SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF THE KATHMANDU...
Transcript of SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF THE KATHMANDU...
Dr. Bijaya K. Shrestha
President, S[settlement-society-sustainability]3 Alliance: Development forum for habitat Kathmandu, Nepal, Mobile: 9841-347-187, Email: [email protected]
SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF THE KATHMANDU VALLEY: Looking through the Prism of Land Right and Tenure Security
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Aim To analyse the squatter settlements of the Kathmandu valley from the perspective of land right and tenure security with fourfold objectives
Objective I To present urban poverty situation in Nepal, analyses the government’s poverty alleviation efforts and presents the growing number of squatter settlements in the Kathmandu valley ;
Objective II To analyse the existing slum and squatter settlements focusing on land tenure and property right and their numerous implication
Objective III to critically review the land development and housing construction trend including squatter improvement works, carried out in the valley
Objective IV To present an alternative solution for land right and tenure security for squatter settlements and proposes some key strategic recommendations
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Global/local search
Questionnaire survey
Field visit
Stakeholders consultation
Stud
y M
etho
dolo
gy
Case study [Characteristics of phenomenon]
Ethnography [culture of urban poor]
Phenomenology [meaning & values of culture]
Grounded theory [theme & pattern in data]
Limited information and scattered among different organisations & individuals Littler experiences on slums & squatter housing Concept of social housing is not apparent
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
0 2 4 KM Lalitpur
Lalitpur City
Kathmandu
N N N N N N
Nepal China
India
0 2 4 KM Lalitpur
Lalitpur City
Kathmandu
N N N N N N
Nepal China
India
Total Pop = 25 million [approx]; Total area = 147,187 sq. km. GDP = US$278 in 2003-’04; Urban growth of 6.6% highest in Asia and Pacific region; Variation in income, climate, culture and geographical
landscape from west to east & from north to south.
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Attempt Activities Constraints
Policy & program formulation, implementation and decision making through government bureaucrats
Pprograms and campaign: ‘small farmer development program,’ ‘go back to village campaign,’ ‘develop your village by yourselves,’ ‘integrated rural development,’ during the 1970s and ‘80s.
Scattered among various ministries, departments with little coordination and coherence of policies at sectoral level;
Ineffective mechanism, poor participation, political instability;
Lack of urbanisation policy and ignorance of urban housing
Involvement of NGOs, UN & bilateral & multilateral agencies
With technical supports from donor agencies: ‘the poverty alleviation project’ in Western Terai region (1997-2004), third livestock development project,’ (1996-2004), ‘community ground water irrigation sector project’(1999-2007)in 1990s & 2000.
Poverty alleviation fund 2003/Tenth development plan
udle - integrated poverty reduction and social inclusion strategies in thirty different towns of Nepal; The Tenth Period Plan (2002-2007) as a Poverty Reduction Strategy has been founded on an inter-related four-pillar development strategy
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
1976 1985 1995 2002 2006
33% 41% 42% 38% 31%
Poverty line is calculated using the ‘head-count measure’ : NRs. 7,696 per person per year: NRs 7,901 for urban areas and NRs 11,057 for Kathmandu [US$ 1 = NRs. 73.5]
The ‘Gini Coefficient’ (poverty indictor) of 0.34 in 1995-‘96 rose to 0.41 in 2003-’04 clear indicates the growing gap between the rich and poor;
Reduction of poverty is mainly due to remittance from abroad
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Particular Extra population
Dwelling required (units)
Dwelling unit for Urban poor
Land required (ha)
Housing deficit till 2001
2,42,724 48,545 1,602 809
Extra housing from 2001 -2011
7,39,153 1,47,831 4,878 2,464
Extra housing from 2011- 2021
10,76,788 2,39,286 7,896 3,589
Huge housing deficit in the valley
Rapid urbanisation [rural-urban migration]
High land & building cost
Domination of owner-built housing
Squatter settlement in Kathmandu: 12-13% per year, two times faster than urban growth
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Case study areas SSS PBSS RISS SDK Location Shankamul, Ward
no. 10, Kathmandu Thapathali, Ward no. 11, Kathmandu
Baudha, Ward no. 6, Kathmandu
Dhaukhel, Ward no.14, Kathmandu
Established > 20 years (old) < 5 years (new) > 2 decades (old) > 2 decades (old) No. of household 120 366 127 26 Total population 660 2,196 749 Not available Ethnic groups Mix of different
ethnic group Mix of different ethnic group
Mainly Gurung & Rai caste
Mainly Khadgi & Sahi caste
SSS – Shankhamul Squatter Settlement; PBSS – Paurakhi Basti Squatter Settlement; RISS – Ramhiti Improved Squatter Settlement; SDK – Slum at Dhaukhel
Migration Except for SDK dominated by locals, the rest comprises of squatters migrated from surrounding districts and Terai
Family structure Majority still living in joint family
Real squatter Except for PBSS, some of them admitted that their family members have property in other parts of Nepal
NGO & donor support
Lunamnti supported toilet construction, water provision and pavement of pedestrian lane
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Informal land tenure
Long period of staying [old settlements]
Provision of amenities by NGOs, donor & public
agencies
Large nos. of households with strong community
organisations
Housing condition & physical infrastructures
Interior & outdoor spaces to suit the lifestyles
Indi
rect
legi
timiz
atio
n
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Owned, purchased or rented houses Age of shelter in the case studies
SSS PBSS RISS SDK Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Renovation work Physical problem
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Indirect legitimisation of illegal settlements
Water tank Hand pump Community toilet
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Incremental planning and flexible space – self construction
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Similar expenditure pattern: food, education and cloths and health
Suffering from various diseases
Household concern with education of their children
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urbanisation in Nepal
Census year No. of towns Urban pop [million] % of urban pop Avg. annual growth [%]
1954 10 0.238 2.9 -
1961 16 0.336 3.6 1.65
1971 16 0.462 4.1 3.23
1981 23 0.857 6.3 7.55
1991 33 1.696 9.2 5.89
2001 58 3.28 13.9 6.65
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Kathmandu
Lalitpur
0 1 2 Km
1769
1971
1981
1991
Urban Growth
N
Core
Core
Bhaktapur
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 1952/54 1961 1971
1981 1991
2001 2011
Kathmandu
Lalitpur
Year
Pop
ulatio
n (‘000)
Rapid urbanisation of Kathmandu valley [annual 7% against the national growth of 2.3%], accommodating 30.9% of total urban population of Nepal
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
KV population ('000) Squatter settlement growth ('0) Vehicle registration in Bag. zone ('00) Building permit in Kathmandu ('0)
Urban area (% of total valley area) Agri. area (% of total valley area) Developed lands (hac) ('0) No. of devel. Plots & dwel. unit ('00)
1976 1989 2001 2009
Kathmandu valley’s settlement TRIPLED between 1979 and 2001 and build up area expanded FIVEFOLD between 1955 and 2000 Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Land pooling benefitted only local landowners at the cost of government’s efforts [human resource &
provision of infrastructure]
Private sector developed apartment affordable to those elite group who buy houses for future
speculation
The financial market available is not accessible to urban poor due to lack of collateral and low
monthly income
National Shelter Policy 1997 and Poverty Alleviation Fund yet to be benefited housing for
urban poor
National Building Code 2005 and Building Permit System – No meaning for slums & squatters
The
exis
ting
land
and
hou
sing
dev
elop
men
t tr
end
igno
res
hous
ing
for
urba
n po
or
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Info
rmal
hou
sing
[O
wne
r-bu
ilt h
ouse
s]
Form
al h
ousin
g
[Priv
ate
sect
or b
uilt]
Land People Infrastructure Building
Land People Infrastructure Building
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Hou
sing
sec
tors
in
Kat
hman
du
valle
y 1970s 1980s 1990s
Site and services: Kuleswore & Dallu housing
Guided Land Development & Land pooling
Private housing
Land acquisition Act 1973 Town Development Act 1988
Joint Apartment Act 1997
Planners/providers Provider Enabler/facilitator
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Design of street patterns & open spaces NEITHER attract the residents NOR engage them in multiple activities.
KHP GLP SRH MST Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Housing development
Booking rate Total cost (NRs. ’00,000)
Cost per sq. ft. (NRs. )
Economic status
Comfort housing (I) 100% in 9 months 32 - 43 1772 Higher
Civil homes 31% in 2-3 months 22-31 2164 Higher
Mount view residency (II)
80% expandable units in 2-3 months
16.5 (expandable) 30-34.5 (individual)
2010 (individual)
Higher
Paradise home 56% in 1 year 24.5 – 26.5 2004 Higher
Mount view residency (I)
- 21 – 30.5 1905 Higher
Sunrise homes 93% in 7 months 33 – 38% 1931 Higher
Mount view residency (II)
- 10.5 - 20 1594 Upper middle
Sunrise homes 50% in 7 months 13 - 28 1465-1698 Upper middle
Kathmandu residency
100% in few months 9-18 1600 Upper middle
Stupa colony 90% in 9 months 6-8.5 1730 Middle
Oriental colony (I) 100% in 6 months 7-10.5 1513 Middle
Grace apartment 36% in 2-3 months 35-52 3399 Upper higher
Name of bank
Everest bank Nepal investment bank
Kumari bank ACE finance Development credit bank ltd.
Purpose of loan
Purchase/construction/renovation
Purchase/construction/renovation
Purchase/construction/renovation
Purchase/construction/renovation
Purchase/construction/renovation
No. of loans 1036 31 250 - 35 Loan size (minimum)
15 yr. 15 yr. 15 yr. 20 yr. 15 yr.
Interest rate 9 -9.75% 11.5% 11% 10.5-11.5% 10.5-11.5% Percent financed
75% 70% 60% 70% Upto 90%
Guarantee Collateral, personal guarantee
Collateral, personal guarantee
Collateral, personal guarantee
Collateral, personal guarantee
Collateral, personal guarantee
Loan type Equal monthly instalments (EMI)
Equal monthly instalments (EMI)
Equal monthly instalments (EMI)
Equal monthly instalments (EMI)
Equal monthly instalments (EMI)
Criteria Monthly savings should be twice of EMI
Certificate of salary disposable income of at least 25% more than EMI
Monthly savings should be twice of EMI
Certificate of salary
Certificate of salary
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Rental housing available
About 33.1% of housing is available for rental purpose in valley
Supplier Rental housing entirely supplied by private and individual owners and serves the housing need of 25% of total urban population
Size & density Average family size of 4.8 share a single room of 120 sq. ft whereas 5 daily wage workers one room of 110 sq. ft.
Poor condition Traditional houses in the historic core and urban centres – slums with poor light and ventilation, dampness, and problem of solid waste disposal
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Public housing Public protest/miss the target group/delay in implementation/cost overridden, etc
Land poling Size & scale of land pooling inadequate; No integration with building construction; Poor in terms of urban design – layout, monotonous environment, inconvenient for daily activities and low density Benefitted only landowners
Individual land broker
Unscientific way of subdivision and street network; No socio-emergency amenities
Private housing Gated community – people buy lifestyle along with house; Housing conflict – urban service management, maintenance and operation, land ownership issue, etc. High rise apartments – vulnerable to earthquake and fire; Affordable by high income group only
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Kirtipur Squatter Resettlement project Contextual background Success part Weaknesses
44 nos. of TWO sotrey houses in 6 Ropani
Urban community support fund [UCSF]: KMC, NGO, [inter]national agencies
Poor layout plan and interiors space design
Monthly payment of NRS. 2000 over 15 year period
Involvement of various agencies for infrastructure provision
Location away from city centres
Rain water harvesting and water filter
Active participation of squatters and NGO
Neighbors yet to accept this new comers
Landownership with UCSF Poor maintenance and operation of water tank/septic tank
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Alternative solution and recommendations
Genuine squatter settlements
Vulnerable squatter settlements
Fake squatter settlements
Upgraded Relocated Removed/Cleared
Community, trust, long lease and rent to purchase
Community, trust, long lease and rent to purchase
Temporary occupation certificate till clearance
Fencing of property along with signposts, land used for some purposes rather than left unattended, early occupation and adequate policing of acquire land will help to prevent encroachments and illegal occupation; For ultra urban poor, recognition of housing is better than land right and tenure security; Integrated policy at national level for linkages of poverty alleviation, urbanization and urban housing, decentralization of activities from the valley; Partnership building among the concerned agencies for provision of low-income housing for urban poor; Strengthen cooperation and coordination among the concerned agencies
Urban LandMark Conference – Rethinking emerging land markets in rapidly growing southern African cities, 31st Oct. – 3rd Nov., 2010, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Bijaya K. Shrestha
S [settlement-society=sustainability] 3 Alliance
Thank you
Terima Kasih