Splash Screen 2 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1Founding of Rome SECTION 2The Etruscans SECTION...

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Contents

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 Founding of Rome

SECTION 2 The Etruscans

SECTION 3 Etruscans and Romans

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

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Chapter Focus 1

Overview

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• Chapter 13 describes the beginnings of civilization in Italy.

– Section 1 describes the founding of Rome.

– Section 2 discusses the rise of the Etruscans, their daily life, and their religious beliefs.

– Section 3 summarizes the contributions the Etruscans made to Roman civilization.

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Chapter Focus 2

Objectives

• explain how Rome was founded.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• describe what daily life was like for the Etruscans.

• identify the religious beliefs held by the Etruscans.

• cite Etruscan contributions to Roman civilization.


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Chapter Focus 2

Read to Discover

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• What daily life was like for the Etruscans

• What religious beliefs were held by the Etruscans

• How Etruscans contributed to Roman civilization

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Chapter Focus 3

• soothsayers

• omens • catacombs • Forum • fasces • mundus

• Aeneas

• Romulus • Remus

Terms to Learn People to Know

• Rome

• Palatine • Etruria

• Lydia

Places to Locate

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Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula that extends south from Europe into the Mediterranean Sea. On the west coast of the peninsula is the mouth of the Tiber River. Fifteen miles upstream is a group of seven hills. On the hill known as the Palatine, an early people called the Latins founded a settlement later known as Rome. This settlement would one day become the center of a great empire, whose achievements still influence life today.

Chapter Focus 4

Why It’s Important

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End of Chapter Focus

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Section 1-1

Founding of Rome• Romans have a legend about the founding

of their city.

• About 800 B.C., a Latin princess broke an oath never to have children and gave birth to twin sons fathered by the god Mars.

• A a punishment, her sons–Romulus and Remus–were taken from her and left to die.

• The two boys were found by a she-wolf, which fed and cared for them.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 209 of your textbook.

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Section 1-2

Founding of Rome (cont.)


• Later, a shepherd killed the she-wolf and took the babies to his home.

• When the boys were older, they decided to build a city on the Tiber, but could not agree on which one should rule the city.

• They decided to let the gods choose the city’s ruler.

• The two brothers fought, and Remus was killed. Romulus became king of the city, which he named Rome.

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Section 1-3

Founding of Rome (cont.)


• About 1000 B.C., groups of people with iron weapons began invading the lands around the Mediterranean.

• One group, the Latins, settled on the Palatine; Romans belonged to this group.

• The Latins’ settlement area had a pleasant climate, fertile soil, and dense forests.

• By 776 B.C., the settlement on the Palatine had become a farming village of about 1,000 people.

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About 800 B.C., a Latin princess gave birth to twin sons fathered by a god. As punishment, her sons, Romulus and Remus, were taken from her and raised by a she-wolf and then a shepherd and his wife. Later the brothers built a city on the Tiber and let the gods choose the city’s ruler. The two fought, Remus was killed, and Romulus became king of Rome.

Section 1-Assessment 1

Section Assessment

According to legend, how was Rome founded?

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Section Assessment (cont.)

What natural resources existed in the area settled by the Latins?

The area had a pleasant climate, fertile soil, dense forests, and salt and fish could be carried from the coast.


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How did the Latins live?

Most were farmers who lived in wooden huts.


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Answers will vary.




Evaluating Information How true do you think the legend of Rome’s founding is? Explain your answer.

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Answers should follow the chronological order of the story.




Draw a diagram like the one found on page 210 of your textbook, and use it to show the main events in the legend of Romulus and Remus.

End of Section 1

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Section 2-1


The Etruscans• Around 800 B.C., a people called Etruscans

settled in Etruria, the country north of the Latin village on the Palatine.

• The Etruscans were Italy’s first highly civilized people.

• Etruscan farmers used mostly iron tools.

• Some Etruscan were metalworkers and sculptors.

• They were known as “the people of the sea,” feared as pirates and respected as traders.

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Section 2-2

The Etruscans (cont.)

• Over time, the Etruscan cities grew, and by 600 B.C., they dominated all of northern Italy, including the Latin village on the Palatine.

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Section 2-3


• The Etruscans enjoyed playing and watching games like chess, backgammon, wrestling, running, boxing, and horse racing.

• The Etruscans loved music and dancing best.

• The Etruscans had a strong sense of social order, or the way groups of people are classed.

• A few wealthy families owned most of the land and most of the enslaved people, who tended the land and did other work.

Daily Life

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Section 2-4


• The Etruscans had many gods, most of whom were modeled after the Greeks.

• The Etruscans believed the universe was divided into provinces with each province ruled by different gods.

• The Etruscans also believed humans were powerless before the gods so they wanted to please their gods.

Religious Beliefs

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Section 2-5


• They discovered what the gods willed through a priestly group of aristocrats called soothsayers, or people who can predict events.

• Soothsayers read certain omens, or signs of what is to happen.

Religious Beliefs (cont.)

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Section 2-6


• When an Etruscan noble died, a great banquet was held, and two of the noble’s slaves fought one another to the death.

• The dead were buried in tombs beneath the ground called catacombs.

• The Etruscans believed that life after death lasted longer and was more important than life on Earth.

• They filled their tombs with works of art and treasures of gold, silver, bronze, and ivory.

Tombs of Gold

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Section 2-7


• Because of this, Etruscan tombs are known as “tombs of gold.”

• Outside each Etruscan city was a necropolis, or cemetery, made up of acres of these tombs.

Tombs of Gold (cont.)

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Section Assessment

How did the Etruscan social order change over time?

At first there were no great class differences. Only acrobats and enslaved people were thought of as inferior. Over time, however, three social classes emerged.


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Making Comparisons What similarities are there between the way the Etruscans treated their dead and the way modern people do?

Answers will vary but could note Etruscan burial tombs, practices, and cemeteries.


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Draw a diagram like the one on page 214 of your textbook, and use it to show the members of the three main Etruscan social classes.

upper class–wealthy landowners, nobles, priests

middle class–farmers, traders, city workers

lower class–enslaved people


End of Section 2

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Section 3-1


Etruscans and Romans• In 616 B.C., Lucius Tarquinius became the

first Etruscan ruler of Rome, and his dynasty ruled Rome for more than 100 years.

• The Etruscans drained the swamp at the foot of the Palatine which became Rome’s Forum, or the public square.

• The Romans borrowed the Etruscan alphabet and some Etruscan customs, including the gladiatorial games.

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Section 3-2


Etruscans and Romans• The Romans amused themselves by

watching these games, which were fights between armed men, between men and animals, between women and dwarfs, and between animals.

• Another custom was the triumph, or the parade-like welcome given to a Roman hero returning from battle.

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Section 3-3


Etruscans and Romans (cont.)

• In addition, the Romans borrowed Etruscan symbols of authority.

• One of these was the fasces, or a bundle of rods bound around an ax that became the symbol of a Roman ruler's power.

• The Etruscans built the first temple on the Capitoline; today, it is the center of Rome’s municipal, or city, government.

• The Romans founded their cities according to a ritual borrowed from the Etruscans.

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Section 3-4


• Priests marked where the two main streets would meet and marked it with a stone.

• The Romans believed the place where the two streets met was the mundus, or the meeting point for the worlds of the living and the dead.

• Etruscans played an important role in the development of Roman civilization.

Etruscans and Romans (cont.)

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Section 3- Assessment 1


What contributions did the Etruscans make to the Roman language?

They borrowed the Greek alphabet, changed it, and passed it on to the Romans.

Section Assessment

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How did the Etruscans and the Romans establish their cities?

Soothsayers told where a city’s boundaries should be, and a ditch was dug to make them. Then priests laid out the main street and cross streets and marked the intersection with a stone.


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Distinguishing Fact From Opinion “The Latins benefited from Etruscan rule.” What facts support this opinion?

Facts should be specific skills, ideas, or customs that improved the quality of life for Latins, such as the construction of a sewer system or use of the arch to build bridges.


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Draw the diagram that is on page 216 of your textbook, and use it to show Etruscan contributions to the Romans.

Contributions can include: the arch, the forum, gladiatorial games, customs like the triumph, symbols such as fasces, certain religious beliefs, and so on.


End of Section 3

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary & Study Guide• According to legend, Rome was founded by

Romulus and Remus on the Palatine.

• Some of the earliest farming settlements at Rome were built by the Latins.

• The main occupation of the Latins was farming.

• The Etruscans conquered Rome in 616 B.C. and took control of northern Italy.

• The Etruscans were noted throughout the Mediterranean world as traders and pirates.


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Chapter Summary 2

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• Religion was important to the Etruscans, and they went to soothsayers to find ways to please their many gods.

• The Romans learned many things from the Etruscans, including use of the arch in building, an alphabet, and a ritual for establishing cities.

End of Chapter Summary

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Chapter Assessment 1

Understanding the Main Idea

What part of Italy did the Etruscans dominate?

Etruria and eventually all of northern Italy, including the Latin village on the Palatine was dominated by the Etruscans.


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How did the kind of shoes the Etruscans wore help them in battle?

They gave them better footing on rough or hilly ground.



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What group of people owned most of the land in Etruria?

A few wealthy families owned most of the land in Etruria.



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Why did the Etruscans build their temples to face east?

They built them to face east because the Etruscans believed the east and the left were lucky.



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How have experts learned much of what they know about Etruscan life?

They learned much of what they know from Etruscan tombs.



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Who was the first Etruscan ruler of Rome?

Lucius Tarquinius


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What customs did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?

They borrowed the customs of gladiatorial games, the triumph, and the fasces.



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What religious beliefs did the Etruscans introduce to the Romans?

They introduced the Romans to soothsayers and gods with human forms.



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Compare the role of women in Etruria with their role in Greek civilization.

Etruscan women danced, took part in public celebrations, and could own property. Greek women could not attend the Olympic Games or go out without a chaperon.

Critical Thinking


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What role did religion play in Etruscan life? How did Etruscan religious ideas differ from the religious ideas of the Greeks?

Religion influenced Etruscan building of temples and cities, and ceremonies, songs, and dances. The Greeks were not afraid of their gods, as Etruscans were.


Critical Thinking

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What would you have enjoyed the most about living in Etruria? Explain.

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Was the Etruscan conquest of Rome good for the Romans? Explain why or why not.

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Location Look at the map on page 211. If the people of Etruria were attacked by another empire, from what direction and by what means would the attack come? What geographic feature might protect Etruria? Draw a map showing the most likely routes of a possible attack.

Answers will vary. Attacks could come from the sea, down rivers, or overland from north or south. Protection came from two mountain ranges.

Geography in History


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You are a stranger leaving an Etruscan city with one of its citizens. Outside the city, the citizen tells you that you are looking at a necropolis. Describe what you see.

You would see rows of mounds of earth piled above tombs, and wide streets that open into plazas.


End of Chapter Assessment

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History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

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Global Chronology

800 B.C.Rome is founded

1000 B.C.Latins settle on Palatine Hill

600 B.C.Etruscans dominate all of northern Italy

616 B.C.Etruscans conquer Rome


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People in History 2.1

Romulus and his twin brother Remus founded Rome around 753 B.C. quarrels over the kingship of Rome led to the death of Remus. According to legend, Romulus populated Rome with people fleeing harsh rule elsewhere. After a long reign, he vanished in a thunderstorm. Romans later worshiped him as the war god Quirinus.

Romulus c. 800 B.C.-715 B.C.

Founder of Rome

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Map Skills 1.1

Reading A Political Map

• In all parts of the world, people have created governments in order to live together.

• Maps that show areas ruled by particular governments are called political maps.

• Most people use political maps to find cities and countries.

• Political maps use symbols to show the location of capitals and other cities.


Continued on next slide.

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• Boundary lines mark where a country or state begins and ends.

• Boundaries may be shown by solid, dashed, or dotted lines.

• Colors often show the size and shape of countries and states.

Map Skills 1.2


• A star is usually used to show the capital of a country or state, and a dot is used to show other cities.



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Map Skills 1.3


• All these symbols, lines, and colors are not really on Earth’s surface, but what they show exists.

• On the map of “Early Italy” on page 211 of your textbook, the three colors show the particular areas ruled by three peoples.



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Map Skills 1.4



Study the political map on page 211 of your textbook showing early Italy. Then answer the questions that follow.

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Map Skills 1.5


Who controlled the southernmost part of Italy?

Greeks



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Map Skills 1.6


What two cities are shown?

Caere and Rome



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Map Skills 1.7


What people controlled the smallest area?

Latins


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