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Section 3-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Self-Determination In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians created their own nations. However, not all national groups were able to reach that goal.

Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• militarism

• kaiser

• plebiscite

• emancipation

• abolitionism

• secede

Academic Vocabulary

• unification • regime

Section 3-Key Terms

People and Places

• Piedmont

• Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Otto von Bismarck

• Alsace

• Lorraine

• Queen Victoria

• Budapest

• Czar Alexander II

A. A

B. B

Section 3-Polling Question

A powerful nation does not need allies.

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A B

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Section 3

Toward National Unification

The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany.

Section 3

• Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia.

• The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia.

• Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control.

Toward National Unification (cont.)

Section 3

• The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies.

• Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying.

• In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.

Toward National Unification (cont.)

Unification of Italy and Germany

Section 3

• Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy.

• In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont.

Toward National Unification (cont.)

Section 3

• Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

• Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism.

• In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark.

Toward National Unification (cont.)

Section 3

• In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia.

• In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.

• The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established.

Toward National Unification (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

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Which alliance broke apart after the Crimean War?

A. Great Britain and Russia

B. Russia and Austria

C. Austria and Prussia

D. Prussia and Russia

Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe were also changing.

Section 3

• England

– Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country.

– Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

– The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity.

– Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

• France

– In France, Louis-Napoleon asked the French people for the restoration of the empire. In the plebiscite, 97 percent of the people wanted an emperor.

– Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian government that limited civil liberties.

– Napoleon III expanded the economy with government subsidies for infrastructure improvement.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

– He rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards, public squares, underground sewers, and street lights.

– Napoleon III gave the legislature more power when opposition to some of his economic policies arose.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

• The Austrian Empire

– Nationalism was a problem for the Austrian Empire because it contained so many different ethnic groups.

– The Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

– Each component of the empire had its own constitution, its own legislature, and its own capital–Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary.

– They were held together by a shared monarch, army, and financial system.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

The Austrian Empire

Section 3

• Russia

– After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize.

– Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

Section 3

• Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs.

• The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander’s other reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression.

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

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Which factor enabled Britain to avoid the revolutions that faced other European nations?

A. Strong centralized monarchy

B. Economic prosperity

C. Modern cities

D. Religious unity

Section 3

Nationalism in the United States

Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody civil war that lasted from 1861 to 1865.

Section 3

• In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride.

• In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems.

Nationalism in the United States (cont.)

Section 3

• Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life.

• With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America.

• The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865, ending slavery and creating one nation again.

Nationalism in the United States (cont.)

The South’s Economy

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

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What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A. It declared that enslavedpeople were free.

B. It declared the South as the Confederate States of America

C. It declared the end of the Civil War.

D. It declared the nation as “half slave and half free.”

Section 3-End

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Vocab1

enclosure movement

in Great Britain during the 1700s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town

Vocab2

capital

money available for investment

Vocab3

entrepreneur

a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

Vocab4

cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

Vocab5

puddling

process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron

Vocab6

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

Vocab7

socialism

a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Vocab8

derived

process of obtaining a product from a parent substance

Vocab9

hypothetical

assumed but not known

Vocab10

conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

Vocab11

principle of intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

Vocab12

liberalism

a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—should be protected

Vocab13

universal male suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Vocab14

multinational state

a state in which people of many nationalities live

Vocab15

constitution

the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it

Vocab16

radical

relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change

Vocab17

militarism

reliance on military strength

Vocab18

kaiser

German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire

Vocab19

plebiscite

a popular vote

Vocab20

emancipation

the act of setting free

Vocab21

abolitionism

a movement to end slavery

Vocab22

secede

withdraw

Vocab23

unification

the act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified

Vocab24

regime

the government in power

Vocab25

romanticism

an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

Vocab26

secularization

indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

Vocab27

organic evolution

the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms

Vocab28

natural selection

the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of the fittest”

Vocab29

realism

mid-nineteenth-century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was

Vocab30

individuality

a total character that distinguishes an individual from others

Vocab31

approach

the way or method one examines or studies an issue or a concept

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