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Transcript of Spongospora diseases of Solanum tuberosum ; South American origins and worldwide problems, requiring...
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Spongosporadiseases of Solanum tuberosum;
South American origins, and worldwide problemsrequiring integrated management solutions
Richard Falloon1,2 and Ueli Merz3
XXVI CONGRESO DE LA ASOCIACIN LATINOAMERICANA DE LA PAPA
Bogot, Colombia. 28 Sept - 2 Oct, 2014
1New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited2Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand
3Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Acknowledgements
Comit Organizador ALAP 2014
Collaborating researchers:Dr Rebecca Gau, Dr Denis Curtin, Ros Lister, Dr Ruth Butler,
Dr Farhat Shah, Dr Patrick Brunner, Russell Genet,
Dr Mark Paget, Sarah Sinton, Dr Steve Thomas,
Dr Loreto Hernndez
Plant pathology, Soil science, Molecular biology,
Biometrics, Agronomy, Plant breeding
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The pathogen (life cycle)
South American origins (genetics)
Effects on plant productivity
Disease management (host resistance)
The challenges posed by the pathogen
Spongospora subterranea
and powdery scab
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10 m
4 m
Spongospora subterranea
Ueli Merz
Ueli Merz
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Spongosporaon Solanum
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Spongosporaon Solanum
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Spongosporaon Solanum
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Global population genetics ofSpongospora subterranea
Rebecca Gau
PhD research in Switzerland and New Zealand
Gau RD, Merz U, Falloon RE, Brunner PC (2013). Global genetics and
invasion history of the potato powdery scab pathogen, Spongospora
subterranea f.sp. subterranea. PLoS ONE8(6): e67944.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067944
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Worldwide collection: 711 samples
19 countries, 22 locations, all continents, mostly field populations
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Distribution of seven ITS haplotypes
Five from
South America
Two worldwide
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Distribution of 12 actin haplotypes
12 from South
America
Two worldwide
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Migration historyGene flow, inferred from microsatellite analyses
Historic gene flow(Conquistadores)
Recent gene flow(colonialism, seed trade)
Bridgehead
Gau, et al. (2013) PLoS ONE8(6): e67944
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Worldwide recorded occurrence of
Spongospora /powdery scab
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Optimal conditions for zoospore release Infectivity of different inoculum sources
Resistance assessment, and heretability,in Solanum spp. genotypes
Alternative hosts
Yield reduction
Disease control (biological, chemical)
Powdery scab etiologyElena Paola Gonzles-Jaimes, Jos Miguel Cotes Torres, et al.
Francisco Bittara et al.
Elisabeth Gilchrist et al.
Recent South AmericanSpongospora research
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Spongospora effects on plant
productivity
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Effects on total crop yield
+28%(increased weight/tuber)
Field trial (1994): powdery scab controlled
with soil treatments
% diseased
no chemical 19
fluazinam 6
total yield
(tonnes ha-1)
44.7
57.3
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Glasshouse experiments
Uninoculated
Inoculated with
S. subterranea
Water uptake,
plant parameters
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Water use
Time (days) from planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g/day)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Inoculation
Uninoculated
Inoculated
Shoot dry weight
reduced by 27%
Root dry weightreduced by 6%
Cv. Iwa
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Change in shoot nutrients due to
Spongospora inoculation
Nutrient Change Nutrient Change
Na + 64 % K - 11 %
Mg + 11 % S - 11 %Ca + 6 % Fe - 12 %
N + 4 % P - 15 %
B + 2 %
Mn - 25 %Zn - 48 %
P>0.05 Cu - 59 %
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Glasshouse experiment
Plant parameters
Water use
Spongospora severity
Eight cultivars uninoculated or
inoculated with S. subterranea
Very resistantGladiator, Moonlight Red Rascal
Moderately resistantRusset Burbank, Ranger Russet,
Umatilla Russet
Very susceptibleIwa, Asterix
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Shoot dry weight (g)
Gladiator
Moo
nlight
RedRa
scal
Rang
erRus
set
Russet
Burba
nk
UmatillaRu
sset Iw
a
Asterix
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible
Uninoculated
Inoculated
Bar is LSD 5%
Plant growth
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Root function(water use)
Iwa
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Ranger Russet
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Russet Burbank
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Asterix
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
un-inoculated
inoculated
Umatilla Russet
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Gladiator
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Moonlight
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
Red Rascal
Days after planting
0 10 20 30 40 50
Wateruse(g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Inoculation
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Final water use (g day-1
)
Gladiator
Moo
nlight
RedRa
scal
Rang
erRusset
Russet
Burba
nk
UmatillaRu
sset Iw
a
Asterix
g
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible
Uninoculated
Inoculated
Bar is LSD 5%
Root function
(water use)
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Root galls
Galls/g Root Dry Weight
Gladiator
Moo
nlight
RedRa
scal
Rang
erRus
set
Russet
Burba
nk
UmatillaRu
sset Iw
a
Asterix
Galls/g
50
100
150
200
250300
350
400
450 V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible
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Plant parameters at harvest
Mean wgt
(kg) tubers
per plant
Mean no.
tubers per
plant
Mean wgt
(g) per
tuber
Uninocd
2.93 12.1 242Inocd 1.70 9.0 188
change -42% -26% -22%
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Soil moisture measurementsTime domain reflectometry
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Sample Date
7-Nov 21-Nov 5-Dec 19-Dec 2-Jan 16-Jan 30-Jan 13-Feb 27-Feb
Meanwateru
sedifferencefrom
average
(%)
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Uninoculated
Inoculated
Irrigation
Rain
Water use
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Host susceptibility toSpongospora root infection
Loreto Hernndez Maldonado
PhD research in New Zealand
Hernandez Maldando M.L., R.E. Falloon, R.C. Butler, A.J. Conner and S.R.
Bulman (2013). Spongospora subterranea root infection assessed in
two potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to tuber powdery scab.
Plant Pathology 62, 1089-1096.
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Zoosporangium severity
scores
Inoculated
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Amount of Spongospora DNA
(ng l-1)
Uninoculated
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Numbers of galls
(g-1 root dry weight)
Gladiator
Iwa
Inoculated
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Spongospora effects on crop
productivity
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Field observations in Tasmania
19 fields surveyed at tuber filling
mainly Russet Burbank
18 fields had plants with Spongospora root galls
90% sampled plants had root galls
59% sampled plants had tuber lesions
40% yield reductions (estd)
February 2008
Simplot, Tasmania
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Yields of russet varieties of field-grown potatoes in
Washington State, reduced by 5-12 t ha-1 due to root
infection by Spongospora
Nitzanet al. (2008) Plant Disease92: 1643-1649
USA reports
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E Gilchrist
La enfermedad en las raices redujo la produccin a la mitadThis root infection reduces my yields by half
Antioquia, Colombia (2010)
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Field survey in New Zealand 2012/13
11 crops, examined every 2 weeks after planting
(Russet Burbank, Innovator)
Six crops with severe galls
Five without galls
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Integrated powdery scab
management Crop rotation
Field management (soil-applied pesticides)
Disease resistance Disease-free seed tubers (pesticide treatments)
Crop management
Hygiene methods
Management sequence
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Integrated powdery scab
management Crop rotation
Field management
Disease resistance Disease-free seed tubers
Crop management
Hygiene methods
Management sequence
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Gladiator
Iwa
Russet Burbank
Potato cultivar susceptibility
to powdery scab
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Cultivar susceptibilityPowdery scab resistance score (tubers)
resistant susceptible
Gladiator 8.8 Atlantic 6.5
Moonlight 8.3 Shepody 6.4
Russet Burbank 7.9 Frontier Russet 6.3Umatilla Russet 7.8 Kennebec 5.9
Sebago 7.2 Iwa 5.4
Desiree 7.4 Bondi 5.1
See Genet et al. (2014)
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Conclusions
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Spongosporaon Solanum
Th di f S l b
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The diseases of Solanum tuberosum
caused by Spongospora subterranea
disrupted root function
root hyperplasia
tuber powdery scab
These diseases pose severe
problems for growing high