfliqts moiTxovda da yvelaferi es kriminalis

mimarT mis damokidebulebasa da Sromis xasiaTzec aisaxe­

boda. adamians sakuTari Tavisufali nebiT sasicocxlo

garemoze zrunva SeeZlo mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac SeZ­

lebda ideologiur doqtrinebTan TanxmierebaSi yofiliyo

da permanentuli socialuri idealizmis daZabulobaSi

gamoexata sakuTari Tavi. realur sazriss iZenda mxolod

xSirad samarTlebriv reglamentaciasTan dapirispirebuli

piradi an mcire jgufebis interesebi.

Tuki sekularizaciaSi tradiciulad igulisxmeba Sro­

mis, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis, socialuri da interperso­

naluri urTierTobebis, iuridiuli procedurebis, ekono­

mikis, jandacvis, politikis, ganaTlebis, pirovnebis socia­

lizaciis da sxvaTa gaTavisufleba religiuri matricisa­

gan, bolSevizmis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs erTi ideolo­

giuri matricis meoriT SecvlasTan. sulis xsnis idea, rac

yvela didi religiis safuZvelTa safuZvels warmoadgens,

kacobriobis abstraqtuli bednieri momavlis ideiT iqna

Canacvlebuli.

yovelive amis yvelaze TvalsaCino Sedegi mainc iyo re­

ligiuri msoflmxedvelobisa da religiur organizaciaTa

marginalizacia. amas xeli Seuwyo im diskusiebmac, romle­

bic 20­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi imarTeboda saqarTveloSi

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis saqmeSi marTlmadi­

debeli eklesiis savalalo rolis gamo. yovelive es exma­

reboda inteligenciis wreebSic ki aTeizmis gavrcelebas.

ideologiuri alternativis roli ikisra erTgvarma eTno­

kulturulma nacionalizmma, romelic Tavis ritorikaSi

qveynis ZiriTad religias, marTlmadidebel qristianobas

iyenebda rogorc erTgvar istoriul dekoracias. Tavis

radikalur gamovlinebebSi nacionalizmis es saxe monoeT­

15

nikuri da monokulturuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideis ma­

tarebeli iyo.

religiuri nacionalizmi, romelic 90­iani wlebis meore

naxevridan Caenacvla eTnikur nacionalizms, vfiqrobT,

iyo uSualo produqti im eqsistencialuri Sokisa, rome­

lic totalotaruli sistemidan `istoriaSi dabrunebam~

gamoiwvia. axali kulturuli da socialuri realiebi, rom­

lebSic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda axali religiuri

organizaciebis xSirad xmauriani misioneruli moRvaweoba,

kulturis Tavisufali sivrce, romelSic TiTqmis arafris

reglamentireba ar xdeboda, rigiTi adamianisaTvis SiSisa

da dabneulobis momgvreli aRmoCnda. swored 90­iani wle­

bis Sua xanebs emTxveva sakuTari kulturuli identobis

dakargvis SiSis gaZlierebac.

religiuri cxovrebis reanimireba da sasuliero pire­

bis mier axali viTarebebis adekvaturi formebis Zieba

droSi mTeli sazogadoebis adaptaciur kriziss daemTxva

da Tavis radikalur da fundamentalistur gamovlinebebSi

qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mravali iracionaluri

SiSi gaaxmovana. mis farglebSive moxda am sazogadoebaTa

adaptaciuri krizisis ideologizaciac. am azriT, marTl­

madidebeli religiurobis dRevandeli socio­kulturuli

saxe didwilad aris im eqsistencialuri da kulturuli

Sokis produqti, romelic `istoriaSi dabrunebam~ da kar­

dinalurad axal socio­kulturul konteqstTan Sejaxebam

moitana. religiur terminebSi aRwerili adaptaciuri kri­

zisi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Cveulebrivi adamianebis

damokidebulebaze sakuTari yofisa da sasicocxlo gare­

mosadmi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev erTi momenti. sabWoTa cxo­

vrebis pirobebSi marTlmadidebeli saeklesio pirebis yu­

radReba tradiciuli formebis SenarCunebisaken iyo war­

marTuli. es iyo erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac am dros SeiZ­

leboda. mTeli sabWoTa sivrcis religiuri cxovreba Camo­

16

Sorebuli aRmoCnda danarCen msoflios da Sedegad miviReT

is profetuli da apokalifturi diskursiT gaJRenTili

arqauli ritorika, romliTac qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis metyveleba iyo da dRemde aris gajerebuli. axal

istoriul situaciaSi 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisidan marT­

lmadidebeli eklesia aRmoCnda Semdegi amocanis winaSe:

an epoqis Sesabamisi diskursisaTvis unda miegno, an kvlav

Suasaukuneobrivi ritorikis imitireba unda moexdina.

amas isic uwyobda xels, rom yvela sxva funqciis gar­

da, romelsac religia ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi asrulebs,

totalitarul samyaroSi igi erT damatebiT funqciasac

iZenda: igi iyo is sivrce, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo ideolo­

gizebuli samyarosagan Tavis daRweva da alternatiul eq­

sistencialur garemoSi cxovreba. amiT igi momxibvlelobas

iZenda arareligiuri adamianebisTvisac, romlebic qarTul

marTlmadidebel eklesias, pirvel rigSi, iazrebdnen, ro­

gorc alternatiul eqsistencialur sivrces da, amdenad,

rogorc xsnis simbolos. swored religiur wreebSi xmovan­

deboda gulubryvilo mistikiT gajerebuli is istorioso­

fuli koncefciebic, romlebic izolirebul sazogadoeba­

Si erTgvar paralelur da araformalur sub­kulturasa

da istoriis gagebas edeboda safuZvlad. ra Tqma unda,

amgvar koncefciaTa sporadulobasa da gulubryvilo mis­

ticizms didad gansazRvravda is garemoeba, rom arsebuli

ideologiuri akrZalvebis gamo isini ver iqceodnen saja­

ro samecniero diskusiis sagnad. garda amisa, isini rigi­

Ti qarTvelis mier ufro xSirad gaiazrebodnen, rogorc

politikuri protestis formebi, rogorc misTvis alter­

natiuli istoriisa da, Sesabamisad, imedis mimcemi konce­

fciebi, vidre religiuri Tu filosofiuri doqtrinebi

da, amdenad, nebismieri kritikuli damokidebuleba maT

mimarT xSirad sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideologiur dakve­

Tad aRiqmeboda.

17

es Teoriebi Cndeboda imgvar socialur­kulturul

gare moSi, sadac adamianebs ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi

aRkveTili hqondaT seriozuli Teologiuri da filoso­

fiuri ganaTlebis miRebisa da religiuri Ziebebis SesaZ­

lebloba da romlis inteleqtualuri elitac TiTqmis

mTlianad iqna ganadgurebuli gasuli saukunis 20­iani da

30­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi; misi adgili ki ideologiuri

funqciis matarebelma, bolSevikebis mier politikurad

marTulma `wiTelma profesuram~ da `wiTelma inteligen­

ciam~ daikava.

sawinaaRmdegod molodinisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris

kolafsi religiur msoflmxedvelobas swrafad gaaTavi­

suflebda Tavdacvis arqauli formebisa da TviTkonser­

vaciis aucileblobisagan, es ase ar moxda. kulturulma

da egsistencialurma Sokma bevri adamianisaTvis eklesias

SeunarCuna alternatiuli istoriuli da esqatologiuri

sivrcis funqcia. marqsistuli istoriuli metafizikisa da

esqatologiisagan Tavis daRwevis Semdeg marTlmadideblo­

ba unda morgeboda sekularizebul samyaros Tavisi libe­

raluri esqatologiiT. rogorc `perestroikis~ Semdgomma

pirvelive wlebma gviCvena, es amocana sakuTriv religiuri

cxovrebisaTvis aranakleb rTuli amocana aRmoCnda, vidre

marqsistuli wnexis gaZleba. axal situaciaSi marTlmadi­

deblobas an unda eRiarebina sekularuli ideologiebis

primati da liberalur konteqstSi moexdina akomodireba,

an kvlav alternatiuli istoriuli sivrcis roli Seesru­

lebina. Tu qveynis damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi ufro

xSirad am ori tendenciis nazavs vxvdebodiT, dReisaTvis

arqaul ritorikas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. yvelafer

sxvasTan erTad, ritorikis arqauloba aRmoCnda instru­

menti, romliTac morwmuneebs arsebulis alternatiuli

eqsistencialuri sivrcis arseboba SeiZleba daanaxo.

mokled Tu vityviT, axal istoriul garemoebebSi tra­

diciuli religiuri instituciebi aRmoCndnen sakuTari

18

civilizaciuri konteqstis gansazRvris amocanis winaSe. es

amocana TiTqmis sruliad ucnobi iyo da aris saqarTvelos

sivrceSi Semosuli axali religiuri moZraobebisaTvis. isi­

ni modiodnen swored im msoflmxedvelobrivi garemodan,

sadac TiTqmis dasrulebulia sekularizaciis, anu rogorc

amas mirCa eliade ambobs, `sekularulis mier religiuris

inkorporirebis~ procesi. Tu dasavluri religiuri insti­

tuciebisaTvis es procesi droSi gaWimulad da bunebrivad

xdeboda, qarTuli tradiciuli religiuri instituciebi

uceb aRmoCndnen samyaroSi, romelic, marTalia, gansxvave­

biT sabWoTa totalitarizmisagan, uSvebda maT arsebobas,

magram maTgan sxva narativis, kerZod sekularuli narati­

vis nawilad qcevas da sakuTari universalobis daTmobas

moiTxovda. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom am viTarebis mimarT

mwvave reaqcia arc protestantuli samyarosaTvisaa ucxo.

mTels Teologiur speqtrSi TamaSdeba drama, romlis Si­

naarsic bibliuri narativis sxva narativSi ganTavsebis

mcdelobaa _ imis nacvlad, rom, piriqiT, swored bibliur

narativSi moxdes yvela sxvis inkorporireba (rogorc amas

amerikeli protestanti Teologi hans frei wers (Frei 1974:

236).

Zalze mokled SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiuri insti­

tuciebi maTi msoflmxedvelobebis `meoradi moxmarebis~

produqtebad qcevis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen. aman ki

SeiZleba aamuSavos is destruqciuli potenciali, rome­

lic, iurgen habermasis Tanaxmad, monoTeistur religiebSi

imaleba, rogorc nebismieri gansxvavebuli saazrovno tra­

diciis eqskluzivisturi uaryofa da `ganTavsebis~ alter­

natiuli sivrcis Zieba.

amis TvalsaCino nimuSia, Cveni azriT, erTi garemoeba:

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia kategoriul uars am­

bobs grigorianul kalendarze gadasvlaze. dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ar gaxlavT mxolod Teologiuri

problema. mTavari, vfiqrobT, aq is aris, rom gadasvla amg­

19

var konteqstSi kapitulaciis mniSvnelobasa da sakuTari

istoriis daTmobad da `meoradi moxmarebis~ produqtad

sakuTari Tavis gamocxadebad gaiazreba. amiT sasuliero

pirebi uars amboben monawileoba miiRon sekularul esqa­

tologiaSi, aRiaron msoflio liberaluri revoluciis

faqti, radgan es ukanaskneli maTvis religiuri gonis

(mind) dasasrulis Tanazomadia. arqiteqturis tradiciu­

li formebis mimarT zedmiwevniTi erTgulebiT, arqauli

ritorikiTa da alternatiuli kalendriT isini cdiloben

daibrunon is odesRac arsebuli eqsistencialuri garemo,

romelSic maTi fundamenturi kategoriebi Seasruleben

ara `meoradi moxmarebis~ produqtTa, aramed konstitu­

ciur principTa mniSvnelobas. metic, amgvar alternativas

isini morwmuneebs sTavazoben, rogorc umTavres sotero­

logiur princips.

Sedegad miviReT mcdeloba, rom qarTuli marTlmadide­

beli garemo iqces erTgvar hermetul, globaluri realie­

bisagan ganmdgar garemod. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Tu rogor

mniSvnelobas SeiZleba atarebdes Sroma ama Tu im sazoga­

doebis globalur konteqstSi akomodaciis saqmeSi, ioli

gasagebi iqneba, Tu rogori uaryofiTi rolis Sesruleba

SeeZlo (da SeuZlia) am process. saganTa bunebrivi mdina­

rebidan amovardnis mcdelobam spontanurad gaaCina TviTi­

zolaciis formaTa mTeli panorama – dawyebuli e.w. marT­

lmadidebeli soflebis Seqmnis ideiT, sadac istoriulad

izolirebul garemoSi unda ecxovrad morwmuneebs da dam­

Tavrebuli globalur sasicocxlo garemoSi CarTvis iseTi

gulubryvilo proeqtebis SemoTavazebiT, rogoricaa qvey­

nis sameurneo saqmianobis purisa da Rvinis warmoebaze day­

vanisaken mowodeba. yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara marTl­

madidebeli religiurobisaTvis adekvaturi sameurneo saq­

mianobis formebze, aramed, Tu Tanamimdevrulebi viqnebiT,

imgvari formebis moZiebaze, romlebic marTlmadidebeli

samyaros globaluri samyaros Semotevisagan dacvas uzru­

20

nvelyofs. sameurneo formebis ZiebaTa kaTolikuri mcde­

lobebisagan gansxvavebiT, aqcenti keTdeba swored izo­

laciis momentze da ara globalur sasicocxlo sivrceSi

imgvar CarTvaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs or moments:

globaluri sameurneo samyaros religiuri TvalsazrisiT

gardaqmnas da Sromis, rogorc fenomenisaTvis sakraluri

Sinaarsis dabrunebas.

kaTolikur samyaroSi ukve meoce saukunis meore naxe­

vridan Cndeba pirveli sakmaod warmatebuli mcdelobebi

imisa, rom Seqmniliyo globaluri sameurneo samyarosa da

religiuri interesebis SemaTavsebeli sameurneo formebi.

1956 wels baskeTis qalaq mondragonSi iwyeba mokrZale­

buli masStabebis sameurneo moZraoba, romelic sabolood

kooperativTa federaciis saxes iRebs, romlis 256 kompa­

niaSic 2008 wlisaTvis 100 000­mde adamiani iyo dasaqmebu­

li. korporacia moqmedebs oTxi mimarTulebiT: finansebi,

mrewveloba, sacalo vaWroba da ganaTleba. Sromis suvere­

nitetis principi, romelic, sabolood, solidarobis eko­

nomikur modelad Camoyalibda, korporaciis damaarseblis,

kaTolike mRvdlis xose maria arizmendiaretas azriT,

warmoadgens kaTolicizmis socialuri doqtrinis yvelaze

adekvatur formas. dResdReobiT, korporacia espaneTis

yvelaze msxvili korporaciebis SvideulSi Sedis ramdenime

miliardiani brunviT da monawileobs iseT proeqtebSic ki,

rogoricaa nasas proeqtebi. Tavad qalaqi mondragoni, ro­

melSic 1941 wels sul 7000 adamiani cxovrobda, espanuri

sameurneo saqmianobis erT­erT msxvil centrad iqca.

Cveni azriT, mTavari momenti, romelmac religiuri da

ekonomikuri interesebis amgvari Serwyma gaxada SesaZle­

beli, iyo im izolacionizmisagan gaTavisufleba, romelic

jer kidev meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iyo kaTolikuri

samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. religiuri eqskluzivizmis

daZleva da religiuri inkluzivizmis doqtrinis miReba,

rac sabolood vatikanis meore msoflio saeklesio krebaze

21

gaformda, aTavisuflebda inteleqtualur Zalebs im gare­

moebis wina planze wamoweviT, rom sameurneo saqmianoba

ukve SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo kaTolikurii misioneruli

moRvaweobis formad, romlis wyalobiTac RvTis sityvis sa­

meurneo enaze Targmna gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. xolo kor­

poraciis sameurneo warmateba kaTolicizmis misioneruli

praqtikis warmatebis mniSvnelovan niSnad aRiqmeba. davazus­

tebT, rom `misia~, zogadi TvalsazrisiT, ar niSnavs mxolod

RvTis sityvis uSualo qadagebas arareligiur Tu naklebad

religiur garemoSi. igi, zogadad, aRniSnavs, agreTve RvTis

sityvis qmediTobis dadasturebasac adamianuri moRvaweo­

bis yvela, maT Soris, sameurneo sferoSic.

qarTul (da rusul) marTlmadidebel samyaroebSi amis

alternativad jerjerobiT Cans mxolod marTlmadidebeli

dasaxlebebis Seqmnis mcdelobebi, romlebic izolirebu­

lia istoriuli garemosagan da sadac istoriis sxva ritmi

da sxva mdinarebaa. amis Sesabamisad yalibdeba Sromisadmi

damokidebulebis formebic. eklesiis gareT Sroma ganixi­

leba erTgvar neitralur fenomenad, xolo misi produqtu­

loba meorexarisxovania da religiuri cxovrebis mxolod

erTgvar fundaments unda warmoadgendes (rac Cans kidec

kvlevis Sedegad miRebul masalebSi). Tavad eklesiis wiaRSi

ki Sroma sulieri Rvawlis mniSvnelobas iZens. Sromisadmi

damokidebulebis am dualizmma didwilad gansazRvra isic,

rom axalma istoriulma garemoebebma morwmune marTlmadi­

debelTa TvalSi ver pova Teologiuri gamarTleba da ver

SeiZina axali misioneruli amocanis mniSvneloba. sasico­

cxlo garemos mniSvneloba daviwrovebuli iqna da dRemde

grZeldeba mcdeloba, misgan ganidevnos yvelaferi, rac

sxva msoflmxedvelobrivi konteqstidan aris mosuli.

amas emateba is garemoebac, rom (rogorc es Cvens mier

Catarebuli eqspertTa gamokiTxvidanac gamoCnda), gansxva­

vebiT kaTolicizmisa da protestantizmisagan, sizarmace

da profanuli samyarosagan gaucxoeba marTlmadidebel

22

eklesiaSi TiTqmis arasodes ganixileboda mZime codvad.

aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom protestantul tradiciaSi,

luTeris wyalobiT, mkvidrdeba Tvalsazrisi, rom swored

sizarmace (da rogorc amas Semdgom imanuel kanti da iohan

gotlib fixte ambobdnen) `adamianis bunebrivi sixistea~ is

Zala, romelic yvela SesaZlo borotebas Sobs.

90­iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavad qarTuli marTlma­

didebeli eklesiis wiaRSi da eklesiasTan dakavSirebul

inteligentur wreebSi gaCnda azri, rom aucilebeli iyo

SemuSavebuliyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis socialuri

doqtrina, sadac aisaxeboda eklesiis damokidebuleba Ta­

namedrove realiebis mimarT da riTac `istoriuli akomo­

daciis~ procesi racionalur elements daeqvemdebarebo­

da. samwuxarod, es azri sasuliero porTa da morwmuneTa

umravlesobis mxridan ver iqna gagebuli da gaazrebuli.

isini arCevdnen, mihyolodnen socialuri politikis isto­

riul tradicias, rac realur garemoebebSi umeteswilad

gulubryvilo preterizmSi, warsulis formebis reanimi­

rebis mcdelobaSi gamoixateboda da dRemde gamoixateba.

amiT ki realuri istoriuli garemodan gaucxoeba kidev

ufro Rrmavdeba. adreqristianuli sisadavis kulti da

cxovrebisadmi saqmiani damokidebulebis mimarT agdebuli

damokidebuleba iyo is socialuri imperativebi, romlebic

vrceldeboda rogorc `marTlmadidebluri koncefcia~

da romelic istoriuli romantizmisa da gulubryvilo

qristianuli socializmis erTgvar usistemo nazavs war­

moadgens.

aseTia, mokle aRweriT, is istoriuli konteqsti, ro­

melSic winamdebare kvleva Catarda. vfiqrobT, amgvari

kvlevebis mniSvneloba sakmaod didia. isini gvaZlevs saSua­

lebas, rom naTlad aRviqvaT dasmul sakiTxebTan dakavSi­

rebiT qveyanaSi arsebuli situacia, raTa saxelmwifoebri­

vi mSeneblobisaTvis aucilebeli strategiebis SemuSaveba

gaxdes SesaZlebeli.

23

Semajamebeli daskvna

kvlevis analitikur angariSSi Seswavlilia Sromis sa­

zrisi sxvadasxva religiuri tradiciis – orTodoqsuloba,

protestantizmi, kaTolicizmi da islami – konteqstSi.

analitikur angariSSi warmodgenili empiriuli monace­

mebi miRebulia Tvisebrivi sociologiuri kvlevis safuZ­

velze saqarTvelos soflis (ruralur) da qalaqis (urba­

nul) TemebSi. kvlevis meTodologiuri CarCoa SemTxvevis Seswavla (Case Study). es gulisxmobs Semdegi specifikuri

meTodebis kombinirebul gamoyenebas: literaturis anali­

zi, eqspertuli interviuebi, fokus jgufebi da CaRrmave­

buli interviuebi.

struqturulad, ZiriTadi mignebebi SeiZleba ganxilul

iqnes or nawilad: a) religiuri mimdinareobebis doqtri­

naluri safuZvlebi Sromis eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da b)

religiuri Temebis wevrTa praqtikebi, warmodgenebi da

damokidebulebebi Sromis eTikis da ekonomikuri qcevis

kuTxiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, kvleva daeyrdno literatu­

ris mimoxilvas da eqspertul gamokiTxvas, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi – jgufur diskusiebs da siRrmiseul inter­

viuebs, iseve rogorc fail sortingis Sedegebs.

doqtrinaluri gansxvavebebi Sromis eTikasTanmimarTebaSi

rogorc araerTi mkvlevari (Ward 1996; Henry 1964) aRniS­

navs, Sromis eTikis bibliuri gageba aRiarebs adamianuri

Sromis integralur rols RvTis mier Seqmnili samyaros

wesrigSi. bibliis Tanaxmad, adamianebisaTvis Sroma RvTi­

sadmi siyvarulis warmoCenis gzaa. Sromis meSveobiT ada­

24

miani aviTarebs Tavis niWsa da SesaZleblobebs da amiT pativs miagebs RmerTs. Sromis saSualebiT adamiani imor­Cilebs da gardaqmnis bunebas da amiT imeorebs (eziareba) RmerTis qmnadobis aqts. amasTan, TavianTi SromiT, Rmer­TisTvis msaxurebis garda, adamianebi emsaxurebian erTma­neTs. Sroma adaminisgan moiTxovs urTierTobis damyarebas sxvebTan, saSualebas aZlevs gaTavisufldes egocentriz­misgan.

literaturis mimoxilva, aseve eqspertuli gamokiTxva aCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva religiuri tradiciis mier gansx­vavebulad xdeba Sromis bibliuri gagebis gadaazreba.

marTlmadideblur tradiciaSi mkvidrdeba gansxvaveba/opozicia Sromasa da religiur (sulier) moRvaweobas So­ris. SromaSi upiratesad yofiT cxovrebaze zrunva igu­lisxmeba, xolo sulier moRvaweobaSi – iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa locva, religiur ritualebSi monawileoba, marxva da sxv. marTlmadidebloba Sromas ganixilavs ro­gorc mniSvnelovan movlenas saaqao, yofiT cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, misi pirdapiri kavSiri sulis cxone­basTan naklebia. aq Sromis Rirebuleba mcirdeba religiur praqtikebTan SedarebiT. swored amitom, sizarmace marTl­madideblur religiaSi ganxilulia rogorc codva, Tumca, ara ­­ momakvdinebeli; kaTolicizmisgan an protestantiz­misgan gansxvavebiT, sizarmace ar ganixileba rogorc su­lis cxonebis erT­erTi mTavari damabrkolebeli faqtori.

gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, marTlmadideblur tradiciaSi (maT Soris, qarTulSi) ar aris SemuSavebuli socialuri politikis doqtrina. Sesabamisad, mrevlTan interaqciisas socialuri sakiTxebi, SromasTan damokide­bulebis CaTvliT, individualuri moZRvris Sexedulebebis mier konstruirdeba. Sexedulebebi bibliuri swavlebidan iRebs saTaves, Tumca individualur moZRvars mravalfe­rovani interpretaciebis saSualebas utovebs. Sesabamisad, rTulia gamoiyos socialuri politikis ZiriTadi paradig­

mebi marTlmadideblur religiaSi.

25

maq veberidan moyolebuli, Tanamedrove literaturis

analizi (Ward 1996; Henry 1964; Oetes 1971; Furnham 1990) aCve­

nebs, rom Sromis protestantuli eTika saxes ucvlis da

Sordeba Sromis eTikis bibliur gagebas. bibliuri gageba

dauRalav (hard) Sromas RmerTisTvis msaxurebis Sesrule­

bis saSualebad miiCnevs. dauRalavi Sroma TavisTavadi Rirebulebis mqone ar aris, Tuki is RmerTisaTvis pati­

vis migebas ar emsaxureba. Sromis protestantul eTikaSi

ki dauRalavi Sroma TviTmizans warmoadgens. Sromis pro­

testantuli eTikis mixedviT, RmerTi dalocavs adamianTa

Sromas da amis transformireba moxdeba RvTis madlad. es

adamianebs ubiZgebs imisken, rom Sromis meSveobiT ipovon

xsna; materialuri warmateba iqceva rwmenis simbolod.

aratradiciul religiur mimdinareobebSi, rogorcaa

iehovas mowmeebi, Sromas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

Sroma religiuri cxovrebis erTgvari nawilia, rac gavle­

nas axdens maTi religiuri cxovrebis marTebulobaze. Tu

iehovas mowme ar Sromobs, es negatiurad aisaxeba mis mier

religiuri cxovrebis wesebis dacvaze.

islami Sromas da locvas erT sibrtyeze ganixilavs.

orive komponenti mniSvnelovania cxonebisaTvis. Sroma

erTgvar locvadac ki iTvleba. islami mouwodebs Tavis

mimdevrebs, rom iqcnen SromaSi CarTul aqtorebad, rad­

gan WeSmariti rwmena isaa, risi demonstrirebac xdeba pa­

tiosani Sromis meSveobiT da xels uwyobs sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas. aqedan gamomdinare, islami ayalibebs socia­

luri cxovrebis praqtikul wess da cdilobs uSeRavaTod

ebrZolos im mankierebebs, rasac umuSevroba, sizarmace da

siRaribe Sobs. islami mkafio instruqcias aZlevs adamia­

nebs, adreuli asakidanve itvirTon SromiTi pasuxismge­

bloba, xolo xandazmulebs – ar Caiqnion xeli da TavianTi

gamocdileba da unarebi moaxmaron sazogadoebriv sikeTes.

yuranis mixedviT, yovlisSemZle RmerTi TiToeul adamians

Tavisi Sromis sazRaurs aZlevs.

26

religiuri Temebis wevrTa praqtikebi SromasTan mimarTebaSi

jgufur diskusiasa da CaRrmavebul interviuebSi Car­

Tuli yvela jgufisaTvis (sxvadasxva religiuri Temebi da

aramorwmuneebi) Sroma cxovrebis mniSvnelovan Rirebule­

bas warmoadgens. kavSiri Sromasa da rwmenas (sulierebas)

Soris yvela religiur TemSi SeimCneva, Tumca – sxvadasx­

va xarisxiT. gansxvavebulia Sromis fenomenis datvirTva

gansxvavebuli religiuri Temebis da aramorwmuneebis praq­

tikebSi. morwmune TemebSi religiuri doqtrinebi yvelaze

mniSvnelovan gavlenas religiuri praqtikebis konstrui­

rebaze axdens, rogoricaa ritualebSi monawileoba, lo­

cva, marxva da sxva. marTalia, suliereba, rwmena ZiriTa­

dad sulis cxonebis miRwevis SesaZleblobaa, Tumca, isini

garkveul gavlenas axdens Temis wevrTa socialuri (maT

Soris, SromiTi) urTierTobebis Camoyalibebaze, socialur

cxovrebaSi qceviTi praqtikebis struqturirebaze, mikro

socialuri qselebis formirebaze. aRniSnulis miuxedavad,

ikveTeba, rom religia Temis wevrTa cxovrebis wesis ma­

konstruirebeli erT­erTi cvladia da sxva mikro da makro

socialur institutebi (samsaxuri, ojaxi, skola, kultu­

ruli tradiciebi da sxva.), aseve, mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens Temis wevrTa socialur qcevaze.

zogadad Tu vityviT, uSualod Sromis dros morwmu­

neze religiuri doqtrinebis gavlena Semdegi mimarTule­

bebiT ganisazRvreba: religiis gavlena morwmunis qcevaze

samsaxurSi, gavlena krizisuli situaciebis marTvaze, saq­

mis mimarT morwmunis damokidebulebaze da samsaxurSi re­

ligiuri ritualebis Sesrulebaze.

mopovebuli empiriuli masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi arsebul ZiriTad religiur Te­

mebSi jakalonesa da iurkeviCis (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz 2010)

mier gamoyofili, sulierebisa da Sromis damokidebulebis

27

samive tipi (paraleluri, integraciuli, dapirispirebuli)

gvxvdeba, Tumca – sakmaod araTanabrad:

a) gabatonebul tipad unda CaiTvalos paraleluri urTierTdamokidebuleba, romlis drosac suliereba da

Sroma praqtikulad ar ganixileba erT diskursSi. amaze

metyvelebs rogorc `fail sortingis~ Sedegebi (religia­

sa da SromasTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi yvela SemTxvevaSi

sxvadasxva klasterSi moxvda), ise fokus jgufebis masale­

bi; transkriptebis gacnoba cxadyofs, rom respondentebs

uWirdaT SeTavazebul Temaze Tavisufali saubari; es, sa­

varaudod, unda aixsnas imiT, rom Sromisa da sulierebis

urTierTdamokidebuleba ar warmoadgens refleqsiis Tu

diskusiis sagans, Tundac yoveldRiuri saubrebis doneze.

b) garkveuli gamonakliss warmoadgens baptistebisa da

iehovas mowmeebis jgufebi, sadac SeimCneva integraciuli

urTierTdamokidebulebis niSnebi. aratradiciul reli­

giur mimdinareobebSi (iehovas mowmeebi, baptistebi) reli­

giis gavlena socialuri moralis formirebaze ufro mniS­

vnelovania da am Temis wevrTa cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela

aspeqtis konstruireba swored religiuri Sexedulebebis

mixedviT xdeba.

g) rac Seexeba sulierebasa da Sromas Soris dapiris­pirebul urTierTdamokidebulebas, misi kvali (Tumca,

arcTu Zlierad gamokveTili) SeiZleba davinaxoT marTl­

madideblebis jgufebis masalebSi: religiuri ritualebis

Sesrulebas udavo prioriteti eniWeba SromiT valdebule­

bebTan mimarTebaSi.

`fail sortingma~ ramdenime saintereso tendencia ga­

moavlina. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia is, rom sxvadasxva

konfesiaTa warmomadgenlebis da, agreTve, aramowmuneTa

kognituri rukebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisa­

gan, rac sabuTia imisa, rom religia mniSvnelovan gavle­

nas axdens socialuri warmodgenebisa da Rirebulebebis

sistemis formirebaze; metic, dominanturi religiis gav­

28

lena aramorwmuneebzec vrceldeba: Cvens kvlevaSi marT­

lmadidebelTa da marTlmadidebluri kulturis garemoSi

Camoyalibebuli aramowmuneebis kognituri rukebi sakmaod

msgavsi aRmoCnda.

ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, kvlevaSi Semotanil

iqna xuTi faqtori, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT religiuri jgufebi Sromis

eTikasTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtorebi, rogorc analitiku­

ri instrumentebi, gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso

kvlevebSi (Zulfikar 2012, Furnham 1990):

1. dauRalavi (‘hard’) Sroma da amasTan dakavSirebuli

warmateba;

2. fulisa da drois dazogva;

3. Tavisufali drois mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebu­

leba;

4. kontrolis internaluri lokusi;

5. Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad.

TiToeul faqtorTan mimarTebaSi, sxvadasxva religiur

Temebs Soris, iseve rogorc maTsa da aramorwmuneebs So­

ris, Semdegi gansxvavebebi vlindeba:

1. dauRalavi Sroma da warmateba. praqtikulad yvela

aRmsareblobis warmomadgeneli, iseve rogorc aramorwmu­

neebi, aRniSnaven, rom `dauRalavi~ Sroma da `patiosani~

Sroma Tavin Ti mniSvnelobebiT mWidrod dakavSirebulia

erTmaneTTan. Tumca, erTi mxriv, morwmune da aramorwmune

adamianebi erTmaneTisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom: a) ara­

morwmuneebis azriT, mZime (da patiosani) Sroma ar aris

warmatebis sawindari, aramed amisaTvis saWiroa damate­

biTi socialuri faqtorebi (gavleniani nacnobebi, ganaT­

leba, memkvidreoba da sxv. b) mormuneebisaTvis warmatebis

misaRevad, SromasTan erTad, aucilebelia RmerTis rwme­

nac. meore mxriv, religiuri Temebi erTmaneTisagan gansx­

vavdebian imis mixedviT, ramdenad `erTveba~ RmerTi war­

matebis miRwevaSi, anu ra proporciiT nawildeba Sromisa

29

da RmerTis `monawileoba~ warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad: a)

yvelaze radikaluri pozicia aqvT muslimTa Temis warmo­

madgenlebs: warmatebas isini arsebiTad RmerTis wyalobas

miaweren da Sroma mxolod imdenadaa Rirebuli, ramdenadac

is RmerTis `karnaxiT~ xorcieldeba da yuranis swavlebas

misdevs; b) marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa jgufebSi,

marTalia, sjeraT, rom `warmatebis gasaRebi RmerTis mor­

CilebaSia~, Tumca, aRniSnaven, rom adamians SeuZlia air­

Cios rwmenis gareSe cxovreba da es misi individualuri

pasuxismgeblobis saqmea. meore mxriv, aramorwmune adamiani

verasodes dakmayofildeba miRweuliT, warmatebis zRvari

misTvis ukontrolo gaxdeba, ramac adamians SeiZleba mZime

codvebic ki Caadeninos; g) protestantebis jgufSi Sromis

wili warmatebis miRwevaSi didia; rwmenis siZliere ar aris

warmatebis garantia – morwmune adamiani SeiZleba waru­

matebelic iyos, Tu dakargavs Sromis da sirTuleebTan

(dabrkolebebTan) brZolis survils. d) iehovas mowmeTa

jgufi warmatebas adamianis cxovrebisTvis meorad mniS­

vnelobas aniWebs. maTi azriT, warmatebam SesaZloa `axal

cxovrebaSi~ dabrunebasac SeuSalos xeli;

amasTan, patiosani Sroma mniSvnelovani cvladia yvela

religiuri Temis wevrTaTvis. patiosan Sromas kavSiri aqvs

religiur eTikasTan da sulis cxonebis ganmapirobebeli

erT­erTi maxasiaTebelia.

2. fulisa da drois dazogva. arc erTi religiuri fo­

kus jgufi ar iwonebs azartul TamaSebis gziT fulis So­

vnis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, marTlmadidebelTa jgufi yve­

laze rezistentulia azartuli TamaSebis mimarT (am gziT

naSovni fuli ar SeiZleba keTili saqmeebs moxmardes); bap­

tistebi saubroben uSromlad naSovni fulis garkveulad

daxarjvis mizaSewonilobaze – isini ar gamoricxaven, rom,

magaliTad, kazinoSi mogebuli fuli SeiZleba `gakeTil­

Sobildes~ (moxmardes gaWirvebulebs, eklesiis aSenebas da

30

sxv.). aRsaniSnavia, rom baptistebma da iehovas mowmeebma,

marTlmadideblebisagan gansxvavebiT, xazi gausves, rom

maTi religia aswavliT drois dagegmvas.

3. Tavisuafali drois mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebu­leba. mormuneebisa da aramormuneebis fokus jgufebs aer­

TianebT Tavisufali drois uaryofiTi gagebis is konte­

qsti, rodesac Tavisufali dro gagebulia rogorc drois

uqmad xarjva. am azriT, Tavisufali dro upirispirdeba

Sromas. drois uqmad xarjva igivea, rac sizarmace, romlis

daZlevis strategiaa im SegrZnebis gamomuSaveba, rom dro

Zalian swrafad gadis da amitom unda viCqaroT, raTa be­

vri ramis gakeTeba movaswroT. is, rac morwmuneebsa da

aramorwmuneebs, agreTve, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone

jgufebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebT, aris is, Tu ra Cai­

Tvleba sasargeblo saqmed Tavisufali drois fargleb­

Si: a) morwmuneebi iziareben imas, rom sasargeblo saqme,

upirveles yovlisa, RmerTTan siaxloveSia. amitom, iseTi

saqmianobebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, locva, religiur

msaxurebaze daswreba da a.S. sasargeblo da sakralur Sro­

mad CaiTvleba Tavisufal dros. aramorwmuneebSi aqcenti

gadatanilia profanul saqmianobebze Tavisufali drois

Sesavsebad, rasac uSualo kavSiri RmerTTan ara aqvs da

ufro metad yoveldRiur aqtivobebs ukavSirdeba; b)meore

mxriv, religiur TemebSi gaziarebulia mosazreba, rom Ta­

visufali drois Semadgeneli nawili SeiZleba iyos rekrea­

ciuli saqmianobebi (sporti, seirnoba, TamaSebi, wveulebe­

bi da a.S.). Tumca, aseTma saqmianobebma ar unda dakargos

kavSiri sulierebasTan (mag., marTlmadideblebi uaryofen

kiqboqsingiT gatacebas, muslimebi – kazinoSi TamaSs da

sxv.); g) marTlmadidebelTa jgufSi religiur ritualebSi

monawileobas Sromis universalur legitimur praqtikad

miiCneven (is adamiani, vinc mxolod religiuri ritualebis

SesrulebiT aris dakavebuli, misaRebia). aramarTlmadide­

31

bluri religiuri jgufebi religiuri ritualebis Sesru­

lebas Tavisufali droisTvis relevantur Sromad Tvlian,

Tumca, ar moswonT, Tu vinmesTvis (religiuri pirebis gar­

da) es erTaderTi (an, ZiriTadi) saqmianoba iqneba.

4. kontrolis internaluri lokusi. marTlmadidebelTa

da kaTolikeTa TemebSi gamoikveTa pozicia, rom adamians

SeuZlia sakuTari cxovrebis marTva da is bedisweris tyve

ar aris. `sakuTari cxovrebis marTvaSi~ ki Sromis faqtors

erT­erTi gadamwyveti roli akisria. SromiT da pirovnu­

li ZalisxmeviT adamians SeuZlia gansazRvros sakuTari

momavali da Secvalos sakuTari cxovreba. es kontrolis

internalur lokusis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. Tumca, meore

mxriv, marTlmadidebelTa jgufSi Semodis kontrolis eqs­

ternaluri lokusis alternatiuli nakadic, ramdenadac es

jgufi iziarebs `iRbalis~, `gamarTlebis~ faqtoris mniS­

vnelobas. iRbalia is, roca `saWiro dros saWiro adgilas aRmoCndebi.~ iRbalze aqcentireba niSnavs iracionaluris,

SemTxveviTobis Semotanas cxovrebis nakadSi, rac ar SeiZ­

leba gakontroldes adamianis mier.

eqsternaluri lokusi kidev ufro metad gamoikveTa

muslimTa jgufSi: isini aRiareben bedisweris arsebobas da

imas, rom `alahma yvelaferi icis~; alahi ganapirobebs imas,

Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia adamians, anu windawinve gansazR­

vravs adamianis unar­Cvevebs da maTi gamoyenebis Sansebs,

romelTa Secvla adamians ar SeuZlia.

5. Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad. sxvadasxva aRmsare­

blobis mimdevarTa warmodgenebi Tanxvdeba imasTan mimar­

TebaSi, rom a) Sroma adamianis moRvaweobis erT­erTi yve­

laze mniSvnelovani sferoa; b) Sroma da Sromis formebi

gavlenas axdens adamianis rogorc saaqao, aseve gardacva­

lebis Semdeg cxovrebaze; g) Sroma aris pasuxismgebloba

ara mxolod mikro socialur jgufis (ojaxi, sanaTesao,

32

Temi), aramed, aseve, ufro farTo gagebiT, qveynis da kaco­

briobis winaSe.

religiur Temebs Soris gansxvaveba vlindeba sulis cxonebisaTvis Sromis mniSvnelovnebis gagebaSi. marTlma­

didebeli da kaTolike jgufebis warmomadgenelTa azriT,

Sromis dros adamiani dakavebulia da mas ar aqvs saSualeba

codva Caidinos. amrigad, Sroma Tavdacvis instrumentia,

romelic sulis cxonebaSi (gadarCenaSi) gvexmareba. meore

mxriv, marTlmadidebelTa jgufSi aRiarebulia `sulieri

Sromis~ upiratesoba sxva saxis SromasTan mimarTebaSi).

gandegiloba/beroba – saaqao cxovrebaSi moRvaweobis maqsi­

mumia da yvela sxva Sromaze maRla dgas. muslimebis pozi­

cia gansxvavebulia: Sromas iseTive Rirebuleba aqvs sulis

gadarCenisaTvis, rogorc locvas da sxva religiur ritua­

lebs. Sromis gareSe cxovreba iseTive codvaa, rogorc lo­

cvaze uaris Tqma. iehovas Temis warmomadgenlebi amboben,

rom maTi moRvaweoba Tanabradaa ganawilebuli profanul

Sromasa da bibliis qadagebas/ganmartebebs Soris.

saboloo jamSi, saqarTvelos realobaSi religiuri Te­

mebis empiriuli idealuri tipi (veberiseuli, anu socio­

logiuri gagebiT) Sromis eTikasTan mimarTebaSi Semdegnai­

rad yalibdeba:

marTlmadidebluri TemisTvis Sromis yvelaze legiti­

muri tipia sulieri moRvaweoba, rac religiur ritualebSi

CarTvas gulisxmobs. saero (profanuli) Sroma, Tanac dau­

Ralavi da patiosani, amqveyniuri warmatebis sawindaria,

Tumca saaqao cxovrebis maqsimumi mainc religiuri moR­

vaweobaa (mag., beroba). Sroma adamians codvebis Cadenisgan

icavs da, amdenad, amzadebs mas saiqio cxovrebisTvis (cxo­

nebisTvis). miuxedavad imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia SromiT

gansazRvros Tavisi socialuri momavali, iRbals (gamarT­

lebas) adamianis cxovrebaSi Tavisi gavlena aqvs. drois

da fulis flangva cudia. Tavisufali dro, Tu is uqmad

yofnas gulisxmobs, ar aris mxardaWerili. Tumca, misi

33

Sevseba codvili saqmeebiT ar unda moxdes; saqmianobaTa ranJirebul rigSi prioriteti kvlav religiur aqtivobebs (mag., locvas) eZleva.

aRniSnuli idealuri tipidan yvelaze naklebad `ga­daxrili~ kaTolikeTa Temia. SromasTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebi da atitudebi praqtikulad unaSTod emTxveva marTlmadideblebTan aRweril suraTs.

rac Seexeba sxva religiuri Temebs, isini Semdegnairad arian `gadaxrili~ marTlmadidebelTa empirieuli idealur tipidan:

muslimur TemSi, marTlmadideblebTan SedarebiT, Zli­erdeba ori momenti: a) RmerTis wyalobis („monawileobis~) roli Sromis gziT warmatebis miRwevaSi da b) saero (pro­fanuli) Sromis Rirebuleba da sulier/religiur moR­vaweobasTan misi gaTanabreba (Tumca, moiTxoveba saero Sromis procesSi erTguleba yuranis principebisadmi).

baptistebis TemSi, marTlmadideblebTan SedarebiT, uf­ro metadaa aRiarebuli Sromis `TavisTavadi~ Rirebuleba, anu, – Sroma rogorc TviTmizani. rogorc amqveyniuri warmatebis, ise sulis xsnis garantia rwmenis siZliere ar aris, aucilebelia erTguleba dauRalavi Sromis mimarT.

iehovas mowmeebi dabalansebuli Sromis eTikis momxree­bi arian, isini moiTxoven wonasworobis dacvas dauRalav Sromasa (romelsac materialuri warmateba moaqvs) da ara­materialur sikeTeebs Soris (suliereba, ojaxi, janmrTe­loba da a. S.). sulieri Sromis farglebSi locva da qadage­ba warmmarTvelia. rac Seexeba amqveyniur yofaze zrunvas, is fizikur da gonebriv Sromas aerTianebs, Tumca, iehovas mowmeebi fizikur Sromas gonebriv Sromaze win ayeneben, xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovnad ki Sromismoyvareobas miiCne­ven. fuli da kariera am religiis mimdevrebisaTvis amqvey­niuri sacdunebelia da, Sesabamisad, negatiuri konotaciis mqone. sizarmace, sxva jgufebis msgavsad, miuRebelia, rad­gan upirispirdeba Sromas, romelic uflis ZRvenia da er­TaderTi gza, iyo RmerTisTvis mosawoni.

34

kvlevis meTodologia

proeqtis mizani iyo marTlmadidebel da aramarTlma­

didebel (kerZod, kaTolike da protestant) qristianTa,

aseve, muslimTAa religiur Rirebulebebs, maTi Sromis eTi­

kasa da ekonomikur qcevas Soris urTierTmimarTebis dad­

gena.

Sromis eTikis kvleva aqtualuri xdeba e.w. postkomu­

nistur samyaroSi, gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. saba­

zro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi am qveynebSi daiwyo

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad, ris gamoc movle­

nebis ganviTarebis am scenars xSirad `politikur kapita­

lizms~ uwodeben. am viTarebaSi SeiZleba daisvas SekiTxva:

faqtorebis is specifikuri kombinacia, romelic daxvda

`importirebul kapitalizms~ adgilebze da romlis Se­

madgeneli erT­erTi nawilia ama Tu im qveyanaSi arsebuli

`ekonomikuri mentaliteti~ da Sromis eTika, ramdenad

`kongruentuli~ SeiZleba aRmoCndes ekonomikuri urTier­

Tobebis im axali tipisTvis, romelic inergeba e. w. garda­

mavali ekonomikis qveynebSi?

ekonomikuri cnobierebis makonstituirebeli faqtore­

bis kombinacia sakmaod mravalferovani SeiZleba iyos.

kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom marTlmadideblobis, rogorc

kulturuli identifikaciis faqtoris roli, saqarTvelo­

Si metad mniSvnelovania. gamokiTxulTa 80%­ze meti Tavs

marTlmadidebel qristianad miiCnevs. unda vivaraudoT,

rom religiuroba (kerZod, marTlmadideblobasTan identi­

fikacia) gavleniani moderatori cvladia Sromisadmi damo­

35

kidebulebis formirebis procesSi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania

gairkves saqarTveloSi alternatiuli religiurobis (ker­

Zod, kaTolicizmis, protestantizmisa da islamis) Sromi­

sadmi damokidebulebis funqciuri Tu disfunqciuri mniS­

vnelobebi. es SesaZlebels gaxdis Catardes SedarebiTi

analizi.

am viTarebaSi aqtualuria Semdegi sakiTxebis kvleva:

arsebobs Tu ara marTlmadidebluri eklesiis Si­

gniT marTlmadidebeli qristianisTvis misaRebi eko­

nomikuri qcevis modelis eqsplicituri doqtrinis

formulirebis mcdelobebi?

Sesabamisad, qmnis Tu ara sxva religiuri institu­

tebi ekonomikuri qcevis alternatiul models da,

Tu qmnis, ramdenad adaptaciuria is qarTuli sociu­

misTvis, anu, xom ar iqceva es modeli socialuri

daZabulobis wyarod Tundac calkeul regionebSi/

TemebSi?

ra gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva religiuri institu­

tebis Rirebulebebi morwmuneTa realur ekonomikur

qcevaze, gansakuTrebiT ki Sromisadmi damokidebu­

lebaze?

arsebobs Tu ara konfliqti, Tu, piriqiT, Tanxmoba

(Tundac, latenturi) saero (profanul) da sakra­

lur Rirebulebebs Soris swored Sromisadmi damo­

kidebulebis (zogadad, ekonomikuri qcevis) konte­

qstSi?

gansxvavdeba Tu ara Sromisadmi damokidebulebis as­

peqtSi ruraluri da urbanuli Temebis morwmuneTa

atitudebi da ganwyobebi?

warmodgenili proeqti ganxorcielda Tvisebrivi so­ciologiuri kvlevis gziT. sociologiuri kvleva ganxor­

cieldeba SemTxvevis Seswavlis (Case Study) meTodologiuri midgomis farglebSi. es midgoma Semdegi konkretuli meTo­

36

debis kombinirebul gamoyenebas gulisxmobs: literaturis

analizi, eqspertuli gamokiTxva, fokusjgufebi da CaRrma­

vebuli interviuebi.

kvleva Catarda saqarTvelos regionebis ruralur da

urbanul TemebSi da moicva Semdegi etapebi:

pirveli etapi: eqspertuli gamokiTxva da meoradi mo­

nacemebis analizi. kvlevis pirvel etapze moxda Sromis

eTikis da ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos marT­

lmadidebluri da sxva qristianuli religiebis, agreTve,

muslimTa doqtrinaluri principebis dadgena.

es amocana ganxorcielda Semdegi gziT:

1. eqspertuli interviuebis Catareba. eqspertebad

mowveul iqnen Teologebi, religiaTmcodneebi, so­

ciologebi, ekonomistebi, filosofosebi, sasulie­

ro pirebi da sxva. sul gamoikiTxa 25 eqsperti.1

2. meoradi monacemebis analizi, romelmac moicva:

gamoqveynebuli masalebi/literatura

ukve ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi

qarTuli marTlmadidebluri da aramarTlmadi­

debluri institutebis mier gamoqveynebuli ma­

salebi da dokumentebi (epistoleebi, qadagebebi,

mediaSi gamoqveynebuli oficialuri dokumente­

bi da sxva).

meore etapi: sakvlevi Tematikis indikatorebis gansa­

zRvra (kvlevis instrumentebis dizaini.. proeqtis meore

etapze ganisazRvra is kognituri konstruqtebi da maTi in­

dikatorebi, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos urba­

1 gamokiTxuli eqspertebis sia mocemulia danarTSi #2.

37

nuli da ruraluri Temebis damokidebulebas ekonomikuri

qcevis da Sromis mimarT.

ekonomikur samyarosTan dakavSirebuli kognituri

konstruqtebis identifikaciisTvis gamoyenebul iqna is

ganzomilebebi, romlebic ukve SemuSavebulia ekonomikuri

sociologiisa da qceviTi ekonomikis farglebSi. ekonomi­

kuri rwmenebisa da ekonomikuri qcevis analizi emyareba

bazisuri cvladebis erTobliobas, romelTa wyaros, sxva

kulturul RirebulebebTan erTad, SesaZloa, rig SemTxve­

vebSi religiuri Rirebulebebic warmoadgendes. es cvla­

debia:

1. drois perspeqtiva da dakmayofilebis `gadadebis~

una ri. Ddrois xangrZlivi perspeqtiva dakavSirebu­

lia momavalze orientaciasTan, cxovrebis da eko­

nomikuri saqmianobis grZelvadian dagegmvasTan da

arakontrolirebadi impulsurobis dabal xarisxTan.

2. miRwevis moTxovnileba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs

individis motivacias, miaRwios socialuri stan­

dartis (muSaobis, cxovrebis) maRal dones sakuTari

ZalisxmeviTa da Sromis standartis yoveldRiuri

gaumjobesebis gziT.

3. kontrolis lokusi, samarTliani samyaro da masTan

dakavSirebuli rwmenebi. Kkontrolis lokusi gani­

sazRvreba rogorc pirovnebis zogadi molodinebi

imis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia Tu ara mas sakuTari Zalisxme­

viT akontrolos sakuTari cxovreba. kontrolis

lokusTan dakavSirebulia pirovnebis rwmena imis

Sesaxeb, samarTlianadaa Tu ara mowyobili samyaro.

proeqtis pirvel da meore etapebze ganxorcielebu­

li samuSaoebis Sedegs warmoadgenda fokus jgufebisa da

CaRrmavebuli interviuebis meTodiT sakvlevi Tematikis

zusti identifikacia. kerZod, momzadda Tvisebrivi kvle­

38

vis instumentebi: gzamkvlevebi _ fokusjgufebisTvis da

naxevradstruqturirebuli kiTxvarebi _ CaRrmavebuli

interviuebisTvis.

gzamkvlevebma da naxevrad struqturirebulma kiTxva­

rebma dafara Semdegi sakiTxebi, romlebic gamoyofs Ti­

Toeuli religiuri Temis specifikas:

Sromis obieqturi da subieqturi sazrisis gageba

kavSiri religiurobasa da Sromas Soris: Sroma da

xsna

Sromisa da rwmenis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxo­

vrebaSi

rwmenis mniSvneloba SromiT saqmianobaSi

Sromis mizani; gasakicxi Sroma

locva rogorc Sromis nairsaxeoba

sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis adamianTa interaqciebi

dauRalavi Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli warmateba

bedisweris gageba

damokidebuleba Tavisufali drois mimarT

damokidebuleba droisa da fulis uyairaTo xarj­

vasTan

Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad

da a. S.

mesame etapi: mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi fokus jgufebi­

sa da CaRrmavebuli interviuebis Casatareblad. proeqtis

ganxorcielebis am etapze SeirCa konkretuli regionebi

da Temebi fokus jgufebisa da CaRrmavebuli interviue­

bis gansaxorcieleblad. regionebisa da Temebis SerCevisas

gaTvaliswinebul iqna ramdenime faqtori: ekonomikuri saq­

mianobis tipi; is kulturul­tradiciuli garemo, romel­

sac Temi warmoadgens; sxvadasxva religiuri institutebis

aqtivobis xarisxi TemSi da a. S.

39

kvlevam dafara Semdegi regionebi da Temebi:

Tbilisi (marTlmadidebelTa, kaTolikeTa da pro­

testantTa Temebi)

aWara (marTlmadidebelTa da muslimTa Temebi)

samcxe­javaxeTi (marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa

Temebi)

imereTi (marTlmadidebelTa da protestantTa Teme­

bi)

Sida qarTli (iehovas mowmeTa Temi)

proeqtis am etapze ganisazRvra, agreTve, fokus jgu­

febisa da CaRrmavebuli interviuebis respondentTa Se­

madgenloba da ganxorcieldaa maTi rekrutireba. fokus

jgufebis, iseve rogorc CaRrmavebuli interviuebis res­

pondentTa SerCevisas moxda iseTi socialur­demografiu­

li faqtorebis gaTvaliwineba, rogoricaa respondentis

religiurobis done, sqesi, asaki, Semosavali da a. S.

am parametrebiT gansxvavebuli respondentebis Sromis

eTikisa da ekonomikuri Rirebulebebis SedarebiTma ana­

lizma saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina religiurobis, rogorc

ekonomikuri samyaros mimarT damokidebulebis, faqtoris

mniSvneloba.

meoTxe etapi: savele samuSaoebis Catareba – fokus

jgufebi da CaRrmavebuli interviuebi. proeqtis meoTxe

etapze Catarda 15 fokus jgufi2 da 15 CaRrmavebuli in­

terviu. SerCeul regionebsa da TemebSi.

TiToeuli fokus jgufi Sedgeboda sxvadasxva socia­

lur­demografiuli profilis mqone 8­dan 10 responden­

tamde; jgufuri diskusia grZeldeboda saSualod 1.5 saa­

Ti, xolo CaRrmavebuli interviu – saSualod 1 saaTi.

2 fokus jgufebis sia gansxvavebuli Temebisa da regionebis miTi­TebiT mocemulia danarTSi #3.

40

fokus jgufebisa da CaRrmavebuli interviuebisaTvis

respondentTa SerCevis mTavar kriteriumebs warmoadgen­

da: a) religiur praqtikebSi monawileoba; b) sakuTari

Tavis identificireba morwmuned an aramorwmuned. ama Tu

im konfesiis respondentTa ganawileba jgufebSi da inter­

viuebSi moxda Sereuli principiT.

monawileTa rekrutirebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo ramde­

nime supervaizori, romelTa datreningeba moxda SerCevis

kriteriumebis da rekrutirebis specifikis gaTvaliswi­

nebiT. SemuSavda e. w. „skrineri“ kvlevaSi monawileobis

kriteriumebis safuZvelze. „skrineris“ meSveobiT xdebo­

da kvlevisTvis adekvaturi respondentebis SerCeva. maq­

simalurad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovna, rom fokus

jgufebis monawileebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs da ar arian

erTi da imave pirveladi jgufis wevrebi. aman xeli Seuwyo

respondentTa gaxsnilobas diskusiaSi da interviuSi mo­

nawileobis procesSi. respondentTa rekrutireba moxda

maTTan uSualo kontaqtis safuZvelze.

mexuTe etapi: fokus jgufebis da CaRrmavebuli inter­

viuebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis analizi. am etapze

ganxorcielda mopovebuli empiriuli masalis gaanalizeba.

jgufuri diskusiebi da CaRrmavebuli interviuebi Caiwe­

ra audio da video firze. Sedga Cawerili masalis trans­

kripti, romelmac asaxa verbaluri komunikaciis yvela Ta­

visebureba. Semdeg ganxorcielda sakuTriv transriptebis

(„nedli“ masalis) analizi Semdegi safexurebis gavliT:

1. monacemebis dajgufeba

2. informaciis kategorizeba

3. codnis (mignebebis) identifikacia

4. Teoriuli sqemebis miyeneba

5. empiriuli „idealuri tipebis“ ageba

41

Tavdapirvelad moxda gansaxilvel Temebze respondent­

Ta pasuxebis dajgufeba. Semdeg ganxocielda informaciis

kategorizacia, anu moxda msgavsi pasuxebis gaerTianeba

erTi saxelis (kategoriis) qveS. momdevno safexurze pasuxi

gaeca SekiTxvas, Tu rogor pasuxobs kvlevis amocanebs mi­

Rebuli informacia, anu ra pozitiuri codna da mignebebi

dagrovda. Semdeg moxda cnobili Teoriuli sqemebis da

meoradi monacemebis integracia kvlevis SedegebTan. ana­

lizis bolo safexurze ganisazRvra SromasTan damokide­

bulebis idealuri tipebi (veberianuli azriT) sxvadasxva

konfesiaTa TemebSi.

meeqvse etapi: „fail sortingi“ da ranJireba. kvlevis

erT­erTi komponentad gamoyenebuli iyo socialur anTro­

pologiaSi farTod gamoyenebuli e. w. „fail sortingisa“

(„dastebis daxarisxeba“) da ranJirebis meTodebi. mocemuli

meTodologiis gamoyenebis upiratesoba isaa, rom am meTo­

debiT ar xdeba pirdapiri pasuxebis miReba CvenTvis sasur­

vel kiTxvebze; es meTodebi aris garkveuli proeqciuli

teqnika, romelsac mivyavarT Sesaswavli jgufebis kultu­

ruli Taviseburebebis gamovlenamde. kvlevaSi CaerTvnen

Tvisebrivi fokus jgufebSi monawile pirebi. anTropolo­

giur kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo sul 109 respondentma.

anTropologiuri kvlevis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mocemul kvlevebSi mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis siRrmes

da ara informantTa raodenobas. Sesabamisad, mocemuli

monacemebi validur suraTs gvaZlevs kvlevaSi monawile

jgufebis Taviseburebebze.

meSvide etapi: saboloo analitikuri angariSis Sedgena.

saboloo angariSSi ganxorcielda kvlevis dros gamoyene­

buli yvela meTodiT miRebuli monacemebis interpreta­

cia. saboloo analitikuri angariSi momzadda qarTul da

inglisur enebze.

42

Tavi 1. literaturis mimoxilva

am TavSi mimoxilulia religiasa da Sromis eTikas So­

ris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literatura

da Catarebuli kvlevebi. am analizma unda aCvenos, ra in­

terpretaciebi ganicada maqs veberis Tezisma imis Sesaxeb,

rom religiuri aRmsarebloba gansazRvravs ekonomikuri

qcevis modelebs. literaturis mimoxilva SesaZleblobas

iZleva, rom warmoCindes aRniSnuli problemis damuSavebis

Tanamedrove done socialuri mecnierebebis konteqstSi.

es niSnavs, rom mimoxilvis areSi moeqca is literatura,

romelic Teologiur an filosofiur spekulaciebs ki ar

eweva, aramed empiriul monacemebze dayrdnobiT akeTebs

daskvnebs.1

1.1. ZiriTadi Teoriuli foni: maqs veberisgamowveva

Tavis SromaSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis

suli~ (Weber 1905/2010) maqs veberma erT­erTma pirvelma

daad gina kavSiri religiasa da bazars, gansazRvrul reli­

giur swavlebasa da ekonomikur qcevas Soris. miuxedavad

imisa, rom es Tezisi araerTxel gaakritikes, is jer kidev

ar moZvelebula. veberis dakvirvebiT, im regionebs da

1 mimoxiluli literaturis CamonaTvali ixileT danarTSi #1.

43

qveynebs, romlebmac gaiziares protestantuli swavleba,

biznesis da kapitalisturi ekonomikis zrdis yvelaze maRa­

li maCveneblebi hqonda. metic: veberi amtkicebda, rom eko­

nomikur saqmianobebSi da struqturebSi CarTvis ganwyobebi

da motivaciebi formirda da ganaxlda religiuri ideebis,

Teologiuri eTosis mier.

veberi Seecada Sromis protestantuli eTikis cnebis ga­

moyenebiT aexsna kapitalizmis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis

logika. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtori

adamianebis Sromisadmi damokidebuleba iyo. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Sromisadmi adamianTa damokidebulebis Camoya­

libebaSi mravali faqtori monawileobda, vebers miaCnda,

rom ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori protestantizmi

iyo. oitisi ase axasiaTebs Sromis protestantuli eTikas:

`universaluri tabu sizarmaceze; mewarmeoba miCneulia religiur idealad; mflangveloba aris mankiereba, xolo momWirneoba – Rirseba; TviTkmayofileba da marcxis aRia­reba aralegitimuria, xolo ambicia da warmateba miCneulia rogorc RvTisgan gamorCeulobis niSani; codvis universa­luri niSani aris siRaribe, RvTis wyalobis damagvirgvine­beli niSani ki – simdidre~ (Oetes1971: 84).

mocemuli Teoriis gasaanalizeblad sasurvelia gan­

vixiloT veberis meTodologiuri midgomis arsi da Ziri­

Tadi mignebebi, rac gasagebs gaxdis mocemuli kvlevis Teo­

riul wanamZRvrebs da am wanamZRvrebiT operirebas saqarT­

veloSi arsebuli damokidebulebebis mimarT gansxvavebul

religiur mimdinareobebSi.

veberis Tanamxmad, `kapitalisturi sulis~ Camoyalibeba

istoriulad unikaluri movlena iyo da am cnebis gageba

swored istoriuli faqtebis Tanmimdevrul analizs unda

efuZnebodes. veberisTvis kapitalisturi eTosis kvlevis

erT­erTi sabaziso dokumenti benjamin franklinis Sroma

iyo, sadac moxda kapitalisturi eTikis sxvadasxva mniS­

vnelovani maqsimis Camoyalibeba. mocemuli maqsimebia: a)

44

dro – romelic ganxilulia rogorc fulis dagrovebis

SesaZlebloba; b) sizarmace – romelic gagebulia rogorc

`codva~ da aqvs regresuli gavlena fulis gamomuSavebaze;

Gg) daTqmul dros kreditis dabrunebis mniSvnelovneba; d)

fulis umizno flangva, rogorc amoraluri qceva. fran­

klinis garda, veberi ganixilavs meore avtors – iakob fu­

gers – romlisTvisac mniSvnelovania Tanxis maqsimaluri

dagroveba, Tumca, gansxvavebiT franklinisgan, es qmedeba

moralurad neitraluria. veberis Tanaxmad, warmodgenilma

xedvebma iqonies gavlena iseTi moraluri maqsimebis Camoya­

libebaze dasavlur samyaroSi, rogoricaa punqtualoba,

momWirneoba da sxva. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom simdidris

dagroveba aucileblad kanonieri gziT unda momxdariyo.

veberi cdilobs monaxos mocemuli moralis iracionaluri

safuZvlebi; kerZod, Tanxis dagrovebis da dazogvis feno­

meni da simdidriT siamovnebis miRebaze uaris Tqma adamia­

nuri bunebis sawinaaRmdegoa. Sesabamisad, msgavs movlenas

unda hqondes garkveuli safuZveli. rogorc veberi aRniS­

navs, ufro da ufro meti fulis gamomuSaveba da cxovre­

bis mier SemoTavazebuli spontanuri siamovnebis da gar­

Tobis SesaZleblobebze uaris Tqma, mTlianadaa moklebuli

adamianis evdemonistur da hedonistur moTxovnelebebs.

amdenad, mocemul moralSi bednierebis gageba efuZneba

mTlianad transcendentalur safuZvlebs. warmodgenili

eTika eqspliciturad Seicavs iracionalur elements, ro­

melsac, Tavis mxriv, mkacrad racionaluri kapitalizmi

efuZneba. erTi mxriv, socialur cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi

praqtikebi, rogoricaa zusti kalkulacia da drois zusti

gamoyeneba, xolo, meore mxriv, mocemuli eTikuri maqsime­

bi ar aZlevs individs saSualebas Tavisuflad daxarjos

fuli da miiRos yoveldRiuri siamovneba cxovrebisgan. Aa­

qve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi tendencia, rac kapitalizms

Tan sdevs tradiciuli cxovrebis wesisgan gansxvavebiT:

45

gamoimuSavo ufro meti Tanxa, vidre saWiroa yoveldRiu­

ri cxovrebisaTvis. veberis Tanaxmad, Sromis tradiciuli

mizani, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo Sua saukuneebSi, efuZ­

neboda ideas – gqonoda imdeni dovlaTi, rac aucilebeli

iyo yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis, anu adamianis bazisuri

moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. axali moralis mixedviT

ki, rac SeiZleba meti dovlaTis dagrovebaa waxalisebuli.

veberis azriT, Semdegi kiTxva, romelic SeiZleba dais­

vas, aseTia: ras efuZneboda franklinis, fugeris Tu sxva

avtorTa xedvebi? ram ganapiroba msgavsi moraluri maqsi­

mebis Camoyalibeba? mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxs veberi re­

formaciaSi poulobs da reformaciis Semdeg Camoyalibe­

buli axali religiuri denominaciebis doqtrinebSi xedavs.

gamomdinare iqedan, rom veberi mkacrad miyveba istorizmis

princips, pirvel etapze SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes luTe­

ris moRvaweobis periodi, xolo Semdeg – is konkretuli

denominaciebi, sadac eqspliciturad gaCnda axali mora­

luri maqsimebi.

reformacia

veberis Tanaxmad, cneba `mowodeba~ (Beruf germanulad;

Calling inglisurad) mniSvnelovania kapitaliz mis sulis ga­

sagebad. zemoT aRwerili maqsimebi avaldebulebda morw­

munes, rom garkveuli saxis socialuri qceva ganexorciele­

bina, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZleblobas aZlevda, monawileoba

mieRo da gaeziarebina TemSi miRebuli Rirebulebebi. vebe­

ri `mowodebas~ gansazRvravs rogorc movaleobas, rodesac

individi grZnobs sakuTari profesiuli aqtivobis mniSvne­

lovnebas; sulerTia, ra saxisaa es aqtivoba da ras aZlevs

is individs – Zalauflebas Tu mxolod materialur do­

vlaTs (rogorc kapitals). veberis Tanaxmad, `mowodebis~

idea gaCnda reformaciis Sedegad da is win uswrebda fran­

klinisa Tu sxva avtorebs Sromebs, romlebic kapitalis­

46

turi eTikis avtorebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. kerZod, vebe­

ris Tanaxmad, `mowodebis~ cneba pirvelad Cndeba luTeris

mier bibliis TargmanSi, ziraxis TavSi. bibliis mocemul

nawilSi `mowodeba~ gagebulia rogorc cxovrebis amoca­

nebis Sesruleba gansazRvrul sferoSi muSaobis gziT. Sua

saukuneebSi yvelaze Rirebuli, rac morwmunes SeiZleboda

RmerTisTvis gaekeTebina, monasterSi cxovreba iyo. sulis

cxoneba yvelaze metad am gziT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo

yoveldRiuri aqtivobebi – kveba, sasmelis miReba, Sroma –

moralurad neitraluri iyo RvTis winaSe. Sua saukuneebis

qristianis saaqao yofas `amagrebda~ is sargebeli, rasac

morwmune saiqio cxovrebaSi miiRebda. amis sapirispirod,

luTerma gadadga pirveli nabijebi imisken, rom morwmune

daebrunebina saero cxovrebisaTvis. es `mowodebis~ konce­

fciaSi gamoixata da garkveuli saxiT SemosazRvra refor­

maciis eTikuri maqsimebi. aq SesaZloa gamovyoT axali xed­

vis ori maxasiaTebeli, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneT­

Tanaa dakavSirebuli: a) aqtoris saero aqtivobebis roli;

b) saero cxovrebis aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba rogorc

RvTis wyalobis miRebis saukeTeso gza. veberis Tanaxmad,

saero valdebulebebis pirnaTlad Sesruleba reformaciis

koncefciaSi gagebuli rogorc yvelaze maRali moraluri

saqcieli, rac individma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos. am cvli­

lebam saero aqtivobebs religiuri ganzomileba SesZina.

M~mowodebis~ gagebam gansazRvra centraluri dogma, ro­

melic gaziarebulia yvela protestantuli denominaciis

mier. RvTis msaxureba aRar gamoixateboda monasterSi Car­

TviT, aramed – individis mier saero cxovrebaSi sakuTari

pasuxismgeblobebis SesrulebiT, misi socialuri pozicie­

bis (statusebis) Sesabamisad. miuxedavad amisa, luTeris

doqtrina ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi `kapitalizmis sulis~ Camo­

sayalibeblad, radgan, luTeris Tanaxmad, RvTis morCileba

umniSvnelovanesia morwmunesaTvis, rac gulisxmobs samya­

47

ros miRebas iseTis, rogoric aris. es ewinaaRmdegeba cvli­

lebis ideas, Sesabamisad, kapitalizmis ideasac, romelic

cvlilebebzea orientirebuli. meore winaaRmdegoba `kapi­

talizmis sulTan~, romelic luTeris doqtrinaSi SeiZleba

vnaxoT, aris `fulis unayofoba~, rac, Tavis mxriv, upiris­

pirdeba dagrovebis ideas. luTeri qonebis dagrovebas da

sxva saero warmatebebs ar ganixilavs rogorc RvTis wya­

lobis mopovebis gzas. amrigad, luTeris `mowodebis~ ideam

adamiani saero cxovrebaSi daabruna, Tumca, veberis azriT,

mowodebis am tips `tradicionalisturi~ unda vuwodoT,

ramdenadac is efuZneba Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa

swavlebas, romlis Tanaxmadac gadamwyvetia RvTis morCi­

leba. es nakadi orTodoqsul luTeranizmSi ufro Zlieri

aRmoCnda, vidre aqcenti muSaobaze rogorc mowodebaze,

riTac is daSorda kapitalizmis ideas.

„mowodebis~ tradiciuli gageba ewinaaRmdegeba qonebis

dagrovebis modernul ideas. AluTeris doqtrinis farg­

lebSi qonebis dagrovebis idea Teoriuladaa gamoricxuli.

aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Tu mowodebis tradi­

ciuli gageba Tavis TavSi gamorcixavas dagrovebis ideas

(Sesabamisad, `kapitalisturi sulis~ gaCenas) maSin ram ga­

napiroba mogvianebiT am sulis gaCena? veberi mocemul ki­

Txvaze pasuxs `mowodebis~ ideis Semdgom istoriul trans­

formaciaSi poulobs. Kveberi gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad reli­

giur mimdinareobas: kalvinizms, puritanizms, pietizms da

sxva seqtebs, romlebic warmoiSva baptizmis safuZvelze.

Maq SedarebiT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT kalvinizms, romel­

mac, veberis Tanaxmad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili Sei­

tana kapitalisturi sulis CamoyalibebaSi.

48

kalvinizmi

kalvinizmi Seicavs TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebels, ramac

ganapiroba `mowodebis~ axali gagebis Camoyalibeba. aseve,

kalvinizmma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa winaswargansazR­

vrulobis (Predestination) koncefciis da gamarTlebis (Justifi-cation) konceptis CamoyalibebaSi. Aaqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

veberisTvis mocemul dogmatur cvilebebs mniSvneloba

aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac maT ganapirobes individis qcevis

specifikuri saxis Camoyalibeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, cvli­

lebebi gamoiwvia socialur struqturaSi.

mTavari koncefcia, rac kalvinizms ganasxvavebs ro­

gorc luTeralizmisgan, ise kaTolicizmisgan, aris `wi­

naswargansazRvrulobis~ idea. mouxeSavi ganmartebiT, es

gulisxmobs, rom samyaroSi yvelaferi RvTis mier winaswa­

raa gansazRvruli da morwmunes ar aqvs gavlena RvTis ne­

baze. uazrobaa raimes cvlileba, radgan es SeuZlebelia.

mas Semdeg, rac adamiani `Cavarda codvaSi~ mas aRar aqvs

raimes Secvlis SesaZlebloba. adamians ar ZaluZs gaakeTos

raime sakuTari sulis xsnisaTvis. mocemulma koncefciam

Secvala Tavisufali nebis gageba, rac kaTolikuri da lu­

Teranuli doqtrinebis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo. Sesabami­

sad, Seicvala cxonebis SesaZleblobis gagebac kalvinizmSi:

cxoneba mxolod RvTis SesaZleblobaa da is gansazRvravs,

Tu vin aris rCeuli da vis unda mieces samudamo cxoneba.

mocemul koncefciaSi aRar arsebobs institucia (ekle­

sia) an instituciis warmomadgeneli (mRvdeli), romelTac

aqvT SesaZlebloba daexmaron morwmunes cxonebaSi. aq mniS­

vnelovani sakiTxia, Tu rogor unda mixvdes morwmune, is

aris rCeuli Tu ara? kalvinizmis pasuxi mocemul kiTxvaze

Semdegia: morwmune unda iyos darwmunebuli da mudmivad

daamtkicos, rom is rCeulia; xolo rCeulobis damtkice­bis erTaderTi gza socialur cxovrebaSi yoveldRiuri pasuxismgeblobebis zustad Sesrulebaa. Sroma unda iyos

49

mudmivi procesi morwmunisaTvis, misi cxovrebis Tanmde­

vi. ar arsebobs sxva gza, romelic rCeulobis ganmapiro­

bebeli iqneba. kalvinizmis eTikam gansazRvra cvlilebebi

morwmune adamianis cxovrebis stilSi, rac Camoyalibda

rogorc puritanuli cxovrebis wesi. kalvinizmis Tanax­

mad, samyaroSi arseboben sagnebi, romelTa arCevac SeuZ­

lia morwmunes, magram am sagnebis nawili eSmakis mier aris

SemoTavazebuli; Sesabamisad, morwmune valdebulia, rac

SeiZleba Sors daiWiros Tavi mocemuli arCevanisgan. es

mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo puritanuli cxovrebis wesis

CamoyalibebisTvis. aRniSnuli procesis aRsawerad vebers

Semoaqvs axali cneba – `saero asketizmi~, romelic Tvise­

brivad gansxvavdeba kaTolikuri asketizmisgan, romelic

adamianisagan moiTxovda saero cxovrebaze uaris Tqmas,

mis mitovebas da monasterSi wasvlas. Tanamedrove aske­

tizmma ki monastridan saero cxovrebaSi `gadmoinacvla~.

Sesabamisad, ori ram iyo aucilebeli (rogorc `rCeulobis~

niSnebi) axal realobaSi: a) saqveyno amocanebis pirnaTlad

Sesruleba, rac dauRalav SromaSi gamoixateboda da b) as­

keturi, minimalisturi cxovrebis wesi. es maxasiaTeblebi,

amave dros, cxonebisTvisaa aucilebeli.

veberis Tanaxmad, mocemulma cvililebebma ganapiroba

saero cxovrebis racionalizacia. Ggamomdinare iqedan, rom

sulis cxonebisaTvis aRar iyo aucilebeli specialuri

magiuri ritualebis dacva (igulisxmeba tradiciuli qris­

tinaobisaTvis aucilebeli ritualebi, rogoricaa ziareba,

aRsareba da sxva) da mRvdelis saWiroeba am ritualebis

Sesasruleblad, `axali morwmunis~ rCeuloba aRar iyo da­

mokidebuli transcendentur niSnebze, aramed yoveldRiur

cxovrebaze, romelic racionalur organizebas saWiroebda.

vebers surda daemtkicebina, rom protestantuli Teo­

logiis kalvinisturi da puritanuli aspeqtebi, romlebic

luTeris Teologiis gavleniT ganviTarda, fundamenturi

mniSvnelobis mqone iyo samewarmeo aqtivobebis gaCenisTvis.

50

luTerma religiuri sazrisi mianiWa yoveldRiur Sromas,

romelic, tradiciulad, iTvleboda profanulad; moaxdi­

na ra Sromis gaigiveba profesiasTan/mowodebasTan, mianiWa

mas Teologiuri mniSvnelovneba imave xarisxiT, rogorc

sasuliero piris Sromas. kalvinic, luTerze dayrdnobiT,

Sromas gacilebiT farTo mniSvnelobiT ganixilavda, rome­

lic xels uwyobs socialur winsvlas, TviTganviTarebas da

ganapirobebs RvTis rCeulobas. kalvinizmi, veberis azriT,

SromaSi Teologiur motivaciebs xedavs: dauRalavi Sro­

ma, zomiereba da mokrZalebuli (ubralo) cxovrebis wesi,

agreTve, mogebis reinvestireba biznesSi (komerciuli war­

mateba) miCneul iqna rogorc RmerTis keTilganwyobis ni­

Sani da im maradiuli jildos indikatori, romelic cnobi­

lia winaswargansazRvrulobis doqtrinis saxiT. `winaswar­

gansazRvruloba~, rogorc ukve iTqva, dakavSirebulia

xsnasTan da efuZneba rwmenas, rom RmerTma viRacas daumk­

vidra maradiuli xsna, rogorc wyaloba, xolo danarCenebs

– maradiuli wyevla yvela codvisaTvis, `pirvelcodvis~

CaTvliT. pirvels ewodeba `upirobo SerCeva~, xolo meores

– `gakicxva”. adamianebs, maTi cxovrebis wesidan gamomdi­

nare, SeuZliaT daimsaxuron maradiuli xsna an wyevla. ra­

cionaluri, asketuri Sroma swored aseTi maradiuli xsnis

winapirobaa.

amdenad, veberi Tvlis, rom racionaluri ekonomikuri

moqmedeba, romelic mogebazea orientirebuli, religiu­

rad aris motivirebuli. warmoebis suliskveTeba gaCnda iq,

sadac Sromis survili iqca motivaciur tvirTad indivi­

debisaTvis, rodesac TiToeuli adamianis Sroma iyo RvTis

wyalobis saCuqari, RmerTis keTilganwyobis dadastureba.

51

1.2. Sromis eTikis bibliuri gageba

qristianebisaTvis biblia aris sawyisi wertili/sazomi

Sromis eTikis gagebisas. biblia Sromas adamianebisaTvis

centraluri mniSvnelobis mqone movlenad miiCnevs. ro­

gorc araerTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs (Ward 1996; Henry 1964),

Sromis eTikis bibliuri gageba aRiarebs adamianuri Sromis

integralur rols RvTis mier Seqmnili samyaros wesrigSi

da ayalibebs konceptualur CarCos imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom

unda iSromon adamianebma, ra unda iyos Sromis mizani,

rogor unda miudgnen Sromas da ra gziT unda moiyvanon

sisruleSi Sromis mizani.

arsebobs safrTxe, rom Sromis bibliuri gageba Semoi­

farglos imiT, rom Sroma aris `codviT dacemis~ mankie­

ri Sedegi, rogorc wyevla, romelic adamma da evam daim­

saxures akrZaluli nayofis mirTmeviT. es viTareba aRweri­

lia bibliuri dabadebis mesame TavSi, sadac RmerTi adamsa

da evas mZime SromiT avaldebulebs.

Tumca, rogorc eqspertebi aRniSnaven (Ward 1996), imave

dabadebis pirvel TavSi aRniSnulia, rom adamianebisaTvis,

rogorc `RvTis saxed da xatad~ SeqmnilebisaTvis Sromis

valdebulebis dakisreba RmerTis aRmzrdelobiTi gan­

zraxva iyo. adamianebisaTvis Sroma RvTisadmi siyvarulis

warmoCenis gzaa. adamianebi Seiqmnen, raTa iSromon da sa­

kuTari SromiT pativi miagon Semoqmeds. `yvelaferi, ra­sac akeTeb, gulmodgined akeTeT, rogorc uflisTvis, da ara rogorc kacTaTvis~ (koloselTa mimarT, 3:23)2. Rmer­

TisTvis msaxureba dasturdeba maSin, roca Cvens Sromas

ufals mivuZRvniT (igavni solomonisa, 16: 3); Sromis meS­

veobiT Cven vaviTarebT Cvens niWsa da SesaZleblobebs da

amiT pativs mivagebT Cveni niWisa da SesaZleblobebis mbo­

2 biblia 2013: 966.

52

Zebels: `ara Tvalis asaxvevad da mosaCveneblad, rogorc pirmoTneni, aramed, rogorc qristes monebma, aRasruleT neba RmrTisa suliT~ (efeselTa mimarT, 6:6)3.

RvTis siyvaruli ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli iyos

sxvebis siyvarulisgan. Cveni SromiT, RmerTisTvis msaxure­

bis garda, Cven vemsaxurebiT erTmaneTs. jer­erTi, Sromis

meSveobiT Cven sxvebs vuwevT saWiro da sasargeblo sam­

saxurs. amasTanave, Sroma Cvengan moiTxovs urTierTobis

damyarebas sxvebTan, saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaTavisufloT

sakuTari Tavi Tandayolili egocentrulobisgan. RmerTisa

da sxva adamianebisTvis msaxurebis mizani erTmaneTs Tan­

xvdeba: roca Cven vemsaxurebiT RmerTs, amiT sargebloba

mogvaqvs sxvebisTvis; RmerTma kargi saqmeebisTvis Segvqm­

na (efeselTa mimarT 2:10: `radganac misi qmnilebani varT, keTil saqmeTaTvis Seqmnilni qriste iesoSi, saqmisTvis, romelnic winaswar dagviwesa RmerTma, raTa maTSi viarebo­deT~ 4), amiT locva­kurTxeva mogvaqvs sxvebisTvis; xolo,

roca Cven vemsaxurebiT sxvebs, amiT vadidebT RmerTs.

rogorc RmerTi Sromobda samyaros Seqmnisas da agrZe­

lebda Sromas misi qmnilebis SesanarCuneblad, aseve Sro­

moben adamianebi da sakuTar Tavze gamocdian qmnadobaze

dominacias. rogorc henri aRniSnavs (Henry 1964), Sromis

meSveobiT adamiani (maRaros muSa, meqanikosi, stenogra­

fisti Tu sxva), imorCilebs da gardaqmnis ra bunebas,

TiTqosda imeorebs (eziareba) RmerTis qmnadobis aqts. es

erTdoulad RvTis samsaxuri, kacobriobisTvis sargeblis

motana da bunebis damorClebaa qmnadobis moralisadmi.

Cveni SromiT RmerTisa da sxvebisTvis msaxurebis sapi­

rispirod, codva gvibiZgebs sakuTar Tavs vemsaxuroT. bi­

blia gvafrTxilebs, piradi sargebeli ar vaqcioT Sromis

3 biblia 2013: 960.4 Ibid: 956.

53

miznad. magaliTad, axali aRTqmis lukas saxarebis me­12

TavSi igavi mdidari briyvis Sesaxeb Segvaxsenebs, rom saku­

Tar sargebelze fokusireba gvaSorebs RmerTisgan.

bibliis mixedviT, Sroma centraluria adamianebisaTvis,

rogorc RvTis saxed da xatad SeqmnilebisaTvis. Sroma

saSualebaa, romlis meSveobiTac Cven vadidebT Semoqmeds.

RmerTma iseTi saxiT moawesriga adamianis arseboba, rom

bunebrivi urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs Sromis processa

da Sedegs Soris. bibliur narativebSi bevri saubaria imis

Sesaxeb, rom dauRalav Sromas baraqa moaqvs (igavni solo­

monisa, 21:5: `muyaiTis zraxvebi siuxves aCens, xolo moC­qarisa – siduxWires~ 5). mZime Sromis mniSvnelovneba axal

aRTqmaSic narCundeba. pavle mociquli Tesalonikel qris­

tianebs eubneba, rom `Tu vinmes ar surs muSaoba, maSin nurc Wams~ (meore TesalonikelTa mimarT, 3:106), da rom

saWiroa meti da meti Sroma mSvidi da netari cxovrebis

mosapoveblad (pirveli TesalonikelTa mimarT, 4:10­11:

`da gudmodgined ecadeT, rom icxovroT mSvidad, akeToT Tqveni saqme, da iSromoT Tqveni xeliT~ 7); sxvebi gangvsjian

Cven (da garkveuli azriT gansjian qristes, romelsac Cven

warmovadgenT) imis mixedviT, Tu rogor vSromobT.

rogorc mark vardi aRniSnavs (Ward 1996:9), mZime Sromi­

saTvis gansakuTrebuli rolis miniWebam SesaZloa gamoiw­

vios Sromis puritanuli gageba, romlis Tanaxmadac Sroma

ufro tvirTia da ara – sixaruli. mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom

aseTi midgoma ararelevanturia Sromis bibliuri gage­

bis, romlis Tanaxmadac RmerTi unikalur SesaZleblobas

aZlevs adamianebs iSromon da am gziT gaxdnen Semoqmedni,

anu iyvnen RmerTis `xatebi~. Sroma RvTisa da moyvasisadmi

5 biblia 2013: 474.6 Ibid: 470.7 Ibid: 968.

54

sakuTari siyvarulis gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs adamia­

nebs. Sesabamisad, Sroma ar aris `codviT dacemis~ Sedegi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom dedamiwaze Sromis gamocdileba ada­

misa da evas codvaze refleqsias warmoadgens. samoTxis

suraTi, romelic Sesaqmis pirvel da meore TavebSia mo­

cemuli, aRwers, risi msgavsi iqneba axali zeca da miwa:

adamianebi gaagrZeleben Sromas samoTxeSi, magram codvis

gareSe, romelic Sromis Cvens amJamindel gamocdilebas

Crdils ayenebs.

1.3. Seusabamobebi Sromis protestantul da bibliaze dafuZnebul eTikas Soris

m. vardi (Ward 1996) svams SekiTxvas: aris Tu ara seku­

larizebuli biznes samyaros Sromis protestantuli eTika da Sromis eTikis bibliaze dafuZnebuli gageba urTierT­

Tavsebadi? – da am SekiTxvas uaryofiTad pasuxobs. Sromis eTikis bibliuri perspeqtivis mixedviT, Sroma

adamianebisaTvis RvTis mier Seqmnili wesrigis nawilia. Sromis mizani RmerTis msaxurebaa, xolo am miznis miRwe­

vis saSualeba ki – dauRalavi Sroma. rogor ukavSirdeba es perspeqtiva Sromis sekularuli gagebas?

vardis azriT, mniSvneloba, romelic Sromas aqvs Sromis protestantul eTikaSi, Seusabamoa Sromis eTikis bibliur perspeqtivasTan. Sromis eTikis bibliuri elementebi Sro­

mis protestantul eTikaSi damaxinjebulia. qrisitanebisaTvis Sromis mizani RmerTis msaxurebaa.

Sromis protestantuli eTika fokusirdeba ara RmerTze, aramed – adamianze. Sromis eTikis veberiseul koncefcia­

Si Sromis Sedegi ufro metad aris adamianis `moxsenebiTi baraTi~ (‘report card’), vidre Sromis RmerTisTvis miZRvna. adamianis Sromis Sedegi aris RmerTis wyalobis sazomi

55

da ara RmerTisTvis miZRvnili saCuqari. Sromis miznis RmerTisTvis msaxurebidan sakuTari TavisTvis samsaxurze gadanacvlebiT, Sroma kargavs mis farTo (sakralur) mniS­

vnelovnebas da protestantuli Sromis eTika xdeba saku­

Tari Rirsebis maCvenebeli. Sromis protestantul eTikaSi RmerTi aRar aris adamianuri Sromis centrSi/fokusSi.

rogorc protestantuli aseve bibliaze dafuZnebuli Sromis eTika afasebs dauRalavi Sromis mniSvnelovnebas. Tumca, Sromis eTikis bibliaze dafuZnebuli gageba mZime Sromas RmerTisTvis msaxurebis Sesrulebis saSualebad miiCnevs. mZime Sroma TavisTavadi Rirebulebis mqone ar aris, Tuki is RmerTisaTvis pativis migebas ar emsaxureba. sekularizebul Sromis protestantul eTikaSi ki mZime Sroma TviTmizans warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, pozi­

tiuri gageba, rom dauRalavi Sroma mniSvnelovania, trans­

formirdeba da Sroma TviTmiznad iqceva. Sromis protes­

tantuli eTikis mixedviT, RmerTi dalocavs am adamianTa Sromas da am wyalobis transformireba moxdeba RviTs mad­

lad. es adamianebs ubiZgebs imisken, rom Sromis meSveobiT eZeben/ moelian xsnas, materialuri warmateba iqceva rwme­

nis simbolod. Sromis protestantuli eTika calsaxad ucvlis saxes

Sromis eTikis bibliur gagebas. Sromis sekularizebuli eTika dResdeReobiT imdenad prevalenturi ar aris, ro­

gorc adre. qristianebi miiCneven, rom araqristianebis msoflmxedvelobac qristianebis msoflmxedvelobis msgav­

sia. Sromis protestantuli eTikis amJamindeli kvlevebi mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom Cven postmaterialistur epo­

qaSi gadavdivarT. amrigad, m. vardi askvnis, rom Sromis protestantuli

eTika da Sromis bibliaze dafuZnebuli eTika Tavsebadi ar aris. biblia Sromas mniSvnelobas aniWebs rogorc Rmer­

Tisa da sxvebisTvis samsaxurs, es ki Sromis protestantul eTikaSi asaxuli ar aris.

56

1.4. religiisa da ekonomikuri qcevis (Sromis)mimarTebis Tanamedrove konteqsti

Sromis eTikis Tanamedrove sekularuli gageba didwi­

lad veberis naSromis (~protestantuli eTika da kapita­

lizmis sulis~) gavlenas ganicdis. Tumca, azrTa sxvadasx­

vaobaa veberis naazrevis Tanamedrove samyarosTvis rele­

vanturobis Sesaxeb.

rogorc vardi aRniSnavs (Ward 1996), ar arsebobs SeTan­

xmeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra igulisxmeba veberis mier gamoye­

nebul Sromis protestantuli eTikis cnebaSi. vebers aras­

dros ganusazRvravs Sromis protestantuli eTika ise, rom

is yofiliyo mkacrad SemosazRvruli da advilad gazomva­

di. Sedegad, Sromis protestantul eTikaSi mravali ram

igulisxmeboda da instrumentebi, romlebic mis gasazomad

iyo Seqmnili, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. zogi

Sromis eTikas saSualebebze orientirebulad miiCnevs:

Zlieri Sromis eTikis mqone adamianebi bevrs muSaoben, ar

acdenen samuSaos da a.S. nawili ki – Sromis eTikas miznebze

orientirebulad miiCnevs: Zlieri Sromis eTikis mqone ada­

mianebi Sromas dasvenebaze metad, xolo muSaobis process

– muSaobis rezultatze metad afaseben. aqedan gamomdi­

nare, xSirad damabneveli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mtki­

cebebi arsebobs protestantuli Sromis eTikis Sesaxeb.

garda amisa, veberis mier ekonomikuri aqtivobis reli­

giur rwmenasTan dakavSirebis faqts bevri mklevari kiTx­

vis niSnis qveS ayenebs. maT miaCniaT, rom kapitalizmis

ganviTrebas sxva arareligiuri faqtorebi xsnis (Robertson

1985), rogoricaa cvalebadi ekonomikuri da socialuri

viTareba.

57

socialuri konteqsti

religiasa da Sromis eTikas Soris urTierTmimarTe­

bis interesi izrdeba, rac gamowveulia mzardi eTnikuri

da religiuri gansxvavebebiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri

cvlilebebiT, adamianis uflebebze sayovelTao yuradRe­

biT, samarTlianobis ideis win wamoweviT da sxva.

rwmenisa da Sromis urTierTmimarTebis kvlevis sfero­

Si jer kidev aqtualuria ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra,

gazomvisa da Semdgomi interpretaciebisTvis standartebis

dadgena. ikvleven sxvadasxva cvladebs Soris urTierTda­

mokidebulebas, romlebic gavlenas axdens organizaciebSi

adamianebis qcevasa da Sesrulebul samuSaoze.

religiasa da Sromis tips Soris urTiermimarTebis gan­

sazRvrisas mniSvnelovania `imis gacnobiereba, rom dasaqme­bulebs aqvT Sida samyaro, romelic asazrdoebs maT qcevas da sakuTriv nasazrdoebia sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelo­vani samuSaos konteqstiT~ (Rego and Pina e Cunha 2008: 55).

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis azriT, organizaciebSi iseTi

biurokratiuli garemos Seqmna, romlic kulturaSi aqcen­

tirebuli miznebiTaa nakarnaxevi, `dasaqmebulebs exmareba ganicadon transcendenturoba muSaobis procesSi, xels uwyobs maT sxvasTan dakavSirebulobis grZnobas da uzru­nvelyofs sixarulisa da srulyofilebis gancadas~ (Giaca-lone and Jurkiewicz 2003: 13).

ukve arsebobs zogadi SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom ada­

mianebs surT icxovron integrirebuli, harmoniuli cxo­

vrebiT, ar akmayofilebT samsaxuris karebTan datovon

TavianTi rwmena da tradiciebi. maT ar surT uaryon an

sublimireba moaxdinon maTi religiurobis, iseve rogorc

eTnikurobis, rasis, genderisa Tu seqsualuri orientaciis

(Miller 2007).

58

swored imitom, rom religia gavlenas axdens adamianTa

atitudebsa da qcevaze, mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevrebma

adekvaturad gazomon es gavlenebi.

mzardi religiuri gansxvavebuloba adamianebs ubiZgebs

gaziarebuli eTikuri aqcentebis dasmisken da bazris eTi­

kuri safuZvlis gamoZebnisken. xdeba eTikuri safuZvle­

bisa da religiuri tradiciebis Seswavla, raTa SemdgomSi

moxdes maTi gamoyeneba bazris humanizaciisTvis. magali­

Tad, msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier jorjTaunis uni­

versitetTan TanamSromlobiT SemuSavebuli iqna `rwmena

da globaluri programa: Rirebulebebi post­krizisuli

ekonomikisaTvis~ („Faith and the Global Agenda: Values for the Post­Crisis Economy~), romelic 77 gverds Seicavs da foku­

sirebulia moralur da eTikur swavlebaze. papi benediqt

meTeqvsmete 2009 wels Tavis Caritas in Veritate ­Si („sikeTe

WeSmaritebaSia~) aRniSnavs, rom `samyaros fundamenturi Rirebulebebis xelaxla aRmoCena sWirdeba, raTa ukeTesi momavali aaSenos~.8 papi, aseve aRniSnavs, rom `bazarma mo­raluri energia im instituciebisgan unda miiRos, rome­lic amas, moralur energias awarmoebs~.9 am ukanasknelSi

ki papi religias gulisxmobs. kenterberis arqiepiskoposi

rovan viliamsi Tavis 2009 wlis gamosvlaSi `eTika, ekono­

mika da globaluri samarTlianoba~ saubrobs qristianobis

wvlilze ekonomikuri krizisis Sesaxeb mimdinare debateb­

Si, romelic Seicavs iseTi qristianuli Rirebulebebisadmi

dabrunebas, rogorebicaa ndoba, Tavmdabloba da sustis

ardaCagvra.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamianebi iswrafvian integri­

rebuli, harmoniuli cxovrebisken. 1980­ian wlebSi dawye­

bulma masobrivma socialurma da ekonomikurma cvlile­

8 Charity in Truth 2009: 20.9 Ibid: 37

59

bebma („TeTrsayeloianTa~ samsaxurebidan daTxovna, urba­

nuli migracia, samuSao adgilebze moTxovnis gazrda) im

adamianTa ricxvis mateba gamoiwvia, romlebic sazriss da

mizans samuSaoSi eZebdnen, es exmareboda maT socialuri

zewolisa da gaurkvevlobebis Tavidan acilebaSi. swored

es iyo is konteqsti, romelic sulierebisa da religiis

mimarT mzard interess iwvevda.

Tanamedrove kvlevebi

meoce saukunis gviandeli samyaro mkveTrad gansxvavde­

ba im samyarosgan, romelsac veberi aRwerda. Sromis eTikis

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi SekiTxvebs ramdenime mimarTule­

biT svamen: a) iyo Tu ara veberi swori, rodesac Sromis

protestantul eTikas gamoyofda? b) mniSvnelobs Tu ara

Sromis protestantuli eTika Tanamedrove sekularul

sazogadoebebSi da ra alternativebi gaaCnia mas? rogor

gvexmareba Sromis protestantuli eTika mSromelTa moti­

vaciebis gagebaSi?

Tanamedrove mecnierebi cdiloben imis identifici­

rebas, Tu ras warmoadgens Sromis protestantuli eTika.

Sromis protestantuli eTikis gazomvis Tanamedrove kvle­

vebSi furnhami (Furnham 1990) Sromis eTikis Svid sazoms

gamoyofs, xuTi gansxvavebuli konteqstis farglebSi: dau­

Ralavi Sromisadmi rwmena, Tavisufali drois roli; reli­

gia da moraluri rwmenebi; aqcenti sxvebisagan damoukide­

blobaze da asketizmi. kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom arc

erTi sazomi ar aRmoCnda iseTi, romelic dafaravda xuTive

konteqsts da mxolod zogierTi maTgani fokusirdeboda

or sferoze. aman mkvlevrebSi gaaCina SekiTxva: arsebobs

Tu ara da arsebobda Tu ara odesme iseTi ram, rogoric

Sromis protestantuli eTikaa?

60

es SekiTxva mniSvnelovani gaxda imis paralelurad, rom

protestantizmma TandaTan dakarga gavlena amerikul kul­

turaze. ditzi (Ditz 1980) aRniSnavs, rom Sromis eTika seku­

laruli gaxda droTa ganmavlobaSi da ukve funqcionirebs

rogorc ekonomikuri, da ara religiuri, filosofiis mani­

festacia. Sromis eTikis skalis bundovani Sinaarsis gamo

zogi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom Sromis eTikas safuZvelmde­

bare struqturebi ar gaaCnia da cneba Sromis eTika sxvas

arafers niSnavs, Tu ara damoukidebeli cvladebis erTo­

bliobas (mag., McDonald and Ganz 1992).

zogierTisaTvis protestantuli Sromis eTika aris im

msoflxedvis erT­erTi sazomi, romelic arsebobda adreu­

li kapitalizmis pirobebSi, magram bolo aTwleulebSi man

gavlena dakarga. magaliTad, ingleharti (Inglehart 1991) miiCnevs, rom veberis mier identificirebulma materialis­

turi Rirebulebebis warmatebam migviyvana zogadad Rire­

bulebebis `Cumi revoluciisken~: kapitalisturi ekonomi­

kis swrafi zrda gamowveuli iyo Sromis protestantuli

eTikiT, romelmac keTildReoba ganapiroba, am ukanasknel­

ma ki, Tavis mxriv, postmaterialisturi Rirebulebebis

ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.

makkobi da tezi (Maccoby and Tezi 1979) Sromis protes­

tantuli eTikis gamovlenis oTxi donis identificirebas

axdenen, romlebic socalur­ekonomikuri cvlilebebis

periodebTan aris dakavSirebuli. pirveli etapia Sromis

Tavdapirveli protestantuli eTika, meorea `moxerxebu­

lobis eTika~ (‘Craft Ethic’), romelic asaxavs racionalobas

iseTi individebis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, benjamin fran­

klini; Semdeg modis `samerwameo eTika~ (‘Entrepreneurial Ethic’) da `karieruli eTika~ (‘Career Ethic’), romelic meore mso­

flio omis Semdgomi periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

makkobi da tezi saubroben Sromis eTikis mexuTe ganzo­

milebaze, rogoricaa `TviTganviTarebis eTika~ (‘Self­deve-

61

lopment Ethic’), romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba inglehartis

postmaterialistur Rirebulebebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom vebris daskvnebi da monacemebi

araerTxel moeqca kritikis qveS, misi mTavari dakvirveba,

rom arsebobs mimarTeba religiur rwmenasa da ekonomikur

agentebs da maT saqmianobebs Soris farTod gaziarebulia.

magaliTad, erT­erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari – ernest

gelneri (Gellner 1959) – veberis midgomis axsnisaTvis iye­

nebebs makis (Mackey) mizezobriobis Teorias. es Teoria

gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs garkveuli movlenebis erTo­

blioba, romlebic ar aris aucilebeli droSi erTmaneTs

ganapirobebdnen, magram maTi TanamTxveva xels uwyobs axa­

li, manamde ganusazRvreli Sedegis dadgenas. magaliTad,

arsebobs: C1, C2, C3 da a.S. xdomilebebi, romlebmac erTo­

bliobaSi SeiZleba ganapirobon X Sedegi, romlis dadgomac

zemoT aRniSnuli yvela winapirobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iq­

neboda. mocemuli midgoma ufro gasagebs xdis veberis Teo­

rias. winapirobebi, rogoricaa buRalteria, Tanamedrove

mecnierebis ganviTareba, ganmanaTlebloba, mniSvnelovani

magram arasakmarisi safuZveli iyo Tanamedrove kapitaliz­

mis CamoyalibebisaTvis, radgan igive movlenebi sxvadasxva

dros sxvadasxva kulturebSic arsebobdnen. saWiro iyo ra­

Rac meti, rac mocemuli Sedegis dadgomas ganapirobebda.

vebers ainteresebda is, Tu ra iyo is unikaluri faqtori,

romelic ar gvxvdeboda sxva kulturebSi da romelmac

uzrunvelyo Tanamedrove ekonomikuri qcevis Camoyalibe­

ba. swored aq xedavda veberi (sxva zemoT CamoTvlil faq­

torebTan erTad) protestantuli eTikis rols.

filip roundi Tavis kvlevaSi (Roundy 2009) cdilobda

daedgina, Tu ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs adamianis re­

ligiurobasa da sekularul samoqalaqo organizaciebSi mis

CarTulobas Soris. avtoris mTvari hipoTeza mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom metad religiuri adamianebi organizaciul saq­

mianobaSi arian gacilebiT naklebad efeqtianebi, vidre

62

naklebad religiuri an arareligiuri adamianebi. aseve, maT

gacilebiT naklebad aqvT organizaciis winaSe normatiuli

valdebulebis SegrZneba. roundi Tvlis, rom religiuro­

basa da organizaciul CarTulobas Soris zemoxsenebul

kavSirs aregulirebs `organizaculi erTianobis SegrZ­

neba~, romelsac SeuZlia am negatiuri urTierTmimarTebis

Sesusteba an, saerTod, aRmofxvrac ki.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi religiurobasa da Sromas, navTo­

bisa da wylis msgavsad, ganixilavdnen rogorc diqotomiur

wyvils, romelTa `Serevac~ ar SeiZleba. swored amitom or­

ganizaciul praqtikaSi miRebuli iyo kredo `eklesia kvi­

ras, Sroma orSabaTs~. Tumca, rogorc roundi aRniSnavs,

bolo periodSi naTeli gaxda, rom is tradiculi kedeli,

romelic religiurobasa da Sromas yofda, ufro da ufro

myife xdeba. Sesabamisad, `religia aRar warmoadgens quds,

romlis moxdac muSas qarxnis/sawarmos SenobaSi SesvlisTa­

nave SeuZlia~. aqedan gamomdinare, roundi Tavis kvlevaSi

cdilobs, am ori cnebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas.

roundis azriT, kvlevebma aCvena, rom religiurobis

zrda sekularul samoqalaqo organizaciebSi CarTulobis

donis amaRlebas iwvevda. Tumca, mogvianebiT, gabatonda

hipoTeza, rom am or cvlads Soris damokidebulebas su­

lac ar aqvs wrfivi xasiaTi – is ufro parabolas mogvago­

nebs: mzardi religiuroba iwvevs samoqalaqo CarTulobis

zrdas, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac is garkveul dones miaRwevs,

religiurobis maCveneblis zrda avtomaturad iwvevs samo­

qalaqo CarTulobis Semcirebas. roundi amis sam ZiriTad

mizezs gamoyofs:

• pirveli ukavSirdeba dros: individebi, romlebic ga­

moirCevian maRali religiurobiTa da religiuri Car­

TulobiT, did dros uTmoben salocav adgilebsa da

eklesiis mier organizebul sxvdasxva aqtivobebs; Sesa­

63

bamisad, maT naklebi dro rCebaT sekularuli samoqa­

laqo organizaciebisTvis.

• meore mizezs socialuri kavSirebi warmoadgens. gamom­

dinare iqedan, rom eklesias sakmaod mravalricxovani

mrevli hyavs, individis religiurobis zrdasTan erTad

izrdeba misi socialuri kavSirebic, rac saboloo jam­

Si, xdeba am adamianis `samyaro~; Sesabamisad, `organiza­

ciis~ gareT aqtivobis survili sustdeba.

• mesame mizezi `keTili saqmeebis~ keTebis pasuxismgeblo­

bas ukavSirdeba. msoflio religiaTa umravlesoba Ta­

vis mrevls mouwodebs, rom akeTos keTili saqmeebi, anu

daexmaros gaWirvebulebs da a.S. es samoqalaqo organi­

zaciebSi CarTulobaze ori kuTxiT axdens gavlenas: a)

eklesia, romelic mouwodebs mrevls keTili saqmeebis

keTebisken, xSir SemTxvevaSi, TviTon qmnis amis Sesru­

lebis saSualebas – iqneba es eklesiis mier organize­

buli moxaliseoba, Tu sxva aqtivobebi. Sesabamisad,

individi, romelsac surs msgavs aqtivobebSi CarTva,

ar daiwyebs samoqalaqo organizaciebSi maT Zebnas, ara­

med CaerTveba eklesiis mier organizebul proeqtebSi.

meore, is adamianebi, romlebic Rrmad religiurebi xde­

bian, ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmoben sulier samyarosa da

metafizikur cxovrebas, vidre materialur, sekularul

samyaros.

kvlevaSi roundi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs organi­

zaciul erTgulebaze religiurobis gavlenis Seswavlas.

avtori organizaciis winaSe individis sami saxis erTgu­

lebas gamoyofs(emociurs, gangrZobiTs da normatuls) da

ayalibebs hipoTezas, rom mzardi religiuroba uaryofiT

gavlenas axdens erTgulebis TiToeul tipze.

• emociuri erTguleba – SesaZloa, Tavisi religiuri rw­

menidan gamomdinare, individma ver moaxerxos sakuTari

64

miznebis identificireba organizaciis ZiriTad miz­

nebsa da amocanebTan. magaliTad, sekularuli samoqa­

laqo organizaciebisTvis mTavar mizans ar warmoadgens

keTili saqmeebis uangarod keTeba. amis gamo mcirdeba

organizaciis winaSe emociuri erTgulebis SegrZneba.

• gangrZobiTi erTguleba efuZneba organizaciaSi darCe­

nis saWiroebas da gulisxmobs samsaxuris SenarCunebis

Rirebulebas, anu samsaxuris datovebiT gamowveuli

danakargis SiSs. Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac Seamci­

rebs am SesaZlo danakargis aRqmas, amcirebs organi­

zaciis winaSe individis gangrZobiT erTgulebasac.

roundis mosazrebiT, religiuroba ori mizezis gamo

amcirebs aseTi danakargis aRqmas: pirveli, rogorc

ukve aRiniSna, adamianebi, romelibic maRali reli­

giurobiT gamoirCevian, ZiriTad yuradRebas sulier

cxovrebasa da metafizikur samyaros uTmoben. aqedan

gamomdinare, isini nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben sarge­

bels, romelsac isini iReben organizaciaSi muSaobiT.

meore, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamianebi, romlebic

maRali religiuri CarTulobiT gamoirCevian, farTo

socialuri kavSirebis (mrevlis) wevrebi arian. amitom

aseTi individi, SesaZloa, fiqrobdes, rom samsaxuris

dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, vinme Tavisi `usafrTxoebis qse­

lidan~ daexmareba mas dasaqmebaSi. Sesabamisad, maRali

religiuri CarTulobis SemTxvevaSi, samsaxuris dato­

vebiT gamowveuli SesaZlo danakargis aRqma gacile­

biT mcirea, vidre naklebad religiuri an aralegiuri

individis SemTxvevaSi. roundi yuradRebas amaxvilebs

imazec, rom adamianebi, romlebic maRali religiuro­

biT gamoirCevian, samsaxurs RvTis boZebulad Tvlian

da imedi aqvT, rom misi dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, RmerTi

maT axals uboZebs. es amcirebs organizaciis datove­

65

biT gamowveul travmebs da, saboloo jamSi, – individis

gangrZobiT erTgulebas.

• normatuli erTguleba – maRali religiuri CarTuloba,

religiuri skolebi, sxvadasxva religiuri institutebi,

romlebic aswavlian religiur Rirebulebebs, saboloo

jamSi qmns RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelic ganapiro­

bebs religiis principebisadmi erTgulebas. es ukanas­

kneli ufro win dgas, vidre organizaciis normebisadmi

erTguleba. cxadia, es amcirebs normatul erTgulebas.

rogorc aRiniSna, roundis kvlevis mTavari hipoTeza

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia religiurobasa da

samoqalaqo CarTulobas Soris arsebuli negatiuri ur­

TierTmimarTebis Secvla. roundi Tvlida, rom es `organi­

zaciul erTianobas~ SeuZlia. organizaciuli erTianobis

qveS igulisxmeba is, rom organizaciis TanamSromlebs aqvT

pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebi, arsebobs organiza­

ciisa da individualuri Rirebulebebis integraciis saSua­

leba.

organizaciuli erTianobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia

maRali religiuri CarTulobis mqone adamianebis rogorc

emociuri da gangrZobiTi, aseve normatiuli erTgulebis

amaRleba. amisTvis organizaciam unda Seqmnas pirobebi,

raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes individis Rirebulebebisa da

piradi miznebis integrireba organizaciis Rirebulebebsa

da miznebTan. gangrZobiTi erTgulebis asamaRleblad ki

individebs (igulisxmeba maRali religiuri CarTulobis

mqone pirebi) unda mieceT saSualeba, daikmayofilon Tavi­

si religiuri moTxovnilebebi – maT unda mieceT saSuale­

ba akeTon `keTili saqme~ sxvebisTvis organizaciis SigniT.

rac Seexeba normatul erTgulebas, roundi miiCnevs, rom

organizaciulma erTianobam SesaZloa, TavisTavad ubiZgos

valdebulebebze orientirebul socializacias.

66

roundi askvnis, rom religiurobisa da samoqalaqo Car­

Tulobis urTierTmimarTebas ganapirobebs is, Tu ramdenad

SeuZlia organizacias Tavis TanamSromlebs Caunergos or­

ganizaciuli erTianobis SegrZneba.

marike ter voerti Tavis kvlevaSi (Voert 1993), nider­

ladebis magaliTze, aanalizebs, ramdenad aqvs qristia­

nul religias gavlena kapitalisturi Sromis or ZiriTad

elementze: 1) Sroma, rogorc valdebuleba – yvela, visac

SeuZlia, unda iSromos da 2) dasaqmebulma unda ibrZolos

dawinaurebisTvis.

veberis Tezisma Sromis eTikis Sesaxeb Seqmna koncep­

tualuri CarCo im mkvlevrebisTvis, vinc am sakiTxiT iyo

dainteresebuli. mkvlevrebis nawili kvlevis Sedegad mi­

vida daskvnamde, rom protestantizmsa da kaTolicizmSi

Sromisadmi damokidebuleba erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvave­

deba. meore nawili ki sagrZnob gansxvavebaze saubrobs.

voerti cdilobs sakiTxi ufro gaarTulos. is miiCnevs,

rom sakiTxis ufro fundamenturi analizia saWiro, radgan

magaliTad, kaTolicizmsa da protestantizms Soris ufri

naklebi gansxvavebaa, vidre protestantizmis sxvdasxva mi­

mdinareobas Soris. niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi is ar sau­

brobs zogadad protestantizmze, aramed holandiel kal­

vinistebSi gamoyofs or ZiriTad jgufs: Nederlands Hervrormd

da Gereformeerd, romelTa magaliTzec gansazRvravs rogorc

religiuri, aseve arareligiuri cvladebis zemoqmedebas.

misi azriT, aseve mniSvnelovania iseTi arareligiuri maxa­

siaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, ganaT­

lebis done, socialuri klasi da a.S.

kvlevis Sedegad voerti Semdeg ZiriTad daskvnebamde

mivida:

• religia, gansakuTrebiT qristianuli rwmena, mniSvne­

lovan gavlenas axdens Sromisadmi adamianebis damoki­

debulebaze.

67

• Rrmadmorwmune qristianebi ufro metad ganixilaven

Sromas, rogorc valdebulebas, vidre naklebad reli­

giurebi.

• Sromisadmi damokidebulebaze religiur CarTulobas

pirdapiri gavlena ar aqvs.

• protestantizmis sxva mimdinareobebTan SedarebiT, or­

Todoqsi kalvinistebi ufro metad ganixilaven Sromas,

rogorc valdebulebas.

• qristianuli rwmena kaTolikeebSi ufro naklebia, Sesa­

bamisad, maTi damokidebuleba Sromisadmi naklebad po­

zitiuria.

zogierTi mkvlevari ekonomikur qcevaze religiis

gavlenas protestantizmisagan gansxvavebul religiur

doqtrinebSi eZebs. magaliTad, msgavs gavlenaze lapara­

koben kaTolicizmSic (Novak 1990; 1996).

zogierTma mecnierma (Woodrum 1985) igive fenomeni

ikvlia iaponuri warmoSobis amerikelebSi, romlebic ame­

rikaSi emigrirdnen iaponiis tokugavas (Tokugawa) period­

Si (1600­1868). vudrami amtkicebs, rom budisturi seqta,

jodo­SinSu iziarebda protestantuli qristianobis ms­

gavs eTikas, kerZod: asketizms, Sromisaken mowodebas da

zedamxedvelobas. am periodSi jodo­SinSus seqtis bevri

warmomadgeneli emigrirda SeerTebul StatebSi. 1964­

66 wlebSi ganxorcielda iaponel amerikelTa kvleviTi

proeqti, romlis farglebSic gamokiTxul iqna 18000 emi­

granti, romelic amerikaSi 1924 wlamde Cavida. gamokiTxul

respondentebs hqondaT maRali xelfasi da iyvnen TviT­

dasaqmebulebi. jodo­SinSu emigrantebis warmateba kore­

laciaSi aRmoCnda veberiseul religiur indikatorebTan,

romlebic daexmara warmoebis ganviTarebas. kvlevis Sede­

gebma aCvena, rom religiurma rwmenebma, kerZod budizmisa

68

da SinSus doqtrinam, xeli Seuwyo iaponel emigrantTa eko­

nomikur warmatebas.

gasaTvaliswinebelia redingis kvlevac (Redding 1995),

romelic aCvenebs, rom kapitalizmi cocxlobs CineTSic,

ramdenadac konfucianelobis religiur Rirebulebebs

aqvT mniSvnelovani gavlena Cinelebis ekonomikur qce­

vaze. Cinel mewarmeebTan, agreTve, taivanis, hong­kongis

da samxreT dasavleT aziis aRmasrulebeli organoebis

warmomadgenlebTan Catarebuli 72 intervius safuZvelze,

redingi aCvenebs, rom konfucianelobis ZiriTadma reli­

giurma Rirebulebebma, rogoricaa paternalizmi, koleqti­

vizmi, feminizmi da socialuri ierarqia, Seqmna is konte­

qsti, ronelSic axal wamowyebebs Caeyara safuZveli.

ZiriTadi cnebebi: suliereba da religia

sulierebis mravali gansazRvreba arsebobs. makgini

(McGinn 1993) am gansazRvrebaTa sam tipad kategorizacias

axdens: 1. Teologiuri an dogmaturi; 2. anTropologiuri,

romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianis bunebaze da 3.

istoriuli­konteqstualuri, romelic ama Tu im sazoga­

doebaSi adamianTa saerTo istoriul gamocdilebaze foku­

sirdeba.

naSi (Nash 2001) axdens sulierebis definiciis Semadge­

nel sami komponentis gamoyofas: a) Sida, internaluri

selfi; b) yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sazrisis povna da g) Za­

lebi, romlebic individs aRemateba (transcendentaluria).

suliereba individualuri da inkluziuria, religia ki –

eqsternaluri da eqskluziuri. suliereba Tavis sawyiss

poulobs religiaSi da religiisgan gancalkevebiT arse­

boba ar SeuZlia. religia erTi adamianis rwmena ar aris,

is adamianTa mier gaziarebuli moraluri warmodgenebisa

da percefciebis erTobliobaa, romelic samyaroSi adamia­

69

nis arsebobas, egsistencias xsnis. religia aris Rirebule­

bebis, doqtrinebisa da principebis erToblioba, romelic

adamianebs eTikur da moralur CarCos awvdis motivaciisa

da qcevisaTvis (King 2007).

starteri, holi da edvardsi (Slater, Hall and Edwards 2001)

sulierebas gansazRvravs rogorc adamianis individualur

gamoxatulebas. religia Seicavs am elements (individualu­

ri gamoxatulebis), magram kvleva unda warimarTos jgufis

konteqstSi, romelic axdens arsebul individual gamoxa­

tulebaTa mniSvnelobisa da meTodebis legitimacias.

gamoyofen sulierebis sam apeqts, romlebic mniSvnelo­

vania SromasTan mimarTebaSi: paraleluri urTierTdamoki­

debuleba, urTierTsapirispiro damokidebuleba da inte­

graciuli urTierTdamokidebuleba (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz,

2010). paraleluri urTierTdamokidebuleba gulisxmobs,

rom suliereba da Sroma gancalkevebuli da gansxvavebu­

li samyaroebia. orive maTgani arsebobs, Tumca urTierTze

gavlenas ar axdenen. urTierTsapirispiro damokidebule­

bis SemTxvevaSi Sroma da suliereba ara mxolod ar kveTs

erTmaneTs, aramed erTmaneTTan mtrul urTierTmimarTeba­

Si arian. integraciuli urTierTdamokidebulebis SemTxve­

vaSi suliereba da Sroma urTierTdakavSirebulia da kau­

zaluri urTierTmimarTebiT xasiaTdeba.

1.3. lourens harisoni: `centraluri liberaluri WeSmariteba~

naSromSi harisoni (Harrison, 2006) cdilobs, gamokve­

Tos kulturis roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. misi

azriT, ganmanaTleblobis, demokratizaciisa da socialu­

ri Tanasworobis damyarebis procesSi kultura aranakleb

rols TamaSobs, vidre klimati, bunebrivi resursebi an

70

zogadad geografiuli mdebareoba. kulturis roli, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, nivelirebulia, radgan mecnierebisa da poli­

tikosebisTvis ar aris momgebiani ama Tu im jgufis Seda­

rebiT dabali ekonomikuri ganviTareba da warumatebloba

miaweron, magaliTad, maT religur kuTvnilebas. harisoni

miiCnevs, rom ZiriTadad swored kultura gansazRvravs

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. Tumca, is ar

gamoricxavs, zemoxsenebuli sxva faqtorebis rolsac. av­

tori aseve calke gamoyofs politikuri liderebis feno­

mens, romlebsac aqvT ukeTesi sazogadoebis xedva. amis

magaliTad wignSi moyvanilia meiZis revoluciis liderebi

iaponiaSi, mustafa qemali TurqeTSi, franklin ruzvelti

aSS­Si, li kuan iu singapurSi... yvelaze axlo warsulidan

ki – mixel gorbaCovi. Tumca, harisonisTvis mTavar faqto­

rad kultura rCeba.

kulturis qveS is moiazrebs Rirebulebebis, warmodge­

nebisa da danawesebis erTobliobas, romelic gaziarebulia

sazogadoebis wevrebis mier da Taobidan Taobas gadaece­

ma. Rirebulebebisa da warmodgenebis formirebaSi mTavar

rols garemo, istoria da religia asrulebs. Taobidan

Taobas ki bavSvebis aRzrdiT, socializaciiT, masobrivi

sainformacio saSualebebiTa da religiuri praqtikebiT

gadaecema.

harisoni Tvlis, rom kulturaze did zegavlenas axdens

religia. Sesabamisad, wignSi ganxiluli kulturebi mas gan­

sazRvruli aqvs dominanti religiebis an moraluri kodeq­

sis safuZvelze: magaliTad, protestantuli, kaTolikuri,

marTlmadidebluri, iudeuri, islamuri, konfucianuri,

induisturi da budisturi kulturebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, avtori mniSvnelovan yuradRebas

uTmobs religiisa da progresis urTierTmimarTebas, ker­

Zod harisoni aanalizebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religiuri

kuTvnileba ama Tu im sazogadoebis ganviTarebis tempze.

71

harisoni aRniSnavs, rom roca saubaria progressze,

kiTx vis niSnis qveS dgeba liberaluri tradicia, romelic

yvela religiis mimarT Tanabar pativiscemas moiTxovs. Ta­

visi mravalwliani dakvirvebis safuZvleze igi askvnis, rom

zogierTi religia, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro metad See­

sabameba demokratiul politikas, socialur samarTliano­

basa da ganviTarebas. progresis mimarT yvelaze rezisten­

tuli/winaaRmdegobrivi religiis magaliTad ganxilulia

vudu – religia, romelic dominirebs haitize. gamomdinare

iqedan, rom vudu aRmerTebs iracionalurobis kults, is

badebs ususurobis SegrZnebasa da fatalizms, ris Sedega­

dac axSobs ekonomikuri saqmianobis mcdelobasac ki. ami­

tom harisoni haitize ukiduresi siduxWiris, socialuri

da politikuri paTologiebis mTavar mizezad swored vu­

dus miiCnevs.10

religiis rols sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi harisoni

aanalizebs 117 qveynis magaliTze, romelTagan TiToeulis

mosaxleoba, sul mcire, 1 milionia. qveynebSi mosaxleobis

umravlesoba ki Semdegi eqvsi religiidan erT­erTs mieku­

Tvneba – protestantizmi, kaTolicizmi, marTlmadideblo­

ba, budizmi, islami, induizmi da konfucianizmi. kvlevaSi

aseve CarTulia israeli, sadac ZiriTadad iudeizmia gavr­

celebuli.

harisoni kvlevaSi iyenebs Semdeg monacemebs:

1. gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi

2. gaeros monacemebi msoflioSi wera­kiTxvis Sesaxeb

3. gaeros monacemebi msoflioSi wera­kiTxvis Sesaxeb

qalebSi

10 harisoni 1997­1999 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda USAID­is misias haitize. am sakiTxze gamoqveynebuli aqvs saintereso statia The Wall Street Journal­Si Haiti and the Voodoo Curse: The Cultural Roots of County’s Endless Misery

72

4. gaeros monacemebi Sobadobis Sesaxeb

5. Freedom House­is Tavisuflebis indeqsi

6. demokratiuli ganviTarebis qronologia

7. msoflio bankis monacemebi erT sul mosaxleze Se­

mosavlis raodenobis mixedviT

8. msoflio bankis monacemebi Semosavlebis ganawile­

bis Sesaxeb

9. Rirebulebebisa da ndobis msoflio centris mona­

cemebi

10. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis korufciis aRqmis in­

deqsi

zemoCamoTvlil maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, harisoni

ayalibebes `Svid saerTo daskvnas~, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs,

rom analizis samecniero sizuste SezRudulia ramdenime

ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. pirveli, qveynebis religiuri Se­

madgenloba erTferovani ar aris. meore, germania, Sveica­

ria da holandia kvlevaSi ganxilulia, rogorc protestan­

tuli saxelmwifoebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis

umravlesobas am saxelmwifoebSi kaTolikeebi Seadgenen.

harisoni am SemTxvevaSi amodis Sexedulebidan, rom isto­

riulad es saxelmwifoebi swored protestantizmma Seqmna.

mesame, yvela religiaSi arsebobs sxvadaxsva mimdinareoba,

ramac asaxva ver hpova kvlevaSi. aseve araa gaTvalisiwnebu­

li sxvadasxva xalxebis nacionaluri Taviseburebebi da a.S.

1. protestantizmma ufro kargi pirobebi Seqmna moder­nizaciisTvis, vidre kaTolicizmma, gansakuTrebiT dasa­vleT naxevarsferoSi.

gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsidan naTlad Cans,

rom protestantulma saxelmwifoebma ufro did warmate­

bebs miaRwies, vidre kaTolikurma saxelmwifoebma. avtors

es indeqsi yvelaze «karg» sazomad miaCnia, radgan is aer­

Tianebs iseT monacemebs, rogoricaa sicocxlis savaraudo

73

xangrZlivoba, swavlis done skolaSi, wera­kiTxvis codna

zrdasrul adamianebSi da mSp erT sul mosaxleze.

Freedom House­is monacemebiT protestantuli saxelmwi­

foebis demokratiulobis saSualo maCvenebeli 2,3­ia, kaTo­

likuris ki – 5,5.11 marTalia, kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis

saerTo maCvenebels mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs arademo­

kratiuli laTinuri amerika, magram am SemTxvevaSic hari­

soni poulobs aleqsis de tokvilis hipoTezis «protestan­

tizmis demokratiulobasTan Sinagani siaxlovis Sesaxeb»

damamtkicebel faqtobriv monacemebs – ganviTarebul sa­

myaroSi protestantuli qveynebis demokratiul mmarTve­

lobaze gadasvlis saSualo maCvenebeli 1852 welia, kaTo­

likur saxelmwifoebSi ki – 1934 weli.

saSualo maCvenebliT protestantuli saxelmwifoebi

aseve uswreben kaTolikur qveynebs erT sul mosaxleze mSp­

s raodenobis, ndobis xarisxisa da korufciis aRqmis inde­

qsis mixedviT. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis monacemebiT,

msoflios 10 yvelaze naklebad korufciuli saxelmwifo­

dan 8 protestantulia, erTi – konfucianuri da mxolod

erTi kaTolikuri (luqsemburgi, mosaxleobiT daaxloe­

biT 0,5 mln). Tumca, kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis saSualo

maCvenebeli gacilebiT ukeTesia, roca saqme Semosavlebis

samarTlian gadanawilebas exeba.

protestantuli saxelmwifoebis zemoTaRniSnuli upi­

ratesobis mTavar mizezad harisons protestantuli eTika

(progresuli Rirebulebebi – Sromis eTika da piradi pa­

suxismgeblobis grZnoba, rasac efuZneba protestantizmi)

miaCnia, romelic mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samrewvelo

revoluciasTan. avtori amerikis magaliTze aRniSnavs, rom

protestantuli religia Tavidanve iyo Sromis religia.

Tuki sxva sazogadoebebSi, socialur statuss gansazRvar­

11 2­yvelaze kargi maCvenebeli, 14­yvelaze cudi

74

vda tradiciebi, socialuri da klasobrivi mdgomareoba, an

eTnikuri da religiuri kuTvnileba, amerikaSi aseTi ganm­

sazRvreli iyo Sroma.

2. progresis Cempionebi skandinaviuri qveynebi arianskandinaviuri qveynebi – dania, norvegia, SvedeTi, fi­

neTi da islandia, TiTqmis yvela maCveneblis mixdeviT

mowinave poziciebze arian – Freedom House­is politikuri

uflebebisa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis indeqsis, saer­

TaSoriso gamWvirvalobis korufciis aRqmis indeqis, gae­

ros adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsis da a.S. mixedviT. amis

mTavar mizezad harisons luTeranoba miaCnia, romelmac

misi sityvebiT am saxelmwifoebze «Rrma gavlena moaxdina».

3. modernizaciis mimarT konfucianizmi ufro gaxsnili aRmoCnda, vidre budizmi, islami an induizmi.

harisonis mier moyvanil tipologiaSi konfucianuri

saxelmwifoebis saerTo maCvenebels mniSvnelovnad auare­

sebs CineTis faqtori. ganviTarebuli samyaros wevri

konfucianuri qveynebis(iaponia, hongkongi, taivani, singa­

puri, samxreT korea) maCveneblebi uaxlovdeba analogiuri

kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis maCveneblebs – gaeros adamia­

nuri ganviTarebis indeqsi, wera­kiTxvis done, mSp erT sul

mosaxleze, Semosavlebis ganawileba.

4. saberZneTi, romelic yvelaze ganviTarebulia marT­lmadidebluri qveynebidan, 2004 wlamde evrokavSiris we­vrebs Soris yvelaze Raribi iyo. kaTolikur da marTlma­dideblur qveynebs Soris aris zogierTi msgavseba. Tumca, marTlmadideblur saxelmwifoebSi SeiniSneba komunisturi warsulis udavo niSnebi.12

12 harisonis am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT, gvsurs erTi epizo­dis moyvana, romelic sayuradReboa spontanurobiTa da masSi

75

marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur saxelmwifoebs TiTq­

mis identuri maCvenebeli aqvT gaeros adamianuri ganviTa­

rebis indeqssa da erT sul mosaxleze mSp­s raodenobis

mixedviT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom komunistebi ganaTle­

baze did aqcents akeTebdnen, marTlamdideblur qveynebs

wera­kiTxvis donis iseTive maCvenebeli aqvT, rogoric

ganviTarebuli samyaros wevrebs. Tumca, marTlmadideblu­

ri samyarodan mxolod saberZneTi Sedis maT ricxvSi. am

saxelmwifoebSi korufciis sakmaod maRali done warsulSi

maT teritoriaze korumpirebuli komunisturi reJimebis

arsebobiT aixsneba.

harisons marTlmadieblobasTan dakavSirebiT moyavs

aRmo savleT evropis eqspertis nikolas gvozdevis mosa­

zreba, romelic aRniSnavs, rom marTlmadidebluri ekle­

siis doqtrina mxars ar uWers demokratiul institutebsa

da sabazro ekonomikas. avtori aRniSnavs, rom marTlmadi­

debluri eklesia dRes iziarebs pozicias, romelic kaTo­

gamoxatuli cxovrebiseuli filosofiiT (cxadia, yovelgvari ganzogadeba dauSvebelia): warmodgenili kvleviTi proeqtis samuSao jgufis wevrs, saberZneTSi, kunZul rodosze yofni­sas, gamoelaparaka adgilobrivi taqsis mZRoli, daaxloebiT 60 wlis mamakaci. moqmedeba xdeba 2012 wels, roca realurad dadga saberZneTis evrokavSiridan gayvanis sakiTxi finansuri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis gamo; bunebrivia, rom es Tema mTel qveyanaSi vnebaTa Relvis sagani iyo, da taqsis mZRolmac, rogorc etyoba, mgzavrTan gaagrZela viRacasTan dawyebuli temperamentiani saubari. igi jer darwmunda, rom mgzavri araa dasavleT evropidan, Semdeg ki gauziara sakuTari Sexedulebebi, romelTa reziumes gTavazobT: radgan saberZneTi evrokavSirSi miiRes, dasavleTma unda Seinaxos kidec igi. berZnebi gansaku­Trebuli xalxia, isini Sromoben imisaTvis, raTa icxovron da ara piriqiT, rogorc dasavleTelebi, romlebic cxovroben, raTa iSromon. `magaliTad me – dasZina mZRolma – dRe dakar­gulad mimaCnia, Tu saRamos erTi kargad ar vicekve!“

76

likurs qonda wina saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, sanam man XX

saukunis meore naxevarSi Riad da srulad ar dauWira mxa­

ri demokratias. harisons aseve moyavs amonaridi yofili

qarTveli maRalCinosnis (irakli Wyonia) statiidan, sadac

saubaria saqarTveloSi marTlmadideblobis niSnebze: «xe­

lisuflebis erTguleba, gansxvavebuli azrisa da inicia­

tivebis CaxSoba, novatorobisa da socialuri cvlilebebis

mimarT winaaRdmegoba, koleqtivizmi, aqcentireba eTnikur

kuTvnilebaze, izolacionizmi da partikularizmi, fata­

lizmi da sulieri determinizmi. aseve saxezea zizRi sxva

aramarTlmadidebluri dasavluri eklesiebisa da islamu­

ri samyaros mimarT».

5. islami yvela maCvenebliT mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba dasavlur religiebsa da konfucianobas. arabul da araa­rabul islamur qveynebs Soris arsebobs gansazRvruli gansxvavebebi.

islamuri saxelmwifoebi TiTqmis yvela maCvenelebliT

CamorCebian konfucianur saxelmwifoebs. sxvaobis masS­

tabebi izrdeba qristianul qveynebTan Sepirispirebisas.

harisoni islamis progresisadmi rezistentulobis asaxsne­

lad iSveliebs bassam tibis mosazrebebs. tibi warmoSobiT

sirieli arabia, romelic germaniis erT­erT universitetSi

leqciebs kiTxulobs.

tibis azriT, islamuri qveynebis modernizaciisadmi

Caketilobas ramdenime ZiriTadi mizezi iwvevs. pirveli

islamuri kulturis Caketilobaa. sxvebisgan swavlis sur­

vilis arqonaSi avtori win fsiqologiur moments ayenebs –

sxvisgan swavla aRiqmeba, rogorc zianis miyeneba sakuTari

egosTvis, TviTmyofadobisTvis. tibisTvis aseve mniSvnelo­

vania kidev erTi arakulturuli, politikuri faqtori –

`revolucia dasavleTis winaaRmdeg~, rac ar gulisxmobs

dapirispirebas mxolod dasavlur hegemoniasTan, aramed –

zogadad dasavlur RirebulebebTan.

77

harisoni aRniSnavs, rom, SesaZloa, islamur samyaroSi

arsebuli antidasavluri ganwyobis mTavari mizezi islamis

mier istoriuli poziciebis dakargva/dasavluri qveynebis

ganviTarebis done iyos. avtors islamuri qveynebisTvis

saukeTeso gamosavlad bernard luisis cnobili Segoneba

mohyavs: roca adamianebi xvdebian, rom yvelaferi ise araa,

rogorc saWiroa, maT SeiZleba, gauCndeT ori kiTxva: pir­

veli, ra gavakeTeT arasworad? da meore – vinaa damnaSave?

meore kiTxvas mohyveba SeTqmulebis Teoria da paranoia,

maSin roca pirvels sxva mimarTulebiT mivyavarT: `rogor

gamovasworoT?”harisonis azriT, sxvebis dadanaSaulebis nacvlad,

swored es pirveli gza unda airCion islamurma saxelmwi­

foebma, gaxadon kultura Ria sxva kulturebisTvis, pativi

scen maT da daafason codna da ganaTleba.

6. indoeTis demokratiuli institutebi sakmaod sta­biluria. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi is ganicdis ekonomikur zrdas. Tumca, SedarebiT naklebad viTardeba ganaTlebis sfero da maRalia korufciis done.

politikuri uflebebisa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis

mixedviT, induistur indoeTs aqvs yvela jgufze ukeTesi

maCvenebeli, protestantuli saxelmwifoebis garda. mso­

flio bankis monacemebiT, ekonomikuri zrda indoeTSi ukve

1990­iani wlebis bolos Seadgenda 6%­s. Tumca, Zalian da­

balia ganaTlebis done. indoeli qalebis naxevarze metma

ar icis wera­kiTxva, rac aseve miuTiTebs genderul uTa­

nasworobasa da qalebis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaze.

harisons progresTan mimarTebaSi induizmis rolis

asaxsnelad mohyavs bhanu mehtas mosazrebebi. mehta Tvli­

da, rom rogorc doqtrina, induizmi zedmetad moqnilia,

misi struqtura imdenad daqucmacebulia, rom is ver ga­

modgeba reformebis mxardamWerad. metic, mehta miiCnevda,

rom induizmsa da modernizacias Soris saerTod ar arse­

78

bobda kavSiri. induizmi iswrafvis sakuTari me­s sruli

realizebisTvis, rac SeiZleba mogveCvenos demokratiuli

momavlis karg resursad. Tumca, indoeTis istoriaSi iyo am

saqmisTvis raime qmediTi socialuri struqturis Seqmnisa

sul ramdenime mcdeloba.

harisons iqve moyavs gunar miurdalis mosazreba, rom

demokratiisadmi induizmis winaaRmdegoba kasturi siste­

mis arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

induizmze saubars avtori asrulebs mehtas mosazrebiT

– induizmis mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgens is, rom man Tavis

mimdevrebs TviT induzmisve Seqmnili SezRudvebis daZleva

aswavla.

7. budizmis Sesaxeb raime ganzogadebis gakeTeba rTu­lia misi mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, erTi ram cxadia – is ar warmoadgens modernizaciis Zlier saSuale­bas.

ekonomikur saqmianobasa da demokatiasTan budizmis mi­

marTebis asaxsnelad harisoni iSveliebs bostonis univer­

sitetis mkvlevaris, kristal uilanis mosazrebebs. uilani

aRniSnavs, rom budizmsa da ekonomikur saqmianobas Soris

arsebobs garkveuli Tavsebadoba, Tumca budistebis umra­

vlesoba iziarebs ernst Sumaxeris mier SemoTavazebul

midgomas `mciredi­mSvenieria~. uilanis azriT, budizmi

SeiZleba arc iyos progresis Semaferxebeli, radgan is

miesalmeba simdidris mopovebas, Tumca ki gmobas masTan

mijaWvulobas.

rac Seexeba budizmis mimarTebas demokratiasa da so­

cialur samarTlianobasTan, uilani aRniSnavs, rom indoeT­

Si budas dros arsebuli buda-Sakiamunis mimdevarTa Temi,

sangha, gamoxatavda demokratiis ideals – `wmindanobis

mopovebis gzaze yvelaze Tanasworia~... Tumca, SemdgomSi,

sxva kulturebTan asimilirebis Sedegad, budizmma mravali

ierarqiuli instituti Seqmna.

79

wignSi ganviTarebuli, zemoT xsenebuli Svidi ZiriTadi

daskvnis paralelurad, harisoni ganixilavs iudaizms, ro­

melic dominirebs mxolod erT saxelmwifoSi – israelSi.

avtori aRniSnavs, rom kacobriobis istoriaze ebraelebis

didi gavlena kidev ufro sainteresos xdis misi wignis mTa­

var sakvlev kiTxvas – ra aris ebraul kulturaSi iseTi,

ramac maT amis saSualeba misca?

harisoni kiTxvas kanadeli Jurnalistis jim lederma­

nis mosazrebebiT pasuxobs. ebrauli tradiciis mixedviT,

amqveynad Cveni arseboba aris dausrulebeli proeqti,

romlis gagrZelebac damokidebeulia imaze, Tu rogor ga­

vivliT am gzas. amitomac aucilebelia momavalze orien­

tireba, rac moiTxovs uwyvet socialur warmoebasa da

konstruirebas. yvelaferi es wydeba mxolod mesiis gamo­

Cenis Semdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebis TiToeuli

wevri valdebulia, monawileoba miiRos qveynierebis gau­

mjobesebaSi. sazogadoebis wevrebis statuss ki ganapiro­

bebs maTi individualuri miRwevebi da swrafva srulyofi­

lebisaken.

80

Tavi 2. Sromis kultura da religiuri diskursi

eqspertuli/CaRrmavebuli interviuebisa dafokus jgufebis analizi

2.1. qarTuli sazogadoeba da marTlmadidebloba

rogorc kvlevaSi CarTuli eqspertebi miuTiTeben, sta­

linis sikvdilisa da xruSCovis mier `pirovnebis kultis~

nawilobrivi demontaJis Semdeg, sabWoTa istebliSmentSi

Zalian seriozuli, praqtikulad revoluciuri cvlileba

moxda – Zalauflebis mwvervalze uSiSroebis organoebi

Secvala partiulma nomenklaturam, romelic amis safasu­

rad iZulebuli gaxda garkveuli liberalizacia daeSva. es

Seexo religiisadmi damokidebulebasac. `mebrZoli aTeiz­

mi~ Secvala ufro neitralurma poziciam, Tumca, ra Tqma

unda, religia kvlav cxaddeboda komunistur ideologias­

Tan SeuTavseblad, xolo religiuri organizaciebi spec­

samsaxurebis gaZlierebuli kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen.

reJimis liberalizacia saqarTveloSi gansakuTre­

biT igrZnoboda; amis mizezebis kvleva mocemuli kvlevis

amocanas scildeba, Tumca, bevri eqsperti aRniSnavs, rom

ideologiuri wnexi saqarTveloSi SedarebiT Sesustebuli

iyo, iseve, rogorc cenzura saerTod, maT Soris religiis

mimarT (magaliTad, nodar dumbaZis romanSi `maradisobis

kanoni~ mRvdeli gamoyvanilia rogorc dadebiTi personaJi,

rac Zneli warmosadgeni iyo sxva respublikebis literatu­

rul produqciaSi).

81

miuxedavad amisa, gamokiTxuli eqspertebis azriT, sarw­

munoeba, anu marTlmadidebloba, am periodis qarTul iden­

tobaSi ar gadaiqca mniSvnelovan komponentad. amis mizezi,

savaraudod, iyo is, rom socialuri SekveTa religiaze ar

iyo gamokveTili: reJimi aRqmuli iyo rogorc Zlieri da

boroti, Tumca – briyvi monstri, romelTanac brZolas

azri ara aqvs, magram igi advilad SeiZleba moatyuo da

aSeno Seni `patara bedniereba”. saerTo atmosferoSi udar­

deloba sWarbobda, masobrivi stresisa da uimedobis faq­

torebi ar moqmedebda, quxda qarTuli xelovneba da spor­

ti (romlebic Seadgendnen identobis mniSvnelovan kompo­

nentebs) – ase rom, religiis moTxovnileba ar igrZnoboda.

Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom religia mainc TamaSobda

garkveul rols yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: bavSvis monaTvla

sayovelTao praqtika iyo (oRondac es iyo `socialurad

sasurveli~ da ara aucilebeli), arsebobda naTliis socia­

luri roli; karg tonad da erTgvar frondiorobadac iTv­

leboda eklesiaSi saSobaod da saaRdgomod misvla (rasac

reJimi ebrZoda Sesabamis dReebSi televiziiT popularuli

ucxouri filmebis demonstrirebis meSveobiT). religiis

mniSvnelovneba praqtikulad amiT amoiwureboda.

mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlisa da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. marTa­

lia, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias

nacionalisturi reJimi erTgvarad daupirispirda ekle­

sias, magram mogvianebiT, ukve eduard SevardnaZis dros,

nacionalizmi da marTlmadidebloba dauaxlovdnen erTma­

neTs imdenad, rom `gacocxlda~ saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

Camoyalibebuli paradigma, romlis mixedviTac `qarTveli~

da `marTlmadidebebli~ sinonimebs warmoadgenda.

sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mixedviT, dReisaTvis

eklesia gacilebiT meti ndobiT sargeblobs, vidre sxva

raime sazogadoebrivi instituti, mosaxleobis 90%­mde

Tavs morwmuned miiCnevs, xolo saqarTvelos eklesiis me­

82

Tauris, kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is ndobis reitingi 95%-s aRemateba;1 yvela zomis xatebi da jvrebi Taname­drove interierisa Tu landSaftis Cveuli detali gaxda, religiurobis demonstrireba sajaro sivrceSi `karg to­nad~ iqca da a.S. (Tumca, amave dros, igive sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mixedviT, saeklesio ritualebis regularu­lad SemsrulebelTa ricxvi 15­18%­s ar aRemateba).

amave dros, rogorc eqspertebi aRniSnaven, qveyanaSi moqmedebs mTeli rigi organizaciebisa, romlebic marTl­madideblobis droSiT aqtiurad ibrZvian seqsualuri ga­naTlebis, evoluciis Teoriis, religiuri umciresobebis, genderuli Tanasworobisa da zogadad, dasavluri gavle­nis winaaRmdeg.

socialur-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTq­vas, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umravle­sobisaTvis religia asrulebs dacviT funqcias momavlis SiSisagan, rac Tan sdevs `istoriaSi dabrunebas~ damou­kidebeli saxelmwifos saxiT; sxva sityvebiT, religia `gaurkvevlobis acilebis~ saSualebaa (Hofstede 1983). amaze metyvelebs farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena imisa, rom saqar­Tvelo RvTismSoblis patronaJis qveS imyofeba, gamoTqma `RvTiuri saqarTvelo~ da sxv.

eqspertebSi Tanxmobaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom saqar­TveloSi eklesiis gavlena igrZnoba socialuri cxovrebis praqtikulad yvela sferoSi (gansakuTrebiT ki soflad, sadac morwmuneebi Tavis valad Tvlian moZRvrisagan Tan­xmobis miRebas wvrilman sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebzec ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tmis SeWra). es ki ganapirobebs eklesiis zemoqmedebas socialuri Rirebulebebis sistema­sa da yoveldRiuri qcevis paternebze, maT Soris Sromis praqtikebze

1 ix. `qarTuli sazogadoebebis Rirebulebebi~, fondi `Ria sazo­gadoeba – saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 2006 w.

83

2.2. individualizmi VERSUS koleqtivizmi

eqspertebis azriT, l. harisoni (ix. mocemuli wignis

paragrafi 1.5) Tavis naSromSi (Harrison, 2006) ar iyenebs

Zalze mniSvnelovan etalonur cvladebs/dixotomiebs (pat-tern variables), rogoricaa `individualizmi-koleqtivizmi”.

es cvladebi, rogorc kulturis socialur-fsiqologiu­

ri maxasiaTebeli, farTo samecniero brunvaSi Semoitana

h. triandisma (Triandis 1978), xolo Semdgom ganaviTara g.

hofstedem (Hofstede 1983).

individualisturi kulturebi waaxaliseben da afaseben

adamianis individualobasa da unikalurobas; ierarqiuli

Zalaufleba da socialuri gansxvavebebi naklebadaa gamo­

kveTili. koleqtivistur kulturebSi fasobs jgufuri

interesebi; individebis atribucia xdeba ufro jgufuri

mikuTvnebulobis, vidre misi sakuTari unar-Tvisebebis

mixedviT. amgvar sazogadoebebSi daculia ierarqiuli di­

ferenciacia da vertikaluri kavSirebi; adamianis roli,

statusi da qceva ganpirobebulia ierarqiul struqturaSi

misi mdgomareobiT.

individualizmi-koleqtivizmi ganixileba rogorc kul­

turis parametri, Tumca, eqspertebis azriT, misi misa­

dageba SeiZleba calkeuli religiebis mimarTac; sxva si­

tyvebiT, imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad waaxalisebs esa Tu is

konfesia individualistur an koleqtivistur tendenciebs

Tavis mrevlSi.

zogadad, religia rogorc socialuri instituti, Ta­

visi arsiT, koleqtivisturia. jgufuri ritualebi, pro­

zelitizmi, sxva religiebTan dapirispireba, rac met-nak­

lebad yvela sarwmunoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, es yve­

laferi ganapirobebs koleqtivisturi sulis da identobis

Camoyalibebasa da gaZlierebas.

individualizmi kapitalisturi sulis mniSvnelovan

kom ponents Seadgens; ase rom, Tu davrCebiT maqs veberis

84

paradigmis CarCoebSi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kalvinisturma

protestantobam didad Seuwyo xeli (Tu ar ganapiroba) in­

dividualisturi sazogadoebebisa da kulturebis Camoya­

libebas. sxva faqtorebTan erTad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom

am process xeli Seuwyo mRvdelTmsaxurebisaTvis RmerT­

Tan Suamavlis funqciis gauqmebam, rac dRemde SemorCeni­

lia kaTolicizmsa da marTlmadideblobaSi.

rac Seexeba evropis kaTolikur qveynebs, aq sabazro eko­

nomikam, industrializaciam da ekonomikurma ganviTarebam

gansazRvra sekularizacia da individualizmis xarisxis

zrda, xolo, meore mxriv, gadaidga axal realobis miRebi­

sa da masTan adaptaciisaken mimarTuli nabijebi sakuTriv

eklesiis mxridan, rac ar moxda marTlmadidebel qveyvebSi.

am ukanasknelTagan yvelaze didSi, ruseTSi, eklesiisagan

gaucxoeba (sxva faqtorebTan erTad) dasrulda revolu­

ciiTa da principulad koleqtivisturi, ierarqiuli re­

Jimis damyarebiT, romelsac marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

struqturisa da ideologiis bevri niSani ikiTxeba (pre­

tenzia absolutur da ucvlel WeSmaritebaze, `mRvdelTm­

saxurebis~ – partiuli nomenklaturis dominanturi fena,

wmida nawilebis Tayvaniscema da sxv.). mogvianebiT axalma

reJimma moicva yvela tradiciulad marTlmadidebeli

qveyana, saberZneTis garda, rac Znelia SemTxveviTobad

CavTvaloT, iseve rogoc is faqti, rom TviT komunistur

blokSi qristianuli tradiciis mqone qveynebs Soris marT­

lmadidebeli qveynebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT CamorCe­

bodnen danarCenebs.

ra kavSirSia zemoTqmuli Sromis eTikasTan? Tu dave­

TanxmebiT m. vebers imaSi, rom gabatonebuli religia met-naklebad gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis RirebulebiT sis­

temaze da qceviT praqtikebze (maT Soris religiisagan

daSorebul sferoebSi), maSin SegviZlia davsaxoT marTma­

didebluri ideologiis is `veqtorebi~, romlebic savarau­

dod dakavSirebulia Sromis kulturasTan:

85

• koleqtivizmi

• ierarqiuloba

• warsulze mimarTuli drois lokusi; Sesabamisad nak­

lebi yuradReba socialuri cvlilebebisa da axali

teqnologiebis mimarT

• uaryofiTi damokidebuleba komerciisa da, zogadad,

fulis mimarT

• sityvis prioriteti saqmesTan SedarebiT

rogorc vxedavT, gamoyofili `veqtorebi~ radikalur

winaaRmdegobaSia `kapitalistur sulsa~ da mis Sesabamis

Sromis eTikasTan. iZleva Tu ara es garemoeba pesimisturi

daskvnebis safuZvels tradiciulad marTlmadidebluri

qveynebis momavalTan dakavSirebiT? eqspertebis azriT,

aseTi daskvna naadrevia, vinaidan gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba

sabazro ekonomika da masTan ganuyrelad dakavSirebuli

mentaluri da qceviTi cvlilebebi (ar dagvaviwydes, rom

sabazro ekonomika jer kidev axali realobaa tradiciu­

lad marTlmadidebeli qveynebis umravlesobisaTvis). Tu

SemovifarglebiT saqarTvelos magaliTiT, am socialur

sivrceSi eqspertebi dReisaTvis gamoyofen ori wamyvan dis­

kurss: 1. fundamentalistur-nacionalisturs da 2. demo­

kratiul-individualisturs. amJamad es winaaRmdegobrivi

tendenciebi ase Tu ise Tanaarseboben da Ria konfliqtSi

erTmaneTTan naklebad Sedian, magram momavalSi, eqsperte­

bis azriT, mosalodnelia maTi ufro mwvave dapirispireba,

romelic SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes, Tumca, isic araa

gamoricxuli, rom erT­erTma daTrgunos meore. jer-jero­

biT fundamentalistur-nacionalisturi diskursi ufro

gavleniania, Tumca, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, demokratiasa

da mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis reitingi

izrdeba, da amasTan, sakmaod swrafad, rac garkveuli op­

timizmis safuZvels iZleva.

86

2.3. Sroma sulierebis winaaRmdeg Tu sulierebasTan erTad?

qarTul saeklesio tradiciaSi Sroma ar ganixileba ro­

gorc damoukidebeli Rirebuleba (siqvele). igi gagebulia

rogor fizikuri arsebobis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba. fi­

zikuri arsebobis mizani ki aris sulieri srulyofa. amas­

Tan, Sroma `bibliurad~ gaigeba, rogorc miwaTmoqmedeba an

xelosnoba.

kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur tradiciebSi sxva­

dasxvanairadaa interpretirebuli erT­erTi momakvdine­

beli codva Acedia (umoqmedoba): kaTolikuri eklesia mas

aigivebs sizarmacesTan, xolo marTlmadidebeli – saso­

warkveTilebasTan. Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebel eklesieb­

Si, maT Soris qarTulSi, sizarmace ar iTvleba codvad,

yovel SemTxvevaSi, mZime codvad.

sainteresoa, rom marTlmadidebel tradiciaSi Sroma (an

raime analogiuri cneba) ar moixsenieba Svidi momakvdinebe­

li `sapirwones~, Svidi siqvelis ricxvSi, romlebicaa: 1. siy­

varuli; 2. aramomxveWeloba (romelic axsnilia rogorc `mxo­

lod aucilebleliT dakmayofileba~, `siyvaruli evangelu­

ri siRaribis mimarT~); 3. umankoeba (rogorc mruSobis sawi­

naaRmdego cneba); 4. RvTismoSiSoba (romlis interpretacia­

Si gvxvdeba `miwieri ganswavlulobis (sibrZnis) uaryofa~);

5. TavSekaveba; 6. Tviniereba; 7. sulis sifxizle.2

erT­erTi respondentis, marTlmadidebeli Teologis

TqmiT, marTlmadidebeli saeklesio cxovreba gadatvirTu­

lia dResaswaulebiT, wirva grZelia, amasTan, wirvis dros

mrevli fexze dgas (kaTolikuri wesisagan gansxvavebiT);

2 «Впомощькающимся»,изтворенийсвятителяИгнатияБранчанинова. Сретенскиймонастырь,1999г.Стр.3-16;

http://voliaboga.narod.ru/stati/08_03_04_poiasnenie_dobrodet.htm

87

mrevli iRleba da droc ar rCeba produqtiuli Sromisa­

Tvis.

kidev erTi respondenti, yofili marTlmadidebeli mR­

vdelTmsaxuri aRniSnavs, rom marTlmadidebloba orienti­

rebulia sityvaze da ara saqmeze; saqme gagebulia pirvel

rigSi rogorc sulieri moRvaweoba (amas exmaureba qarTu­

li sufris tradicia, sadac erovnuli Rirebulebebisadmi

(winaprebi, samSoblo da sxv.) sityvieri loialobis gamoxa­

tva (sadRegrZelo) praqtikulad gaigivebulia socialuri

valdebulebebis SesrulebasTan).

dRemde mopovebuli masalis analizi garkveul safuZ­

vels gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi arsebuli eklesiebi garkveul akulturacias,

`gaqarTulebas~ ganicdian, saxeldobr, SemCneva aqcentis

gadatanis tendencia `saqmidan~ `sityvaze~. gansakuTrebiT

es exeba qarTul baptistur eklesias (romelsac, sxvaTa So­

ris, ar aRiareben dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bap­

tistTa jgufebi). sxva suraTia e.w. `axal eklesiebSi~. mag.

iehovas mowmeTa warmomadgenlis interviuSi Sroma daxa­

siaTebulia rogorc religiuri Rirebuleba: `morwmune adamianisaTvis RvTis msaxureba aris mniSvnelovani, Tumca miuRebelia amis gamo pirovnebam Tavi imarTlos, rom Rv­Tis msaxurebis gamo me ver vSromob~.

2.4. `madli~ da misi gavlena yoveldRiurpraqtikebze

savaraudod, dominanturi religiis, saxeldobr ki marT­

lmadidebeli eklesiis dogmatikis gavlena yoveldRiur

Sexedulebebsa da praqtikebze (maT Soris SromasTan dakav­

Sirebulebze) SeiZleba ganvixiloT erT­erTi centraluri

zogadqristianuli cnebis – madlis – magaliTze. es cneba

88

sxvadasxvanairad aris gagebuli marTlmadideblobaSi, ka­

Tolicizmsa da protestantul mimdinareobebSi; am SemTxve­

vaSi sainteresoa ara imdenad sakuTriv `madlis~ cnebis Si­

naarsi (Teologiur-dogmaturi detalebi), aramed am feno­

menis gavlena yoveldRiur praqtikebze. amitom sakmarisia

termin `madlis~gansazRvreba, romelic mocemulia rusul

marTlmadidebel enciklopediaSi da eyrdnoba bizantieli

Teologis, wm. grigol palamas ganmartebas: `xelTuqmneli (нетварная) RvTiuri energia, Zala an qmedeba, romelSic RmerTi ecxadeba adamians, romelic misi wyalobiT garda­laxavs codvas da miaRwevs RmerTTan erTianobas~.3

rogorc Cans, gansazRvreba sakmaod zogadia da eqvemde­

bareba interpretacias. sxvadasxva interpretaciam mravali

religiuri konfliqti da omic ki gamoiwvia, saboloo jam­

Si ki Tanamedrove marTlmadideblobis dogmatikisa da ga­

gebis mixedviT (masTan axlos dgas kaTolokuri interpre­

tacia), zebunebrivi ZaliT, RvTis madliT, dajildoebulia

garkveuli religiuri obieqtebi (xatebi, wminda nawilebi,

nagebobebi da a.S.); morwmunesaTvis, garkveuli ritualebis

SesrulebiT, SesaZloa am madlis gaziareba, Tumca umra­

vles SemTxvevaSi amisaTvis aucilebelia Suamavali mRv­

delTmsaxuris saxiT, romelic imTaviTve madliTaa mosili.

amgvari rwmenidan ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi ga­

momdinareobs (aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom gasaTvaliswinebelia

maqs veberis mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac dominanturi

religiis gavlena vrceldeba ara marto Rrmad morwmunee­

bze, aramed aTeistebsa da formalur morwmuneebzec):

• neitraluri damkvirveblisaTvis cxadia, rom aRm­

sarebloba uSvebs magiis elementebs (ra Tqma unda,

oficialuri eklesia am garemoebas kategoriulad

3 `Благодать~,http://www.pravenc.ru/text/149313.html

89

uaryofs): garkveuli sakraluri qmedebebis Sedegad

SesaZlebelia zebunebrivi Zalebis sasikeTo Careva

miwieri movlenebis mimdinareobaSi.

• gavrcelebuli rwmenisa da praqtikis mixedviT iTv­

leba, rom aRsarebis rutinul-sakraluri procedu­

risa da msubuqi epitimiis meSveobiT xdeba wina aR­

sarebis Semdeg dagrovili codvebisagan (maT Soris

sizarmacisa Tu valdebulebis arakeTilsindisierad

Sesrulebisagan) sruli ganTavisufleba, ris Semde­

gac iwyeba axali codvebis `dagroveba~ momaval aR­

sarebamde.

• fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvari rwmenebi da

praqtikebi xels uwyobs kontrolis eqsternaluri lokusis Camoyalibebas (Rotter 1966), romelic opti­misturi fatalizmis msoflxedvis (Nizharadze 2011) saxes iZens: cxovreba ukeTesisaken midis, magram

sazogadoebas da calkeul individebs amaSi wvlili

naklebad miuZRvniT, yvelaferi RvTis keTil nebaze,

madlzea, damokidebuli; Sesabamisad, arasasurveli

movlenebi miewereba an RvTis risxvas (mag. stiqiuri

ubedurebebi), an `antimarTlamidebel~, `satanistur~

(es epiTetebi, faqtiurad, sinonimebad ganixileba)

Zalebs (mag. qalTa emansipacia).

• vinaidan mRvdelmsaxuri RmerTTan Suamavalia da mas

madliT manipulirebis unari miewereba, igi imTavi­

Tve amaRlebulia rigiT morwmuneze da `qvemodan~

kritikas ar eqvemdebareba.

• madlis aRwerili gageba, iseve rogorc marTlmadi­

debeli aRmsareblobis zogierTi sxva maxasiaTeble­

bi (rogoricaa sityvis primati saqmesTan mimarTeba­

Si, saeklesio dResaswaulTa didi raodenoba da sxv.)

xels uwyobs kontrolis lokusis eqsternalizacias

90

da ierarqizms, rac Tavis mxriv, asustebs Sromis

motivacias da meore planze aTavsebs iseT Rirebu­

lebebs, rogoricaa profesionalizmi, profesiuli

reputacia da misT.

2.5. sxvadasxva religiaTa (eklesiaTa) socialuri politika

respondentebi – marTlmadideblobis eqspertebi – erT­

x mad aRniSnaven, rom qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias

(somxuri samociqulo eklesiis msgavsad, magram kaToliku­

ri da rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT)

ara aqvs SemuSavebuli socialuri politika; ar arsebobs

dokumenti, romelSic dafiqsirebuli iqneboda eklesiis

pozicia cvalebad samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT.

amis erT­erTi Sedegia is, rom eklesiisa da mrevlis ur­

TierTobaSi did rols iZens subieqturi faqtori, saxel­

dobr, moZRvaris individualuri Sexedulebebi da Tvise­

bebi.

socialuri politikisadmi `uyuradReboba~, savarau­

dod, ganpirobebulia marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT­erTi

fuZemdebluri wanamZRvriT; saxeldobr, marTlmadidebeli

eklesiebi, maT Soris qarTuli, Tvlian, rom, sxva qristia­

nul eklesiebTan da mimdinareobebTan SedarebiT, isini

yvelaze ufro zustad icaven pirveli saeklesio krebebis

ganCinebebs, romlebic sabolooa da reformirebas ar eq­

vemdebareba. aqedan gamomdinare, bolo oci saukunis gan­

mavlobaSi momxdari socialuri Tu teqnologiuri cvli­

lebebi ar miiCneva arsebiTad, adamianis buneba da mowo­

deba ucvlelad ganixileba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dgeba

dogmatikis reviziis safrTxe, rac sworedac safrTxed

aRiqmeba. Sesabamisad, mrevlTan urTierTobisas marTl­

91

madidebeli mRvdelTmsaxuri amjobinebs adreqristianul

ubraloebas, mimarTavs martiv siuJetebs sqematuri perso­

naJebiT; rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mSromeli arsebiTad igi­

vdeba miwaTmoqmedsa an xelosanTan, romelTaTvis Sroma

mxolod arsebobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas warmoadgens

(magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba ganvixiloT nebismieri saeklesio

gamocema an saiti).

adreqristianuli ubraloebis `paradigmiT~ SeiZleba

aixsnas agreTve marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, kerZod ki

qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis, uaryofiTi damo­

kidebuleba iseTi realiebisadmi, rogoricaa fuli, komer­

cia, kapitali da a.S, ramac mTeli qarTul kulturis nor­

matiul Rirebulebebs daasva daRi: fuli `xelis WuWyia~,

masze saubari cud tonad iTvleba, vaWroba saTakilod

Tu ara, socialurad arcTu sasurvel saqmianobad miiC­

neva; komerciuli saqmianoba asocirdeba upatiosnebasTan.

sagulisxmoa, rom sabazro urTierTobebis dakanonebasTan

erTad gaCnda sityva `fulis~ evfemizmi – `Tanxa~.

2.6. Sromisa da rwmenis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

Sroma, rogorc Rirebuleba, sxvadasxva religiuri mim­

dinareobis TemebisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. fokus

jgufis monawileTa didi nawili aRniSnavs, rom Sromas

dRis didi nawili eTmoba. Sromis Tavdapirveli saWiroeba

materialuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa, Tumca garda am

sabaziso cvladisa, iseTi socialuri aspeqtebic mniSvne­

lovani Rirebulebis matarebelia, rogoricaa TviTreali­

zacia, warmateba, siamovnebis miReba da sxva.

92

zogadi TvalsazrisiT, rwmena fokus jgufis monawilee­

bisaTvis maTi cxovrebis mudmivi Tanmdevia. is dakavSire­

bulia saiqio cxovrebasTan, Tumca, axdens yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis garkveul konstruirebas da morwuneTa socia­

luri qcevis Camoyalibebas. rogorc jgufuri diskusiis

erT­erTi monawile ambobs: `aq Cven vemzadebiT saiqio cxovrebisTvis, aqauri saqmeebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvre­ba Cveni saiqio cxovreba~. mocemuli postulati kvlevaSi

monawile TiTqmis yvela denominaciisadmi ganmsazRvrelia;

gamonaklisia mxolod iehovas mowmeebi, romlebis ar aRia­

reben saiqio cxovrebas. maTi xedviT, RmerTis mier gamarT­

lebuli adamianebi mkvdreTiT aRdgebian. mocemuli gansx­

vaveba socialuri qcevis analizisaTvis arafers cvlis,

iehovas mowmis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis SesaZleblobas misi

saaqao cxovrebisas religiuri doqtrinis wesebis dacva

ganapirobebs, rac maTi msoflxedvelobis da socialuri

qcevis erT­erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.

religiur mimdinareobasTan afilacia ramdenime mimar­

TulebiT axdens morwmunis qcevis, msoflxedvelobis Ca­

moyalibebas, rac gamoixateba: religiur praqtikaSi, mso­

flxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi, moralis konstruirebaSi.

qvemoT SevecdebiT mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

religiuri praqtikebis Sesruleba damaxasiaTebelia

yvela denominaciis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. SesaZloa ga­

moiyos praqtikis sami ZiriTadi jgufi: a) individualuri

praqtika – morwmuneebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT asru­

leben religiur ritualebs sakuTar saxlSi, samsaxurSi an

sxva garemoSi. mocemuli qcevis tipis mTavari maxasiaTe­

beli isaa, rom religiuri rituali sruldeba individua­

lurad. Tumca, morwmunes gagebiT is `marto~ araa, es aris

rituali massa da RmerTs Soris. am saxis praqtikaa dilis

da saRamos locvebi marTlmadideblur TemSi (morwmuneTa

nawili sxva saxis locvebsas asrulebs; magaliTad, locva

Wamis win, swavlis win da sxva.), muslimebi xuTgzis locvebs

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asruleben. metaniebi aseTi praqtikis erT­erTi saxea. re­

ligiuri praqtika, zogadi TvalsazrisiT, mkveTrad indi­

vidualuria Tumca, am praqtikaSi kulturul­socialuri

ganzomileba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, morwmuneni

asruleben im sazrisiseul an simbolur rituals, romelic

maTi aRmsareblobis mier aris gansazRvruli. am saxiT isini

mkveTrad gansxvavdebian `evropeli arareligiuri morwmu­

neebisagan~, romlebic arcerT religiur mimdinareobas ar

miekuTnebian, Tumca swamT garkveuli zebunebrivi Zalis

arsebobis. saqarTveloSi denominaciis wevrTa privatuli,

individualuri, religiuri praqtika ki mniSvnelovnad

aris gansazRvruli konkretuli aRmsareblobis mier. Sesa­

bamisad, mocemuli aspeqti morwmunis religiur aRmsare­

blobasTan mniSvnelovani makavSirebelia. metic: mocemu­

li individualuri praqtikis gareSe morwmune erTgvarad

`nakluli~ aRmsarebelia. is srulyofilad ver asrulebs

wesebs, romlebic kulturul­religiuri doqtrinis mie­

raa gansazRvruli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi

arsebul tradiciul mimdinareobebs (marTlmadidebloba,

islami) ufro mkacrad konstruirebuli individualuri

praqtikebi aqvT Camoyalibebuli sakuTari morwmuneebis

mimarT. islamSi praqtikebi, romlebic morwmunem unda

Seasrulos religiur doqtrinaSia gawerili. marTlmadi­

deblobis SemTxvevaSi religiuri praqtikebis Sesrulebis

kontinuumi ufro farToa da moZRvris mier ganisazRvreba,

Tu ra unda Seasrulos morwmunem. aratradiciul reli­

giur mimdinareobebSi individualuri praqtikis Sesruleba

ufro Tavisufalia da individs SeuZlia airCios, Tu rodis

da sad Seasrulebs rituals. Tumca, aqedan ar gamomdina­

reobs, rom maT individualur praqtikas religiur aRmsa­

reblobasTan kavSiri ar aqvs.

koleqtiuri religiuri rituali yvela religiuri

mimdinareobis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. marTlmadideblur

religiaSi is ZiriTadad wirvasa da saRamos locvaSi

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monawileobis miRebas gulisxmobs. muslimebSi – paras­

kevis locvas, iehovas mowmeTa SemTxvevaSi – kongresSi

monawileobas da sxva. mocemuli saxis religiuri praqti­

kebis Sesrulebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli misi koleqtiu­

robaa. Temis mrevlis wevroba morwmunisaTvis aucilebeli

maxasiaTebelia. koleqtiuri religiuri ritualebis Teo­

logiuri mniSvnelobebis ganxilva, warmodgenili kvlevis

miznebidan gamomdinare, naklebad mniSvnelovania. amgvari

praqtikis socialuri aspeqtebidan ki SeiZleba Semdegi

maxasiaTeblebi gamoiyos:

a) Temis wevrobis gancda. es maxasiaTebeli ormxriv kav­

Sirs gulisxmobs: individi grZnobs Temis wevrad Tavs da

amiT is iziarebs jgufis mier aRiarebul Rirebulebebs.

meore mxriv, Temi ganapirobebs erTobis gancdas. morwmu­

neobis xarisxi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, swored koleq­

tiur ritualebSi monawileobiT gamoixateba. fokus jgufe­

bis masala aCvenebs, rom koleqtiur ritualSi monawileoba

yvela religiuri aRmsareblobisTvis mniSvnelovania:

`Tu erTxel ar mova krebaze morwmune, an

meored, mesamed – es niSnavs, rom is daSorda

RmerTs. Tu ase gaagrZela, gamova rom Cveni

da an Zmac aRar iqneba~ (iehovas mowme, xaSu­ri).

mocemul damokidebulebaSi Cans ori urTierTdamo­

kidebuli aspeqti: morwmunis armonawileoba ritualebSi

religiidan mis gaucxoebad fasdeba, xolo es gaucxoeba,

Tavis mxriv, Temis an religiuri jgufis datovebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. koleqtiuri ritualSi monawileoba `namd­

vili~ morwmunis aucilebeli nawilia. tradiciul reli­

giebi, rogoricaa marTlmadidebloba da islami, specia­

luri sanqcirebis momxrea, rodesac morwmune monawileo­

bas ar Rebulobs ritualSi. sanqcireba mravalferovania,

rac SeiZleba gamoixatos, vTqvaT, damatebiTi metaniebis

95

SesrulebiT marTlmadideblur TemSi da Tanxis SewirviT

muslimur TemSi.

b) socialuri kavSiris intensifikacia. ritualSi mo­

nawileoba, uSualod religiuri datvirTvis garda, socia­

lur ganzomile basac moicavs, rac gamoxatulia sx­

vadasxva saxiT: a) morwmuneTa erTmaneTTan interaqciiT,

sasuliero piris qadagebiT wirvis Semdeg marTlmadide­

blur da baptistur­evangelistur religiaSi; b) bibliaze

saubriT – iehovas mowmeTa TemSi; g) locvis Semdegi sau­

brebiT – muslimur TemSi da sxv. mocemuli qcevebi ori mi­

marTulebiT aris saintereso: erTi mxriv, socialuri kav­

Sirebis saSualebiT xdeba religiuri Rirebulebebis gada­

cema morwmunesaTvis, xolo, meore mxriv, mimdinareobs mre­

vlis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis yofiTi aspeqtebis gaazreba

religiuri TvalsazrisiT. iqmneba erTgvari mediatoruli

sivrce, sadac religiuri xedva da morwmuneTa cxovrebis

socialuri aspeqtebi kveTs erTmaneTs. Sromisa da reli­

giis gadakveTis erT­erTi adgili swored mocemul sivrce­

Sia, sadac aqtorebs miewodebaT religiuri xedva da, Tavis

mxriv, isini monawileoben am xedvis gaziarebis an uaryofis

procesSi. procesis ormxrivoba mdgomareobs imaSic, rom

yofiTi (socialuri) cxovrebis aspeqtebi garkveul gavle­

nas axdens ama Tu im religiazec. erTi SexedviT myari da

ucvleli religiuri damokidebulebebis transformirebis

erT­erTi instrumenti socialuri realobaa, romlis nawi­

licaa Sroma. zogadi xedviT, Sromis da rwmenis miznebi

aqtorisTvis gansxvavebulia. Sromis mizani materialuri

sikeTis miReba da adamianis TviTrealizaciaa, xolo rwmena

– aramaterialuri sulieri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawi­

lia. Tumca, es ori sfero, aqtoris doneze, urTierTdamo­

kidebulia da erTmaneTze gavlenis axdens. aqtoris rwmenam

zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa ganapirobos Sromis saxeoba, ro­

melsac is irCevs an sxvadasxva samuSaos Sesrulebisas gav­

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lena moaxdinos am procesze. meore mxriv, Sromis saxeobam

SesaZloa ganapirobos aqtoris mier religiuri ritualebis

Seusrulebloba an formis cvlileba. magaliTad, muslimma

samsaxurSi, Sesabamisi pirobebis arqonis gamo, SesaZloa

ver Seasrulos locvebi, romelsac misi religia iTxovs.

religiuri doqtrinebi morwmuneTa socialur qcevaSi

garkveul rols TamaSobs; kerZod, Sromis, rogorc morw­

munis erT­erTi socialuri aqtivobis, formirebaze gavle­

nas axdens. gavlenebi ramdenime tipisiaa:

a) gavlena morwmunis qcevaze samsaxurSi

b) saqmis mimarT morwmunis damokidebuleba

g) gavlena krizisuli situaciebis marTvaze

d) ritualebis Sesruleba samsaxuris periodSi

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

a) religiis gavlena morwmunis qcevaze samsaxurSi

ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganisazRvreba. morwmunis damo­

kidebuleba kolegebis mimarT am gavlenis erT­erTi saxea.

morwmuneTa nawili zog SemTxvevaSi cdilobs religiuri

moralidan gamomdinare eurTierTos sakuTar kolegebs,

rac maTdami ufro `Tanaswor~ damokidebulebaSi SeiZleba

gamoixatos. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac morwmune meneje­

rebi an mcire kompaniis mmarTvelebi naklebad mkacrebi

arian TanamSromlebis mimarT, rac gamoixateba daqvemde­

barebuli personalisadmi araformaluri urTierTobis

maRal xarisxSi (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi damo­

kidebulebebi fokus jgufebis morwmune monawileTa Soris

dominanturi ar aris):

`me mTargmnelobiTi kompaniis direqtori

var, yvela TanamSromelTan Tanaswori damo­

kidebuleba maqvs da es Cemi religiis gamoa.

TanamSromlebma ician, rom es sxva ofisebSi

ase araa~ (muslimi qarTveli, baTumi).

97

b) saqmis mimarT damokidebuleba. gamomdinare iqedan,

rom yvela morwmune Sromas amqveyniuri cxovrebis mniS­

vnelovan nawilad miiCnevs (rac aisaxeba, agreTve, maT

warmodgenebze saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb), maTTvis saqmi­

sadmi damokidebuleba mniSvnelovani cvladia, romelic

ZiriTadad moralur maqsimebSia gamoxatuli, rogoricaa

patiosnad Sroma, valdebulebis zustad Sesruleba, sam­

saxureobrivi ierarqiis aRiareba da sxva. mocemuli maqsi­

mebi mniSvnelovania TiTqmis yvela religiuri mimdinareo­

bis warmomadgenlebisTvis, Tumca, SesaZlebelia garkveuli

specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis identificireba calkeuli

religiuri erTobebisaTvis. es maxasiaTeblebi kavSirSia

am jgufebis socialur statusTan da rolebTan, romelTa

struqturirebis erT­erTi faqtori religiaa. magaliTad,

muslim qalTa umravlesoba ZiriTad amocanad saojaxo

saqmeebis Sesrulebas miiCnevs. aseve, maTTvis mniSvnelo­

vania Svilis religiuri Rirebulebebis mixedviT aRzrda

da sxva qmedebebi, romlebic qalis tradiciul genderul

rolebTan asocirdeba. meore mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rom

msgavsi ganwyobebi ufro metad sofelSi mcxovrebi musli­

mi qalebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli; qalaqSi mcxovrebni

samsaxurze arian orientirebulni. axalgazrda muslimebis

umetesobis SemTxvevaSic, karieruli winsvla ierarqiul

velSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre saojaxo saqmeebis ke­

Teba. mocemuli damokidebulebebidan Cans, rom religiis

garda socialur garemoSi arsebuli faqtorebic gansazR­

vravs rogorc morwmuneTa damokidebulebas Sromisadmi,

aseve Sromis saxeobis SerCevas.

iehovas mowmeTa gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli (saqmis mi­

marT damokidebulebis kuTxiT) specifikur servisebSi da­

saqmebaa, rogoricaa `silamazis salonebi~, savaWro obieq­

tebi da sxva msgavsi sferoebi. zogadad, am mimdinareo­

bis warmomadgenelTa azriT, mniSvnelovania gamoimuSavo

imdeni, ramdenic yoveldRiuri yofiTi moTxovnebisTvisaa

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saWiro. socialur ierarqiis zeda safexurebze svla maT­Tvis meorexarisxovania; metic – naklebadaa waxalisebuli maTi religiuri doqtrinis mier. patiosani qceva samsaxur­Si (saerTod, nebismier saqmianobaSi) iehovas mimdevrebisa­Tvis umniSvnelovanesia. rogorc fokus jgufis erT­erTi monawile aRniSnavs:

`me bazarSi vmuSaob, klientebma ician rom iahovas mowme var da ician, rom xorcs Cemgan Tu iyidian, erT grams ar movatyueb. amitom, mud­mivi klientebi myavs~ (iehovas mowme, xaSuri).

„roca patiosnad vSromob, RmerTis msa­xurebaSi var. amitom, me samuSaos zereled ara­sodes vakeTeb~ (iehovas mowme, xaSuri).

g) krizisuli situaciebis marTva. religiis rolze krizisuli situaciebis marTvaSi yvelaze xSirad marTl­madidebluri aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben. konfliqturi situaciebisas religiuroba maTi qcevis ganmsazRvrelia, rac or urTierTdakavSirebul modusSi gamoixateba: `moTmineba~ da `gamarTleba~. mocemuli aspeq­tebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania servisebis sferoSi momuSave morwmuneebisaTvis. rwmena, romelic morwmunis­gan sxva adamianebis mimarT moTminebas iTxovs, morwmuni­saTvis mniSvnelovani sayrdenia. rac Seexeba `gamarTlebas~, is morwmunis fsiqologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs fokus jgufebSi CarTul muslimebsac.

`samsaxurSi roca var da klienti Zalian pretenziulia, xSirad imitom viTmen, rom vici – moTmineba aucilebelia CemTvis ro­gorc marTlmadidebelisaTvis~ (marTlmadi­debeli, Tbilisi);

`saTargmni hqonda raRac Turqulad erT xnier kacs; vuTxari, rom rTuli teqsti iyo da

99

didi dro Wirdeboda. ar damijera, miTxra, rom

mezareboda da damiwyo Cxubi. RmerTma momca

Zala, rom ar avyolodi~ (muslimi, baTumi).

d) religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba samsaxurSi morw­

muneTa nawilisaTvis problematuria. gansakuTrebiT mus­

limebi aRniSnaven, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ar eZlevaT sam­

saxurSi locvebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. arsebuli

mdgomareoba damaxasiaTebelia samsaxurebSi, sadac sxva­

dasxva aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebi muSaoben (Tumca,

aris SemTxvevebi, roca muslimebs locvis SesaZlebloba

eZlevaT mxolod muslimebiT dasaqmebul ofisebSi an im

ofisebSi, sadac salocavad maTTvis specialuri adgilia

gamoyofili). zogadad, sajaro sivrcis e.w. `religiuri nei­

tralurobis~ gageba fokus jgufis morwmune monawileebSi

naklebad arsebobs. salocavi adgilis arsebobis SesaZle­

blobas morwmuneebi (gansakuTrebiT muslimebi da, garkveu­

lwilad, marTlmadideblebic) pozitiurad afaseben.

2.7. SromasTan damokidebulebis xuTi

determinanti

saerTaSoriso kvlevebis gamocdileba (Zulfikar 2012, Furn-ham 1990) gvkarnaxobs, rom, Sromis eTikasTan mimarTebaSi,

sxvadasxva religiuri jgufebi erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba 5

faqtoris mixedviT ganvasxvavoT:

1. dauRalavi (‘hard’) Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli

warmateba

2. kontrolis internaluri lokusi

3. Tavisufali drois mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebu­

leba

100

4. fulisa da drois dazogvasTan dakavSirebuli atitu­

debi

5. Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad (‘end itself’)

pirveli faqtoris (`dauRalavi Sroma da masTan dakavSi­

rebuli warmateba~) suliskveTebas gamoxatavs, magaliTad,

Semdegi debuleba: `yvelas, visac aqvs mZime (muxlCauxre­li) Sromis survili, warmatebis kargi Sansi aqvs; is, visac enTuziazmiT SeuZlia gaumklavdes arasasiamovno amocanas, win wava~;

kontrolis internalur lokuss aRwers, magaliTad,

Semdegi debuleba: `cxovrebas eqneboda mcire azri, Tu arasodes davitanjebodiT; mZime Sromis miuRebloba, Cveu­lebriv, xasiaTis sisusteze miuTiTebs~.

mesame faqtori („Tavisufali drois mimarT uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba~) aRiwereba, magaliTad, Semdegi debule­

biT: `cxovreba ufro azriani iqneboda, naklebi Tavisufa­li dro rom gvqondes; adamianebs SezRuduli Tavisufali dro unda hqondeT relaqsaciisaTvis~;

meoTxe faqtori (fulisa da drois momWirneoba) SeiZ­

leba aRiweros Semdegi debulebiT: `fuli, romelic io­lad iSoveba (mag., azartuli TamaSis an spekulaciis gziT), rogorc wesi, briyvulad ixarjeba; sakredito baraTi esaa saSvi daudevari xarjvisaTvis~;

mexuTe faqtori („Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad~)

aRiwereba, magaliTad, Semdegi debulebiT: `sul ramdenime ramea im kmayofilebis tolZalovani, rasac iwvevs adamianis srulfasovani realizacia Sromis procesSi; me aforiaqe­buli var, rodesac cota saqmea CemTvis gasakeTebeli~.

101

2.7.1. dauRalavi Sroma da masTan dakavSirebuli war-mateba

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi samizne jgufebTan Catarebu­

li diskusiebi ramdenime Taviseburebas gamokveTs:

1. `dauRalavi~ Sroma mWidro kavSirSia `patiosan~ Sro­

masTan, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs saqmis pirnaTlad

Sesrulebas, sakuTari sindisis (an RmerTis winaSe) winaSe

pasuxismgeblobas da sxvebis mxridan ndobis mopovebas. is,

vinc upatiosnod Sromobs, mas arc mZime Sroma uwevs.

fokus jgufebis msvlelobisas yvela aRmsareblobis

warmomadgenlebi miuTiTebdnen `patiosan Sromaze~ rogorc

Rirebulebaze. aRniSnavdnen, rom Sromis Temas xSirad eZR­

vneba mRvdelmsaxurTa qadagebebi da religiuri saubrebi

(gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba iehovas mowmeebTan).

TiTqmis yvela aRmsareblobis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSna, rom

Sromis eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi RmerTi adamians gark­

veuli sanqciiT emuqreba. patiosani Sromis aucileblobas

gansakuTrebiT usvamdnen xazs iehovas mowmeebi. isini aR­

niSnavdnen, rom ar arRveven Sromis wesebs da, Sesabamisad,

sazogadoeba maT endoba. iehovas mowmeebma xazi gausves,

rom ar arsebobs saTakilo samuSao (Tumca arsebobs samu­

Sao, romelsac maT mrwamsi ukrZalavT, mag. samxedro sam­

saxuri). erTma monawilem miuTiTa, rom am normis arsebobis

gamo iehovas mowmeebSi Zalze dabalia umuSevrobis done

(am gancxadebis sisworis Semowmeba sainteresoa, Tumca –

problematuri).

RirebulebiTi TvalsazrisiT, patiosani Sroma Tana­

brad mniSvnelovania jgufur diskusiebSi CarTuli yvela

jgufisaTvis (aTeistebis CaTvliT). Tumca, jgufebs Soris

gansxvavebebi vlindeba maSin, rodesac sakiTxi dgeba imis

Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara dauRalavi (e.i. patiosani) Sroma war­matebis sawindari.

102

am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze skeptikurad ganwyobilia ara­morwmuneebis jgufi. isini fiqroben, rom warmatebis miRweva

saqarTveloSi xSirad dakavSirebulia ara dauRalav (Sesa­

bamisad, patiosan) SromasTan, aramed sxvadasxva damatebiT

faqtorTan (gavleniani nacnobebi, ganaTleba, memkvidreoba

da sxv.). (Tumca, meore mxriv, sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom

diskusiaSi CarTul religiur jgufebs Sorisac (mag., marTl­

madidebelTa jgufSi) wamoiWra azri, rom cxovrebiseuli

warmatebisaTvis saWiroa gavleniani nacnobebi).

2. aramorwmuneebs da morwmuneebs Soris wyalgamyofi

isaa, rom morwmuneTa jgufebSi warmatebisaTvis, Sromas­

Tan erTad, aucilebelia RmerTis rwmenac, xolo aramorw­

muneebi (kerZod, isini, vinc warmatebis misaRwevad muxl­

Cauxreli Sromis upiratesobas aRiareben sxva socialur

faqtorebTan SedarebiT), aqcents pirovnul pasuxismge­

blobaze svamen:

„Tu yvela cudi da warumatebeli saq­

misTvis borot Zalebs ar daadanaSauleb da

gaiziareb pasuxismgeblobas Seni moqmede­

bebisTvis, iSromeb muxlCauxrelad, iqnebi

mizanswrafuli da inovaciuri, maSin warma­

teba aucileblad mova. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,

morwmune xar Tu ara, es principi yvelasaTvis

moqmedebs~ (axal gazrda mamakaci aramorwmu­neebis jgufidan).

3. rogorc iTqva, religiur TemebSi aRiarebulia Sro­

masTan erTad RmerTis rwmenis mniSvnelobac warmatebis

misaRwevad. Tumca, meore mxriv, religiuri Temebi erTma­

neTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, ramdenad `erTveba~ RmerTi warmatebis miRwevaSi, anu ra proporciiT nawil­deba am ori faqtoris (Sromis da RmerTis) `monawileoba~ warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad.

103

am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze radikalurebi arian mus­limTa Temis warmomadgenlebi: warmatebas isini arsebiTad

RmerTis wyalobas miaweren da Sroma mxolod imdenadaa

Rirebuli, ramdenadac is RmerTis `karnaxiT~ xorcieldeba

da yuranis swavlebas ar arRvevs:

„Tu istoriulad muslimebis warmatebis

mizezebs SeviswavliT, vnaxavT, rom es moxda

islamis mimarT erTgulebis gamo. warmatebu­

lobis xarisxi damokidebulia Cveni religiis

mimarT ptiviscemis, misi miRebis xarisxze.

amitom, vinmes warmateba pirdapirpropor­

ciulia religiis mimarT misi pativiscemis.

is, vinc srulad scems islams pativs, srulad

warmatebulic iqneba. Cvens religiaSi is, Tu

ra unda gakeTdes da rogor unda gakeTdes,

ukve gansazRvrulia. rac ufro srulyofi­

lad gaiTvaliswinebs vinme am gansazRvru­

lobas praqtikaSi, miT ufro met warmatebas

miaRwevs is~ (mamakaci muslimTa jgufidan).

„rac ufro naklebi codva aqvs Cadenili

adamians, miT ufro sufTaa igi, miT ufro

uyvars RmerTs da miT ufro warmatebulia

igi... socialuri warmateba meoradia, mTa­

varia RmerTs uyvarde~ (mamakaci muslimTa jgufidan).

marTlmadidebelTa jgufSic aRiareben, rom `warmatebis

gasaRebi RmerTis morCilebaSia~ da rom warmateba trans­

cendentuli Zalis mier xdeba da mis gareSe es SeuZlebe­

lia. Tumca, muslimebisagan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebeli

morwmuneebi aRniSnaven, rom adamians SeuZlia sxva gzas

daadges, anu airCios rwmenis gareSe cxovreba da es misi

piradi pasuxismgeblobis saqmea. aramorwmune adamiani ve­

rasodes dakmayofildeba miRweuliT da warmateba misTvis

104

mxolod droebiTi movlena iqneba; es moSlis warmatebis

zRvars da misken ukontrolo swrafvam adamians SeiZleba

mZime codvebic ki Caadeninos:

„warmatebas maSin vaRwev, roca RmerTis

nebas vasruleb. roca adamiani asrulebs

RmerTis nebas, imdeni yovelTvis aqvs, rom

bednieri iyos ... warmatebis gasaRebi Rmer­

Tis morCilebaSia~ (qali marTlmadidebelTa jgufidan).

„warmatebas sWirdeba RmerTis rwmena da

Tu rwmena ar gaxlavs, bolomde ver daixar­

jebi. yovelTvis geqneba daukmayofileblobis

gancda da erT mSvenier dRes SeiZleba Tavic

dakargo. es yvela adamianma unda gaacnobie­

ros~ (mamakaci marTlmadidebelTa jgufidan).

protestantebis jgufSi Sromis wili warmatebis miRwe­

vaSi didia; RmerTis rwmena mniSvnelovania, Tumca, rwmenis

siZliere ar aris warmatebis garantia – morwmune adamia­

ni SeiZleba warumatebelic iyos, Tu dakargavs Sromis da

sirTuleebTan (dabrkolebebTan) brZolis survils. vinmes

warmateba Tu warumatebloba ar aris aucileblobiT gan­

sazRvruli – es adamianis Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli, anu

warmateba unda moipovo. Tumca, warmatebis mosapoveblad

RmerTis wyaloba aucilebelia:

„arsebobs am qveyanaze simdidris mopove­

bis principebi. Tu am swor principebs miyvebi,

maSin warmatebas miaRwev. RmerTi daglocavs,

Tumca, Sen Tavad unda gamoiCino Zalisxmeva.

me minaxavs adamianebi, romelTac far­xmali

dauyriaT da uari uTqvamT cxovrebaSi wins­

vlaze, roca raime dabrkoleba SexvedriaT.

Cven unda vibrZoloT imisTvis, rom raRac ga­

105

vakeToT am samyaroSi da amisaTvis vitanjoT

kidec... zogi adamiani fiqrobs, rom radgan

morwmunea, yvelaferi TiTqos iolad unda

movides. Cven SeiZleba gvjerodes gamarjve­

bis, magram ar unda gvjerodes imis, rom es

gamarjveba iolad mova. amisTvis Sromaa saWi­

ro. Tu Sromas da rwmenas SearTeb, maSin war­

matebac mova~ (mamakaci baptistTa jgufidan).

aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianuli religiuri jgufis we­

vrebi uaryofen bedisweras da aRniSnaven, rom maTi mrwam­

sis mixedviT, adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa da TviT aSenebs

sakuTar cxovrebas. Tumca, marTmadididelebis jgufSi

bevri daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom cxovrebiseul warmate­

baSi mniSvnelovan (Tumca, ara gadamwyvet) rols TamaSobs

iRbali. sxva sityvebiT, dominanturi (marTlmadidebluri)

religiis mimdevrebi adamianis bedis determinantebs Soris

met wonas aniWeben gare faqtorebs (iRbalis tipis), vidre

Sinagans. es niSnavs, rom qarTvel marTlmadideblebSi

kontrolis lokusi ufro eqsternaluria, vidre sxva aRm­

sareblobis warmomadgenlebSi (am sakiTxze ufro detalu­

rad ix. qvemoT).

4. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom iehovas mowmeTa jgufi

warmatebas adamianis cxovrebisTvis aragadamwyvet, meorad

mniSvnelobas aniWebs. maTi azriT, warmatebam SesaZloa

`axal cxovrebaSi~4 dabrunebasac SeuSalos xeli; anu, Se­

saZloa, arsebobdes garkveuli konfliqti saero warmate­

bul da religiur cxovrebas Soris.

4 iehovas mowmeTa rwmenis mixedviT, gardacvalebis Semdeg mox­deba maTi mkvdreTiT aRdgoma qristes meored mosvlis Semdeg. is, vinc RmerTis mier gamarTldeba, samudamod damkvidrdeba dedamiwaze ‘axal samyaroSi’

106

marTlmadideblebi da muslimebi warmatebas naklebad

ganixilaven religiur cxovrebasTan konfliqtSi. Tum­

ca, arc erTi dasaxelebuli religiuri jgufis wevri ar

Tvlis, rom warmateba saero cxovrebaSi dakavSirebulia

religiur saiqio cxovrebasTan/cxonebasTan. morwmuneni ar

Tvlian, rom am or movlenas (warmateba da cxoneba) Soris

pirdapiri urTierTkavSiria.

amasTan, rogorc aRiniSna, marTlmadidebluri jgufis

wevrebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben socialuri kav­

Sirebis rols warmatebis misaRwevad. mniSvnelovania gani­

sazRvros, Tu rogor eTanadeba morwmuneTa religiuri

Rirebulebebi warmatebis Sesaxeb msgavsi warmodgenebis

arsebobas.

2.7.2. fulisa da drois dazogvasTan (momWirneobas-Tan) dakavSirebuli atitudebi

saqarTvelos realobaSi arc erTi religiuri Temi ar

iwonebs azartul TamaSebis gziT fulis Sovnis SesaZle­

blobas. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli niuansuri gansxvave­

bebi:

a) marTlmadidebelTa jgufi yvelaze xisti da rezisten­

tulia azartuli TamaSebis mimarT da ar eTanxmeba imasac

ki, rom kazinoSi naSovni fuli SeiZleba keTili saqmeebis

gakeTebas moxmardes;

b) ramdenadme gansxvavebulia baptistebis jgufis mosa­

zrebebi: jer­erTi, maT erTmaneTisagan gamijnes azartuli

TamaSebis nairsaxeobebi `simZimis~ mixedviT: latariis Tama­

Si yvelaze msubuqi (Sesabamisad, misaRebi) aRmoCnda maTTvis,

gansxvavebiT kazinoSi TamaSisagan, romelic yvelaze ufro

miuRebelia; meore mxriv, baptistebma, mkveTrad uaryofiTi

ganwyobis miuxedavad, ar gamoricxes, rom kazinoSi moge­

buli fuli SeiZleba `gakeTilSobildes~ – is moxmardes

107

gaWirvebulebs, an eklesiis aSenebas, Tundac, eklesiisTvis

gadacemas Sewirulobis saxiT. es niSnavs, rom baptistebi

saubroben uSromlad naSovni fulis garkveulad daxarjvis

mizaSewonilobaze, maSin rodesac marTlmadideblebi aseTi

gziT naSovni fulis daxarjvis aranair mizanSewonilobas

ar iziareben.

„azartul TamaSebSi CarTuli adamiani

daavadebulia da mas Wkua ar moekiTxeba...

am gziT naSovni fulis patiosani miznebiT

gamoyenebaze laparakic ki zedmetia...~ (qali marTlmadidebelTa jgufidan).

„gaaCnia, romel azartul TamaSzea sau­

bari; piradad me vTvli, rom sazogadoebaSi

ufro miRebulia latariiT Tanxis mogeba,

vidre kazinoTi. kazino da totalizatori

miuRebelia, lataria – ufro metad nebadar­

Tuli~ (mamakaci baptistebis jgufidan).

„kazino Zalian cudia, Tumca is mainc

unda gaakeTos kacma, rom iq naSovni fuli

keTil saqmeebs moaxmaros~ (qali baptistebis jgufidan).

aRsaniSnavia, rom baptistebma da iehovas mowmeebma,

marTlmadideblebisagan gansxvavebiT, ramdenjerme aR­

niSnes, rom maTi religia aswavliT drois menejments.

2.7.3. Tavisufali drois mimarT uaryofiTi damokide-buleba

rogorc literaturis (saerTaSoriso kvlevebis), ise am

kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli eqspertuli gamokiTxvebis

analizi aCvenebs, religiisa da Tavisufali drois mimar­

Teba, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc binaruli

108

opozicia, xolo, meore mxriv, rogorc kongruentuli. maT

Soris opoziciis (mniSvnelobaTa sxvadasxvaobis) safuZvels

qmnis imis mtkiceba, rom maSin, rodesac religia socialuri

cxovrebis stabilizacias emsaxureba garkveuli tradiciu­

li (xanieri) moqmedebebisaTvis sakraluri mniSvnelobebis

miniWebiT, Tavisufali dro gvevlineba rogorc adamianuri

gamoxatvis mamoZravebeli, anu sivrce profanuli saqmiano­

bisaTvis (Ibrahim, 1982). meore mxriv, religia da Tavisufa­

li dro SeiZleba `TanamSromlobdes~ im azriT, rom ada­

mianuri gamoxatvis esa Tu is forma, Tavisufali drois

farglebSi, CaiTvalos misaRebad da sxva – miuReblad, anu

pasuxi gaeces SekiTxvas – sad sruldeba adamianis Tavisu­

fali gamoxatvis sferoSi sakraluri da iwyeba profanuli?

sxvadasxva religia am SekiTxvaze gansxvavebulad pasuxobs,

Tumca, maT Soris saerToc arsebobs.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tavisufali drois mimarT

uaryofiT damokidebulebas sxvadasxva konteqsti aqvs. erT­

erTi (Tumca, ZiriTadi) konteqstia is, rodesac Tavisufa­

li dro gagebulia rogorc drois uqmad xarjva. am azriT,

Tavisufali dro upirispirdeba Sromas. Tavisufali drois

aseT gagebas emijnebian rogorc yvela religiuri aRmsare­

blobis matarebeli adamianebi, ise – aramorwmuebic. drois

uqmad xarjva igivea, rac sizarmace. sizarmacis mimarT Seu­

rigebloba ikveTeba yvela fokus jgufSi. damokidebuleba

zogadad ase SeiZleba aRiweros: zarmacebi abezari adamia­

nebi (busybodies) arian, romlebic ar Sromoben da tvirTad

awvebian sxvebs, sxvaTa Sromis monapovars iTviseben da

parazitul garemos amkvidreben.

Tavisufali drois negatiuri gageba (anu, drois uqmad

xarjva, sizarmace) isaa, rac unda daiZlios, xolo daZle­

vis erT­erTi strategiaa Tavisufali drois maqsimaluri

SezRudva, drois aCqareba, anu im SegrZnebis gamomuSaveba,

rom dro Zalian swrafad gadis da amitom bevri ramis gake­

Tebas ver vaswrebT.

109

Tu drois uqmad xarjvis (sizarmacis, Sromaze uaris Tqmis) uaryofiT konteqsts ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, Ta­visufali drois cneba relatiuria da pirobiTi. kerZod, Tavisufali dro yovelTvis aris `raRacisagan gaTavisuf­leba~, anu, martivad, erTi saqmidan meoreze gadarTva. maga­liTad, imis Tqma, rom `Tavisufal dros wigns vkiTxulob~ mxolod imas niSnavs, rom es aris dro, romelic sxva saqmis keTebisagan (mag., samsaxurisagan, saojaxo saqmeebisagan da sxv.) gamoaTavisufla adamianma. am azriT, Tavisufali dro, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobs – is yovelTvis `datvirTu­lia~ SinaarsiT. Tavisufali drois mimarT negatiuri an pozitiuri damokidebulebis kidev erTi (alternatiuli) konteqsti swored imis mixedviT yalibdeba, Tu ra tipis saqmianobiT xdeba drois Sevseba. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZ­leba mivuTiToT gansxvavebebze, erTi mxriv, morwmuneebsa da aramorwmuneebs, xolo, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva aRmsare­blobis mqone jgufebs Soris:

1. is, rac yvela aRmsareblobis morwmuneebs da aramorw­muneebs erTmaneTTan aaxloebs, isaa, rom isini cal­saxad uaryofiTad afaseben im `Tavisufal~ dros, romelic usargeblo (an, miT ufro, saziano) saq­miT ivseba. sasargeblo saqmeebis CamonaTvali, Tavis mxriv, didia da moicavs yvelafers, rac sakuTari Ta­vis, an sxvebis ganviTarebas xmardeba. rogorc kaTo­likeTa jgufis erT­erTi warmomadgeneli aRniSnavs, `Tavisufal dros nayofieri fiqric ki sasargeblo saqmea~. erT­erT marTlmadidebel morwmunes mohyavs fragmenti bibliidan: `da bolos, Zmano, rac ki ram WeSmaritia, rac patiosani, rac samarTliania, rac wmi­daa, rac sayvarelia, rac saqebelia, saTno da qebuli, masze ifiqreT~ (filipelTa mimarT, Tavi 4:8).5

5 biblia 2013: 963.

110

2. morwmuneebsa da aramorwmuneebs Soris gansxvaveba,

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, mdgomareobs aqcentebis

dasmaSi, Tu ra CaiTvalos sasargeblo saqmed Tavi­

sufali drois pirobebSi. qristiani morwmuneebi,

bunebrivia, iziareben imas, rom sasargeblo saqme,

upirveles yovlisa, RmerTis sityvis, anu ZiriTadi

mcnebebis aRsrulebaSia, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara

RmerTis mimarT samsaxuri. jgufuri diskusiis erT­

erT respondents mohyavs fraza bibliidan: `amrigad, WamT, svamT Tu sxva rames akeTebT, yvelaferi RvTis sadideblad akeTeT~ (pirveli korinTelTa mimarT,

Tavi 10:31).6 aqedan gamomidinare, iseTi saqmiano­

bebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, locva, sakvirao wir­

vaze daswreba da a.S. sasargeblo, metic – sakralur

(sacred), wminda Sromad CaiTvleba Tavisufal dros.

aramorwmuneebSi aqcenti gadatanilia iseT profa­

nul saqmianobebze Tavisufali drois Sesavsebad,

rasac uSualo kavSiri RmerTTan ara aqvs da ufro

metad socialur, yoveldRiur aqtivobebs ukavSir­

deba (aseTia, magaliTad, wignis kiTxva, kinoSi an Tea­

trSi wasvla da sxv.). Tumca, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva

religiebisTvis ucxo arc profanuli saqmianobebis

waxalisebaa Tavisufali drois pirobebSi.

3. sxvadasxva religiebs Soris gansxvaveba Tavisufal

drosTan mimarTebaSi ZiriTadad imaSi gamoixateba,

Tavisufal dros ganxorcielebuli romeli saqmia­

noba unda CaiTvalos sakralurad („wmindad~) da

romeli – ara. islamis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis

(Ibrahim, 1982) azriT, islami ar emuqreba Tavisufal

dros da ar axdens drois mkacr sanqcirebas. metic,

6 biblia 2013: 940.

111

islamur qveynebSi gacilebiT metia religiuri uqme

dReebi, vidre qristianul qveynebSi. Tavisufali

drois farglebSi legitimuri tradiciuli saqmia­

nobebi moicavs poezias, simReras, musikas da cekvas,

Tumca, islami tolerantulia iseTi aqtivobebis mi­

marTac, rogoricaa sporti, televizia, kino da sxv.

rogorc cnobilia, Tavisufali drois mimarT yvelaze

mkacri da negatiuri damokidebulebiT, tradiciulad, pro­

testantizmi gamoirCeva. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, veberis

Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, weren, rom protestantuli eTika,

rogorc pirovnuli msoflaRqma, sam komponents moicavs:

pirveli es aris damokidebuleba (atitudi): adamianma unda

iSromos dauRalavad da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, Tavidan

aicilos Tavisufali dro; meore komponenti aris Rirebu­

leba: SromiTi aqtivobebi kargia, xolo Tavisufal dro­

Si ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebi – ara; mesame komponenti

aris rwmena: muxlCauxreli SromiT adamianebi im rwmenis

demonstrirebas axdenen, rom isini rCeulTa ricxvSi arian

(Stebbins, 2004: 25). Sesabamisad, Sroma da Tavisufali dro

binarul opoziciad yvelaze Tanmimdevrulad protestan­

tizmSi yalibdeba.

Cveni kvlevis farglebSi, protestantuli TemebTan

(kerZod, baptistebTan) Catarebuli fokus jgufebi ar

aCvenebs protestantuli eTikisTvis damaxasiaTebel `sim­

kacres~ Tavisufal drosTan mimarTebaSi. maTi atitudebi

msgavsia marTlmadideblebis da kaTolikebis. isini aRniS­

naven, rom eklesia da maTi moZRvrebi ar uweseben mkacr

SezRudvebs Tavisufali drois gamoyenebasTan dakavSire­

biT.

marTlmadideblebis da kaTolikebis jgufebSi gazia­

rebulia mosazreba, rom Tavisufali drois Semadgeneli

nawili SeiZleba iyos rekreaciuli saqmianobebi, rogori­

caa sporti, seirnoba, TamaSebi, wveulebebi da a.S. Tumca,

112

mTavari piroba aq isaa, rom aseTma saqmianobebma ar dakar­

gos kavSiri sulierebasTan.

`fizikuri varjiSebi da sportiT dakaveba Za­lian kargia, radgan adamianebs exmareba sxeulis marTvaSi... sxeulze zrunvas eklesia ar gviSlis, Tumca es ar unda gadaizardos sxeulis kultSi~ (axalgazrda mamakaci marTlmadidebelTa jgu­

fidan).

`sporti da varjiSi kargia, Tumca sport­sac gaaCnia... ai, magaliTad, aviRoT kiqboqsingi. momxdara ise, rom sportis am saxeobas moTama­Sis sikvdili gamouwvevia ringze. es amoralu­ria, winaaRmdegobaSia sulierebasTan da qris­tianobasTan. codvaSi dgam fexs, Tu am sportiT xar gatacebuli~ (axalgazrda gogo marTlmadi­debelTa jgufidan).

profanuli (saero) saqmianobebis `spiritualistur~ le­

gitimacias xazs usvamen, agreTve, muslimTa Temis warmo­

madgenlebi. fokus jgufis monawile muslimebma ganacxades,

rom arsebobs saqmianobebi, romelTa Sesruleba muslimebs

Tundac Tavisufali drois pirobebSi ekrZalebaT, magali­

Tad, kazinoSi TamaSi, alkoholis gayidva, adamianis gamo­

saxulebis daxatva da sxv.

`muhamed Suamavalma suraTi ar datova,

radgan kerpad ar qceuliyo. mere karikatura

daxates da muslimebma es gavaprotesteT... qals

ekrZaleba simRera, roca irgvliv ucxo mamaka­

cebia.. azartuli TamaSebi adamianebs aboro­

tebs, sxvebs Senianad ki ara, mtrebad aRiqvam,

romlebic unda daamarcxo...~ (qarTveli muslimi mamakaci aWaris regionidan).

113

Tavisufali drois farglebSi religiuri ritualebis

(locva, wirvaze daswreba, ziareba da a.S.) Sesruleba sakra­

lur Sromad iTvleba yvela religiur jgufSi. Tumca, marT­

lmadidebelTa jgufis nawilSi mxardaWerilia Tvalsazrisi,

rom religiur ritualebSi monawileoba morwmuneTaTvis ara

mxolod Tavisufali drois Semadgeneli, aramed, zogadad,

Sromis legitimuri praqtikaa. sxvanairad Tu vityviT, marT­

lmadidebeli morwmuneebi axdenen religiur praqtikebSi

CarTvis, rogorc gansazRvruli Sromis, universalizacias. maTTvis is adamiani, vinc mxolod religiuri ritualebis

SesrulebiT aris dakavebuli, sul mcire, dasaZraxi ar aris

da ver vityviT, rom is asocialuria. diskusiis zogierTi

monawile aseT Sromas `sulier Sromas~ uwodebs. zogi kidev

ufro Sors midis da ambobs, rom religiuri ritualebis

Sesruleba fizikur datvirTvasac moiTxovs da amitom fizi­

kuri Sromis kategoriasac ganekuTvneba.

`metaniebis Sesrulebis dros fizikuri da­

tvirTva Sromaa, aseve wirvaze daswreba – mTeli

am drois ganmavlobaSi dgaxar eklesiaSi, es ki

Sromaa. kaTolikur eklesiaSi skamebia, sxedan da

ise ismenen locvas, CvenTan es ase araa da morw­

munes fizikuri gamZleoba moeTxoveba~ (qali

marTlmadidebelTa jgufidan).

sxva religiuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebma marTlma­

dideblebisagan gansxvavebuli pozicia gamoxates. isini ar

uaryofen, rom religiur ritualebSi monawileobac Sro­

maa, Tumca ar aris mosawoni, Tu vinmesTvis es erTaderTi

(an, ZiriTadi) saqmianoba iqneba (ar igulisxmebian isini,

vinc religiur institutebSi muSaobs). aramarTlmadide­

bluri religiuri jgufebis es pozicia, aSkarad Tu la­

tenturad, gulisxmobs imasac, rom religiuri ritualebis

Sesruleba arsebiTad Tavisufali droisTvis adekvaturi

Sromaa. Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aseTi Sroma nakle­

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bad Rirebulia, piriqiT, is SeiZleba socialur Sromaze

aRmatebuladac ki CaiTvalos.

„Cemi azriT – ki, locva Sromaa. Tumca, Tu

adamiani marto loculobs da ar Sromobs, ojaxi

mSieri hyavs, maSin ar vamarTleb... arajansaRia,

roca adamiani pasuxismgeblobas iRebs ojaxze

da gadawyvets, rom locvaa mxolod arsebobis

nawili...~ `TviTon macxovari ambobs mociqule­

bad gaqcieT axla wadiT iSromeT da sxvebic

aSromeT... ~ (mosazrebebi gamoTqmuli baptistTa jgufSi).

„Cven vSromobT imisaTvis, rom viarseboT da

varsebobT imisTvis, rom RmerTs vemsaxuroT.

orive aris Sroma. religiuri ritualebi dgas

Sromaze maRla da amitom hqvia RvTismsaxure­

ba...~ (muslimi mamakaci).

„yuranidan viciT, roca muhamedis erTi me­

gobari mxolod loculobda da ar Sromobda...

is sul ritualebs asrulebda. muhamedma es akr­

Zala. man Tqva, rom adamians Wirdeba dasvenebac,

Sromac da ritualebis Sesrulebac. Sesabamisad,

araa daSvebuli religiiT, rom adamiani 24 saa­

Ti religiur ritualebs asrulebdes.~ (mamakaci muslimTa jgufidan).

„morwmune adamiani mxolod sakuTar Tavze

Tu zrunavs, codvas Cadis – Cveni religia gvi­

gegmavs dros: 8 saaTi ZilisTvis gvaqvs ganku­

Tvnili 8 saaTi – SromisTvis, danarCeni 8 saaTi

ki RvTismsaxurebisTvis (locva, yuranis kiTxva

da sxv.). dro tyuilad ar unda gavflangoT,

yoveli wami gamosayenebelia~ (qali muslimTa jgufidan).

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2.7.4. kontrolis internaluri lokusi

rogorc cnobilia, kontrolis internaluri lokusi efuZneba imis aRiarebas, rom yvelaferi, rac adamianis cxovrebaSi xdeba (sulerTia, kargi Tu cudi) gamowveulia adamianis mier kontrolirebadi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa adamianis atitudi, mzaoba, Zalisxmeva da a.S. amisagan gansx­vavebiT, kontrolis eqsternaluri lokusi efuZneba imis aRiarebas, rom adamianis cxovreba, arsebiTad, imarTeba iseTi faqtorebiT, romelTa gakontroleba an Secvla ada­mians ar SeuZlia (es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos socialuri garemo, RmerTi, bediswera da a.S).

religiur TemebSi, cxadia, kontrolis internaluri lokusi ukavSirdeba warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad determinirebulia adamiani RmerTis arsebobiT, sad gadis zRvari adamianis Tavisuflebasa da TviTnebobas Soris, ramdenad zRudavs gangeba adamianis Tavisufal nebas, aris Tu ara adamiani pasuxismgebeli sakuTar cxovrebaze, aqvs Tu ara realuri arCevani da a.S.

es sakmaod kompleqsuri sakiTxia da sxvadasxva religiu­ri swavleba sxvadasxvanairad uyurebs adamianis Tavisuf­lebis problemas. kvlevaSi CarTuli eqspertebi (sasuliero pirebi da Teologebi) Semdeg gansxvavebebze miuTiTeben:

i. qristianuli anTropologia, kerZod, marTlmadide­bloba da kaTolicizmi, uaryofs fatalizms, bedis­weras (maT Soris okultur­astrologiur determi­nacias) da aRiarebs, rom adamiani pirovnuli arse­baa da ara brma buneba. amaSia misi, rogorc `RvTis xatis~ arsi. RvTis xatad yofna pirvel rigSi Tavi­sufal da sakuTar qmedebaze pasuxismgebel arsebad

yofnas niSnavs.7

7 eqspertebs magaliTad mohyavT wm. ioane oqropiris sityvebi: `ar arsebobs sxva imdenad zadiani da ukurnebeli swavleba, rogorc

116

ii. gansxvavebulia protestantizmis swavleba, romelic aRiarebs `winaswargansazRvrulobis~ (‘predestination’) ideas. am ideis Tanaxmad, mxolod RmerTi irCevs imas, Tu vin cxondeba. adamianis, rogorc codvilis, xsna ar aris damokidebuli imaze, rogor moiqceva is. codviT dacemis Semdeg adamianma Tavisufali neba dakarga da igi borotebas sCadis ara Tavisuf­lebidan, aramed aucileblobidan gamomdinare. ada­miani codvilia Tavisi arsiT: codva gansazRvravs mis suls, gonebas, emociebs da sxeuls. amdenad, misi raimegvari cxovreba ver iqneba winapiroba cxonebi­saTvis. RmerTi axorcielebs e.w. `upirobo arCevans~ (‘unconditional election’) da winaswar gansazRvravs zogis­Tvis cxonebas, xolo zogisTvis – warwymedas, maTi sulieri mdgomareobisa da cxovrebis wesis miuxe­davad. kalvinizmis mixedviT, RmerTma ara mxolod morwmuneebs, aramed aramorwmuneebsac uboZa cxo­vrebis Semdgomi maradiuli xsna (cxoneba). arcerT, Tundac yvelaze Rrmad morwmunes ar SeuZlia am gansazRvrulobis Secvla. es doqtrina morwmuneSi aRZravs SfoTvis (wuxilis) mwvave gancdas, romelic ar SeiZleba gadailaxos sakraluri aqtebis, kargi qcevebis an eklesiisadmi Sewirulobebis saSualebiT.

swavleba gangebisa da bedisweris Sesaxeb. Tuki aucilebelia moxdes bedisagan gansazRvruli maSinac, rodesac dauRalavad vmuSaobT da maSinac, rodesac gvZinavs, nu Seabams uRelSi xarebs miwaTmoqmedi, nu gamoitans saxniss, nu gaWris kvals, nu dasTess, nu elis wlis xelsayrel dros, nu itans sicives, xangrZliv wvimas, ubedurebebs da Sromas mTeli wlis manZilze, nu lesavs namgals da nu mkis daTesil purs, nu lews TavTavs, nu rgavs da nu elis mcenareebs, – moicilos miwaTmoqmedis yvela zrunva, dajdes saxlSi da iZinos: Tuki yvelaferi bedisgan ueWvelad aqvs daniSnuli, sikeTe TavisiT miuva saxlSi… ratom ar gadawyvetT ase moqcevas, Tuki marTlac gjeraT bedisa?..~

117

kalvinizmi uaryofs msgavsi aqtebis legitimurobas, radgan maT uyurebs rogorc magiuri praqtikebis analogiurs da, amdenad, crus. Tumca, SfoTvam SeiZ­leba gamosavali hpovos saero asketizmis istoriu­lad Camoyalibebul formaSi, rodesac morwmuneebi mTel Tavis energias axmaren TavianTi saqmianobis, `xelobis~ (Beruf) racionalur, mowesrigebul praq­tikas, rogorc RvTis wyalobisadmi maTi madliere­bis gamoxatulebas. Sesabamisad, ar iqneba swori imis Tqma, rom, `winaswargansazRvrulobis~ aRiarebis miuxedavad, protestantizmi kontrolis eqsterna­lur lokusze Tanmimdevrul aqcents svams – racio­naluri Sromis eTika protestantizmSi kontrolis internaluri lokusis paraleluri dinebis Semota­nas niSnavs.

iii. winaswargansazRvrulobis ideas kidev ufro Tanmi­mdevrulad da mkacrad iziarebs islami. muslimur monoTeizmTan dakavSirebulia alahisadmi absolu­turi morCilebis idea, romlis mixedviT yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi xdeba, winaswaraa ganzraxuli da auci­leblobiT marTuli. yvelaferi alahis nebiT xdeba, alahi arasodes uSvebs Secdomas, yoveli adamiani Seqmnilia mis mier da yvela adamianis bedi ukve mis gaCenamdea cnobili. amdenad, adamianis amqveyniuri cxovreba ar SeiZleba gamodges `testad~ misi xsnis­Tvis – xsnac da jojoxeTic ukve winaswar gansa­zRvrulia alahis mier. adamianebs arafris Secvla ar SeuZliaT. Sesabamisad, maT ar SeiZleba hqondeT Tavisufali neba. adamianis yoveli saqme, keTilica da borotic, winaswar gansazRvrulia. adamiani ar irCevs, Caidinos sikeTe Tu boroteba. amdenad, mas ar ZaluZs win aRudges borotebas, magram RmerTs

SeuZlia borotebis qmnisaTvis dasajos adamiani.

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misdevs Tu ara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva religiur Te­

mebSi arsebuli warmodgenebi da damokidebulebebi reli­

giur swavlebaTa paradigmebs?

marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa TemebSi gamokveTi­

lia pozicia, rom adamians SeuZlia sakuTari cxovrebis

marTva da is bedisweris mona ar aris. `sakuTari cxovrebis

marTvaSi~ ki Sromis faqtors erT­erTi gadamwyveti roli

akisria. diskusiis monawile marTlmadideblebi acxadebd­

nen, rom SromiT da pirovnuli ZalisxmeviT adamians SeuZ­

lia gansazRvros sakuTari momavali da Secvalos sakuTari

cxovreba. es, cxadia, kontrolis internalur lokusis ar­

sebobaze miuTiTebs.

„ar mjera bedisweris arsebobis. adamia­

nis cxovreba mis xelSia da SeuZlia iseTi

mimarTuleba misces da ise iyos, rogorc mas

unda... saqarTvelodan dResdReobiT uamravi

adamiani gasulia, aq Zalian gaWirvebulebi

rom iyvnen, iq sakuTari SromiT miaRwies bevr

rames, Secvales Tavisi mdgomareoba~ (qalba­toni marTlmadidebelTa jgufidan).

sainteresoa, rom bedisweris uaryofis miuxedavad,

marTl madidebelTa jgufSi iziareben `iRbalis~, `gamarT­lebis~ faqtoris mniSvnelobas. iRbalia is, roca `saWiro dros saWiro adgilas aRmoCndebi.~ iRbalze aqcentireba

niSnavs iracionaluris, SemTxveviTobis Semotanas cxovre­

bis nakadSi, rac ar SeiZleba gakontroldes adamianis mier

da, amdenad, kontrolis eqsternalur lokuss warmoadgens.

gansxvavebuli pozicia gamoikveTa muslimTa jgufSi:

muslimebi aRiareben bedisweris arsebobas da imas, rom

`alahma yvelaferi icis~; Tumca, imasac aRniSnaven, rom ada­

mianis cxovrebaSi warmatebis miRwevaSi Tu warumateblo­

baSi RmerTi `uSualod~ ar monawileobs. alahi ganapiro­

bebs imas, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia adamians, anu windawinve

119

gansazRvravs adamianis unar­Cvevebs da maTi gamoyenebis

Sansebs, romelTa Secvla adamians ar SeuZlia.

„alahma yvelaferi icis, magram is ar aris

warmatebaSi xelis SemSleli. marTalia, Rmer­

Tma icoda miaRwevdi Tu ara Sen warmatebas,

magram es ar niSnavs, rom amitom ver miaR­

wie. RmerTi xels ar giSlis. Tu adamiani ar

an ver aRwevs warmatebas, es ar niSnavs, rom

RmerTma ganapiroba. RmerTma ubralod ico­

da winaswar, rom Sen ar gqonda unari da ver

miaRwevdi. am mxriv, SeuZlebelia bedisweris

Secvla~ (mamakaci muslimTa jgufidan).

2.7.5. Sroma rogorc mizani TavisTavad

sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mimdevarTa warmodgenebi

Sro masTan, rogorc mniSvnelad mizanTan, mimarTebaSi xasia­

Tdeba rogorc msgavsebebiT, aseve gansxvavebebiT. msgavsi

struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi Semdegia:

a) Sroma gaigeba adamianis erT­erT yvelaze mniSvnelo­

van moRvaweobis sferod;

b) Sroma da Sromis formebi axdens gavlenas adamianis

rogorc saaqao, aseve gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovre­

baze (gamonaklisia iehovas mowmeTa jgufi, romel­

Tac ar swamT sulis ukvdavebis);

g) Sromis gziT adamiani pasuxismgeblobas iRebs ro­

gorc mikro socialur jgufze (ojaxi, sanaTesao,

Temi) aseve, ufro farTo gagebiT, Sroma aris pa­

suximgebloba qveynis winaSe, an, kidev ufro farTo

pasuxismgebloba kacobriobis winaSe. marTlmadide­

belTa jgufSi, Sromis motivaciis Sesaxeb saubri­

120

sas, Camoyalibda saintereso opozicia: Sromismoyva­

reoba – pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. erTma monawilem

(qalma) aRniSna (ganzogadebis tendenciiT), rom samu­

Saos kargad asrulebs ara imitom, rom Sromismoyva­

rea, aramed pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gamo.

Sromis gageba sulis cxonebasTan mimarTebaSi gansxvave­

bulad esmiT religiuri aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebs.

marTlmadidebeli jgufis warmomadgenelTa azriT, Sroma

mniSvnelovani instrumentia codvisgan Tavis dasacavad.

mocemuli xedvis logika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Sromis

dros adamiani dakavebulia da mas ar aqvs saSualeba codva Caidinos. mocemuli midgoma Sromas warmoadgens rogorc

Tavdacvis instruments, romelic sulis cxonebaSi gvexma­

reba, ramdenadac Sromis procesi adamians icavs codvis

Cadenisgan. mniSvnelovania, rom msgavsi damokidebuleba

gvxvdeba iehovas mowmeebSic.

diskusiebis monawileebi ganixilaven Sromas sxva qmede­

bebTan erTad, rogoricaa dasveneba, locva da sxva. mus­

limebis azriT, Sromas iseTive Rirebuleba aqvs sulis

gadarCenisaTvis, rogorc locvas. Sromis gareSe cxovreba

iseTive codvaa, rogorc locvaze uaris Tqma. cxovrebis

sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis Tanabrad ganawileba muslime­

bisTvis sulis cxonebis mniSvnelovani gzaa. fokus jgufis

monawilem moiyvana magaliTi yuranidan muhamedis erT­er­

Ti megobris Sesaxeb, romelic mxolod loculobda, razec

muhamedma usayvedura da uTxra, rom Sromac aucilebeli

siqvelea RvTis winaSe, rogorc locva. es paradigma mniS­

vnelovani iyo muslimTa fokus jgufis monawileebisaTvis.

mocemuli warmodgena struqturulad gansxvavebulia

marTlmadidebluri xedvisgan, sadac sulierebis kompo­

nenti – gandegiloba/beroba – sulieri moRvaweobis maqsi­

mumia saaqao cxovrebaSi da Sromaze maRla dgas. maSasadame,

muslimebisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadideblebi sulis cxo­

121

nebisaTvis ufro did mniSvnelobas locvas aniWeben. Sroma

mxolod erT­erTi safuZvelia cxonebisaTvis.

mniSvnelovania, rom iehovas mowmeebis TemSi locva ro­

gorc religiuri praqtika ar gvxvdeba. maTive gancxadebiT,

maTi religiuri saqmianoba wminda werilis (biblia) ganmar­tebebi da qadagebaa. Sesabamisad, maT yoveldRiur cxovre­

baSi qadageba da bibliis ganmartebebSi monawileoba cal­

calke struqturirebuli ar aris. religiur SekrebebSi mo­

nawileoba SeiZleba miviCnioT sxva aRmsareblobebSi arse­

buli locviTi komponentis an RvTis msaxurebis funqcio­

nalur analogiad, iehovas Temis warmomadgenlebi amboben,

rom maTi moRvaweoba Tanabradaa ganawilebuli Sromasa

da qadagebas/ganmartebebs Soris. yvela maTgani cdilobs

hqondes iseTi samsaxuri, romelic Sromisa da religiuri

saqmianobis Sejerebas SeZlebs.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom religiur ritualebSi

monawileobis aucileblobas yvelaze metad iehovas reli­

giuri jgufi usvams xazs. Tu marTlmadidebelTaTvis da

muslimTaTvis religiur ritualebSi monawileobis armiRe­

ba SesaZlebelia kompensirdes sxva aqtivobebiT (sxva adgi­

las locva, mowyalebis gacema, aRsareba), iehovas mowmeTa

SemTxvevaSi msgavsi alternatiuli gzebi mkacrad limiti­

rebulia. amasTan, fokus jgufebis analizi cxadyofs, rom

religiis mimdevarTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis struqturi­

rebas yvelaze metad iehovas mowmeTa religia axdens.

amrigad, marTlmadideblebi Sromas da locvas erTmane­

Tisgan struqturulad ganasxvaveben. amasTan, Rirebulebi­

Ti TvalsazrisiTac locvas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWe­

ba sulis cxonebisaTvis. muslimebis SemTxvevaSi ki orive

mimarTuleba mniSvnelovania. amasTan, locva muslimTaTvis

Sromis erT­erTi saxeobaa, xolo marTlmadidebelTaTvis

es ori aqtivoba gansxvavebulia. iehovas mowmeebisaTvis

Sroma mniSvnelovani faqtoria, Tumca, religiis qadageba

da SekrebebSi monawileoba ufro Rirebulia.

122

islamSi sityva `Sromis~ arabuli ekvivalentia ‘camal’, romelic ukavSirdeba Tayvaniscemas (worship), am cnebis far­To mniSvnelobiT. islamSi Tayvaniscemis ritualebs mieku­Tvneba mxolod locva, marxva an piligrimoba (pilgrimage). erT­erTi hadisis mixedviT, `mas, vinc dRis dasasruls daRlilia sakuTari SromiT, mieteveba RmerTis mier.~ is­lamuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, Sroma pozitiuri tvirTia da ara negatiuri.

kidev erTi `Sromis~ ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis sity­va islamSi aris ‘sunc’, rac kreacias an qmnas (xelovnebis an xelosnobis gagebiT) niSnavs. Tumca, aq principuli gansx­vavebaa RmerTis qmnasa da adamianis qmnas Soris; kerZod, adamiani, RmerTisgan gansxvavebiT, ar qmnis raimes arafris­gan (ex nihilo), aramed RmerTis mier ukve Seqmnilis kreatul transformacias axdens: materias gardaqmnis materiad, energiad da piriqiT. garda amisa, adamianis Sroma jildo­Tia motivirebuli da SeiZleba Sesruldes garkveuli jil­dos (maT Soris, fuladi anazRaurebis) sanacvlod.

Tumca, nebismieri saqmianoba kanonier Sromad ver Cai­Tvleba. islamSi Sroma kavSirSia RirsebasTan (arabulad `„Karama~). yuranis mixedviT, Sroma unda Sesruldes iseT garemosa da pirobebSi, romlebic icavs adamianis Rirse­bas. damamcirebeli, saziano Sroma akrZalulia islamSi, miT ufro iseTi, romelic produqtulobis an mogebis gazrdis mizniT dasaqmebulis dehumanizebas uwyobs xels. muslim­Ta erT­erTi winaswarmetyveli, muhamed al­buxari, ambobs: `Tqveni msaxurebi Tqveni Zmebi arian. RmerTma is Tqveni mzrunvelobis qveS moiyvana, amitom aWameT is, rasac Tqven miirTmevT, SemoseT imiT, riTac Tavad imosebiT da ar mis­ceT iseTi samuSao, romelsac ver Seasruleben, xolo Tu ase moiqceviT, miexmareT maT mZime SromaSi.~ 8

8 Sahih Bukhari, Book 2: http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious­texts/hadith/bukhari/002­sbt.php

123

Rirseul Sromas exmianeba islamis 5 fundamenturi sayrdenidan9 erT­erTi – donacia `Zakat~ ). es sayrdeni moi­

Txovs, rom moxdes simdidris garkveuli nawilis donacia

qvelmoqmedebis mizniT. es savaldebulo procesia musli­

mebisTvis, raTa fizikurad da sulierad gawmindon Tavian­

Ti wliuri Semosavali, romelic ametebs maT aucilebel

saWiroebebs. `Zakat~­is mizania mdidrebisa da Raribebis

urTierTobis dabalanseba da Tanasworobisa da urTierT­

pativiscemis, rogorc islamis moraluri swavlebebis, de­

monstracia.

9 es xuTi sayrdenia: 1. sjulis fici (testimony); 2. locva; 3) marxva; 4) qvelmoqmedeba (mowyalebis gacema); 5) meqaSi mogzauroba Tun­dac erTxel cxovrebaSi (piligrimoba).

124

Tavi 3. religiisa da Sromis kulturuli aspeqtebi

socialur-anTropologiuri analizi

3.1. meTodis gamoyenebis mizani da meTodologia

empiriuli masalis kvlevis meTodebad gamoviyeneT e.w.

„fail sortingi“ („dastebad daxarisxeba“) da ranJireba. mo­

cemuli meTodologiis gamoyenebis mizani iyo religiasa da

Sromis eTikas Soris mimarTebis dadgena. ufro konkretu­

lad, `dastebis daxarisxebiT~ unda gamovleniliyo, arse­

bobs Tu ara SeWiduloba Sromasa da religiasTan dakavSi­

rebul sxvadasxva cnebebs Soris; garda amisa, xdeba Tu ara

Sromis klasificireba da RirebulebaTa skalaze Sromis

romeli komponentebi ikavebs upirates adgils.

`fail sortingis~ meTodi ganvaxorcieleT or etapad:

pirvel etapze kvlevaSi CarTul eqspertebs da sxvadasxva

religiis warmomadgenlebs vTxoveT daesaxelebinaT is sak­

vanZo cnebebi, romlebic kavSirSia religiasTan da Sromis

eTikasTan. sul dasaxelda 19 cneba:

1. gonebrivi Sroma

2. dasveneba

3. dro

4. kariera

5. locva

6. marxva

7. mowyalebis gacema

8. piradi higiena

9. rwmena

10. samoTxe

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11. sizarmace

12. sulieri Sroma

13. fizikuri Sroma

14. fuli

15. qadageba

16. RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba

17. Sromismoyvareoba

18. warmateba

19. jojoxeTi

meore etapze kvleva xorcieldeboda ama Tu im denomi­

naciis rigiT morwmuneebTan, kerZod, fokus jgufebis mo­

nawileebTan. is faqti, rom mocemul kvlevaSi monawileobd­

nen rigiTi morwmuneebi, saSualebas gvaZlevs vikvlioT ara

romelime eklesiis religiuri doqtrina, aramed is, Tu

rogor aisaxeba es doqtrinebi rigiTi morwmuneebis Rire­

bulebiT sistemaze da ra gavlenas axdens maT praqtikaze.

informantTa amgvari SerCevis gamarTulobaze miuTiTebs

is faqti, rom xSirad kvlevis sawyis etapze CarTuli sa­

suliero moRvaweebi Tu eqspertebi gadaWarbebul aqcents

akeTebdnen religiuri TvalsazrisiT Sromis mniSvnelovne­

baze. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom Cveulebrivi

morwmuneebi amgvar aqcentebs naklebad svamen.

mokled SevexoT `fail sortingis“ da ranJirebis me­

Todebis empiriul gamoyenebas mocemul kvlevaSi. pirvel

etapze kvlevaSi monawile pirebs eZleoda zemoT aRniSnu­

li cnebebis Semcveli 19 baraTi, romlebic maT unda daej­

gufebinaT. kvlevis procesSi respondentebs hqondaT maqsi­

maluri Tavisufleba, anu jgufebis raodenoba an jgufebSi

cnebebis gaerTianebis kriteriumebi maT Tavad unda ganesa­

zRvraT. analizisaTvis gamoviyeneT anTropagis programa,

romelic `kiTxulobs~ Setanil monacemebs da warmoadgens

maT cnebebis siaxlovis matricis saxiT. analizi xorciel­

deba mravalganzomilebiani skalirebis meTodiT, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs sivrculad warmovidginoT sxvadasxva

obieqtebis siaxlove. kvleva sainteresoa imiTac, rom is

ganxorcielda sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis ada­

mianebSi. kerZod, kvlevaSi monawileobda 6 jgufi: marT­

126

lmadideblebi, baptistebi, iehovas mowmeebi, kaTolikeebi,

muslimebi da adamianebi, romlebic Tavs ar miiCneven morw­

muneebad.

meore davaleba, romelic kvlevaSi monawile pirebs

unda SeesrulebinaT, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom maT unda

moexdinaT mocemuli cxrameti cnebis ranJireba. ranJire­

bis amosavali principi kvlav Tavisufali iyo da Tavad in­

formantebs unda ganesazRvraT. sainteresoa, rom zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, kvlevaSi monawile sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis

pirebi jojoxeTis cnebas rangis miniWebis gareSe tovebd­

nen, rac erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs am cnebis uaryofiT

konotaciaze.

qvemoT detalurad warmogidgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi.

3.2. marTlmadideblebis kognituri ruka daproeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema

sanam uSualod kvlevis Sedegebze gadavidodeT, movi­tanoT gamokiTxvaSi monawile marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dekanozis sityvebi: `qristianuli religiis arc erTi frTa ar ganixilavs adamians, rogorc mxolod zeciuri moqa­laqes. adamians, vidre Seva macxonebel wiaRSi, sWirdeba dedamiwaze cxovrebisaTvis saWiro resursebi. amisaTvis ki bunebrivia, rom saWiroa SromiTi saqmianobis miwesri­geba... marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mixedviT, istoriulad es aris eklesiis swavleba TviTon; Sroma gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, romelic unda dafasdes rogorc saero, ise asketuri cxovrebisas. Tu gadavxedavT qristianuli ber-monazvnebis istorias, davinaxavT, rom monastrebSi Sromas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.~ fokus jgufebis

127

Sedegad gamovlinda, rom narativis doneze marTlmadide­beli morwmuneebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sromas.

diagrama №1-ze asaxulia marTlmadideblebis mier cnebe­bis ganawilebis klasteruli analizis Sedegebi. TiToeuli feriT gamosaxulia erTi klasteri. rogorc diagramidan Cans, marTlmadideblebma 19 cnebisagan Seadgines xuTi klas­teri. pirvel klasterSi gaerTianebulia cnebebi, romlebic religiuri datvirTvisaa an sulier aqtivobas ukavSirdeba: sulieri Sroma, mowyalebis gacema, qadageba, samoTxe, rwmena, marxva, RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba da locva. meore klas­terSi gaerTianebulia cnebebi, romlebic marTlmadidebel­ma morwmuneebma karierul winsvlas daukavSires, kerZod: kariera, Sromismoyvareoba, gonebrivi Sroma da warmateba. mesame klasterSi gaerTianebulia cnebebi – piradi higiena, dasveneba da dro. meoTxe klasterSi gaerTianebulia ori cneba: fizikuri Sroma da fuli, xolo bolo klasteri erTm­niSvnelovnad uaryofiTi konotaciis matarebelia da moi­cavs or cnebas – jojoxeTsa da sizarmaces.

pirveli klasteri mniSvnelovan informacias ar gvawv­dis, radgan aq mxolod religiuri datvirTvis mqone cnebe­bia asaxuli, Tumca, sainteresoa, rom jojoxeTi, romelic aseve religiuri datvirTvis mqone cnebaa, klasterSi ar moxvda. aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom monawileebma cne­bebi ara mxolod religiuri datvirTvis mixedviT gaaer­Tianes, aramed gamoiyenes dajgufebis meore kriteriumic – pozitiuroba-negatiuroba; pirvel klasterSi gaerTiane­bulia dadebiTi konotaciis religiuri cnebebi, romlebic sulis xsnas da samoTxes ukavSirdeba. rac Seexeba jojoxeTs, is calkea gamoyofili negatiuri konotaciis gamo da masTan dakavSirebulia sizarmace. sizarmaces, romelic religiaSi `mconarobis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, eklesia iseTi codvebis saTaved acxadebs, rogoricaa sasowarkveTileba da adamia­nuri vnebebi. sizarmacis mimarT eklesiis radikaluri pozi­

128

cia, rogorc Cans, rigiT morwmuneebsac myarad aqvT gaziare­buli da am cnebas jojoxeTis gverdiT aTavseben.

sainteresoa mesame klasteri. pirad higienaze gadaWar­bebuli zrunva codvaTa Soris ganixileba, iseve rogorc dasveneba ar aris dadebiTi konotaciis matarebeli. sain­teresoa, rom orive es cneba ukavSirdeba dros. marTl­madideblebis kognitur rukaze, gansxvavebiT protestan­tuli religiisagan, dro ar ukavSirdeba arc Sromas da arc kapitalis dagrovebas, aramed iseT aqtivobebs, rom­lebic adamianisagan Tavisufal dros moiTxovs. Sesabami­sad, marTlmadideblebs Soris dro ZiriTadad Tavisufali droa da ara dro, romelic sulier, fizikur an gonebriv Sromas ukavSirdeba.

meore klasterSi gaerTianebuli kategoriebi amqvey­niuri warmatebis amsaxvelia. fokus jgufebis monawileTa TqmiT, warmatebuli adamiani aris is, vinc karierul winas­vlas miaRwia, cnobadi saxea, didi kapitalis an Zalaufle­bis mflobelia. sainteresoa, rom marTlmadidebeli morw­muneebi ar aRiareben arakeTilsindisieri gziT miRweul warmatebas: `SeiZleba adamianma bevri cudi ram gaakeTos karieris gasakeTeblad, SeiZleba viRaca gawiros da Zalian did mwvervalebs miaRwios, magram me aseT adamians war­matebulad ar aRviqvam.~ swored amiT aixsneba is, rom am klasterSi moTavsebulia Sromis eTikasTan dakavSirebuli `Sromismoyvareobis~ cneba.

kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo sami tipis Sroma – sulieri, fi­zikuri da gonebrivi. marTlmadidebel morwmuneebSi war­mateba gonebriv Sromas daukavSirda, radgan, maTi gagebiT, warmateba amqveyniuri sikeTis nawilia. sainteresoa is, rom respondentebma fuli ar daukavSires karieras, Sromismoy­vareobas, warmatebas da gonebriv Sromas. fuli marTlmadi­deblebis kognitur rukaze fizikur Sromas ukavSirdeba da calke klasteris nawilia. rogorc Cans, morwmune marTlmadi­deblebisaTvis Sroma klasificirebulia: marTlmadi debeli morwmuneebisaTvis sulieri Sroma religiuri datvirTvis

129

mqonea, gonebrivi Sroma – karieruli winsvlis sa wi ndari, xolo fizikuri Sroma – fulis mopovebis saSualeba.

diagrama №1: marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebis kognituri ruka

kvlevis procesSi informantebs aRniSnuli cnebebi unda

daelagebinaT upiratesobebis mixedviT; Tumca, upirateso­

bis kriteriumi maT Tavad unda ganesazRvraT. kvlevis Se­

degad gamovlinda (ix. diagrama №2), rom wamyvan adgilebs

marTlmadidebel morwmuneebs Soris religiuri konota­

ciis cnebebi ikavebs. wamyvan adgilebze marTlmadideblebi

asaxeleben rwmenas, locvas, marxvas, sulier Sromas da

RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebas. marTlmadidebel morwmuneTa

RirebulebaTa amgvari sistema aSkarad marTlmadidebluri

religiis gavleniT SeiZleba aixsnas, sadac marTas Sroma

warmavalisTvis da amaosTvis zrunvad aRiqmeba, xolo ma­

riamis sulieri Sroma – uflisTvis Rvawlad.

cnebebis ranJirebis skalaze iseTi cneba, rogoricaa

`samoTxe~, merve adgils ikavebs da CamorCeba Sromismoyva­

reobas da gonebriv Sromas. samoTxe anu sasufeveli, rome­

lic upiratesi Rirebulebis matarebeli unda iyos morwmu­

130

neTaTvis (risTvisac yvela religiuri aqtivoba xorciel­

deba), SedarebiT naklebi Rirebulebis matarebelia; es ki

religiis ritualur xasiaTze miuTiTebs. religiuri da­

tvirTvis mqone cneba – qadageba, upiratesobebis skalaze

aseve dabal adgils ikavebs da negatiuri velisaken ixre­

ba. es SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiT, rom sulieri Sro­

mis sxva komponentebisagan gansxvavebiT, qadageba uSualod

morwmuneebis movaleobaSi ar Sedis da, Sesabamisad, nakleb

mniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba.

diagrama №2: marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upiratess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

cnebebis ganawilebis gasaanalizeblad aseve gamoviyeneT

centraluri tendenciebis meore sazomi – moda. moda aris

yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sefaseba. rogorc diagrama №3-zea

naCvenebi, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, cnebebis ganawile­

131

ba ZiriTadad imeorebs saSualo maCveneblebis ganawilebas.

gonebrivi Sroma, rwmenis msgavsad, yvelaze xSirad xvdebo­

da pirvel adgilas. Tuki saSualo maCveneblebiT fizikuri

Sroma meTormete adgilas iyo, aRmoCnda, rom informante­

bi mas yvelaze xSirad merve adgilas aTavsebdnen. mniSvne­

lovani gansxvaveba aris cneba `samoTxis~ SefasebasTanac.

kvlevis Sedegebidan Cans, rom samoTxes marTmadidebeli

morwmuneebi 19 cnebas Soris yvelaze xSirad meCvidmete

adgilas aTavsebdnen, romlis Semdgom mxolod sizarmace

da jojoxeTia.

diagrama №3: marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (dalageba xdeboda 1-dan an 19-mde)

mokled rom SevajamoT, marTlmadidebel morwmuneebSi

gonebrivi da fizikuri Sroma gamijnulia religiisagan da

amqveyniuri cxovrebis komponentad ufro aRiqmeba, vidre

sulisaTvis da sasufevlisaTvis zrunvad. morwmuneebi

mainc mijnaven Sromis sxvadasxva tips: yvelaze dafasebuli

132

gonebrivi da sulieri Sromaa; gonebrivi Sroma amqveyniuri

warmatebis winapirobaa, xolo sulieri Sroma – sulis xsnis

winapiroba. Semdeg modis fizikuri Sroma, romelic ful­

Tan da materialuri saSualebebis mopovebasTan asocir­

deba. sizarmace jojoxeTTan erTad xvdeba klasterSi da

yvelaze uaryofiTad fasdeba.

3.3. kaTolikeebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema

morwmuneTa Semdgomi jgufs kaTolikeebi Seadgenen (ix.

diagrama №4). kaTolikeTa kognituri ruka mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba sxva morwmuneebisagan; pirvel rigSi imiT, rom

maT rukaze religiuri cnebebi sxvadasxva klasterad gaiyo:

pirvel klasterSi moTavsebulia locva, rwmena, samoTxe,

marxva, mowyalebis gacema. mesame klasterSi ki – sulieri

Sroma, qadageba da RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba. erT­erTi

eqsperti aRniSnavs, rom kaTolicizmSi RirebulebiTi cen­

tria ritualur-meditaciuri-liturgia da locva, agreTve

diakonia, anu keTili saqmeebi, magram aq ZiriTadi mniSvne­

loba eniWeba uangarobas da gacemas. rogorc Cans, kaTo­

likeTa kognitur rukaze pirveli klasteri swored kaTo­

licizmisaTvis wamyvani RirebulebebiT aris formirebuli.

eqspertis TqmiT, `sulieri Sroma ki Sroma arc aris – esaa mWvreteloba, meditaciis nawili. misionerobac araa Sroma, esaa `vita aqtiva~. antikurobac da qristianobac ganasxva­veben mWvretelur cxovrebas da qmedebiT cxovrebas (ma­riami da marTa, lazares debi), amasTan, pirveli meoreze maRla dgas.~ es pozicia gvexmareba kaTolikeTa kognituri

rukis axsnaSi. qadageba, RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba da su­

lieri Sroma kaTolikebisaTvis calke klasteria da ufro

naklebi datvirTvis mqonea, radgan ar aris kaToliciz­

133

mis centralur Rirebulebebze (locvasa da meditaciaze)

orientirebuli.

diagrama №4: kaTolike morwmuneebis kognituri ruka

kaTolike morwmuneebi erT klasterSi aerTianeben jo­

joxeTs, sizarmaces, fizikur Sromas, karieras, warmatebas

da pirad higienas. am klasteris asaxsnelad kvlav gamo­

kiTxuli eqspertis daskvnas gamoviyenebT, romlis mixed­

viTac Sroma, romelic adamianur saxes gakargvinebs, anu

moxveWaze orientirebuli, ar Sedis kaTolicizmis centra­

lur RirebulebebSi. Sesabamisad, es klasteri aerTianebs

fizikur Sromas, da aseve amqveyniur warmatebis komponen­

tebs – karieras da warmatebas. is, rom am klasterSivea

sizarmace da jojoxeTi gaerTianebuli (Tumca garkveul

distanciaze) miuTiTebs imaze, rom es klasteri uaryofi­

Ti konotaciis matarebelia, romelic, rogorc Cans, pirad

higienazec vrceldeba.

sainteresoa meoTxe klasteri, romelSic gaerTianebu­

lia Sromismoyvareoba da gonebrivi Sroma. gamokiTxuli

134

eqspertis azriT, `sulier moRvaweobas~ (`подвижничество~) Sroma ar ewodeba. es kargad aris gadmocemuli Toma aqvi­nelTan. garda amisa, inteleqtualuri Sroma ar gaigeba ro­gorc Sroma, da esaa antikuri tradicia. asea tradiciul qristianobaSi, me-16 saukunemde, kaTolicizmSi ki – dRemde. garkveul etapamde Sroma gaigeboda rogorc mxolod fizi­kuri.~ is sakiTxi, Tu ras ukavSirdeba kaTolikeTa kogni­

tur rukaze gonebrivi Sromis ganyenebuli pozicia – qris­

tianul swavlebas inteleqtualur SromasTan dakavSirebiT

Tu qarTul kulturis sxva Taviseburebebs, SeiZleba Riad

davtovoT. bolo klasterSi gaerTianebulia dro, fuli

da dasveneba. kaTolike morwmuneebTanac dro Tavisufali

drois kategoriaSi Tavsdeba, ukavSirdeba dasvenebas, ro­

melic aseve materialur saSualebebsac saWiroebs an maT

arsebobaze miuTiTebs.

diagrama №5: kaTolike morwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upira­tess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

135

sainteresoa kaTolikeTa mier imave cnebebis ranJirebis

monacemebi (ix. diagramebi №№5, 6). marTlmadidebeli morw­

muneebis msgavsad, kaTolikeebi sawyis poziciebze pirveli

klasteris cnebebs, anu kaTolicizmisaTvis centralur

Rirebulebebs aTavseben. gamonakliss warmoadgens marxva,

romelic SedarebiT dabla Tavsdeba da gasagebicaa, rad­

gan gansxvavebiT marTlmadideblobisagan, sadac wlis gan­

mavlobaSi 200 dRe marxvaa, kaTolicizmSi marxva SedarebiT

naklebi datvirTvis mqonea. meore klasteris is cnebebi,

romlebic negatiuri konotaciis matareblad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos, iSleba da sxvadasxva pozicias ikavebs. meore

klasteridan yvelaze dadebiTi konotaciis mqone kaToli­

keTaTvis piradi higiena aRmoCnda. informantTa umravle­

soba mas meoTxe adgilze aTavsebs, xolo, saSualo maCvene­

blis mixedviT, is mexuTe adgilzea. fizikuri Sroma meore

cnebaa meore klasteridan, romelic informantTa umra­

vlesobam meaTe adgilze ganaTavsa. bolo adgilebs ika­

vebs cnebebi: warmateba, kariera, sizarmace da jojoxeTi.

religiuri cnebebis klasteri (RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba,

qadageba da sulieri Sroma) daaxloebiT Sualedur pozi­

cias ikavebs cxramet cnebas Soris.

136

diagrama №6: kaTolikeTa mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (dalageba xdeboda 1-dan 19-mde)

saSualo tendenciebis sxvadasxva sazomebi (moda da

saSualo), gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZleven meoTxe klas­

terTan mimarTebaSi. saSualos (Mean) mixedviT gonebrivi

Sroma da Sromismoyvareoba daaxloebiT Sualedur adgils

ikaveben (Sromismoyvareobis saSualo maCvenebelia 9.75,

xolo gonebrivi Sromis saSualo maCvenebeli ­10.75), modis

(Mode) mixedviT ki, gonebrivi Sroma xSirad Tavsdeba mesame

adgilze, xolo Sromismoyvareoba – meTerTmete adgilze.

sakmaod negatiur Sefasebas iReben mexuTe klasteris cne­

bebi: dro, fuli da dasveneba. dasveneba bolodan mesame

adgilzea jojoxeTisa da sizarmacis Semdgom, dro ki ka­

rieras da fuls mcirediT uswrebs.

rom SevajamoT, kaTolikebSic ar arsebobs Sromis eTika­sa da religiurobas Soris mWidro kavSiri. am religiis war­

momadgenlebi orientirebuli arian meditaciaze, locvasa

da liturgiaze. amdenad, es jgufi religiuri konotaciis

137

garkveul cnebebs gamoyofs sxva religiuri cnebebisagan.

esaa ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs marTlmadi­

debel da kaTolike morwmuneebs Soris. drois, dasvenebis,

higienis Tu gonebrivi Sromis aRqma qarTvel kaTolikeebSi

TiTqmis msgavsia marTlmadideblebisa, rac am individebis

erT kulturul arealSi cxovrebis Tanmdevi procesia.

3.4. baptistebis kognituri ruka da proeqciuladgamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema

baptisti morwmuneebis kognituri rukac xuTi klas­

terisagan Sedgeba (ix. diagrama №7). pirveli klasteri,

marTlmadideblebis msgavsad, moicavs religiuri datvir­

Tvis mqone pozitiur cnebebs. meore klasteri ki Sedgeni­

lia Semdegi cnebebiT – piradi higiena, gonebrivi Sroma,

sizarmace, jojoxeTi, kariera da warmateba. es klasteri

imeorebs kaTolikeTa meore klasters, Tumca, kaTolikeeb­

Tan gonebrivi Sromis nacvlad fizikuri Sroma gvxvdeboda.

diagrama №7: baptisti morwmuneebis kognituri ruka

138

meoTxe klasteris Semadgenloba adasturebs baptisti

morwmuneebis gansxvavebul damokidebulebas Sromis mi­

marT. fizikuri Sromis dakavSireba SromismoyvareobasTan

miuTiTebs imaze, rom fizikuri Sroma am religiur jguf­

Tan garkveulwilad sulis cxonebas ukavSirdeba, maSin

roca gonebrivi Sroma amqveyniuri warmatebis (karieris)

sawindaria da sulis wawymedis, anu jojoxeTSi moxvedris

winapirobaa. fokus jgufebis msvlelobisas baptisti morw­

muneebi xazs usvamdnen imas, rom `yvelanairi Sromaa misa­Rebi, romelic adamianis uflebebs ar laxavs~. meore mxriv,

morwmuneTa es jgufi Sromas erTmniSvnelovnad sulis xs­

nas ar ukavSirebs. religiuri datvirTvis garda, Sroma bap­

tistebisaTvis ojaxis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesruleba da

sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis mniSvnelovani komponentia.

dro baptist morwmuneebTan ar moiazreba SromasTan

mimarTebaSi. dro dakavSirebulia dasvenebasTan da Tavi­

sufali drois komponentis saxiT aris warmodgenili.

baptisti morwmuneebis kognitur rukaze fuli ganye­

nebuli kategoriaa, romelic arcerT sxva cnebasTan kav­

SirSi ar aris. am faqtis asaxsnelad gamogvadgeba baptist

morwmuneebTan Catarebuli jgufuri diskusiis Sedegebi.

kiTxvaze – aris Tu ara fuli erTmniSvnelovnad cudi ram,

baptisti morwmuneebi calsaxa pasuxs ver scemen. fulze

saubrisas isini or komponentze akeTeben aqcents:

1) morwmune baptistma fuli ar unda daagrovos, rad­

gan, saxarebis mixedviT, imis dagroveba, rasac Jangi da

CrCili Wams, ar varga.

2) am religiuri jgufis warmomadgenlebis azriT, fu­

li keTilsindisieri SromiT unda iqnes mopovebuli.

fulis Sovnis gzisa da raodenobis mixedviT, fuli SeiZ­

leba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi konotaciis matarebeli.

swored amitom, baptisti morwmuneebis kognitur rukaze es

cneba gancalkavebiT dgas.

139

diagrama №8: baptisti morwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJi­rebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upiratess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

sxva religiuri jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, baptist

morwmuneebTan cnebebis ranJirebis monacemebi gansxvave­

bul suraTs gvaZlevs (ix. diagramebi №№8, 9). religiuri

komponentebisagan mxolod zogierTi (rwmena, locva, sa­

moTxe da sulieri Sroma) ikavebs sawyis poziciebs. RvTism­

saxurebaze daswreba, marxva, qadageba, mowyalebis gacema

ZiriTadad meSvide da ufro qveda poziciebze gvevlineba.

niSandoblivia is, rom baptisti morwmuneebi erTaderTi

jgufia, sadac Sromismoyvareoba, religiuri datvirTvis

mqone cnebebis gverdiT, pirvel poziciaze ganaTavsa in­

formantebis umravlesobam. Tumca, kognitur rukaze Sro­

mismoyvareobasTan dakavSirebuli cneba – fizikuri Sroma,

cxramet cnebas Soris meTerTmete adgils ikavebs. Rire­

bulebaTa skalaze aseve sxvadasxva pozicias ikavebs kogni­

140

tur rukaze erT klasterSi moTavsebuli cnebebi: dro da

fuli. baptisti informantebis mier dro yvelaze xSirad

mesame adgilze ganTavsda, xolo saSualo maCvenebliT ki

meoTxe adgilzea. sxva jgufebis msgavsad, dasveneba aqac

bolodan mesame adgilzea da mxolod sizarmaces da jo­

joxeTs uswrebs.

am Taviseburebebis asaxsnelad SegviZlia kvlav fokus

jgufebidan miRebuli monacemebi gamoviyenoT. sxva jgufe­

bTan SedarebiT, baptisti morwmuneebi aqcents svamen pro­

fesiaSi warmatebaze, romelic RvTis wyalobis Sedegia.

garda amisa, adamianTa es jgufi uaryofs Sromis dros

religiuri komponentebis CarTvas, magaliTad, samuSao

sivrceSi religiuri datvirTvis mqone sagnebis (ZiriTa­

dad xatebis da jvrebis) ganTavsebas. erT-erTi baptistis

gancxadebiT: `marTlmadidebeli kultura pirovnebis wins­vlisTvis Semaferxebelia. ratom? Zalian gavrcelebulia xatebis ganTavseba samuSao adgilebSi da es qceva samuSaos SesrulebisTvis SeiZleba Seuferebeli iyos, SeiZleba bi­blia qondes Tan da amanac iqonios gavlena, vizuals aqvs mniSvneloba.~ es niSnavs, rom am religiuri aRmsareblobis

warmomadgenlebi religiis ritualur mxares nakleb yura­

dRebas aqceven da ufro mets saubroben samuSaos, profe­

siis da, zogadad, sazogadoebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobaze.

141

diagrama №9: baptistebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (dalageba xdeboda 1-dan 19-mde)

baptisti informantebi pirad higienas da karieras yve­

laze xSirad meoTxe adgilze aTavseben. Tumca, saSualo

maCveneblebis mixedviT am cnebebs meTerTmete da meTor­

mete adgili uWiravT. gansxvavebuli tendencia vlindeba

gonebriv SromasTan mimarTebSi. gonebrivi Sroma baptis­

tebis mier yvelaze xSirad meeqvse adgilzea dasaxelebuli

cxramet cnebas Soris. Tumca, Sefasebebis saSualo maCvene­

blebis mixedviT kidev ufro pozitiurad fasdeba da mesame

adgilze xvdeba. fuli, romelic baptistebis kognitur ru­

kaze calke komponentad warmodga, RirebulebiT skalaze

yvelaze xSirad mexuTe pozicias ikavebs, Tumca saSualo

maCvenebliT meToTxmete adgilzea.

Tu SevajamebT, baptisti morwmuneebi, sxva religiur

jgufebTan SedarebiT, met aqcents svamen Sromis sayo­

velTaod misaReb xasiaTze, pasuxismgeblobaze samuSao

adgilas. fuli am jgufisaTvis mniSvnelovani komponentia,

142

Tumca aqcenti keTdeba imaze, Tu ra gziT da ramden mate­

rialur resurss daagrovebs morwmune. sxva jgufebisagan

gansxvavebiT, swored baptistebi aTavseben yvelaze ufro

xSirad Sromismoyvareobas pirvel adgilze cxramet cnebas

Soris. amis miuxedavad, Sroma arc am jgufTan aris erTm­

niSvnelovnad sulis xsnis komponenti, radgan kognitur

rukaze fizikuri da gonebrivi Sroma ar xvdeba religiuri

datvirTvis mqone cnebebs Soris.

3.5. iehovas mowmeebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema

iehovas mowmeebis kognitur rukaze cxrameti cneba oTx

klasterad gadanawilda (ix. diagrama №10). Tuki yvela wina

jgufi pirvel klasterSi religiuri datvirTvis mqone po­

zitiur cnebebs aTavsebda, iehovas mowmeebTan religiur

cnebebTan erTad damatebiT Tavsdeba ori cneba – kariera da

sizarmace. Tavis mxriv, pirveli klasteri or nawilad aris

gayofili: pirvel nawilSi Sesul cnebebs maRali SeWiduloba

aqvs da iehovas mowmeebisTvis gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis

mqonea; esenia: RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba, qadageba, locva,

rwmena da sulieri Sroma. meore nawilSi erTadaa moTavse­

buli (SeWidulobis maRali xarisxiT) samoTxe, jojoxeTi,

marxva, kariera da sizarmace. maT erTad Tavmoyras TiToeu­

li maTganis aramniSvnelovneba ganapirobebs: samoTxe da

jojoxeTi iehovas mowmeebisaTvis ararelevanturia, radgan,

maTi azriT, meored mosvlis Semdgom cxovreba kvlav deda­

miwaze grZeldeba; marxvas iehovas mowmeebi ar aRiareben;

sizarmace sulis warwymedis erT­erTi winapirobaa, xolo

kariera sulis xsnas xels uSlis. aRsaniSnavia, rom iehovas

mowmeebSi warmatebuli adamianis aRqma gansxvavebulia da ar

143

ukavSirdeba amqveyniur sakiTxebs. rogorc cnobilia, ieho­

vas mowmeebi ar monawileoben politikaSi, eridebian sajaro

samsaxurebSi maRali Tanamdebobebis dakavebas da samxedro

saqmianobas. Sesabamisad, am religiuri subkulturis warmo­

madgenlebisTvis warmateba mWidro kavSirSia sulis xsnas­

Tan. diskusiaSi monawile respondentebi Tanxmdebian, rom

RmerTis da sulieri zrdis gareSe warmatebis miRweva SeuZ­

lebelia da yvelafris sawyisi bibliaa. Sesabamisad, kariera,

romelic swored miwieri warmatebis gamovlinebaa ieRovas

mowmeebisTvis miuRebelia.

sainteresoa meore klasteri, romelic aerTianebs cne­

bebs: dro, dasveneba, gonebrivi Sroma, fizikuri Sroma,

Sromismoyvareoba, piradi higiena. iehovas mowmeebi erTa­

derTi jgufia, sadac dro SromasTan dakavSirebul cnebe­

bTan erTad xvdeba da sadac fizikuri da gonebrivi Sroma

erT sivrceSi ganixileba. saqarTveloSi iehovas mowmeebis

organizaciis erT-erTi damfuZneblis TqmiT, bibliaSi ar

arsebobs Sromis klasifikacia, Sesabamisad, iehovas mowmee­

bis mier Sromis diferencireba ar xdeba. mTavaria sulieri

Sroma, romelSic qadagebas upirvelesi adgili uWiravs;

amqveyniuri Sroma ki (rogorc gonebrivi, ise fizikuri)

mniSvnelovania da pirdapir kavSirSia rwmenasTan. aRsaniS­

navia, rom swored iehovas mowmeebSi aris SromasTan erT

klasterSi gaerTianebuli dasveneba. sxva religiuri jgu­

fis warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, dasveneba am jgu­

fis wevrebisaTvis pozitiuri konotaciis matarebelia.

iehovelTa organizaciis damfuZnebels interviuSi mohyavs

solomonis sityvebi, rom yovelma kacma unda Wamos, svas da siame naxos Tavis garjaSi, es RvTisgan naboZebi ZRvenia. SromaSi siamis naxva ki TavisTavad dasvenebasac moiazrebs

da Sromis Sedegia.

calke klasterad aris warmodgenili warmateba da fuli.

warmatebis msgavsad, romelzec zemoT ukve iyo saubari,

fulic iehovas mowmeebisaTvis ar aris mniSvnelovani Rire­

144

buleba. fokus jgufebis monawileTas TqmiT, fuli ufro

metad problemebs iwvevs, vidre uproblemobas. amis miuxeda­

vad, iehovas mowmeebi miuTiTeben materialuri saSualebebis

qonis saWiroebaze, Tumca – limitirebulad. fokus jgufis

erT­erTi monawilis TqmiT, `fulis moyvaruli adamiani fu­liT verasodes gaZReba da sakmarisi arasodes eqneba; fulis dagrovebas mosdevs ampartavneba. Cven vSromobT, rom ele­mentaruli davikamyofilod, gvqondes sakvebi da tansacme­li.~ Sesabamisad, iehovas mowmeebisaTvis fuli da warmateba

maTi sulis xsnisaTvis xelisSemSleli faqtorebia da calke

negatiur klasterad aris gamoyofili.

meoTxe klasterSi warmodgenilia mxolod erTi cneba –

mowyalebis gacema. sxva jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, iehovas

mowmeebisaTvis mowyalebis gacema prioritetuli religiu­

ri qceva ar aris. isini mniSvnelovan aqcents patiosan Sro­

maze akeTeben da Tvlian, rom adamians sulier xsnaSi unda

daexmaro, xolo sxeulisTvis man Tavisi patiosani SromiT

unda iRvawos.

diagrama №10: iehovas mowmeebis kognituri ruka

145

iehovas mowmeebis mier cxrameti cnebis ranJirebis cen­

traluri tendenciebi naCvenebia diagramebze ##11, 12. cen­

traluri tendenciebis sazomebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba

gviCvenebs, rom iehovas mowmeebi erTaderTi jgufia, sadac

moda da saSualo maCveneblebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. es miu­

TiTebs imaze, rom mocemuli religiuri jgufis wevrebi Ti­

Tqmis identurad aRiqvamen da afaseben movlenebs. pirveli

klasteris cnebebi, kognituri rukis Sesabamisad, Rirebule­

biT skalazec or nawilad aris dayofili: pirveli jgufis

komponentebi ikaveben sawyis poziciebs, xolo amave klas­

teris meore jgufis komponentebi – ukanasknel poziciebs.

erTaderTi gamonaklisia samoTxe. miuxedavad imisa, rom

iehovas mowmeebisaTvis samoTxis, rogorc aseTis, arseboba

miuRebelia, Sefasebebis skalaze isini am cnebas mainc meS­

vide adgilas aTavseben. es SeiZleba imis maCvenebeli iyos,

rom isini am cnebaSi samoTxis maTeul gagebas moiazreben,

kerZod, meored mosvlis Semdeg dedamiwaze samoTxis aRd­

genas. fuli da warmateba iehovas mowmeebisaTvis negatiuri

konotaciis matarebeli cnebebia da, Sesabamisad, uaryofi­

Tad fasdeba (Tumca, es cnebebi uswrebs cnebebs: jojoxeTi,

sizarmace, marxva da kariera).

146

diagrama №11: iehovas mowmeebis mier 19 cnebis ranJi­rebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upiratess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

meore klasteris komponentebi RirebulebiT skalaze ZiriTadad Sualedur adgilebs ikaveben. am cnebebidan yvelaze pozitiurad Sromismoyvareoba fasdeba, xolo yvelaze negatiurad – dasveneba. Tumca, sxva religiuri mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, das­veneba mainc ufro dadebiTi konotaciis matarebeli cne­baa. mowyalebis gacema RirebulebiT skalaze (modis da sa­Sualo maCveneblebis mixedviT) mecxre adgilze Tavsdeba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom iehovas mowmeebisaTvis qadageba centraluri kategoriaa da cnebebis ranJirebisas sawyis poziciebs ikavebs. qadagebasTan mimarTebaSi gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebia aRniSnul jgufSi: erTni Tvlian, rom qadageba, rogorc aseTi, Sroma ar aris; SeiZleba adamiani viRacas esaubros, gadasces is, rac man gaigo. qadageba aris RmerTisadmi madlierebis gamoxatvis erT-erTi SesaZle­bloba. sxvaTa azriT, qadageba aris Sroma, Sromis gareSe

147

adamianis daxmareba SeuZlebelia. qadagebas sWirdeba in­

formaciis moZieba, momzadeba da mowmeebisTvis miwodeba,

rac Zalisxmevasa da Sromas saWiroebs.

diagrama №12: iehovas mowmeebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (1 dalageba xdeboda 1-dan 19-mde)

mokled rom SevajamoT, iehovas mowmeebisaTvis Sroma

or komponentad iyofa: a) sulieri Sroma, romlis farg­

lebSic locva da qadageba warmmarTvelia da b) amqveyniuri

yofisaTvis zrunva, romelic aerTianebs fizikur da gone­

briv Sromas. metic, RirebulebiT skalaze iehovas mowmeebi,

sxva jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, fizikur Sromas gonebriv

Sromaze win ayeneben, xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovnad ki Sro­

mismoyvareobas miiCneven. fuli, warmateba da kariera am

religiis mimdevrebisaTvis amqveyniuri sacdunebelia da,

Sesabamisad, negatiuri konotaciis matarebelia. sizarmace,

sxva jgufebis msgavsad, miuRebelia, radgan upirispirdeba

Sromas, romelic uflis ZRvenia da erTaderTi gza, iyo

RmerTisTvis mosawoni.

148

3.6. muslimebis kognituri ruka da

proeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi

sistema

kvlevaSi monawile Semdegi jgufi muslimebia (ix. dia­grama №13). kaTolikebis msgavsad, muslimebi religiuri

datvirTvis mqone cnebebs or klasterad anawileben. pir­

vel klasterSi ganTavsebulia cnebebi – locva, rwmena,

qadageba, RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba, mowyalebis gacema

da samoTxe. aqac pirvel klasterSi moTavsebulia isla­

mis centralur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebuli katego­

riebi. muslimur religiaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania namazi,

anu dRis ganmavlobaSi xuTjeradi locvis Sesruleba. qa­

dageba, qristianuli tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, paraske­

vis locvis dros moiazreba da locvisgan gankerZoebuli

saxe ar aqvs. logikuria am klasterSi RvTismsaxurebis mo­

Tavseba, radgan es yvela am aqtivobas aerTianebs. islamSi

mowyalebis gacema sakmaod formalizebuli religiuri

qcevaa1.

mesame klasterSi moTavsebulia iseTi cnebebi, rogo­

ricaa marxva, sulieri Sroma da gonebrivi Sroma. islamSi

mniSvnelovania marxva, romlis drosac morwmuneebi dilidan

gaTenebamde arc siTxes da arc sakvebs ar iReben. unda aRi­

niSnos, rom marxva Sromis mniSvnelovani formaa, romelic

orientirebulia Tavis anu gonebis kontrolze. anu, mesame

klasteri migviTiTebs imaze, rom marxva sulieri Sromis

ZiriTadi saxeobaa da gonebrivi Sromis doneze ganixileba.

meore klasterSi ganTavsebulia iseTi cnebebi, rogo­

ricaa warmateba, jojoxeTi, kariera, Sromismoyvareoba,

1 aWaris muslimTa kavSiris warmomadgenlis TqmiT, Tu adamini mdi­daria da aqvs 83 gram oqroze meti qoneba, romelsac mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar iyenebs, is aucileblad unda daexmaros Raribs.

149

sizarmace, fizikuri Sroma da dro. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

es klasteri ar aris Sedgenili pozitiuroba-negatiuro­

bis kriteriumiT, aramed Sedgeba SromasTan dakavSirebuli

cnebebiT da Sromis an sizarmacis negatiuri da pozitiuri

SedegebiT. is, rom am klasterSi aris ganTavsebuli dro,

migviTiTebs am cnebis kavSirze Sromis kategoriasTan.

erT klasterSia ganTavsebuli fuli da piradi higiena.

muslimebisaTvis piradi higiena yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. piradi higienis bma fulTan

rTuli asaxsnelia da mxolod im daskvnis gamotanis sa­

Sualebas iZleva, rom pirad higienaze zrunva materialur

resursebs moiTxovs. muslimebis kognitur rukaze calke

komponentia dasveneba.

diagrama №13: muslimebis kognituri ruka

muslimebis mier cxrameti cnebis ranJirebis centralu­

ri tendenciebi naCvenebia diagramebze ##14,15. Sefasebe­

bis saSualo maCveneblebis da modis mixedviT, rwmena pir­

150

vel adgils ikavebs muslimTa RirebulebiT sistemaSi. lo­

cva da samoTxe is cnebebia, romlebic yvelaze xSirad Tavs­

deba meore adgilze, Tumca, saSualo maCvenebliT locva

mesame adgilze dgas, xolo samoTxe – mexuTeze. saSualo

maCveneblebis mixedviT, rwmenis Semdgom muslimebi marxvas

yvelaze mniSvnelovan aqtivobad miiCneven. is CamoSorda

Tavis klasteris sxva komponents ­ sulier Sromas, rome­

lic saSualo maCvenebliT meeqvse adgilzea, xolo yvelaze

xSirad merve adgilze Tavsdeba morwmune muslimebis mier.

am religiur jgufSi gonebrivi Sroma sxva jgufebTan Seda­

rebiT sakmaod negatiurad fasdeba. muslimi informantebi

mas yvelaze xSirad meToTxmete adgilze svamen. Tumca,

saSualo maCvenebliT, gonebrivi Sroma merve adgilzea.

diagrama №14: musmilebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upiratess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

151

kognituri rukis meore klasteris komponentebi Ziri­Tadad negatiur velSi xvdeba. gamonakliss warmoadgens dro, romelic Sefasebebis saSualo maCvenebliT da modiT meSvide adgilze dgas. rac Seexeba Sromismoyvareobas, is saSualo maCveneblis mixedviT meTerTmete adgilzea, xolo muslimi informantebis mier yvelaze xSirad Tavs­deba merve adgilze. erT klasterSi moxvedrili fuli da piradi higiena, Sefasebebis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTs Sor­deba. piradi higiena wamyvan poziciebs iRebs, xolo fuli ki negatiuri Rirebulebebis velSi xvdeba da mxolod jo­joxeTsa da sizarmaces CamorCeba. mniSvnelovani gansvlaa muslimebis mier dasvenebis Sefasebis centraluri tenden­ciebis Sedegebs Soris. Sefasebebis saSualo ariTmetikulis mixedviT, dasveneba bolodan meoTxe adgilzea da mxolod sizarmaces, jojoxeTsa da fuls Camouvardeba, Tumca, mus­limi informantebi yvelaze xSirad am cnebas meaTe adgilze aTavseben.

diagrama №15: muslimebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (1dalageba xdeboda 1-dan 19-mde)

152

fokus jgufebSi da eqspertul gamokiTxvebSi muslime­bis mier Sromaze aqcenti imdenad mkveTrad iyo dasmuli, rom Sroma, maTi TqmiT, SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, RvTismsaxurebaze maRlac ki dadges. aWaris muslimTa kav­Siris Tavjdomaris moadgilis TqmiT, alali Sroma, arsebi­Tad, RvTis msaxurebaa, SeiZleba waxvide da iSromo da ar aris yovelTvis savaldebulo qadagebis mosmena. morwmune adamiani unda Sromobdes da am gziT unda poulobdes sar­Cos. eqspertis TqmiT, miuxedavad imisa, muslimur religia­Si Sromis diversificireba ar xdeba da yvela tipis Sroma dasafasebelia, morwmuneebi Tavad Sromis klasificirebas axdenen. gonebriv Sromas sulier SromasTan erTad ganixi­laven, xolo fizikur Sromas ki ufro amqveyniur cnebeb­Tan (kariera, warmateba) mimarTebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom naratiuli msjelobisas muslimebi Sromas religiuri ko­notaciis matareblad ganixilaven, Rirebulebebis ranJire­bisas es amgvarad aqcentirebuli ar aris, Tundac imitom, rom Sromismoyvareoba, saSualo maCveneblebis mixedviT, 19 cnebas SorismeTerTmete adgilzea.

3.7. aramorwmuneebis kognituri ruka da proeqciulad gamovlenili RirebulebiTi sistema

ukanasknel jgufs, romelsac ganvixilavT, Seadgenen

aramorwmuneebi. marTalia, am jgufSi Semavali adamia­

nebi marTlmadidebluri wesiT moinaTlnen, isini ar mo­

nawileoben religiur ritualebsa da aqtivobebSi. diagrama #16 aCvenebs, rom pirvel klasterSi moTavsebulia reli­

giuri datvirTvis mqone cnebebi, kerZod, marxva, RvTism­

saxurebaze daswreba, qadageba, rwmena, locva da sulieri

Sroma. rTuli asaxsnelia, ra principiT moaTavses jgufis

wevrebma am klasterSi kariera. aq gasaTvaliwinebelia, rom

153

jgufur diskusiebSi aramorwmuneebma sulieri Sroma nak­

lebad miiCnies Sromis saxeobad. isini Tvlian, rom locva,

marxva an RvTismsaxurebaze daswreba Sroma ar aris.

meore klasterSi erTiandeba SromasTan dakavSirebuli

cnebebi, kerZod, fizikuri Sroma, gonebrivi Sroma, Sromis­

moyvareoba. amave klasterSia moTavsebuli mowyalebis ga­

cema. es mowmobs, rom aramorwmuneebis jgufisaTvis mowya­

lebis gacema religiuri konotaciis matarebeli ar aris.

is faqti, rom amave klasterSi (anu SromasTan dakavSire­

bul cnebebTan erTad) Tavsdeba sizarmace, miuTiTebs an

imaze, rom sizarmace SromasTan dakavSirebuli negatiuri

datvirTvis mqone terminia da respondentebma es cnebebi

binaruli opoziciis principiT daajgufes, an ­ imaze, rom

sizarmace Sromis Tanmdevi da misaRebi fenomenia. marT­

lmadidebeli morwmuneebis msgavsad, aramorwmumeebic erT

klasterSi aTavseben dros, dasvenebas da pirad higienas. es

ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom zogadad qarTul kulturaSi dro

Tavisufal drosTan asocirdeba, romelsac adamiani Tavis

Tavs uTmobs.

meoTxe klasteria fuli da warmateba. marTlmadide­

beli morwmuneebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic warmatebas

karierul winsvlas da „TeTrsayeloianTa“ Sromas ukavSi­

reben, aramorwmuneebisaTvis warmateba materialuri uzru­

nvelyofis gamomxatvelia. amis damadasturebelia isic,

rom warmatebuli adamianis magaliTad maT biZina ivaniSvi­

li moitanes2. jgufis specifikidan gamomidnare, logiku­

ria mexuTe klasteri, sadac erT velSi xvdeba samoTxisa da

jojoxeTis cnebebi. es niSnavs, rom samoTxe da jojoxeTi

aramorwmuneTTaTvis irealuri samyaroa da am cnebebis

2 gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom im periodSi b. ivaniSvils ar ekava saxelmwifo moxelis Tanamdebobda da aRiqmeboda mxolod didi materialuri resursis mqone biznesmenad.

154

dadebiT an uaryofiT konotaciaze metad maTTvis mniSvne­

lovani am maTi diskursuli siaxlovea.

diagrama №16: aramorwmuneebis kognituri ruka

aramormuneebis mier cnebebis ranJireba (ix. diagramebi

№№17, 18) ufro Sinaarsobriv da detalur informacias

gvaZlevs maT RirebulebiT orientaciaze. ranJirebis Sede­

gebi aCvenebs, rom aramorwmuneebi amqveyniur Rirebulebebs

upiratesad afaseben, maSin roca religiuri datvirTvis

mqone cnebebi ZiriTadad uaryofiT Sefasebebs imsaxurebs.

155

diagrama №17: aramorwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJi­rebis saSualo maCveneblebi (1 niSnavs yvelaze upiratess, xolo 19 – yvelaze naklebad prioritetuls)

marTlmadideblebisagan gansxvavebiT, mesame klasteris

cnebebi – dro, dasveneba da piradi higiena, aramorwmu­

neebTan wamyvan adgilzea. aseT ganawilebaze migviTiTebs

centraluri tendenciis orive sazomi – moda da saSua­

lo. aramorwmuneebi 19 cnebis ganlagebisas yvelaze xSi­

rad pirad higienas aTavseben pirvel adgilas, maSin roca

saSualo maCveneblebis mixedviT, pirvel adgilas dro

xvdeba. religiuri klasteris bundovani wevri – kariera

– aramorwmuneebis mixedviT, yvelaze upiratesad fasdeba

religiuri konotaciis cnebebs Soris. zogadad religiuri

cnebebi ki dabal poziciebs ikaveben 19 ranJirebul cnebas

156

Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom aramorwmuneebma samoTxe da

jojoxeTi erT klasterSi ganaTavses, ranJirebisas es ori

cneba erTmaneTs daSorda. morwmuneebis msgavsad, jojoxe­

Ti bolo adgilze xvdeba, maSin roca samoTxe saSualo maC­

venebliT meToTxmete adgilzea ganTavsebuli da yvelaze

xSirad iRebs meTormete adgils cxramet cnebas Soris.

aramorwmuneebi morwmuneebis msgavsad sizarmaces uaryo­

fiT datvirTvis mqone cnebad ganixilaven da jojoxeTis

cnebis Semdeg ukanasknel adgilze aTavseben.

rom SevajamoT, marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebisa da

aramorwmuneebis Sefasebebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansvlaa.

aramorwmuneebTan religiuri kategoriebi ukana planze ga­

dadis, upiratesi Rirebulebebis matarebeli amqveyniuri aq­

tivobebi da jildoebia (am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT fuls,

warmatebas, karieras). SromasTan mimarTebaSic gansxvave­

bulia aramorwmuneebis damokidebuleba. marTlmadideble­

bTan wamyvani poziciebi sulier SromasTan dakavSirebul

kategoriebs ukaviaT, aramorwmuneebTan amqveyniuri Sroma

gadmodis wamyvan poziciebze. modis (Mode) mixedviT, gone­

brivi da fizikuri Sroma yvelaze xSirad am jgufSi ikavebs

pirvel da meore adgilebs. religiis istoriis eqspertis

TqmiT, religiis arsebiTi niSania gansxvaveba siwmindesa da

arasiwmindes Soris. siwminde gulisxmobs msaxurebas, ma­

gram ara Sromas, aramed Sromisagan dacadebas da sulieris

gaaqtiurebas. Tumca, eqsperti aqve miuTiTebs, rom marT­

lmadideblur religiaSi Sromas wamyvani adgili uWiravs.

imis gamo, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiis tradicia ga­

datvirTulia wminda da saRvTo dReebiT, marTlmadidebel

mrevls aRar rCeba sakmarisi dro fizikuri SromisaTvis.

eqspertis es pozicia kargad xsnis zemoT naxseneb gansx­

vavebas morwmune marTlmadideblebisa da aramorwmuneebis

Sefasebebs Soris. aramorwmuneebis RirebulebiT sistemaSi

sulieri Sroma aRar aris wamyvan poziciaze da amqveyniuri

157

Sroma, Tavisi jildoebiT (kariera, fuli, warmateba) ufro

mniSvnelovan kategoriad warmoCindeba.

diagrama №18: aramorwmuneebis mier 19 cnebis ranJirebis moda (1dalageba xdeboda 1-dan 19-mde)

158

danarTi

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3. Furnham, Adrian 1990. A Content, Correlational, and Factor Analytic

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4. Gellner, Ernest 1959. Words and Things. A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz; Boston: Beacon.

5. Giacalone, A. Robert & Jurkiewicz, L. Carole 2005. From Advocacy to

science: The next steps in workplace spirituality and research. In: Hand-book of Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York Guildford

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6. Giacalone, A. Robert & Jurkiewicz, L. Carole 2010. Handbook of Work-place Spirituality and Organizational Performance. Armonk, NY: M.E.

Sharpe, Inc.

7. Harrison, E. Lawrence 2006. The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself. New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press.

8. Henry, F.H. Carl 1964. Aspects of Christian Social Ethics. Grand Rapids:

Baker. 9. Hofstede, Geert 1983. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences

in Work­Related Values. Administrative Science Quarterly (Johnson Gra-duate School of Management, Cornell University) 28 (4), 625-29.

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19. Novak, Michael. 1990. The spirit of democratic capitalism. Boulder: Ma-dison Books.

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161

2. gamokiTxuli eqspertebis sia

# eqspertebi statusi

1. tilman alerti sociologiis profesori,

frankfurtis universiteti

(germania)

2. Teimuraz buaZe Teologi, Tbilisis sasuliero

akademiis leqtori

3. rusudan gociriZe saqarTvelos evangelur­bap­

tisturi eklesiis episkoposi

4. demetre daviTaSvili saqarTvelos marTlmadide­

beli eklesiis arqidiakvani

5. vaJa vardiZe sulxan­saba orbelianis sas­

wavlo universitetis reqtori

6. paata zaqareiSvili politologi, saqarTvelos

respublikuri partiis wevri

7. Teimuraz TaTaraSvili saqarTvelos marTlmadidebe­

li eklesiis yofili dekanozi

8. emzar kaxiZe istorikosi, baTumis saxelm­

wifo universitetis mowveuli

profesori

9. basil kobaxiZe Teologi, saqarTvelos

marTl madidebeli eklesiis

yofili dekanozi

10. giorgi lobJaniZe aRmosacleTmcodne, islamis

mkvlevari, „kavkasiuri saxlis“

warmomadgeneli

11. irakli lomouri Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis

leqtori

12. giorgi masalkini filosofosi, baTumis saxelm­

wifo universitetis asocire­

buli profesori

13. tariel nakaiZe saqarTvelos muslimTa kav­

Siris Tavmjdomaris moadgile

162

14. (mama) naTanaili Tbilisis beTlemis monastris

beri

15. nugzar papuaSvili eqsperti religiis sakiTxebSi

16. jemal paqsaZe saqarTvelos muslimTa sam­

marTvelos mufTi

17. zaza firaliSvili filosofiis profesori,

„damoukidebel eqspertTa

klubis“ wevri

18. barTlome fircxalai­

Svili

Tbilisis beTlemis monastris

mRvdeli

19. narek quCiani Tbilisis somxuri eklesiis

mRvdeli

20. vladimer Rlonti ekonomisti, baTumis saxelm­

wifo universitetis profe­

sori

21. zaza SaTiriSvili filosofosi, Tbilisis Tavi­

sufali universitetis profe­

sori

22. paata Caganava ekonomisti, baTumis saxelm­

wifo universitetis asocire­

buli profesori

23. emzar jgerenaia sociologi, ilias universite­

tis profesori

24. aleqsandre Wanturia marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli,

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis

leqtori

25. Tamaz xuciSvili iehovas mowmeTa kavSiris dam­

fuZnebeli saqarTveloSi

damatebiT, 15 CaRrmavebuli interviu Catarda sxvadasxva

religiuri Temis (marTlmadideblebi, kaTolikebi, muslimebi,

baptistebi, iehovas mowmeebi) rigiT morwmuneebTan.

163

3. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva TemSi Catarebuli fokus jgufebis sia

1. Tbilisi marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi

2. Tbilisi aramorwmuneebi

3. Tbilisi baptistebi

4. Tbilisi iehovas mowmeebi

5. Tbilisi marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi (umu­

Sevrebi)

6. Tbilisi marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi (dasaqme­

bulebi)

7. marneuli muslimebi

8. Tbilisi marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi

9. baTumi muslimebi (mamakacebi)

10. baTumi muslimebi (qalebi)

11. gori marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi (umu­

Sevrebi)

12. gori marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi (dasaqme­

bulebi)

13. gori aramorwmuneebi

14. xaSuri iehovas mowmeebi

15. axalcixe kaTolikebi

gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi, ilia WavWavaZDis gamziri 5.

tel./faqsi: 2 25 05 22, 2 91 22 83.www.intelekti.ge info@intelekti.ge