SPSS .

, WINDOWS 95- . , , WINDOWS- ( WIZARD) . , , , (ACCESS, EXCEL, DBASE, .) , , . (VALUES), (RECODE), (SELECT CASE), , , , . WINDOWS 95- SPSS 7.0 7.5; 8.0; 9.0; 10.0; 11.1 5 , , , , , , , 50 . , , PIVOT TABLE- , , , , , , , , , , , (1980- ) .

SPSS- Data Editor File, Edit, View, Window, Help EXCEL . :

SPSS Data Editor , , , , . SPSS Data Editor Data View, Variable View (Sheet) Data View- , Variable View- . Data View EXCEL- sheet- (sheet) . Variable View . : Name ( ) (8 ) Type , , Numeric-, String . Width . Decimal . Label ( ) Values .

values , 2- (Add) . : . Recode- Label- . Label- Values . Missing // . Missing . Missing . Missing 2 : , . Columns . Width - . Align , . Measure Scale, /String/, , nominal, , , ordinal .

SPSS Data Editor- Variable View Data View- . EXCEL- EXCEL- 1- SPSS- OPEN data /type/ *.xls . 1- Variable View- , Data View . Data View- .

: EXCEL- DBASE, ACCESS . SPSS EXCEL- Variable View- Copy, Paste .

FILENew - . , . Open: data - SPSS- (*.sav- .) Output (, ) . (*.spo- ) Read text data . (EXCEL- OPEN text file ) Recently used data Recently used file OUTPUT . .

EDIT, VIEW (EXCEL, WORD .) .

DATA

. :

Define dates - . Insert variable - Insert Case - ()

Goto case - Sort cases (EXCEL- ), . Transpose - , . Restucture - . 1. Restructure selected variables into cases - , , . Drop unselected variables . Create a count variable in the new file - . 2. Restructure selected cases into variables - . 2 , . 2- . 3. Transpose all data - ( ) , 3 . wizard- Restucture . Merge files - . , . MERGE . merge () () 2 Add cases - merge 2 .

Add variables - .

Add variables- . : 1. 2 , ( , ) (sort) , Excluded Variables 2. Match cases . . . (check ) 3 . both - 2 . Indicate case .. (source1-) , , External , Working . (check). 3. Merge files - OK, (syntax)- () PASTE . (OK) (PASTE) RUN All( ) Selection ( ) 2- . PASTE .sps . ( OK ) (SPSS-

) , , , . Aggregate - . Aggregate break . aggregate values Function SUM -, MEAN , SD- , MEDIAN 50 ( ), MAX- , MIN , FIRST- (nonmissing), LAST- , , (%) (Fraction - ), (missing) . (break) , , .

, .

Orthogonal Design , () . Display - SPSS- .

: - Data Orthogonal Design Generate- SPSS (status_ , card_ ) Add . (File) SPSS (sheet) . (0 2,000,000,000 ) .

Display Design - . . Split file - , , . Compare groups . Organize output by groups . Select cases - . (IF) ( , , ) ( .) -& -! . .

, , (sampling ) Unselected cases are (filtered, deleted) 2 .

TRANSFORM

. Compute , [if- ] . Target variables- , Numeric Expression , , . If , .

Random Count (target- .) (numeric values- ) (define values & IF) () Recode . 0-5 1, 6-7 2, 811 3 . . . . Categorize Variables . n n

. 4 25 1- , 25-50 2- . Rank Cases () (variables) (by) . (Fractional rank as %) 100- . : Transform Rank Cases... variables-, by- . Assign rank 1 to- .

Rank Types . Ties- . Automatic Recode new name variable-NewName- . Recode starting from- . . Replace missing values (missing value) .

Greate time series / .

ANALYZE

- , , . . REPORTS . OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) Cubes - , (univariate) .

Analyze Reports Qlap Cubes Qlap Cubes . SUMMURY Var , Groupping Variables - . Statistics Cell Statistics . Differences . Title . 2 .

SPSS- PIVOT HELP Show Me .

Case Summarize - . Analyze Reports Case Summaries variables grouping variables . -title , - exclude cases with missing values - Statistics - - Select Display cases 3 . 100 . . . Report Summaries in Rows , Report Summaries in Columns . . Descriptive-Statistics , , Frequencie - . Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies-

Frequencies . Variable(s) . Statistics . Percentile Values , , , Central Tendency , , , , Dispersion , , , , , , Distribution , . - Chart Chart Type . - Format- Order by . , . Multiple Variables . Suppress tables with more- . Display frequency tables . - . Descriptives - Descriptive Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptive- Variables .

Options Dispersion, Distribution . Frequencies . Display order . Save standardized values as variables . Ok . Explore - Explore , , . Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore- Dependent list- , Factor list- , Label Cases by- (ID) .

, , . Plots- Boxplots .Descriptive .Normality plots with tests- , Spread vs Level with Levene test- . Options- . Ok- . Crosstabs - Crosstabs 2 , , 2 () . Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs- .

Row, column , .Layar- . -Exact . -Statistics- . -Cells- Counts- Percentages- , Residuals- . -Row order- . Display clastered bar charts- . Suppress tables- . Ok . Ratio ( - ) - Ratio Statistics . Analyze Descriptive Statistics Ratio- . Numerator- , Denominator- , Group variable- . Statistics- . , , .

Display results . Ok- . CUSTOM TABLES Basic General . General - Data View (WIZARD) . SPSS- . : Analyze -> Custom Tables->General . Rows .

Columns- . . : Statistics Lbels Across the top , Down the side- , In the layer (Layer) .

Selected variable: . Defines cells- Is summarized- . edit statistics , . Omit label . >Nest- () ( ) UnNest . - Edit Statistics - . : - Defines cells- - Row%- , - Col%- , - Layer%- , - Table%- , - Subtable% - - Is Summarized - - Max, Min, Median, Mode, Percentile,Percentile05,..Percentile99, Range, S.E.Mean, Std Devation, Row Sum%, ColSum%, LayerSum%, TableSum%, SumofValues, ValidValueCount, Variance, RowValid N% . . - Insert Total - . Var..Total Edit Statistics CustomTotal Statistics . Format - // . Titles - Total Label Total Total / / . .

OUTPUT1 SPSS Viewer . 2 Look Table- . . 2 . : 1. Edit Select Table- Copy, Paste- EXCEL- , , . 2. Pivot Table Editor - . SPSS Viever 2 PIVOT . 3 Layears- .

. : Bookmarks . Transpose - Layear 2 Layear 2 Pivot Pivoting Trays , , . , , layear .

layear ()- . 3. SPSS Viewer . -MULTIPLE RESPONSE TABLES / / // . General Tables Multiple Response tables- . Multiple Response tables- Insert Total . SPSS Viewer . , Boxed . SPSS- (Edit->Options- ) . SPSS- . .

6.4. Compare Means Means Means . , .

Analyze Compare Means Means . , (layer- ) Options . . One-Sample T Test One-Sample T Test - . Analyze Compare Means One-Sample T Test . Test variable- , Test value- . Options , ( ) . Independent-Sample T Test 2 () . Analyze Compare Means Independent-Sample T Test . , Options . , . Paired Sample T Test 2 - . 2 . Analyze Compare Means Paired Sample T Test . Paired variable- . Options . Options- . Ok . One-Way ANOVA

(dependent) ANOVA (independent) . (ANOVA- Analysis of variance - ). Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA . Contrasts . , Post Hoc Multiple- , Options , . Ok .

General Linear Model (GLM)

GLM Univariate - () , (factors and/or variables) . (null hypotheses) . , . ( ).

: Analyze General Linear Model Univariate... dependent variable

Fixed Factor(s)- , Random Factor(s)- , Covariate(s)- , . WLS Weight ( weighted least-squares-WLS ) . () , , (Cooks distance) Data view . Model: full factorial model , , . . Custom . Sum of squares. (sum-of-squares) . III- . Contrasts . . Plots - . Horizontal axis Separate lines - 2 Separate plots - 3 Add ( )- add Continue . . . *** , , , HELP Show Me ( ) . , , , . GLM Multivariate Analysis of Variance GLM Multivariate - .

. 2 (dependent variables) . : Analyze General Linear Model Multivariate... 2 (dependent variables) . Fixed Factor(s) Covariate(s) WLS Weight . GLM Repeated Measures Analysis (between-subjects factor(s)) . : Analyze General Linear Model Repeated Measures... within-subjects factor (number of levels) Define . Covariates - . . Variance Components Analysis () . 4 Options Method . , . Include Intercept in Model . Variance- . : Analysis General Linear Model Variance Components... (Select a dependent variable) Fixed Factor(s)- , Random Factor(s) , Covariate(s)- WLS Weight .

, .

Linear Mixed Models Variables

Select

Subjects/Repeated

. , . , . : Analyze Mixed Models Linear... Continue dependent variable - , Factor(s) , covariate , Residual weight . Fixed Random fixed-effects random-effects model . , .

Correlations-

Bivariate , , (significance ) Analyze Correlate Bivariate- .

Variables- Correlations Coefficients- Options .Statistics- , Missing values- . - . Partial () .

Analyze Correlate Partial- . Variables- .Controlling- . Options- Statistics Missing values- .

Distances . . Analyze Correlate Distances- . Variables Compute Distances- , . Measures Measure- , Transform Measure, Transform Values . .

Regression

Linear , . Analyze Regression Linear- .

Dependent .Independent Selection variable- (Rule) .Case Labels- . Residuals- .

Statistics . Plots- . Save- . Options- , , . WLS- . . - . Curve Estimation . Analyze Regression Curve Estimation- . Dependent- , Independent- . Models- . Save- Binar Logistic . . Analyze Regression Logistic- . Dependent- , Covariate- . Categorical- Categorical Covariate . Covariate- . Save : Predicted values- ; Residuals- ; Influence- Continue- . Options- - .

Multinomial Logistic () .

2- . Analyze Regression Multinomial Logistic- . , , . Statistics- . Criteria- , Save- . . Ordinal - [ ] 1980- McCullagh- . Analyze Regression Ordinal- . Options .Output- , .Location- .Scale- (Scale model) . .F-, C . Probit - , . Analyze Regression Probit- . Response Frequency- , Total Observed- , Factor- , , Covariate- , Options .Statistics- , Natural Response Rate- , Criteria- . Ok . Nonlinear Nonlinear Analyze Regression Nonlinear . Dependent- , Model Expression- , Parameter , Continue . Save , Options Bootstrap estimates of standard error-

.Estimation Method- . .Ok . Constrains- . Levenberg-Marquardt . Loss- ( ) . Wieght Estimation . Analyze Regression Wieght Estimation . , , Weight variable . Options ANOVA- . . 2 Stage Least Squares 2 .1- .2- . . Instrumental:-2 ( ) . EXPLANATORY- . Analyze Regression 2 Stage Least Squares- . , Explanatory- , Instrumental- . Options . . Optimal Scaling Categorical Analyze Regression Optimal Scaling- .

, Discretize . Variables . Grouping , .Missing . Continue . Options , , . Output- .Save- Plots- .Ok 6. 9. Loglinear General . : Analyze Loglinear General Factor(s)- . Cell Covariate(s)- (cell) .

Cell Structure- Contrast Variable(s)- ( ) .

Save: Residuals-

Standardized residuals- Adjusted residuals - Deviance residuals - Predicted values- Model : Satured ()- (cov) . Custom- (term) . Term- (Factors and Covariates Terms in Model Continue ) Options : Display, Plot, Confidence interval, Criteria . Logit NewtonRahson-na - . Dependent , Factors 2 10- . : Analyze Loglinear Logit . General- . Save, Model, Options General Save, Model, Options- . . Model Selection Model Selection . Analyze Loglinear Model Selection . Factor(s), Cell Weights Model Building- Use backward elimination , Enter in single step- . Model Factor(s) Generating Class Continue Options- Display, Plot, Model Criteria- Continue Ok .

Classify

. .

K-Means Cluster Analysis - . . : Analyze Classify K-Means Cluster... (2 ) . , . label cases by . .

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ( ) . : Analyze Classify Hierarchical Cluster... cluster cases cluster- variables 3 . label cases . statistics , plots , method . . . Discriminant Analysis . . ( ) .

:Analyze Classify Discriminant... grouping variable Define Range . Independents 2 .

select cases- value- . Statistics- , Method- stepwise- , Classify- . .

Data Reduction ()

Factor Analysis , ( - )- . () .

, . . : Analyze Data Reduction Factor... . , . : Selection variables

value- , Discriptives- , , Extraction , , Rotation , Score : , (regression, Bartlett, Anderson-Rubin) , . .

Correspondence Analysis () 2 ( : 1, 2- .) . . .

: Analyze Data Reduction Correspondence Analysis... row variable-, column variable- () . model, statistics, plots . ( , ) . Optimal Scaling by Alternating Least Squares ()

. : Analyze Data Reduction Optimal Scaling ptimal scaling level - () number of sets- (, ) . Define - Homogeneity Analysis (HOMALS) - , - Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATPCA) - , - Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis (OVERALS) - . OVERALS . Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis (OVERALS) . . A1*y1+a2*y2 +. . + am*ym = b1*x1+b2*x2+ . . bnxn . : Analyze Data Reduction Optimal Scaling...

Multiple sets- Some variable(s) not multiple nominal All variables multiple nominal Define . 2 Previous Next Define range and scale OK . () . Dimensions - , . 2- SPSS 3 . Options , , , , . , Help- . 6. 12. Scale (/) Multidimensional Scaling (/) , , , . - , , - , - () , -

, - ( ) . : 1. ( .- , , .). 2. () . 3. , () - . 4. () - . . () 2 . . , . . . - , - - - . . : Analyze Scale Multidimensional Scaling...

Distances Data are distances Create distances from data 2- . Data are distances- 4 Shape- .

Measure- . Individual Matrices For . model- . Level of measurement- Interval Ratio- ordinal Untie tied- . Conditionality- . Dimensions- () () . (range) . 1-6 minimum- 1- Euclidean distance- . minimum maximum 2- . Scaling Model- 2 Individual differences Euclidean distance model- negative subject weights- . ptions- Display- , Criteria- To change the defaults, enter values for S-stress convergence, Minimum S-stress value, and Maximum iterations. Treat distances less than- . . PROXSCAL . 2 . 6. 13. Nonparametric tests () Chi-Square ( ) , . : Analyze Nonparametric Tests Chi-Square... Test variable list 2

. Excepted values . . Exact . Options - , . . Binomial Test 2 . 2 (probability parameter) 0.5 . test proportion . 1- . , , , , . : Analyze Nonparametric Tests Binomial... , . Runs Test - . . , , , , . 6. 14. Time Series Exponential Smoothing () () . - Exponential Smoothing . Exponential Smoothing Analyze Time Series Exponential Smoothing Variable(s) box .

seasonal model - Model Custom . Define Dates dialog on the (: seasonal model options Winters Custom seasonal component custom model ) Exponential Smoothing Trends option . Fit Data View . Autoregression Model 1- . Analyze Time Series Autoregression Dependent box Independent(s) box Method . Exact maximum-likelihood Cochrane-Orcutt Prais-Winsten 3 (Include constant in model) . Save- , , . Options . Rho- -1 1-

. Convergence Criteria , (Sum of squares change) , . Display options . Arima Analysis Arima ( ) . : Analyze Time Series Arima Dependent box Independent(s) box .

Autoregressive box (order) , Model- , . Moving Average (ARIMA)- q (order of moving average of the process): 0

autoregressive process, 1 , 2 2- . (Transform list) . : None. Transform . Natural log. . Log base 10. 10 . Data menu Define Dates . Save .

Options . Arima SPSS- Trends- . Seasonal Decomposition- . . Variable(s) . (Multiplicative Additive) .

2 . - All points equal - . - End points weighted by .+1 .5 . Display Casewise listing mooynau . , . 6. 15. SURVIVAL ( ) Life Tables 2 (: ) . (life table) . . : Analyze Survival Life Tables... (time) time intervals- . status- .

Factor - life table- by factor- . . Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis - ( ) Ka-Meer () . Ka-Meer . strata- . . Cox Regression Analysis - . (covariates) . () , . . . Compute Time-Dependent Covariate

Cox . , . Cox . Analyze Survival Cox w/ Time-Dep Cov... T_ - Expression for- Model- Cox Regression . Covariates .

Define Multiple Response Sets- ()

(20 ) (frequency tables and crosstabulations) . , 7 ( : casenum, sysmis, jdate, date, time, length, and width) . (Remove), (change) . Select Categories to create a multiple category set having the same range of values as the component variables. Enter integer values for the minimum and maximum values of the range for categories of the multiple category set.

: Analyze Multiple Response Define Sets 2 Variable in set dichotomies , (range) . . Add . Close- . . Multiple Response Frequencies - (frequency tables) Multiple Response Define Sets- . For multiple dichotomy sets, category names shown in the output come from variable labels defined for elementary variables in the group. If the variable labels are not defined, variable names are used as labels. For multiple category sets, category labels come from the value labels of the first variable in the group. If categories missing for the first variable are present for other variables in the group, define a value label for the missing categories. (Missing Values) . , , . Multiple Response Crosstabs - Multiple Response Define Sets- Crosstabs .. . .

Missing Value Analysis -

3 . : , , . , , , (listwise, pairwise, regression, or EM (expectation-maximization)) . .

, (MISSING) . : Missing Value Analysis Analyze, Missing Value Analysis (categorical variables (numeric or string)) (Maximum) .

: Patterns - Descriptives . estimation - EM Regression , . PASTE SYNTAX .