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1 Association of Media Professionals

Small states and sports: Adding perception on sports to the discourse

Paul Andrew Bourne, Conroy Julian & Oniel Riley [4th September 2013]

© Commissioned by AMP1

Bourne et al, 2013

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Small States and Sports: Adding perception on sports to

the discourse

Paul Andrew Bourne, Conroy Julian & Oniel Riley

Association of Media Professionals

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© Association of Media Professionals First Published 2013 by Association of Media Professionals For the purpose of quoting or using this document, the user must reference the material as: Bourne, P.A., Julian, C., & Riley, O. (2013). Small States and Sports: Adding perception on sports to the discourse. Kingston: Association of Media Professionals.

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CONTENTS

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

Findings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42

References………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44

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Small States and Sports: Adding perception on sports to

the discourse

By Paul Andrew Bourne2, Conroy Julian, & Oniel Riley

Introduction

a small power recognizes that it cannot obtain security (economical or physical) by the use of its own capabilities and that it must rely fundamentally on the aid of others (Rothstein 1968) a small power is a state whose leaders consider that it can never, acting alone or in a small group, make a significant impact on the international system(Keohane 1969) The ‘Small State Ideology’ had and continues to influence the international relations of countries

who suffer from it. The extent and direction of the influence of the small state ideology depends on the

individual country (Commonwealth Secretariat 1997). After perusing a number of publications, (Benn

and Hall 2000, Wint 2003, Hey 2003 and others), it can be concluded that countries who suffer a

handicapping effect of the ‘small state ideology’ tend to exhibit certain characteristics. They usually have

a constant “standoffish” or defensive approach to international relations, heightened fear of

vulnerability and tend to search for protectors or act as beneficiaries in their trade relations with the

outside world. In their diplomatic policies, these countries tend to argue for the granting of special

agreements or preferences treaties. There is a general agreement that these small states have a

historical tendency to be allies with super powers, on many occasions. According to Vital (Hey 2003)

small states seek out limited foreign policy objectives. In some cases, as with the Caribbean, they opt to

withhold participation or alliance in any global feud, especially where there is a contributing super

power. Being neutral or active plays into the ‘small state ideology’ as these states view their actions as

having an impending outcome for their development. Though the ‘small state ideology’ exists

elsewhere, for example on the African continent, the focal point of this paper is the Caribbean region.

An important question to ask one’s self is: why does a ‘small state ideology’ exist in the

Caribbean?” The ‘small state ideology’ in the Caribbean has its roots in a number of factors. Buddan

2 Correspondence Contact information: Dr. Paul Andrew Bourne, Director, Socio-Medical Research Institute. Tel:

(876) 566 3088. Email: paulbourne1@yahoo.com or paulbourne1@gmail.com.

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maintains that one of the most important foundations on which Caribbean politics rests has and

continues to be geography (territorial size). To support this point, Knight (Buddan 2001) maintains that

geography has had one of the most dominant and inescapable influences on the pattern of life and

society in the Caribbean region. The Commonwealth Secretariat asserts that while small states are

different from each other, it is possible to identify certain features or characteristics that they hold in

common. Buddan holds that the two broad categories in which these characteristics fit are economic

and political viability and vulnerability. He states that an important question to ask is whether small

states have the economic resources, political power, governmental capacity, and population skills to be

viable as politically independent states. The reality is that Caribbean small states lack some of these

features. Caribbean political governments, in the past and to some extent the present, depend heavily

on international agencies (IO’s or large states) for research, funding and for personnel to support

population, health, the environment, infrastructure and other programmes as well as sports

development.

Since their recognition and inception into the global world, Caribbean small states has used the

argument of their size, poor economic conditions and known vulnerability to natural disasters to put

forward the argument that they are a ‘special case’. According to Klak (1998) this special case argument

had validity as Caribbean states were able to argue that no other countries lacked viability (created by

their economic conditions) and faced the vulnerability that they do. The international community

responded by making certain accommodations and providing lee ways for Caribbean nations. Girvan

(Benn and Hall 2000-1) maintains that the majority of Caribbean countries are unique in the developing

world; this is because they have enjoyed for example, one-way preferential arrangements with both the

European Union under the Lome agreement and the US under the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). This

takes the discourse into the issue of impact and influence of globalization.

According to Girvan, the onset of globalization causes a change in the physical appearance of

the international system. This multi-dimensional process, asserts Bernal (Benn and Hall 2000- 2), results

in the break down of national barriers to the international flow of goods, services, capital, money, and

information. The process creates a sense of equality and causes the world to be seen as single entity.

This resulted in the many nations calling for the end of preferential arrangements. Girvan (Benn and Hall

2000-1), continues that this system not only gave Caribbean nations an unfair advantage over other

developing countries, but it was old and reactionary and must be changed to suit the emerging

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international environment. As such, preferential trade agreements had begun to experience slow but

certain erosion from the early 1990’s. The first indication of this was the North American Trade

Agreements (NAFTA) of 1994 that gave Mexican and Canadian producers duty-free access to the US

market. This destroyed the preferential advantages enjoyed by CBI exporters from 1983 onwards. US

policy now centers on the promotion of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA).

By virtue of being majority islands, Caribbean states and the lives of its citizens are conditioned

by an awareness of insularity. This is often apparent in a sense of place with preference being given to

individual identity over collective identity (Commonwealth Secretariat 1997). This problem of insularity

has been noted in the Caribbean with the failure of the West Indies Federation in 1960’s for example,

and the difficulties facing CARICOM and the associated Single Market and Economy (CSME) today. The

Secretariat maintains that openness is associated with the external focus of a country’s economy in

which international trade assumes great significance. This has always been a factor in Caribbean state

history and had been initiated by the fact that Caribbean nations started out as enclave societies.

Despite the earlier enslaved culture of Caribbean people, they have emerged from the wreckages of

slavery with social turmoils, economic marginalization, social inequality and sporting prowess. While

there are many negatives associated with Caribbean peoples including murders, viciousness, and

‘badness’, which have resulted in increased deportations to their shores, the sporting prowess of

Caribbean States is equal to none.

The peoples in the Caribbean region have challenged the established developed nations such as

the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Sweden and Others in the area of sports,

particularly track and field, like no other region in the world. Long before, the late 1990s and beyond,

Caribbean athletes, especially Jamaicans, have stolen the spotlight in track and field from the developed

nations. Among the greats in the Caribbean, particularly Jamaica, whom have stolen the glory from the

developed nations in track and field are Herb McKenley; George Rhoden, Lennox Miller, Arthur Wint,

and Leslie Laing. The names of Caribbean athletes are staple in track and field from as early as in the

1940s. The track and field stars in Caribbean during the early era of Olympics swept the glory of the 400,

200 and 100 metres away from the developed nations, superpowers like United States, England, Soviet

Union, Germany and so on. Small States of the Caribbean continue to topple the glory in the Olympics

away from the superpowers (or developed nations like United States, Germany, Britian). The feat of

Jamaica in the 200, 100 and 400 metres has been past on to future generations. The generation that

took the responsilibity of sidelining the superpower in sports, particularly track and filed, include people

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like Donald Quarrie, Bert Cameron, Raymond Stewart, Merlene Ottey, Grace Jackson, Juliet Cuthbert,

Michelle Freeman, Wintrop Graham, and a long list of others.

The sporting superpowers of track and field in the last two decades include many small states in

the Caribbean region. Jamaica is not the only small state that has rivaled the those in the developed

world in track and field. Obadelle Thompson of Barbados; Kirani James of Grenada; Ato Boldon of

Trinidad and Tobago; Dayron Robles of Cuba. None of the other small states in the Caribbean have the

legacy of Jamaica, and this track and field legacy rivals and equals that of the economic and neuclar

superpowers. The Jamaicans that have stood at the apex on the world stage are Sherone Simpson;

Kerron Stewart; Nesta Carter; Asafa Powell, Yohan Blake; Warren Weir; Veronica Campbell-Brown;

Melane Walker; Bridgette Foster-Hylton; Deon Hemmings, Danny McFarlane, Gillian Russell, Aleen

Bailey, Michael Frater, Jermaine Gonzales, and the list goes on. The names of Usain St. Leo Bolt and

Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce cannot be mentioned among the names of the previously stated Jamaicans as

they are the King and Queen of track and field. Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are now the

superpowers of track and field and both of them has redefined greatness in the sporting arena. Bolt,

moreso, than Fraser-Pryce has done what no other Jamaican historically has done to the area of track

and field, particularly in the 100 and 200 metres. While Fraser-Pryce has won back to back gold medals

in the 100 metres at the World Champsionships and gold at the Olympics in the same distance as well as

gold the 4x100 metres relay, Bolts has won gold in 100, 200 and 4x100 metres relays at the World

Championships and Olympics and in these events he also hold the world records. The reality is, small

states, especially in the Caribbean, continue to influence the international area and world sports.

Countries like Jamaica is synonymous with ‘badness’, criminality, murder, Shower Posse, Vivian

Blake, Jim Brown, Christoper ‘Dudus’Coke, hurricanes, and sports. According to Girvan, the onset of

globalization causes a change in the physical appearance of the international system. Girvan perspective

is narrow as long before globalization, small states like Caribbean and Africa has changed the physiology

of the world as well as it social consciousness. This dates back to eras in which special people of small

states like Marcus Marvey and Nelson Mandella were global thinkers, change the psycho-social and

physical landscape of many communities. The simplistic perspective of Girvan does not taken into

consideration sports and athletes and how they have and continue to change the landscape of nations,

which existed even before globalization. Changing the physical landscape of the international system are

people like Asafa Powell, Merlene Ottey, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce. Those individuals have not only

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transcended geographical borders by expand their reach, place their localities on an international front;

but they have increased the pscho-social consciousness of their country men as well as others.

The pychological greatness that Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce has placed on small

states in the Caribbean cannot be taken simply without reference to resilence of people in small states

and how they overcome economic and social marginalization to change an international space. In any

discussion on small states and sports, the contribution of the Africans cannot be erased or not included.

Like the Jamaicans and other peoples in the Caribbean, the Africans’greatness in track and field,

especially in distant events, is similar to that the Jamaicans with some modifications. Sports is multi-

billon dollar industry and the economic rewards for people in small states are enormous and provide

survivability for their families and by extension the country in which they reside. With sports being for

all, while greatness and stardom may be reserved for a few, the perception of people on sporting matter

provide yet another side to the sporting discourse. With the legacy of Jamaicans in track and field which

dates back to the 1940s, it is fitting to evaluate contemporary Jamaicans’views on sports as this will

unfold yet another chapter in the small states discourse. Rothstein’s perspective offers an insight into

the rationale of peoples in small states utilizing their innate capabilities as a voice tha echoes in the

international arena, making a loud roar on the stage to signal acceptance, talent, and the rise of the

underclass from the ash of socio-economic and political marginalization, segragation and prejudices. We

will repeat the views of Rothstein again as it aptly captures the reliance of peoples in small states and

how sports is the new vehicles of socio-economic equality that levels the playingfield in international

relationship. He opines that:

“a small power recognizes that it cannot obtain security (economical or physical) by the use of its own capabilities and that it must rely fundamentally on the aid of others” (Rothstein 1968)

Over recent years there have been very clear indicators of Jamaica’s emerging sports industry.

This is distinct from the tradition and great passion for recreational sports practiced both at the elite and

grass roots level. The sport industry envisaged is characterized by widespread activity that many people

are involved in, especially those that become standardized and commercialized. In addition, there are

clear and measurable performances on the field, to world class and world leading standards supported

by the necessary structures, strictures and infrastructure.

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The main sports through which this sport industry is most advanced are the three top sports in Jamaica

as revealed by two editions of Bourne & Julian’s Sport issues polls (Bourne & Julian, 2013). These are:

Track And Field, Football and Cricket, with the first two exchanging place based on current performance.

The key indicators of the emerging sports industry are in bullet points below.

G.C. foster Sports College

National Sports Policy

Legislation which established JADCO

Sport Development Foundation

Professional Athletics Clubs (Racer, MVP etc.)

Jamaica Tallawahs Cricket Franchise

Private Sector Sponsorship

Crowd Support for Boys/Girls Champs & other Meets

The National Premier League & Players Transfers Overseas

The high level of Participation in the Diamond League

These Sport Issues Polls sought to cover all ten pillars of the national sports policy which was laid in

Parliament as a white paper. Questions and findings are already done in relation to eight of these pillars.

The full list includes: Sports for Healthy Lifestyles, Sports Economy and Cultural Enrichment, Sports

Tourism, Governance and Management of Sports, Doping Control, Athletes Development and Welfare,

Sports Public Facility and Infrastructure, Sports as a Tool for Conflict Management, Sports for

Community and Youth Development and Finally Sports Research and Innovation. The Sport Issues Poll is

all about Research and Innovation. In keeping with the aforementioned issues, this paper present a

national probability survey’s findings on sports as taken from 1,300 Jamaicans.

Method

This is the second of the biannual ‘Sports Issues’ surveys. The results are summarized in this report. The

survey was administered between July 10 – August 20, 2013. A multistage sampling approach, with

face-to-face interviews, was used to collect the data. Jamaica was broken into 13 clusters, each parish

representing a cluster with Kington and St. Andrew being one cluster. The number of people that were

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interviewed were computed based on the population for 2012 (see Table 1). A sample of 1,300

Jamaicans were interviewed based on the figures in Table 1, with a sampling error of ± 3% at a 95%

confidence interval. The data were collected over a one month-period, during the months of July to

August 2013. The response rate for this survey was 96.7% (n=1,257) and this indicates the general

willingness of Jamaicans to participate in sporting issues survey.

A detailed instrument (ie. questionnaire) was developed with 48 items probing doping, athletic,

football, boxing, cricket, sports journalist, and introduction of sports in the CSEC.

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Table 1: Population of Jamaica (for 2012), population ratio and Sample Size of current study

Parish Population Population ratio Sample size

Kingston & St. Andrew 667,778 0.25 322

St. Thomas 94,471 0.04 46

Portland 82,442 0.03 40

St. Mary 114,591 0.04 55

St. Ann 173,830 0.06 84

Trelawny 75,799 0.03 37

St. James 184,854 0.07 89

Hanover 70,094 0.03 34

Westmoreland 145,335 0.05 70

St. Elizabeth 151,484 0.06 73

Manchester 191,378 0.07 92

Clarendon 247,109 0.09 119

St. Catherine 499,645 0.19 241

Total 2,698,810 1.00 1,300

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Issue I: Doping

As it relates to the question of ‘Do you believe Jamaican athletes are using performancce enhancing

drugs?’, 11.3% of the respondents indicated yes. When the aforementioned variable was disaggregated

by gender, 3.2 times more females (20.2%) said yes compared to males (χ2 = 79.370, P < 0.0001; Figure

1).

Figure 1: Perception that Jamaican athletes are using performance enhancing drugs

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Issue II: Matters relating specifically to Usain St. Leo Bolt

1. ‘Do you think William Knibb High School should be renamed, Usain Bolt High School?’, one in

every 4 Jamaicans indicated yes. Approximately 11% more females indicated that the schools

should be renamed compared to males (χ2 = 29.725, P < 0.0001; Figure 2).

Figure 2: Perception of Jamaicans on the renaming of William Knibb Hight School, the Usain Bolt High School

2. ‘Should Usain Bolt be made a national hero?’ Eleven in every 20 Jamaica believed that Usain St.

Leo Bolt should be made a national hero. Forty-eight per centage points of males indicated that

Usain Bolt should be made a national hero compared to 36% of females, with there being a

statistical difference between the views of males and females (χ2 = 24.256, P < 0.0001)

Figure 2: Perception of Jamaicans that Usain Bolt should be name a national hero

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3. ‘Should the Trelawny Stadium be renamed the Usian Bolt Stadium?’ Thirty-three in every 100

Jamaicans indicated that the Trelawny Stadium should be renamed the Usain Bolt Stadium.

Further examination of the aforementioned results revealed that 16.6% more females indicated

compared to males (χ2 = 45.707, P < 0.0001; Figure 4)

Table 4: Perception that Trelawny Stadium should be renamed the Usain Bolt Stadium

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Issue III: Favourite Sport, Jamaica Popular Sprinters and Coaches

There is a reduction in per centage of Jamaicans who indicated that Football, Other sports, and Cricket

was their favourite sport (Figure 5). Whereas there has been per centage increases in Netball, Horce

Racing, and Track and Field being people’s favourite sports. Track and Field showed the greatest per

centage increase in being Jamaican’s favourite sports (19.5%), with Football revealing the largest

reduction 5.6%.

Figure 5: Perception of Favourite Sport for Two Surveyed Periods (I and II)

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Ninety-three in every 100 Jamaicans indicated that Usain Bolt is Jamaica’s greatest male sprinter, with

Asafa Powell coming a distant second (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Perception as to who people consider to be Jamaica’s greatest male sprinter

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Forty-nine out of every 100 Jamaicans indicated that Merlene Ottey is Jamaica’s greatest female sprinter

followed by Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (27.8%) and Veronica Campbell-Brown (20.5%) – Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1: Perception as to who people consider to be Jamaica’s greatest female sprinter

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There is a gender disparity in the perception of who is considered to be Jamaica’s greatest female

sprinter (χ2=20.323, P < 0.0001). Fifty-two per centage points of females indicated that Merlene Ottey

is Jamaica’s greatest female sprinter compared to 46.5% of males, whereas for Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce

the figures are the same (Figure 7.2).

Figure 7.2: Perception as to who people consider to be Jamaica’s greatest female sprinter by gender

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Neville Bell continues to be Jamaican’s favourite coach (47.3%), with Glen Mills followed by Theodore

Whitmore showing the great reduction 9.3 and 8.8 respectively (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Perception as to favourite Jamaican coach

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Issue IV: Track and Field

Following being placed 8th in the national trials and prior to his positive doping test, we asked Jamaicans

‘Should Asafa Powell be given the opportunity to run the men’s 4X100 metres relay at the 2013 World

Championships?’, 63% of Jamaicans indicated yes. When the figure was disaggregated by gender, more

males believed that he should be given a chance to run one of the relay legs (68.5%) compared to

females (51.9%; Figure 9).

Figure 9: Following being placed 8th in the national trials and prior to his positive doping test, the perception of Jamaicans as to whether Asafa Powell should be given the chance to run the

4X100m relay at the 2013 World Championships

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The number of Jamaicans who would like to see Usain St. Leo Bolt run the 400m at the 2015 World

Championship have fallen from the previous survey (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Perception of Jamaicans on wanting to see Usain Bolt run the 400m at the 2015 World

Championship by gender

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When the respondents were asked ‘Do you believe that Asafa Powell is suffering from a psychological

problem that prevents him from performing at his best in the 100m at the Olympics?’, 36.4% indicated

yes and 34.6% mentioned that they were unsure (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Perception that Asafa Powell is suffering from a psychological problem as it relates to 100m at

an Olympics

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Issue V: Football and Related Issues

When the respondents were asked ‘Should FIFA use goal line technology in the 2014 World Cup and

beyond?’, 89 out of ev ery 100 Jamaicans indicated absolutely yes with more males stating absolutely

yes (93.1%) than females (81.7%) – χ2=72.209, P < 0.0001 (Figure 11).

Figure 10: FIFA should use goal line technology in 2014 World Cup and beyond

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Two in every 5 Jamaicans (or 40%) indicated that the Reggae World will make it to the 2014 World Cup

tournament in Brazil. On disaggregating the figures by gender, more females (47.7%) indicated yes than

males (35.4%) – χ2=17.952, p < 0.0001 – Figure 11.

Figure 11: The Reggae Boyz will make it to the 2014 World Cup tournament

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When the respondents were asked ‘Is Theodore Whitmore a good football coach?’, 4.1% indicates yes

with 2.6 times more females stating yes compared to males (See Figure 12, χ2= 30.523, P < 0.0001).

Figure 12: Theodore Whitmore is a good football coach by gender

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In response to the question ‘ Do you think that Captain Horace Burrell is critical to the future success of

the Reggae Boyz’, 48.7% of Jamaicans indicates yes and 14.2% stated that they are uncertain.

Disaggregating the figures revealed that more males indicates yes (53.1%) than female 40.7% (χ2 =

36.212, P < 0.0001; Figure 13).

Figure 13: Captain Horace Burrell is critical to the future success of the Reggae Boyz

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When Jamaicans were asked ‘ Was Theodore Whitmore the best available coach for the Reggae Boyz

squad?’, 3 out of every 20 (ie. 12%) indicated yes with more females stating yes (17.4%) than males

(8.4%) – χ2 = 46.014, P < 0.0001.

Figure 13: Perception as to whether Theodore Whitmore was the best available coach for the Reggae

Boyz

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Marginally more Jamaicans indicated that the ‘Italian League’ is the best football league in the world

(see Figure 14).

Figure 14: Perception as to the best football league in the world

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Two out of every 5 Jamaicans indicated that Walter Boyd should not be engaged in assisting the current

Reggae Boyz squad (Figure 16), with more males stating no (83.8%) than females (73.3%) – χ2= 35.838, P

< 0.0001.

Figure 16: Walter Boyd should be engaged in assisting the current Reggae Boyz squad

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Issue VI: Cricketing Matters

Forty-six per centage points of Jamaicans indicated that the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) has

helped to destroy the quality of West Indies Cricket, with 37.1% being unsure. When the figures were

cross tabulated by gender, 50% of males indicated yes compared to 38.3% of females (χ2=17.775, P <

0.0001)- Figure 17.

Figure 17: West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) has helped to destry the quality of West Indies Cricket

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When the respondents were asked ‘ Do you think that the West Indies Cricket Board should have

removed Darren Sammy as captain of the ODI team?’, the majority of the people indicated no (82%).

Figure 18: Views as to the removal of Darren Sammy as captain of the ODI team

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The majority of Jamaicans (89.7%) indicated that T20 is the most entertaining cricketing format, with

more males (95.4%) stating this than females (79.2%) – χ2= 82.028, P < 0.0001 (Figure 19).

Figure 19.1: The most entertaining cricketing format

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Figure 19.2: Perception of the best regional T20 cricketing team

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Issue VII: Sports Journalist

From a listing of 13 Jamaican sports journalist, the top five ones were Jermaine Brown (17.4%); Simon

Crossgill (17.0%); Patrick Anderson (12.3%); Andre Lowe (9.0%), and Orville Higgins (8.6%).

Figure 20: Views as to the favourite Jamaican sports journalist

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Figure 21: Views as to the favourite Jamaican sports journalist by gender

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Issue VIII: Issues relating to the Wray and Nephew Contender

The majority of Jamaicans watched the Wray & Nephew Contender in 2012 and 2013, with there being a

reduction in viewership in 2013 (Figure 22).

Figure 22: Viewership of the Wray & Nephew Contender seasons

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Figure 23: Viewership of the Wray & Nephew Contender seasons by gender

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Fourteen out of every 25 Jamaicans indicated that they always tuned into the 2013 Wray & Nephew

Contender.

Figure 24: Frequency of viewship of 2013 Wray & Nephew Contender

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Fifteen out of every 25 Jamaicans indicated that they were always tuned into the 2012 Wray & Nephew

Contender (Figure 25).

Figure 25: Frequency of viewship of 2012 Wray & Nephew Contender

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When the respondents were asked ‘Should CXC introduce a new subject focusing on the history,

business and development of sports in the Caribbean region?’, two-thirds of the people indicated yes

with 10.2% more females stating yes than males (χ2=33.323, P < 0.0001) – Figure 26.

Figure 26: CSEC should introduce a new subject focusing on history, business and development of sports

in the Caribbean

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Conclusion

The sports arena is filled with the contributions of people from small states, particularly from

the Caribbean, for centuries. The ironic nature of people from small states, especially in the Caribbean

region, rivals the contribution, greatness and influence of those in the developed world. The heroic

contribution of Usian Bolt, Merlene Ottey, Asafa Powell, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Kirani James, Arthur

Wint, Dayron Robles and George Rhoden have equalled and in same instances surpassed the distinctions

attained by peoples in the First World, especially the United States, England, Russia, Germany, and

Canada. Historically, sports, particularly track and field, was dominated by the aforementioned

developed nations with peoples from small states like Jamaica, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados,

and Grenda being more viewers than participants.

The small state ideology does not apply to sports, particularly track and field, as the Caribbean

and Africa have proven their international greatest and superiority in this area. This superiority in track

and field by small states is a call for the redefinition of small states like many nations in the Caribbean to

include sports as a part of the conceptualization of states. Hence, the political power that has blossomed

with small states owing to sports, especailly track and field, has been a thorn in the flesh of the

developed nations. There is, therefore, a need to institutionalize political sports in small states, and use

this has a vehicle to speak to the international community, as athletes, particularly top performer like

Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, have the socio-political and economic power that can be

brought to bear on international politics.

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References

Benn D., Hall K. eds. (2000-1). Globalization: A Calculus of Inequality. Ian Randall Publishers: Jamaica

Benn D., Hall K. eds. (2000-2). Contending with Destiny: The Caribbean in the 21st Century. Ian Randall

Publishers: Jamaica

Bernal, R. (2005). “The CARICOM Single Market and Economy and CARICOM External Trade

Negotiations”, Journal of Caribbean International Relations, April 2005 pp 35-50.

Buddan, R. (2001). Foundations of Caribbean Politics. Arawak Publications: Jamaica.

Hey, J. (2003). Small States in world Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Lynne Rienner

Publishers: London

The Commonwealth Secretariat (1997). A Future for Small States: Overcoming vulnerability.

Pantin, D. (2005). Are SIDS more vulnerable to natural disasters?: Impications for sustainable

development in the Caribbean. Reading NO. 34.

Wint, A. (2003). Competitiveness in Small Developing Economies: Insights from the Caribbean.

University of the West Indies Press: Jamaica.

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Appendix I

SPORTS ISSUES SURVEY II, 2013

© BOURNE3, JULIAN & RILEY, 2013. All rights reserved

INSTRUCTIONS

This survey is to probe Jamaicans’ VIEWS on current sporting issues. Please read each question carefully

and indicate your response by placing a check mark or writing your answer in the space provided. In

order to maintain confidentiality, no marks or name should be placed on the paper that can be used to

identify the response back to you. If at any time in the process you care uncomfortable, you may

withdraw and return the instrument.

SECTION ONE: Demographic data

1. What is your age at last birthday?_________________________

2. What is your gender? [ 1 ] Male [ 2 ] Female

3. What is your employment status

[ 1 ] Student [ 2 ] Self-Employed [ 3 ] Employed [ 4 ] Housewife [ 5 ] Unemployed

4. What best represents your current social class? Lower (working or poor) class [ 1 ] Lower-Middle class [ 2] Middle-Middle class [ 3] Upper-Middle class [ 4 ] Upper class [ 5] 5. What is the highest level of education that you have attained? No formal education [ 1 ] Primary /Preparatory [ 2 ] Secondary [ 3 ] Tertiary [ 4 ]

3 Dr. Paul Andrew Bourne, Director, Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston 9, Kingston, Jamaica. WI. Tel: (1

876) 566 3088. Or email: paulbourne1@yahoo.com, paulbourne1@gmail.com .

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SECTION TWO: Sporting issues

6. Should FIFA use goal-line technology in the 2014 World Cup and beyond?

1. Absolutely Yes [ 1 ]

2. Maybe [ 2 ]

3. Absolutely No [ 3 ]

7. Should Europe’s Top Five Leagues (eg. BPL, Bundesliga, League 1, La Liga, etc) use goal-line technology in the 2013-2014 season?

1. Absolutely Yes [1]

2. Maybe [2]

3. Absolutely No [3]

8. Who is your favourite Jamaican Coach

1. Steven Francis [ 1 ]

2. Glen Mills [ 2 ]

3. Neville Bell [ 3 ]

4. Theodore Whitmore [ 4 ]

5. Junior Bennett [ 5 ]

6. Connie Francis [ 6 ]

9. Which is your favourite Sport

1. Cricket [ 1 ]

2. Football [ 2 ]

3. Track & Field [ 3 ]

4. Netball [ 4]

5. Horse Racing [ 5]

6. Other------------------- [ 6]

10. Who would you consider to be Jamaican’s greatest female sprinter?

1. Merlene Ottey [ 1 ]

2. Veronica Campbell [ 2 ]

3. Grace Jackson [ 3]

4. Juliet Cuthbert [ 4]

5. Shelly-Ann Fraser [ 5]

11. Who would you consider to be Jamaican’s greatest male sprinter?

1. Yohan Blake [ 1]

2. Raymond Stewart [ 2 ]

3. Donald Quarrie [ 3]

4. Arthur Wint [ 4]

5. Herb McKenley [ 5]

6. George Rhoden [ 6]

7. Bert Cameron [ 7]

8. Asafa Powell [ 8]

9. Usain Bolt [ 9 ]

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12. Should Asafa Powell run the men’s 4X100m relay at the 2013 World Championships?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2]

13. Should Usain Bolt run the men’s 400m at the next World Championships?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No [ 2]

14. Which would you consider to be the best football league in the world?

1. Barclays Premier League [ 1]

2. UEFA Champions League [ 2]

3. SERII ‘A’ [ 3]

4. Major League Soccer (MLS) [ 4 ]

5. Spanish La liga [ 5 ]

6. BUNDESLIA [ 6 ]

7. French League [ 7 ]

8. Brazilian League [ 8 ]

15. Do you believe Asafa Powell is suffering from a psychological problem that prevents him from

performing at his best in the 100m at the Olympics?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No. [ 2]

3. Not sure. [ 3]

16. Which one of the cricketing formats is most entertaining?

1. T20 [ 1 ]

2. 50-Overs [ 2 ]

3. Test cricket [ 3 ]

17. Do you think the West Indies Cricket Board has helped to destroy the quality of West Indies

Cricket?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No. [ 2]

3. Not sure [ 3]

18. Which regional cricket team would you rate as the best First Class side?

1. Jamaica [ 1]

2. Trinidad & Tobago [ 2]

3. Leeward Islands [ 3]

4. Windward Islands [ 4]

5. Guyana [ 5]

6. Barbados [ 6]

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19(i). Which regional cricket team would you rate as the best 50-Over side?

1. Jamaica [ 1]

2. Trinidad & Tobago [ 2]

3. Leeward Islands [ 3]

4. Windward Islands [ 4]

5. Guyana [ 5]

6. Barbados [ 6]

19. (ii). Which regional cricket team would you rate as the best T-20 side?

1. Jamaica [ 1]

2. Trinidad & Tobago [ 2]

3. Leeward Islands [ 3]

4. Windward Islands [ 4]

5. Guyana [ 5]

6. Barbados [ 6]

20. Do you think the Senior Reggae Boyz will make it to the 2014 World Cup Tournament in Brazil?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No. [ 2]

3. Not sure [ 3]

21. Should Usain Bolt be made a national hero?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3]

22. Do you think that Captain Horace Burrell is critical to the future success of the Reggae Boyz?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3 ]

23. Was Theodore Whitmore a good football coach?

1. yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3]

24. Is Theodore Whitmore the best available coach for the current Reggae Boyz squad?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No [ 2]

3. Not sure [ 3]

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25. Do you think the West Indies Cricket Board should have been removed Darren Sammy as

Captain of the ODI team?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3]

26. In 2012, did you watch the Wray and Nephew Contender?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

27. If your answer to Question 26 was yes, how frequently did you watch the Wray and Nephew

Contender?

1. Always [ 1]

2. Most times [ 2]

3. Sometimes [ 3]

4. Never [ 4]

28. For the 2013 season of the Wray and Nephew Contender, did you watch this programme?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

29. If your answer to Question 28 is yes, how frequently do you view the programme?

1. Always [ 1]

2. Most times [ 2]

3. Sometimes [ 3]

4. Never [ 4]

30. How often do you attend matches in the Red Stripe Premier League?

1. Always [ 1]

2. Most Times [ 2]

3. Sometimes [ 3]

4. Never [ 4]

31. How frequently do you follow the Red Stripe Premier League on television?

1. Always [ 1]

2. Most times [ 2]

3. Sometimes [ 3]

4. Never [ 4]

32. Which team currently in the Red Stripe would you say you support annually?

1. Waterhouse [ 1]

2. Boys Town [ 2]

3. Harbour View [ 3]

4. Tivoli Gardens [ 4]

5. Arnette Gardens [ 5]

6. Humble Lion [ 6]

7. Cavalier [ 7]

8. Portmore United [ 8]

9. Savannah [ 9]

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10. Sporting Central Academy [10]

11. Montego Bay United [11]

12. Highgate United [12]

33. What would you say is the reason you support the team you do?

1. Closeness to the community you live in [ 1]

2. Family members support the team [ 2]

3. Know persons who play/have played for the team [ 3]

4. Attracted by past success [ 4]

5. Peers support the team [ 5]

34. Rate your perception of a Digicel as a result of sponsoring Caribbean Cricket

Very favourable [ 1]

Favourable [ 2]

Not sure [ 3]

Unfavourable [ 4]

35. Rate your perception of Wray and Nephew as a result of sponsoring the Contender

Very favourable [ 1]

Favourable [ 2]

Not sure [ 3]

Unfavourable [ 4]

36. Rate your perception of Lime having sponsored the Boys and Girls’Championship

Very favourable [ 1]

Favourable [ 2]

Not sure [ 3]

Unfavourable [ 4]

37. Should the services of Walter Boyd be engaged to aid the current Reggae Boyz squad?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3]

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38. Should CXC introduce a new subject focusing on the history, business and development of sports in the

Caribbean region?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3 ]

39. Do you believe Jamaican athletes are using performance enhancing drugs?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3 ]

40. Do you think William Knibb High School should be renamed, Usain Bolt High School?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3 ]

41. Should the Trelawny Stadium be renamed the Usain Bolt Stadium?

1. Yes [ 1 ]

2. No [ 2 ]

3. Not sure [ 3 ]

42. Did you attend the Boys and Girls Championships at the National Stadium?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No [ 2]

3. Not sure [ 3]

43. Which School did you support for the Boys Championship? __________________

44. Which school did you support for the Girls Championship? __________________

45. Did you ever attend the school that you supported for the Boys and Girls Championships?

1. Yes [ 1]

2. No [ 2]

46. What is your degree of loyalty to a company that sponsors a community and/or national

event, activity and/or occasion?

1. Very loyal [ 1]

2. Loyal sometimes [ 2]

3. A little loyal [ 3]

4. Never loyal [ 4]

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47. A company that sponsors a community and/or national event, activity and/or occasion, is

likely to receive support from me in the form of purchasing their product(s)

1. Always [ 1]

2. Most Times [ 2]

3. Sometimes [ 3]

4. Never [ 4]

48. Who is your favourite sports journalist?

1. Kayon Raynor [ 1]

2. Andre Low [ 2]

3. Ryon Jones [ 3]

4. Hubert Lawrence [ 4]

5. Patrick Anderson [ 5]

6. Orville Higgins [ 6]

7. Tony Becca [ 7]

8. Rohan Daley [ 8]

9. George Davis [ 9]

10. Simon Crossgill [10]

11. Leighton Levy [11]

12. Jermaine Brown [12]

13. Ed Barnes [13]