THE ARMENIAN ORIGIN by ROBERT ELLIS Classic Literature CollectionWorld Public Library.org OF THE ETRUSCANS Title: THE ARMENIAN ORIGIN OF THE ETRUSCANSAuthor: ROBERT ELLISLanguage: English Subject: Fiction, Literature Publisher: World Public Library Association Copyright 20 , All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net The World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.netis an effort to preserve and disseminate classic works of literature, serials, bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works in a number of languages and countries around the world.Our mission is to serve the public, aid students and educators by providing public access to the world's most complete collection of electronic books on-line as well as offer a variety of services and resources that support and strengthen the instructional programs of education, elementary through post baccalaureate studies. 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Box 22687 Honolulu, Hawaii 96823 info@WorldLibrary.net Copyright 20 , All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net THE ARMENIANORIGIN 01'TBB ETRUSCANS. \ BY ROBERTELLIS,B.D., PELLOWOPIT.JOB.'SOOLLEGE,OAMBRIDGE; AImAUTHOROP'...TREATISEO.BAmAL'SPASSAGEOPTIDALPS.' LONDON: PARKER,SON,ANDBOURN,WESTSTRAND. KOOOOLXI. (:"r,~ . :..... ~ "..-, LONDON: 8-'.VILLANDBDW A.BD8,PBIBTBBI,CJLUm088To.", COVEN"GABDBlf. CONTENT S. THEARYANRACE,ANDITSm"ISIONS THE. ETRUSCANSABRANCH01'THETHRACIAN TOBICALEVmENCEOFTHEEXTENSION01'THBTHRACIAN BACBnOHABHENIATOETBUBIA. LINGUISTICEVIDENCEOJ'THEEXTENSION0"'THETHRACIAN BACHPROMARMENIATOETRURIA, WORDS PHRYGIANWORDSI PHRYGIANINSCRIPTIONSI LYDIANWORDSI CARlANWORDS. THELYCIANSANDTHECAUCASIANNATIONS LYCIANINSCRIPTIONS.' LYCIANWORDS TBRACIANWORDS SCYTHIANWORDSI DACIANNAJlESOFPLANTS A'LBA.NIANWORDSALLIEDTOTHBA.1UtIENIANI BILETO-ROHANSCHWORDSALLIEDTOTHEARHBNIAN BTBU8CANWORDS ..uu' t 3 9 11 13 20 38 46 46 49 58 62 66 70 81 90 97 ETRUSCANINSCRIPTIONS.101 SBPULCHB.l.LtNSCRIPl'IONS VOTIVEINSCRIPTIONS VOCABULARY01'VOTIVE r'l 103 118 130 . IVOONTENTS. I'.A.&. THBINSCRIPTIONOFCEBVETRI136 THEPBRUGIANINSCRIPTION.. 151 GEOGRAPHICALNAKESINETBUBIAAlmOTHeCOUNTBDI'B161 THEPELASGIANS. . . 176 POSSIBLEEXTENSION01'THETHBAClABSTOTIlEWESTOF ETRUBIA179 NAllESOFGLACIERS180 THEBEBBYCESOFTHEEASTEBlfPYRENBES. .. 182 CONCLUSION. .. . . ... . 183 APPENDIX.. . 189 INDEX01'ETRUSCANWORDS 198 THEArmenianlettersarerepresentedbythefollowing equivalents: -1.a. 2.6. 3.9. 4.d. 5.e(Eng. eor !Ie). 6.z. 7.e 8.Ii (neutral vowel:Germ. 0, SaBSk.a). 9.tlt. 10.z (Fr.j,Eng.a iu mea-BUre). 11,i. 12.t. 13.Ie",. 14.~(Eng.da). 15.Ie. 16.It. 21.!I (partakesofthe sounds of It and !I:as a final commonly mute). 22.n. 23.I(Eng. alt). 24.o. 25.c (Eng.elt). 26.p. 27.I(between Eng.janda!). 28.r (strong r). 29.a. 30.1J)(asvwhen beginning a syllable). 31.t. 82.r. 83.z (Eng.tz). 34.v(u,v:neveravowel when alone). 17.z (Eng. ta).85.plt. 18.I (Welsh tl,Polish thickt).86.elt. 19.I(Eng.j).87.d (broad0,likeFr. au). 20.m.38. f. The effect ofthe (.) is to strengthen, ofthe (') to soften, the consonant whichit qualifies.The letters,87and88, are of late introduction:87wasformerlywrittenav:88 is only usedinsomeforeignwords.Thefollowingareregularly diphthongs,when followedby aconsonant:-e'O,Eng. uor !Iou.OV,Eng. 00,Germ.u. iv,Germ.u,Fr.u,occa- ow,long 0,Germ.00,Gr. w. sionally Eng. u' Some make2,8,4, tenuesJ and26,15, 31,medials. VI TheAlbanianiswritteninLatincharacters,andthe followingequivalentsareadoptedforthealphabetofDr. Hahn:-1.a.18.ly_ 2.v ..19.m. 3. b...20.#. 4. !I. 21.ny_ 5. I 21a.n. 6. o 22.:c. 7. Oy" 23.o. s.an.24.p. 9.a.25.r. 10.e.26.8. 11.if.27. , z. 12.z.28.i. 13.tn.29.t. 14. ". 30.u. 15.le.81.ple. 16. ley_82.cA. 17.I.8S.le!. Y is alwaysa consonant,evenattheendofwords:thus leaTty,Ia horse,'is pronounced nearly likeFr. caille,asly:::: Ital. 01.Ny = Ital. or Fr. gn.The sound of i,is asin the Fr.on. The followingabbreviations havebeenemployed-Abas.=Abasian:Alb.= Albanian:Ang.-Sax.::. Anglo-Saxon:Arab. =Arabic:Arm. =Armenian:Bret. =Breton: Cappad. = Cappadocian:Circas. = Circassian:Eng. = English: Esth. = Esthonian:Etrusc. = Etruscan:Fr. = French:Gael. = (Scotch)Gaelic:Georg.=Georgian:Germ. = German: Goth.= (Mmso-)Gothic:Gr.= Greek:Heb.= Hebrew: Hung. = Hungarian:Ita!. = Kurd. = Kurdish:Lapp. = Lapponic:Lat. = Latin:Lith. = Lithuanian:Lyd. = Ly-dian:O.Pers.=OldPersian: =Ossetic:Pers.=.-Persian:Phryg. = Phrygian:Pied. =Piedmontese:Pol. = Polish:Rhmt-Rom.:::.- Rhmto-Romanscb:Sansk. =Sanskrit: Scyth. = Scythian:Serve =Servian:Span. =Spanish;Sweda = Swedish:Thrac. = (Proper)Thracian:Turk. = Turkish. ERRATAETADDENDA. p. 151 1.4frombottom,forole'10read oellro. p. 1711.18, forleilelearead leileleaa. p. 801 1.28,fordaleread dag. p.861 1.51forpovaav read povaav. p.7411.71foroVEpa-rpovpread oVEplJ.-rpOVp. p.751 1.41forpov{3ovpreadpov{3ovp. Kindred terms to the Arm.dag,tfossa,'andperhaps to the Phryg.lacllit(p.80)andtheEtrusc.zi-lacll-nlee(p.115), wouldbetheItal. laeea,tdescensus,cavum,fossa,'andthe Gael.lag,tcavum,specus.' In p.187, 1.. 9 frombottom, after gitll,'imber,' add ee,gen. eeielle,tfloslactis.' THE ARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. THEsubjectof the followingpagesisanextensionof the argumentinthelatter partof myContribution8totA,e Etltnograpltyof ItalyandGreece.UpontheearlierpartI neednot enter here:it will merely be necessary to recapitulate the viewsIentertainuponthe peopling of Europe. The Indo-Germanic,or,to adopt the shorter andnowwell. establishedterm,theAryanrace,maybedividedintotwo greatdivisions:theNorthernorEuropeanAryans,and the Southern or Asiatic Aryans.TheEuropeanAryansare sub-divided,reckoningbylanguage,andoverlookingsmaller members,intothreegreatbranches:the Latin,the German, andtheSlavonianbranch.ButtheLatinisanintrusive language,derived froma singlecity oraverysmalldistrict, andhavingspreadovercountriesmainlyoccupiedbyCelts, whoarealsoAryans.The three great branches of European Aryanswouldthereforebecome,whenconsideredethnically, the Celts,the Germans,and the Slavonians. TheSouthernorAsiaticAryansmay besimilarly divided intothreeprincipalbranches:theArmenians,thePersians, and the Indians.TheKurds and Afghans are of lessethnical importance.TheArmenians,liketheCelts,arenowfewin number.Itwillbemyendeavour to prove that the raceto whichtheybelongonceoccupiedamuchgreaterextentof country,andwerespreadwestwardfromArmeniatoItaly under thenamesofPhrygians, Thracians,Pelasgians, Etrus-,B 2THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSOANS. cans,andother designations.Asthe expansionoftheLatin languagefromitsoriginal seat at Romeobliteratedinits ad-vancethe greater number ofthe Celtic dialects,sothe expan-sion of the samelanguage in part, but yet morethe expansion of the Greek, obliterated in Europe and Asia Minor the dialects akin to the Armenian,until it wasonly in the original seat of therace,inArmeniaitself,thatarepresentativeofthose dialectssurvived. TheonlymembersoftheAryan stock with whichIshall havetodeal,willbethe Thracians,i.e., the raceofwhichthe Armeniansareapart,andtheCelts:orwiththewestern branch of the Northern Aryans, and the westernbranch of the .:Southern Aryans.These twobrancheswould,by their posi-tion,bethe firstsettlers in Europeofthedivisionstowhich they belong.TheCelts,Iconceive,enteredEuropechiefly throughScythia or Russia;and the Thracians, at least mainlYJ throughAsiaMinorandTurkey.HavingenteredEurope, oneportionoftheCeltswouldturntotheS.W.Jand .eventually settle .in Italy.TothesewouldbelongtheU m-briana,said by sometobe abranchoftheold Celts,i.e.,the Celtswhowerein Italy beforetheCeltic invasion whichulti-matelytermin.atedinthecapture ofRome.The Thracians, on the other hal:ld,advancing W. and N. W. from Asia Minor, .wouldformtheoriginalAryanpopulationinTurkeyand Greece,wouldcomein ~ o n t a c twiththe .Celtsalongtheline ~ fDacia,Pannonia,N o.ricum, and Rhmtia, and would pass into Italy,mostlyunQer'the:nameof . TyrrheniansJ ataperiod $ubsequenttothedateof theCelticsettlementsinthat peninsula. Buttherewouldhavebeeutworacesin Europe before the JUTivalof any Aryan settlers.One oftheseraoeswouldhave been the BasqueorIberian race, withwhich Ishallhave little to do.The other is more important.If therewerea race in EuropeJ not BasqueJ andearlier than the CelticJ it is almost a directethnological consequence thatitmusthavebeenFin. THEARMENIA.NORIGINOFTHEETRUSCA.NS.3 Of thisraceIconsiderthe Ligurians tobeen the remnant in Italy, and that the Fins, or some kindred Tnranians, formed thesubstratumoverallItaly,Greece,Turkey, the Austrian States, and Asia Minor.Thus the representatives of the three Italianracesabdlanguages,the Ligurian,the Umbrian,and the Tyrrhenianor Etrnscan,wouldnow,Ibelieve,befound respectively-in Lapland,Finland, and Esthonia;in Brittany, WIreland,andScotland;and in Armenia.Tosubstan-tiate the last of thesepointsismy present object.The repre-sentatives . ofthefourthoftheearliestEuropeanraces,the Iberian, wouldin like manner befoundin Biscay. Hiatorical evidenceof tltee:cten8ionof tllt8Tltracianrace frM/l, .ArmeniatoEtruria. In endeavouring to determine the family of nations to which theEtruscansbelonged,itisnecessaryfirstto inquire from what nationthey aretraditionally derived,or with whom they havebeenidentified.Withregardtotheformerofthese pointsthereisgreatunanimity.Thegeneralvoiceof anti-quityderivedthemfromtheLydians,an opinion whichthe Etruscansthemselveswerealsowillingtoaccept.The Etruscanswerealsogenerallyidentifiedwiththewidely spreadracecalled althoughtheTyrrheniansand inEtruria,andalsoinCampania,areusually spokenofasdistinct peoples,but continually.associated toge-ther.TheEtruscanswouldthusappeartobeakinto the LydiansandthePelasgians.1 Ofthislastrace,whichwas 1These affinities aredisputed by one ancient writer, Dionysius of Hall-carnMSUS(lib. i, cc. 29,30).He says:'In my opinion, however,all are in error, who believe the EtruscanandPelasgiannationsto bethesame.'Thenfollowsanargumentinproof of this,whichis grounded on the well-known mistake of Orotoniates,Oortoniatu, for Orestoniates in Herodotus.Dionysius then proceeds:'For this reMon, therefore, Ibelieve the Etruscanstobedi1FerentfromthePelasgians. Nor do Ithink that the Etruscans were Lydiancolonists.For they do notusethesamelanguageastheLydians:norcanit besaid that, B2 4THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. almostentirelyextinctinnameinthetimeofHerodotus, scarcelyanythingisknown,andnothingneedyetbesaid . We havenowtoenquire to ,,,hat family the Lydians belonged : forthe story of the descentof the Etruscans from the Lydians can beregarded asrigidly historical,but merelyasim-plyingthatbothnationsbelongedtothesamefamily;an ethnical fact\vhichappearsin the historical formofamigra-tionfromLydia to Etruria. TheLydia.nsareinthefirstinstanceconnectedwith the MysiansandCarians.ItismentionedbyHerodotus that theMysiansand LydianswerelCaa(yvflTotto the Carians,and that the mythicMysus,Lydus,andCar,werebrothers.!He alsosaysthattheMysianswereLydiancolonists.i In referencetothemoregeneralaffinitiesoftheLydians and Carianswehavenoparticular statements,but areleft to de-ducethem fromthoseoftheMysians,whoaredescribedas Thraciancolonists. 8 We may therefore infer that the Lydians andCariansbelonged alsoto the Thracian family. We havenowprobablyarrivedatthenameofthegreat familytowhichtheEtruscansbelonged,i. e.,theThracian. For theThracianswerenotasingletribeorpeople.The name,like that of Celt orGerman,describesoneof the Aryan families,whichwas,according toHerodotus,themostnume-although they are not indeed like (the Lydians) in speech, yettheystill retain some of their mother-country.For they do not wor-ship the same godsasthe Lydians,nor dothey resemblethemintheir lawsandcustoms;butinthesethingstheydiffer yet morefrom the Lydians than fromthePelaSgians.Theiraccount, therefore,seemsto bemoreprobable, whodeclare this(Etruscan) nation not to be foreign, but indigenous (in Etruria) jsince it is very ancient, and isnot found to be like any other, eitherinspeech or manners:There were, therefore, three opinionsconcerningtheEtruscans.They wereconsidered88-1.Pelasgians, a race which wasamere name in the time of Dionysius ;-2.Lydians ;-3. An isolated race allied to no other (a proposition affirmed of the Armenians half acenturyago).TheIbelieve, is,that the Pelasgians, Lydians, and Etruscans derivedtheir origin at a remote period from Armenia. 1i.171.Jvii.74.8Strabo, pp. 542, 566. THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.5 rousof all racesnext tothe Indian.1 The Thraciansmayin-deedbetracedfromthefrontiersofMediato Italy and the Alps,andwouldhave includedthe Armenians onthe east, and the RhretiansandEtruscansonthewest.The followingare thechiefindicationsofachainofkindrednationswithin these limits,whichthe ancientshavetransmitted tous. Themosteasterlyof allthetribesexpresslysaidtobe Thracian werethe who arementioned by Strabo asa Thracian tribedwellingbeyond Armenia,near the Medesand theGuranians.2 IntheArmenianprovince ofPersarmenia, adistrictbordering onorcontaining the Lake of Ourmia,the ArmenianGeography attributed to Moses of Chorene mentions apart caned Tltralci.s TheArmeniansthemselvesbelongedto the samefamilyas the Phrygians,fromwhomthey weresaidtobedescended, andtowhoselanguagetheirownboremuchresemblance. , App,lvLotfPpv'Ywvll.7rOLlcOt:', App,lvLot'TO 'Ylvoc fPpv'Y(aclCalrptpwvij7rOAAU5 But the Phrygians werewellknownasaThraciantribe: 6the Arme-nians,therefore,probablybelongedto the samefamily.Con-tinuingwestwardfromArmenia,wecometoCappadocia,a country possessedbyaSyrianrace,whoprobably advanced fromthesouthatsomeremoteperiod,andseparatedthe ArmenjansfromthekindredraceofthePhrygians.The eastern part oftheprovincecalledCappadociawas,however, Armenian,and formedthe district ofArmeniaParva.Cap-padocia formsthe only break in the chain of Thracian countries betweenMedia andHelvetia. The Phrygians,asjustnoticed,wereaThracianrace:01 fPpV'YEC9pq,lCwvll.7rOLJ(Ot'ElaL.TheMysians,Lydians,and. Cariansbelongedlikewisetothesamefamily.So,also, according to Strabo, did the Mygdones,Bebryces,Medobithy-1iv.3.Jp. 531.aMos.Chor.p. 359.Ed. Whiston. ,Herod. vii. 73.G Eustath. on Dion. v. 694.8Strabo, pp. 295,471. 6THEABKENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. nians,Bithynians, Thynians,andMariandynians,aswellas the Mresianson theDanube and theGetm.1 He says,more-over, that the Getmwere OP.0'YAW1TOtwiththe Thracians,9 who thusextended to the frontiersof Macedonia,Illyria,andPan-nonia.But the PieriansinMacedonia werea tribeof Thra-cians, S and the Macedonians also stated that Phrygians formerly dwelt in theircountry UnderthenameofBriges.4r Strabo, again,speaksofBrygiinthesouthofIllyria;6sothat we shouldfindPhrygiansinMacedoniaandIllyria, aswellas Asia,and thus trace the Phrygian name fromArmenia to the Adriatic.8 Therewerethen,itappears,ThraciansinIllyria.The Istrians, also,aredescribedas Thracians.7 The Veneti, again, areclassed byHerodotusamongtheIllyrians,8 and werere-portedby onewritertohavecomefromCappadocia,and to 1p. 295.Jp. 303. 8Strabo, p. 4J.0.'Herod. vii. 73.IS p. 326. ForafullandexcellentaccountofthePhrygians,Beetheart. :fkrggia,inDr.Smith'sGeography.Thewriter has, however, fallen intooneerror,which was &1somadeby Dr. Hahninhis.Albanesiaclte. Stu,ditm,and through him by myself.The words, ' ApphOLEt"al P.OL,,1+pVyE$(Cramer. .Anectl. Ozonev.iVap.257),do not refertomen,buttohorses.It appeared that the Dalmatian breed of horses was the same as that foundin PhrygiaandArmenia, and also in Cappadocia(ib.),thehorsesof thetwolattercountriesbeing in high repute among theancients. Threemyrianchiefs bore the name of Bato.One wasaDardanian, one a Dalmatian, and the thirdaPannonian.Thisgivesrise to acon-jecture that Bato, like Bre.'nua, signified' ohief.'The Ann. pet, =Sansk. pati, 'doininus,'==Zendpaiti,==Pers. bad, has this signification.He-rodotusmentionsthattheScythians called themselvesScoloti,and we find a Scythian king called Scolo-pitua..This looks 88 ifpit may have sig-nified ' chief' in Scythian.Another Scythian king, mentioned by Hero-dotuS, was.Ariapitkea,whichmightbeexplained from theArm.agr, 'man,' andpet, 'chief,' , chief of men.'Herodotus alsomentions a king of the Agathyrsi, called Spargapitllea,and aleader (np"rrryioJlT''')01 the Massagetm,thesonof Tomyris,calledSpargapiaes.These names re-sembletheArm.aparapet,'general,chiel.'Comparealso, Arm. zdr, , army,'z6rapet,'general,'azg,'nation, ,azgapet,' prince,'lcarapet, 'leader,' 'UJartlapet,'teacher.'The remains of the Scythian language will be subsequently noticed. 'IScym..Ch. v. 890.8i. 196. THEAllDNIANORIGINOFTHE:&-rRUSCANS.7 have settled incompany withThracianson the Adriatic,i.e., in Venetia. 1 Thracianswerelikewise to befoundin Pannonia and N ori. cum.ThethreeCeltic,ormainlyCelticnations,the Boii, Taurisci,andScordisci,coverthewholeareaofthesetwo countries.Butallthesethreetribesaresaidto have been mixedwith Thracians,i and the Scordisci, also,withIllyrians.s When the Etruscan peoplepossessedtheplainsof thePo, beforethe Gallicinvasion,theirfrontierwouldhaveextended to Venetia and Rhmtia.We havealready tracepoe,and 8a.".Tw);aor,tahollow.'Georg.loro,tahole, aburrow.'Thewordairo8,it appears,wascommontoCap-padocia and Thrace.1 These areallthe remains of the Cappadocian language, with 1The Georgians still keep their com in subterranean magazines of this kind.' This pit is about eight feetdeep.When it is nearly full,fern is laid over the corn, and the mouth, which has a diameterof two or three feet,' -the floorisabout six feet broad,-' is coveredwith strong boards, and then earth laid over all till it is on a level with the adjacentground. This is 80 carefully done, that the place may be passed overwithoutno-tice by a stranger, and even waggons maybedrivenacrossit;sothat these magazines, which are for the most part in the open court-yard, are well secured from thieves.'-Parrot's Journeg toArarat, Cooley's trans-lation, p. 67.The form of these magazines must be very like that of the pit-dwellings of the Armenians described by Xenophon, With an entrance likethemouthof awell,butincreasing in width towards the bottom. Theirdescendantsdwellinthesamemannertothis day.'It isnot uncommonfor a traveller to receivethe first intimationof hisapproach to a village by finding his horse's forefeet down a chimney,andhimself taking his place unexpectedlyin thefamilycirclethroughtheroof.'-Layud, Ninevek and,Babylon, p. 14. THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.J3 the exception of-thenamesofthemonths,which closely re-semblethose of the ancient Persian months,as preserved in the Zend and Pehlvi languages,l but which may have been borrowed fromthe Persians.It wouldobviouslybe unsafeto draw any certain conclusionsfromthree wordsonly.Two of them, how-ever,are Armenian,andoneof the two,also,Thracian.The third isSemitic, aswellasoneofthe other two.These facts would be in accordancewiththesupposition,that aThracian race,towhichthekindredtribesofArmeniaandPhrygia belonged,onceoccupiedtheinterveningcountryofCappa-docia,andthatthesePhrygiansandArmenians wereafter-wards separated by an advanceof the Syriansfromthe south, which gaveorigin to amixed Thraco-Syrian dialect in Cappa-docia. Pltr!lgianWorda. 1.' A8aJlVE'iv,ttpL"E'iv':a8aJlva,ttpCAOV.'It Pers.Aamdam, tsocius,amicus,maximefamiliaris;'proprie,tsimulveluna spirans.' "Arm.ltamadam,tdelicious.'--Gael.daimn" taffectionj'daimlteaclt,tafriend.'Heb. dam,tblood.'Arab. dam/III,tblood;'damg,tafriend.'The formofa8aJlJlamay be comparedwiththe Arm.atamn,tdens.' 2. ' 7rw'Ywva.'It Arm.tbarbamsecare:'" ta razor.'Georg.zveri,tabeard.' 3.' AICEaTt,v,tlaT'pov.'Gr.aICEOTt,c.Gael.ie,.tto cure.' Lapp. 'U'elelee,tauxilium.'Arm.dgn,taid,support:'alea8tan, tastrong place,'theale-.Osset.agaz,twhole,sound;'agltaz, taid.'The Arm. dgnmay perhapsbe foundin the Bithyniau is ICVO C,t8CtppovT'LVOC'YvvaLlCaCovE180c.' 4. 'KAE7rTplavaAET'pl8a.'"Sopingius Is.Vossiusav>"."T'pl8aconjecit."Esth.wargua,ttheft.' Lith.wagta,tathief j'wag!lstt,trobbery.'--Arm.erg,ta song,an air;' erazilt,tamusician.' 5.' Ap'YviTac,'"aJlLav.'tt Quum ordo literarum hAcglossA 1Cf. Benley und Stern, Monat8namen einiger alief'Volleer. ] 4tTHEABHENIA.NORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. interruptus sit,varierestituereconati8unt.FortasseArm. arlez,'animalechimerico,'doctioresadindagandamveram lectionemadjuvat.Pers.draav,tspectrumindesertisap-parens.'"Lapp.wardali,tspectrum.'Gael.ar'lacltd,ta spectre.'Arm.arae.dclt,tspectral;'aracdcn,teail,taspectre' (lit.tspectralappearance').Araedcn,isproperlytheinstru-mental caseofaraecn"the pluralformofarae,tvision,'and teailis derivedfromtea,tsight.'Perhaps ap'YviTac,or what. ever may bethe correctreading,=araCfltea(arae-tea). 6.f App.a.v,tGael.Q,rm"taweapon.'Arm. lta'fovmn,gen.Itarman,tablow;'war,tarms.' 7."Arrfl'Yoc,attagua,thircos.'"Pers.talclea,tcaper, boons:'Arm.ata/tel,tvalere,posse:'Zend.talcltma,tfortis.' "ATTfI'Y0Ceritaititalcltma,tperquamvalidus.'"Arm.tile, tagoatskin(Fr.bouc).'Georg.thlcavi,tagoat,' = Germ_ ziege, = Osset.aaglt.Heb. attud,thircus.' 8.'ArraAfI, "QuumpnooedatarraAa'YwaETat, , benevideturIs. V OSSiU8correxisseArm.atalz,ttimber,carpentry.' 9."Ba'Yaioc0p.aTaLoc.ZtVCfpV'YLoc.pi.'Yac7ro)..vc Taxvc- IninscriptionibusPersicis,lJaga,tdeus.'Arm. bagin,tara.'"Pol.60g,tGod.'- Arm. paleaa,tfaulf.ry, deficient.'--Arm.bazovm;Sansk.ban,ujtmuch,great.' Lyd. lf3v,'TO7rOAV.'"BavTOp.l'Ya",at7rOAVArm.wazel,ttorun;'wag'l,tatiger:'"aceleritateTigris incipit vocan"(Plin.H. N.vi.31).Osset.:back,'a horse :' cf.Pega8U8.-Here the Arm.,by supplyingthe fourwords, palc(aa),bag(in),baz(ov'Rl.),andwaz(el),enablesusto explain all thediscordantsensesattachedbyHesychiustoasingle Phrygian word,(3a'Y(aioc). 10.Ba>..;'v,, Sansk.pdla,tking, lord.'Heb. baal,tlord.'Pers.palAodn,tahero.'Lyd.7ra)..p.vc, , !3aat)..Evc.'Lith.wala,tpower.'Germ. Eece-balulwasaIJacianleing_ 11.Bap.!3a)..ov, aleoiov.'Arm. bam6alc,ootton.' THEAlUIENIANORIGIN01'THEETRUSCA.NS.15 Lat. bomlJyz,&c.--Arm.lJamhuel,' todefame,tospeakill of.'The terminationseemstobetheArm.Mel,ttosay,' whichwould leavelJamh,'reproach.' 12.BEau,Arm./i,ivt/i"vivtlt,twater,element j' edt,tawave;' 'Wtalc,ta stream.'Eng. 'Wet,water.Pol. 'Woda, , water.'Lat. Ud1f8.Macedon.f3EOv,tair.'Pers. 'Wad,lJad, tair.'Arm.oil,tair.'Gipsy wodi,tsoul' 13.BEICOC,tI1pToc.'Alb.houlel,tbread;'bale,'to make warm.'Eng. 'balee.Arm.howc"',ta furnace.'Rhmt-Rom. butacltalla,takind ofbread.'Dr.Parrot;in hisJourneyto .Ararat,mentionsakindofArmenianbreadcalledlJoclcon (Eng. Ed. p.169). 14.BepEICvvBat,'Balpovec.'Alb.perndi,perendi,tGod.' .Lith. per!cunaa,tthe Thunder-God.'Arm. 'WeragO!jn,tsuperior, higher,above,'the comparative of wer,'on high,'=Pers.lJar; wernalcan,'celestial,'compounded' ofwenn,'high,'andthe adjectivaltermination-alcan.Berec!Intll,uawasamountain. ComparealsoArm.erlcin,theaven,'awordremarkablylike theWelsherc"'!!",u,televated,'fromwhichZeussexplains Herc!/niua. 15.BptIClapaTa,'OPX'ICTtCtppv'Yttud,.'See inin Thrac.s.v. ICoAaf3ptCTJlOC 16. ravoc 'll"apa8EtCTOCxdppatpwcAEVICOT'ICAall7r'lBwv ";80v,)ICat.;,{;aLva1I7r04Jpv'YwvICalB,9vvwv.Heb.gan,, a garden.'--Gael.cain,twhite.'Esth.kanno"tfair.'Lat. candidu8.Gr.'Yo.voc.Arm.kanae,'green.'--Gael. caoin, tpleasing.'--Arm. gancet,ttocry.'Lat. gannilre. 17.riAapoc,ta8EAtpov'Yvvt,.'Esth.lcalli,' man's brother's wife.'Gr.'YaAwc,'husband'ssister.'Arm.egdb.Or, tOt,AEtaci8EAtpOV.' 18.rAOVpOC,'xpVCTOC.'Arm.!leia'IJO'f,'beautiful,fair.' Gr.'YE)..iw..Germ. gelb.Eng. gold.--Georg. okro,tgold.' 19.4o.oc,tAUICOC.'Lapp.iijur,tlupus;'tar,tcanis.'Pers. tdzi,tagreyhound j'tdz,'a running.'TheArm.fortwolf' is !lalll 16THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. 20. tlnronEpawv;, lnrO clpv'Ywv EICTWp.'Pers.da1alt,tascythe. JOsset.zure"',tsharp.'Esth. terra'IIJ,tsharp,cunning;'terraa,tsteel;'tarle,tprudent.' Lapp.tjarrolc,trigidus,&sper;''(jar/o,tinstrumentumhasim instar,quoglaciempertundunt.'Arm.8ayr,tedge,point j' tpoint,head,top,height j'dar,theight.' 21. t elton, ta reed, a pipe' (lCo:>"ap,oc, Mark xv.19).The ancients mentiontwoplacesin Armenia called Elegia:cf.Germ. Ried.The Arm.eltonappears allied, asBotticher intimates,to rAE'YOC,awordprobablynot Greek, but Asiatic.Cf.MiillerandDonaldson,HiBt.Gr.Lit. v.i. p.142.If itbelikely,asMiillerthinks,thattheIonians receivedthe wordfromtheir neighbours, then it might be inferred that it wasaLydian, aswell as an Armenianword. The Arm.words fortflute'are, 8rinO(= Gr.also Arm.;(ine,tsound')andeltonaphol(lit.treed-trumpet'). TheArm.cltnar,tlyre,'evidently= Gr.ICtvvpaandHeb. ldnnor.Eleoiumwasaplace in Noricum. 22 "E t'"...'Ath'SA "LV,EXtVOV.rm.ozn",ecmuse0rm.d I"dtIt' an'tz = EXLC,an = at". 23.tt Evo}aaJ301",VaTLlCaplv ovlCal;'4uSvvaoc.Sabaziua = 9ttvanll, !jazata, i.e.,tgenerator,creator.'"Arm.zevel,ttoform.'Evol seems amere interjection, like theArm.elte Ioll,olt Ielt I&c., and similar wordsinmany other languages.Compare,how-ever,Lat. ave,nave,and Arm.elta1,ea,texpia!' 24. ttt Russ.zelen';Servezlalevelzelie; Lat. 0Iu8."Arm.8elle""8ek""tamelon;'8oklt,tanonion;' 8010am,taradish,aturnip,' = Arab.8algam, = Georg.tlta1oami. Alb.JeZkyin,Jatlcyi,tawater-melon.'Kurd.aellc,tbeet.' Gr.a(ICVC= Arm.&elch,the lessperfect formof aelkh,tiAlC (LOV), or ielk(!lin).Compare,also, Arm.zalk,tastalk.' 25.t/3apJ3apovtt Anne exleima et an!ja(Arm.a!jl),quialiamterrampatriamhabet ?"Arm. zamaelt,tland,' -=Pol.ziemia;a!jl,tother:ButtheArab. THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.17 zam1n,tbinding,'zimmt,'a client,asubject,'seemtogivea better derivation.If wetake into Arm.therootzamor zem, tlig(are),'wemayformthe participle zemeal,tligatus,ahond-man,Q.v8pa7f'o8ov,'intheace.zemealn.The root oflikethepersonitdescribed,mayhavebeenharhar0U8or foreign. 26.ZITVa; t7f'VAfI.'Arm.zat, ya!!", !!a!!tni,' open.' 27.ZEVJlt..V,t7f'fl1f,v.'tt Arm. tsea,lake,reservoir.' " Pers.za!!,treservoir;'zawan,twater.'Arab.zamzam,'a well.'Georg.zgRwa,tsea.' 28. 'TOVSplC'TOV'TOlicrrpov.'tt Quum.nosgallinam. crelestemhabeamus,quidni lCilCAflVadSansk.lculeleut' a revoce-mus."Esth.leilelea,tacock.'Cf.Gr.lCiXA'l.TheLatins calledthis constellationt6mo,and wecallitthe'Wain.Now temoisin Arm.cite Ii,whichwouldbepronouncedXIX).L,and might .= lCiJCAfI. 29.KlpEPOC,tvovc.'Arm.chimeh,tthepalate,caprice, fancy j'kamch,twill,design,judgment.'Cltimcll,and learnell, are both plural forms:their singular wouldbecRimand !cam. Pers. leam,' desire,design,the palate.' 30.KV/3f,lCfI,'tJ7f'o8f,Jla'Ta.'Arm.ledii!corka1,iilc jPers. leaft ;. 'a shoe.'Kv/3f,IC'lalsosignifiedtthemotherofthe Gods,'and' Aphrodite.'See .A.rica,p. 35. 81.AL'TVlpaac;tfPpv1wvdaJla.'Perhapsan lpaacforthe ZitUU8.. Arm.erg,tasong,anair;' erazit,'a musician.'The nameofthelituusissupposedtobederivedfromitsbent form.Eng.lithe.Arm.hlov,tpliable.'Welsh , pliable.' .Ma,'7f'po/3a'Ta.'Arm.mayel,ttobleat;'machi,'an ewe.'Lesgi mazza,'a sheep.' 38."Plutarchusde[aideet08iriae,p.360B:-fPpu1EC8piXPLVVV'Ttl).ap.7f'pt..lCal8avpaa'Ttl'TWVlp1wV Jl a v LIC tllCa).ovat8Ltl'TOM av Lv'TLVarwv7f'a).aL/3aaL).iwv ,8'\,L8"- " yaovavopalCa,ovva'TO v1EVtaat7f'apaV'TOLC,ovEVLOt Maa8f1vGravissimlishic locusveram Ahuramazdm C ] 8THEABJ[DIA1IOBlGIlf01'TIIBB'l'BUBCAlfB. etymologiam tandem indigitat.Zend f&4ZIlanihil aliud quam quod raai_" signiJicat ac moot Sanak., caput,' dictum Arm..- ,. abI,. tellige,t raa.J Ita,,.,., ...,UlaN,1Dre,e PhrygiceMa.;'idemquiMtUtla."ComparealsoArm ..ZIleZlt,'a bero'.uJ!.,'beauty,grace.'Lat.a...... Gr. apJ1IftI1I.Etrusc.(prob.).....,, good.' M.Mitra,'pileum Phrygium.'Armiar,'mitre,' pro-bably borrowed term.Arab.'. hom f.idral, , a prince.' 35.Xu,pip,'..J.'Arm..",'bot,bowever,rather,in fid i' i ,'really, in fact.'I appears to identify pi,v,pill, with ; .0, ;.0. S6.NIIlIIClTOI', 'ftp{,yIOl',eNom,io, Bomanorum in mentem venit, et radix ,'landare.' "Arm. WINg,, asong j' .IIl, 'to mew:'thetIOI1(.tI).Pera.,,4.4, alullaby song j''a reed, a j'MID,'crying j'.tlfDtt, C voice,modulation j' toGg,'a singer.'Ntt,fItlmia,and ...,la-TO",appeartobethe.a1-11.or.a1ttHt,'the flute-song;'andthus.me;.andwouldhavenearlythe same meaning etymologically, just 88they have in fact.We knowthat thewasthe properinstrument,bothforthe flaM and37.Nopucol',"':'puco,,, , ciencO,,:Per&.MArd, , a jug,' a jar, l... __!_ ,. aUiIISUI. \)80c ",Arm', , 'bo' ".pou,al'W.S toer,.StHfYI1,SJDtwO!/,ave. 89. OVal'OU", 'vulpem.'Arab. 'fDa1',C a wolf.'Arm. !/OfIJQZ, '. panther.'Esth', 'a wol'Germ.1f1f11l.Eng. ROUnd. 40.DtJpIO",C" Radix na;"'pinguescere.'" Pers.ptA; sset.J.; 'fat, grease.'Arm. pa"ir, 'cheese.'Esth. pi;., tmilk.'Lat. pi.pu.Gr. ..tap,..ax'c, riJal,'lrVIC1IOC. seemstohavesignifiedinLydian,t.e., SeeinC.inLyd. I. w./3a.mcE. 1 "l'Cl'PU cl+,ii_A." frpGint.,.-Marm. Arund.(Bentley'sPAa,. lelN, p. xo,".) ...l 'p,", frl*'tJ6pDa. ToisAOAois(Pausan. x. 7). THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.19 41."Apulejus demedicaminibusherbarum5:ltyole!lamum Phryges remeniaappellant."H90aC!Jamua = Germ.6ilaenlcraut = Esth. marroroAAior marroRain;marrosignifying' violent,' rORlti,'kraut,gras,gewiirz,arnzei(medicamen),'andRain, , hay, grass(herba) /The same language gives emmia,'a sow,' awordallied to emma,'mother.'Remeniamight bemadeup (medicamen-sus-herba), with the termination-ia;but the wordis difficult to explain.Compare alsoLapp.ruoiwa,'hemp;'ruomae,remae,'moss;'andArm. reRan,'basil(ocymum),' =Kurd.riaAn. 42."In mco, cistapelle contecta, nomen Phrygium."Gael. ruag ;WelshrRiag;'any externalcovering,rind,skin,husk, bark,fleece.'Ita!.riccio.RiaeualookslikeaCeltic,and would,perhaps,beaGalatian,orevenaCimmerianword,if theCimmeriansshouldprovetohavebeenCelts.The Cim-merians ofteninvaded and partly held possession of Asia Minor during the ninth,eighth, and seventhcenturies,B.C. 48.A1ovTat lCalaV'TlToli {3alCxot'If'apu Ante23. 44.8mintlwa,'mures.'"8mintAUIterrigen,msignificat: Sansk.!ciam,'terra,'gen.lcimaa,locativussiflexionempro-'nominumhAcinreantiquioremsequamur !cimin(Zendidem zemt,N eopers. zamtnthema), Sansk.dM apudGrmcosTt(Jvat, ut tRU8pro dhita(= hita)Phrygicum essepotuerit.8mintltUl, 'interrAcreatus.'"Arm.zamac"','land ;'dnel,perf.edi, thed-, 'to place.' 45.'AE(pta.'Arm.iovian jPers. aillan;Heb. 'u'an;I. 'lilium.' 46.Arm. aelc,'dressed leather,cor-dovan.'(Cf.Eng.cordwainer).Lat. 80CCUl. 47.Tiara." Juvenalis vi.516:'PhrygiAvestitnrbucca tiara.'-IsidorusOri9.xix.80 : Persmtiaras gemnt, sed reges rectas,satrapmincurvas.Repertaautemtiara aSemiramide AssyriorumreginA,quodgenusornamenti exindeusque hodie gensipsaretinet."Arm.dar,'height.'Pers.tM, 'top.'-e2 20THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. Arm.ter,gen.tearn,'lord.'CompareArm.tha!J,'crown;' tlta!Javor,'king j'thagovlti,'queen.. ' "Plato,Cratylua,p.410A:'3pa'TOV'TO'TO'trvp ,(.l(.l,.,T","f .'.. 1.', p:"'Tt,...,ap,...,apucovv.OVTO'Yappq.OLOV'trpoaa't'aL fJ>wvv,fJ>avEpolT'ElalvOt)TWCaUTOaJLLlepOV'TL'trapaleACKalTO'YE8 w pleaLTaCIC vva C leal 'troAAa."Arm.novr,'fire j'nivt"',',vater;'8ovn, , dog.'Germ.feuer, wa"er,!tuna.Eng.fire, water,hound. P lzr9!Jianinacriptiona. .WhatfewPhrygianinscriptionsremainaresepulchral. TheywillbefoundinTexier's .A.aieMineure,andhavebeen given andconjecturallyinterpretedbyMr.Rawlinson in his Heroaotua,v.i.p.666.Theyrequire. especialnoticehereas genuine relicsofthePhrygianlanguage,andalsobecauseit appearsto bein a greatmeasureonthestrength of thesein-scriptionsthatthelearnedtranslatorofHerodotushasdis-regarded,Icannotbutthinkerroneously,theopinionenter-tainedbytheancientsoftheaffinitybetweenthe Armenian andPhrygian nationsandlanguages.1 Instead of classing the .. 1p. 652.'ThestatementofHerodotusthattheArmenianswere colonistsof the Phrygians, though echoed by Stephen,' (Mr. Rawlinson should have said, by Eudoxus,who,if of Cnidus, lived 800or 900 years before Stephen, and wasa man of thehighestrepute,)'whoaddsthat " they had many Phrygian formsof expression," isnotperhaps entitled to great weight,8SHerodotus reports such colonisationsfartooreadily (as '--it issaid in a note--' when he accepts the Lydian colonisation of Etruria (i. 94)and the derivation of the Venetians' (not the Venetians, but the Sigynnm)'from the Medes, v.9), and his acquaiDtance withthe Armenians must have beenscanty.'(Thisisprobablytrue;yetboth Herodotus and Eudoxus livedinAsia.Minor, both were travellers, and Herodotus may have passed through ArmeniaonhiswaytotheEast. Cf.v. 52.Thousands of Greeks,again,would have heard Armenian and Phrygian, and also Persian, spoken, in the time of Xenophon, Agesi1aus, and Eudoxus.)'Still, asfaras it goes,it wouldimplythatthe' ethnic changebywhicha(n)Indo-Europeanhadsucceeded a Tatarprepon-derance in Armenia was prior to his own time, and on the whole there are perhaps sufficient grounds for assigning the movement to about the close of the seventh century before our era.'If theevidence of Herodotus and Eudoxus in favour of the .Phrygian affinity of the Armenians beTHEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCA.NS.21. Pbrygians with the Armenians, asHerodotus and Eudoxus have done,andasIshouldwishtodo,Mr.Rawlinsonranks the Phrygians,aswellastheMysians,Lydians,Carians,andPe-lasgians,withtheGreeks(p.676),andnotwiththeAr-menians.YetIbelievethathisownexplanationofthe Phrygian epitaphswillgofartoshowthat his theory isonly partially true withrespecttotheGreeks, and not tenable with respecttotheArmenians;forseveralofbisinterpretations areunconsciouslyArmenian,andnotGreek.Noristhis affinitybetweenthe ArmenianandPhrygianmerely in sense, but alsofrequentlyin form,though, inthislast respect,there aresomepointsofdifference.Thesepointschieflyare,that Armeniannounswantthenom.sing.in8,thegen.in 8,and the acc.in 'II,orm;\vhilethePhrygian, liketheLatinand shouldit beusedtoproveanIndo-European,afterwards limited to a Medo-Persian, affinity PFor Mr. Rawlinson(p.676) ranks those Aryans, whom heconsiderstohavegainedtheprevalenceovertheTatarsin Armenia towards the year 600 B.C., with theMedes, Persians, Ba::!trians, Sogdians,andCappadocians,andnotwiththeThracians, orwiththe Phrygians and Lydians.If this be true, the Etruscans can hardly have been allied to the Armenians, as the 8J1Pposition of any westward extension of the Armenian race subsequent to 600 B.C.isinadmissible.Whatever Armenian affinities are fOlmdin Europe must be of far earlier introduc-tion:fornoArmenianconquestsormigrations can have been made so fartothewestexceptinpre-historical,oreven pre-traditional times. N orisitonly withrespect to the Phrygian affinitiesof the Armenians thatIshould put faith in HerodotUs.Ithinkthatthe two otherprin-ciplesderivedfromhim, thattheLydiansandEtruscanswere of one family,and that the Hellenes and Pelasgians were not of one family, will be eventually found,inconjunction with the affinity betweenthePhry-giansandArmenians,toformthebasisonwhichthetruesystem of ethnology in Italy andGreeceistobefounded.Both these principles are generally rejected.Mr. Rawlinsonholds(p.664)that the Greek or HellenicracewasPelasgian,andthatthePelasgicwas'an early stageof theverytonguewhichripenedultimatelyintotheHellenic;' while(p.859)'all analysisof the Etruscan language leads to the conclu-sion that it is in its non-Pelasgic element altogether sui generis, and quite unconnected, as far as it appears, with anyof the dialects of Asia Minor. TheLydians,ontheotherhand, whowereof thesamefamilyasthe Carians, whoarecalledLeleges, musthavespokenalanguageclosely akin to the Pelasgic;and the connexion of Lydia with Italy, if any, must havebeenthroughthePelasgic, notthrough the Italicelementinthe population.'With this last decision Ishould be inclined toconcur,be-22THEABKBNIANORIGINOFTHEErBUSCANS. Greek,is in possessionofthem.Buttbiswill notmake the PhrygianaClassictongue,assuchformsareSanskrit, or generallyAryan.They are,indeed,Etruscan,whichiscer tainly aforeignlanguagetoGreekandLatin,and, inMr. Rawlinson's opinion, not even Aryan.The Armeniangenitive usuallyterminatesin i,O'IJ(i.e.,u),orO!J.Asinthe1st, 2nd,and 5th declensions in Latin, the Sanskrit genitive in aa is replacedbythe iocativeor dative.The Armeniannominative and accusativearewithout inflexions. The simplest of the Phrygianepitaphs isthe inscription on the tombof Midas :-Ateaarlciaefaaalcenanogafo8ltlidaioafagtaeifanalctei"edaea; whichMr. Rawlinsonrenders Atca.Arciaiflaa,theAcenanogaj'ua, built(thiB)toMidaa,the warrior-leing .1 lievingtheItalic,orAboriginalelementinItaly,thatelementto which the Oscans, U mbrians, and Sabines belonged, to be Hellenic; and the Pelasgian, on the other hand, not to be Hellenic, but Armenian, and allied to the Ph-rygian, Lydian, and other Thraciandialects..ABwe are not acquainted with the meaning, or certain of the existence, of a single Pelasgian word,the cause of ethnology would probably be advancedby avoiding' Pelasgian,' asfaraspossible,asadefiningterm.Greek or Hellenic,Latin,Grteco-LatinorOlassic, .Armenian,German,Gaelic, Oeltic, &c., are terms which have a linguistic, and therefore a determinable ethnic sense.Pelasgian hasnone,unlesssomeprevioushypothesisbe made.It isgenerallyusedinthe sense of ' Greek' or ' Classic';but this involves an assumption, and one of these latter terms might be more definitein investigationsofethnicaffinity.Sometimes,however,the obscurity arising from the term 'Pelasgian' may bepartly remedied,as in the two propositions above noticed relating to that unknown race.If , the Lydians must have spoken a language closely akin to the Pelasgic,' and if"' the Pelasgic ripened ultimately into the Hellenic,' it wouldthen follow that the Lydians must have spoken a language nearly allied to the Greek;a conclusionwhichadmitsof beingtested,astheLydianlan-guage, unlike the Pelasgian, has left some relics.Yet asthese relics,as far as Ican judge, are not Greek, Ishould infer that one of the two pro-positions relative to the Pelasgians, and in all probability the second pro-position,waserroneous;andthat Herodotus was right inhisopinion, ~ C I "01IIe"Clcryo1 fJdpfJClpo"'Y"Wt1t1C1"livref....1Ido not know any analogy for gojagtaei, 'warrior':buttherecan be little doubt that the twootherwordswhich are explained,fanalctei edaea,are correctly rendered,, hClICT'187JlCe. ' THBABKElUA.NOmGIN. OFTHBETRUSCANS.23 The Armenian would explain the inscription in the following manner:-A.telAproper name,Atys. o,rldaeffUArm.arcll,ay,'aking j'arcltaYfJzn,'a prince.' Gr.apx"',I1pXfJJv.Archa'yazn is compounded ofarcM'y,'king,'andazn,'race.'A synonymofaznisazg,sothat the root is az;andOIfclta9az (n)signifies'amanof royalrace.'But perhaps the termination of arldaefal may be 'merelyformative.Lassen suggests heretheSansk.arlca,-Creverence,' which = Arm. !larg,whence'yargi,, respect-able.'Thename,tarilcnafaa,wasfoundon anearthenpotnearEste, andtarcltnaaat Cervetri.Comparetarilcnafaaand tarcltnaa informwiththe Phryg.arlciaefaaandthe Arm. arclta!Jaz(n). aleenanogafoaArm. alcana'Dor,'illustrious,' primarily, 'having eyes j'aword compoundedof alcn, gen. alcan, 'aneye,'andoftheArm.terminationJ avor.CompareArm.tRag,'acrown,' tll,aoavor,'a king.'Thelastmemberof uen-anogafolmightbeexplained fromthe Arm.ang,'due,fit;'ano01J,'worthyof;' !/angavO'l,'proper;'whichwouldgivefor alcen-anogafoathesense,'worthyofnote (merlcwii,rdig),illustrious.'Alcn,'aneye,' enters into the composition of several Arm. adjectives;as 'respectful j'alcnerev, ,evident;'alcnlcar0'yz,'regardingatten-tively.'Inanother Phryg.inscriptionwe meetwithBonolcalcenanogafoaandlnanon alcenanogafoa,sothatalcenanooafo8wouldbe in all probability atitle of honour. 241THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETBUSCANS:" .Mitlai oafagtaei fanalctei 'ToMidas.' Mila! wouldbethe Arm.formof thegen.anddateof Mitlaa. Arm. galt( =- Pers. gt1lt) , galtalc,' throne, dignity, eminence;'gaAalciz,gen.anddategaltalcii, 'sharerofathrone,.colleague.'Thede-clensionof gafagt-aei seemsto resemblethat oftheArm.arcRal/,'king,' gen.anddate arcll-a!Ji;orof Hermia,'Hermes,'gen.and dateHerm-ea!. Arm.nalc""'first;' nalcltlci,, chief.'Gr.Pera.Inscript.naqa,'king.'Inform, fa1/,alcteimaybecomparedwiththe Arni. anakltti,gen.and dateof analcltt,'pure;'or withA.nalttal/,gen.anddateofAnaltit, , Anaitis,'the great goddessof the Armeni-ans.l IntheArm.nalcltagalt,' president,' wefindnalcltandthe previousword, oa"',in combination. 1Ishould be inclined to connect the Dame .Anakit etymologically with 4"a,f.The Milesian traditions reportedbyPausaniasmaythrowsome light on this subject.He says (lib.i.c.. "'Ecrr, &1I,X'1]erlo,S' rpO r6XewS' AdB17"11eroS',dre/Jpflrto.er,Bldr' "l1erIBe,. 'Acrreplouhipo."d"o/Ldl'over"Ko.lTO"'AerTip,o"bo.injTo.t/J11"o.,E'wo.,Bl'AerTip'o"p.l""Ava.KTa. Bl ro.'6o.. And again(lib. vii. c.2):-M,X.qer,OLBlo..nol To,dBeTd.dPXo.,lrro.Tdert/J'(f'"el"o.,lrl. ")'E""eo.,p.lv B-J] AVa.KTOpta.VKo."'AE"er8o.,'T-J]"'Y7]", " Ava.KTolTEo.lrr6x8o"ofleo.l'AerTE"plovpo.er,"'AEv. o",OS"ToO"Ava.KTol. The name of .Anaz, the autocktlum and the son of Ge, cannot be better derivedthanfromtheArm. '/talck,'primus.'Such a derivation would alsobesuitableto.Anakit:theGreekscalledtheirgods4Vo.KES';voc. sing.bo..The name .Aateriua, again,isreadilyconnected with the Gr. 4crr.qp.Now, in mythology, Asteria is the daughter of Phmbe,who was the daughter of Terra:and in the Milesian (orCarian) traditions, Aste-rius is the Bonof Anax, who was the sonof Ge.It is obvious that Anaz herecorrespondstoPhmbe, Diana, or .Anallit;andwhenwecompare together thethree datives, the Arm. analltall,thePhryg.fanalctei, and theGr.hUleT"theresemblance is veryclose.Indeed, .Anakitmaybe considered as the same deity as' Astarte,queen of heaven with crescent horns.' Theworshipof Anaitiswasnotconfinedto Armenia.She was the THEARMENIANORIGINOJ'THEETRITSCANS.25 . . . . . Arm.ea,'placed.'Gr.l6"ICE.TheArm. dnel,'to place,' perf. edi, is an irregular verb. Similar verbs, regularly conjugated, like gnal, 'to go,'and"to buy,'makegnaz,'be went,'and !Jneaz,'he bought.'In general, in the case of the third pers. sing. perf. ind. in Arm.,regularverbshavetheroot andthe termination,butnottheaugment,and irregularverbstheaugmentandthe root, butnotthetermination.aregular verb,nital,'to contrive,'makesnit-az,'he contrived;'whileanirregular verb,tal,'to give,'makeseat,'hegave,'thecomplete formbeing evidently e-t-az,'.he A similarcompleteform,in theeelconjuga-tion,wouldbeedeaz,insteadofed,'he placed.'Nowetleaz,aseais a diphthong,is very like the Phryg. eaaea, which apparently consistsof the augment e-J the root -de,and thetermination -aea.Another illustration LydianDiana,the'greatgoddess'of theEphesians, aswellas the greatgoddess of the Armenians (Pausan. iii.16,Plin.H. N.xxxiii.4). She wasalso worshipped in Cappadocia (Strabo, p.733).We find, again, that AnuorAna wasoneof thethreegreatAssyrian or Babylonian deities.Thenamesignified'theGod,'KQ,T'(Rawlinson,Herod. v.i. p. 591).'One class of his epithets refer undoubtedly to "priority" or " antiquity",' andpoint to a word liketheArm. nakk, 'first,' as a root.The wifeof Anu orAna was Anuta or Anata (p.593),a name which is not far fromAnakit.'Shehadprecisely the same epithets 88 It is also noticed (p.6(3) that the' great goddess 'ofthe Baby-lonians was Mulita or Enuta.Now Anakit wasthe ' great goddess'of the Armenians and Ephesians, and the same 8S Mulitta or Enuta, whose dissolute rites her ownresembled.ShewasidentifiedwithVenusas well as Diana. Thus, when wecometo consider the word ana or anax,wetraceitin Greece,Caria,Lydia,Phrygia,Cappadocia,Armenia,Assyria,and Baby Ionia:.anditsroot is Armenian.The word isnotfound in Latin. The natural inference would be that wasa Pelasgian, not a Hellenio term;or, inotherwords,that it wasof Thracianorigin,anddidnot belong to the Classic or Grmco-Latin stock. 26THEAllJrIEN1A.B'OmGINOJ'THEETRUSCANS. may besupplied by the Arm.for'to lick,' whichisconjugatedinthreeforms,lizel, lizovl,andlizanel,ofwhichthe firstmakes the perfect regularly,andthe two last irre-gularly.Wethushavefor' linzit,'the forms,lizeai,andlizoreliz,the complete formbeing e-liz-eai. TheinterpretationofthePhrygian inscription, asderived fromthe Armenian, would thus be : .At!l',ekeill'IUtritnuprince,made(tltiatomb)1MMititu,tlte entltroned Icing. By comparing the Phrygian inscription with the Armenian, wemay seewhat the latter language has apparently lost-Plt"!!g.AtesarkiaefasakenanogafosMidaigafagtaei Arm.Ateaarclta!Jaz(n) Mida!Jgaltalczi P "'''YO.fanakteiedaes. A.rm. {etl. Neitherlanguage seemsto havepossessedthearticle,but thePhrygianhasthedigamma.ThePhryg.lanalctei,so clC?selyresembling the Gr.I1valCTt,weare obliged to render in Arm.by'inalc!or'inalcltlci,bothnaif",andnalcAlcibeing indeclinable,justasweshouldbeobliged to render theLat. regiby the Ital. alre.In likemanner,thePhryg. edae,is reduced tothe Arm.ea,astheLat.poauitisreducedtothe Ital. poae.The Arm. has,however,ingeneral,preserved the ancient inflexionsmuch better than the Ital.Thus the termi-nation of ea-oeais,asIhave shown, still preserved in Arm., as well asof lanalct-ei,though not in the equivalent Arm. words : sothat, upon the whole,there isnopart of the inscription on the tombof Midas,whether the root or formof thewordsbe coDsidered, but what appears to exist in the Armenian language. Therearetwoother Phrygian sepulchral inscriptions.The first of these, whichison the sideof thetomb of Midas,isas follows,accompaniedby Mr.Rawlinson's interpretation:-j , THBA.BKENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.27 BabaMeme/aia Lord Memefals, na1r1rG(: proitafol!CPltiganafcpol sonof Prmtas, Silcemaneaaea. anative of Sica,built(this) Here wemeet again\vithedaea,themeaningofwhichcan thus hardly bedoubtful.Toexplain the restofthe inscrip- tion,itisnecessarytoresorttoconjecture.Proitafoaand ganafepoaseem to bethe titles ofBabaHemefail;and conse-quently lcplti,judging fromits position,may signifytand,'as afewillbefoundprobably todoin Etruscan.Cf.alsoArm. leap,tjunction.'Inproit-afolwefindagain the termination -afoa, as in alcenano!J-afo8.There remains as a root,proit, which, asthemark ofdignity inrulers,governors,consuls,prmtors, wasastaff,wemightperhapsexplainfromtheArm.lJir, wir!J,ta stick,' prtov,tarush j'Gael.bior,tastick,'bruid, astab;'Lat.virga.Thiswouldmakeproit-afoa = Arm. br-avor,i.e.bir-avor,tstick-bearing,alC'l1l"'Toiixoc.'Strabo saysofthe Heniochi near Colchis(p.496):8VVaO"TEUOVTatlealV1I"O'TWVlCaAovp.vWvalC'I7r'TovXwvlCalaV'Tol.,t" ,'J'(.l'\,'CTh1 OV'TOt'TVpaVVOl(:11tJaaLAEvaLVEtaV.erewasa soa alC717r'ToiixocatthecourtofPersia.Forthesecondtitle, ganafepoa,fromwhich the nominative termination -oa,deficient in Armenian,is to be subtracted,wemay formfrom the Arm. words, !Jan,'punishment,'and wep,'l7roc,'the word ganawtp, tjudge.'Cf.Ju-dex,vin-dex,and Arm.bazmawep,tonewho relatesmany(bazovm)things.'Baba,ifalliedto1ra1l"1I"ac, wouldbesoalsototheArm.synonympap,Pers.bdb:and thewholeinscriptionmightbethusinterpreted,butwith great doubt-BabaM ernefailproitafoalcpniDana/epoa8ilceman n&1r1racMEp.Ef/>atcalC'I1r'ToiixoclCal edaea. l8'1ICE. The remaining inscription isofgreater length, and the last 28THEABMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCA.NS.' fewwordsarenot quiteclear.Igive it asfarasMr.Rawlin-sonhasinterpreted it :-Kelokeafenaft1.tnaftaamaterea8oae8ait,materea Celocessepulcrllmsurematrisextruxit,matris aVTijcP.llTEpOC . Epltetekaetiaofejinonomanlachitgamateranareaaatin. , Ephetexetis exOfefinone.Sortita est tellus matremamatam. "EAaXE'Y;;1l1lTIpaBonolc erelcun Bonok qui Acenanogafuserat hordeum inanonalcenanogafoaaer. Inanon Acenanogafus. telatoa aplo-rfl v a08tut-sacrificiiol,tulit. The Armenian will explain,asinterpreted above,severalof these words,whichIshall take intheir order :-Fenaftun,'sepulchrum.'Arm.andtltoranavt/i"'vessel, pot,box,pieceoffurniture.'AnotherArm.word,tapan; signifying' box,urn, ark,'andthereforenearly a synonymof anavtlt,meansalso' sepulchre,'and iscommonlyemployed in that sense.1 Area andaresimilarly used. 1See theJournal.Asiatique(Fevrier-Mars,1855),Vogagea Sia,the formercapital of the medimval Armenian kingdom in Cilicia.Isubjoin oneof theepitaphs (p.277),correctingsome few inaccuracies in the re-ductiontoliteraryArmenian, andrenderingtheArmenianlettersby their equivalents, with the omission of thediacritical marksof the con-sonants. Yay,tapanakayedeal In hoctUmulomanetpositus PhmezniJntreal. DominusMichaelmagnuselectus. Sawsemagognwera'bereal Illesuperiorelevatus Yovsakanwerakoceal. Desiderabilisestcognominatus. Tkooogslazareverko'IJkariv1' Annomilleetduocentum {A.D. 1751.} E kangesti'fJ'jPerkangeal. Estpacein Domino quietus. The Armenian of the epitaph difFersslight1y fromcorrectArmenian. THEABKENIANORIGINOFTHEETBUSCANS.29 ,..A' fh",.'f A.fUu,'sure.'Gle.aVTOV.rm."lr,01m;'I ,'ro!!,0 his i'aJar,or a!/dr,or a!/nr,' of this,ofthat.'Bansk. ctaa!/a, ~of this.' Materea,'matris.'Gr. P . " T ~ p .Lat. maIer.Gael. matkair. Sansk. matri.Pers.,nddar.Arm. ma!!r.Osset.,nail.Arm .aatalc,'female(ofanimals),' = Pers.mailan.TheArm.has, in fIIa!!r,sufferedthe samelossasthe Lat. in puer.Cf.Sansk. putra =Zend putll,ra =Pers. pU8ar =Osset. furth =Arm.ordi = Lat.puer. Soaeaait,' exstruxit.' Pers.aaz,'furniture'.. Arm.aar,'furniture.' aaiilan,'to prepare.' aazU,theprepared.' aaii,' contrivance'..aaraa,'form, shape.' aaraael,' to form, to shape.' aaraaeaz, 'he formed, shaped.' The Pers.verb,it willbeseen,isformedfromadz, not frQm 14zi,whichcorrespondstotheArm.aaraa.Haditbeen formedfromaazi,\veshouldhavehadPers.adziUi = Arm. aara8eaz =(prob.)Phryg. aoaeaait.Theterminationofaoaea. ait seems = thatofed-aea.Comparelivea,liveth,andGerm. leht;!taa,hath,andGerm.!tat.TheArm.z = tz.Inthe Gael. aaa,tan instrument,'another kindredroottothe Phryg. ThustAriswritten tr, and edeal,etlteal.The terminations in l,so com-mon in Etruscan, are here exemplifiedinArmenian.Edeal, ' positus,' istheparticipleofed,'posuit,'=-Phryg.edae8.The terminationsof tapane8,mezn,and thovoY8,are not inflexions, but superfluous additions. These final letters in Armenian, consisting of 8,d,and 11.,originally indi-cated a reference to the first,second, or thirdperson, beingreallyparts of the pronouns, 'I,' 'tk01J,,''lte.'The 8in sa andgags is in like manner borrowed from 61,'I;' the actual demonstrativepronoun being a or ag, though it is neverusedwithout oneof theletters, 8,d,n.The initial letter in gagl is thepreposition'i, beforeavowelg.In kang8tiv, pro-nounced,and written in poetry, Aange8tiv, the instrumental case of nang-ist, of which the tho is found in Itang-eal,wemay perceive a form like the Phrygianare8aat(in).The Arm.hazar, 'thousand,mille,' is foundin Sanskrit, Zend, Persian,Gipsy,CrimmanGothic,Hungarian,andthe. SlavonianofCarniola,Styria,andCarinthia.SeeDiefenbach, La. Oomp.8. v. ltazer. 30THEARMENIANORIGINOJ'THEETBUSCANS. aoa- mightbefound,aswellasintheArm.ioiapAel,'to 4andle,'averbin-apltel fromaroot iOi.Dealing withio;as the Arm.hasdoneabovewithaar,weshould obtain ioiaaeaz, 'hehandled,'i.e.,'managed,made,'awordverylikethe Phryg. aoaeaait.The verbio;apkel formsidiaplteaz. Ofefinonoman,'ex Ofefinone.'Sikeman,' anativeof Sica,'! .i1.rmenian. ayd,'this, that' '.Ilda;'this, that/ aydr,'of this'..dora,'of this: (y)aydmanl,'from this'dmane,'from this.' ayg,' morning.' (y)aygman,'in the morning.' Osset.a!lora,'this;'aman,'tothis;'ami!!,'inthis;' ama,'at this;' ame;,'from this.' . Lacltit,'rAaXE.'Thissenseeannotbeobtained fromthe Armenian.TheArm.wordwhichmostnearlyresembles lacAitislaleeaz,'(it)consumed,swallowed,absorbed.'But lac/l,it,asthePhryg. perfect seemstoterminate in -aeaor -ait, perhaps, rather betaken asa present tense.The Arm. present of laleel,'to consume,'islalee,'it (i.e.,the earth)con-.sumes, swallows.'If the Pers. had acorresponding verbfrom arootlake,thepres.wouldbelakad,andthe perf.takU. Lac/l,itmightalsobecomparedwiththe Arm.dale,'fossa,' and be interpreted' sepelit.' Ga,'earth.'Gr.1;;= Gael.ce= Sansk. go.Arm.leav, , clay.'Germ. gau = Arm. gavar.Lachit ga, ' devorat tellus,' or'sepelit(Celoces)intellure.' These seemtobechiefpoints requiring notice.In the nOUDS,asIsaidbefore,thePhrygian,liketheLatinand Greek, haspreserved the Sanskrit or Aryan terminations where they aredeficient in Armenian:thus the Phryg.fenqftun qftaa materesaoaeaaitappears = Arm.(z) anavt/l,mavrivro!laaraaeaz . It isonly in the'pastand futureparticiples,and then not in-1Ido not know any place called Sica, in Asia Minor.We have8icum in lliyria, and 8iculi in Italy. THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.31 variably,that the Arm. acc.sing.presents the termination-n: e.g.airealn.,'amatum j'airelin,'amandnm.'TheEtruscan possessesboth the gen. in -I and theacc. in -meMany Arm. pronouns, however, formthe dat., thoughnot the acc., in -mor -ovm(um):asa!Ja,'this;'gen.ayM; dateaydm;acc.(z)a!Jd - im,'my j'gen.imO!!;dateimoom;acc.(z)im;able (y) i'llW!l;instr.imow(ow= Gr.w).Hereimseems =- or meua;i'fM!! =EPOVor mei;imolJm = EPOVor meum;and imO'/lJ = Elltior meo.Thelocativeofnounsmayalsobeformedin as 'i mara or 'i marrJovm,'in man.' .Mr.Rawlinson hasnoticed the resemblance in form between thePhryg. area-aatin,andsuchGr.wordsasap-(arflvand Ep-aarf,v,and haseventranslatedare8aatin,'amatam,' which wouldrequire that the Phryg. area- should = Gr.Ep-.Similar formsappear alsoin the Phrygian vocabulary, inand Ill(p-tOTLV;thoughthefirst,beingactuallyGreek,may have beenaborrowedword,if not modifiedby theGreek reporter. The same formsarefoundin Arm.,withthe exception of the ace.termination in n:e.g. P !tygian.Armenian. im-aae,'intelligence:' thei'ln( anal)'to under-stand.' (.)nav-aat },il'th'hi' area-a8t,n asaor:. na'V,asp. ,alC-EaT(.qV) ovr-fJ8t,'a denier:'theovr(anal),'to deny.' tap-aat,'fallen, laid down:' the tap(al)'to fall.' { g01lJ-cat,'praise:'the gow( el),'to praise.' ovt-eat,'food:'theovt(el),'to eat.' paR-eat,'reservation:'thepa"'(el),'tore-serve.' { eraz-iit,'a musician.' Ill(p-tOT(tV)RanD-iat,' repose:'theAang(eal),' quiet.' na-iit,'a femaleservant.' { !Jcr-ovat,'tendency:'theber(el),'tobear.' gal-O'Vae,'arrival:' thegal,'to come.' tlUJD-ovat,concealment :' theeAa!J(O'Vn)thid.' 32THEAlUIENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. .In ordertoexplainthew.ord.areaaatin,wemay take the Arm. !Jaraganal,'prreire,'thearaJor !farag,'prm;'andform !Jaragaatinpreciselythesamemanner asi'lltaatandovraatare formedfromimanal and ovranal.Thiswouldgive-P hr9gian..Armenian. area-aat(in) !larag-aat, 'prmcellens, prrestans:' th.!Jarag(anal), , prmcellere,' andthemeaningoflacltitgamatera'll,ar6aaatinwouldbe, ~devorattellusmatremprmstantem/[maatisdeclined --nom.imaat;gen. and dateimalti; acc.(z)imaat;able(!J)imaate; instr. imaativ.The other formsending in -at or-it are mostly declinedinthesamemanner..Areaaatinmightalsobeex-plained,'departed,' fromthe Arm.llrazest,'abdication, resig-nation,farewell.' The meaning of the remainder of the inscription is extremely doubtful.There aretwopropernamesinthenominative, .eachbearing the title of alcenanogaf08.The rest isuncertain, except perhaps in construction.All thatcanbedonein such acase,when comparing the Phrygian withany other language withaviewtoproveaffinity,istoselect such wordsinthat language asresemblethe Phrygian,andseeif they will give asatisfactory meaning.Thefirstclausetoconsiderwillbe, Ronoleakenanogafoaereleuntelatoaaoatut.The firsttwowords being known, the Arm.suggestsforthe remaining three,con-sisting apparently of an acc.in -un,a gen. in -oa,andaverb-Erelcun.Arm.erie,erlen,erleclt,' rp'Yov j'lterle,'cultivation.' Telatoa.Arm.tltalovmn,'burial;'tltal(el) ,'tobury;' tllalar, ' anearthenvessel,abasin;'tkal,'a territory j'teli, ~aplace.'Sanek. tal,' condere;'tala,' solurn,fundus.'Gr. O&Aapor;.Lat. tellu8.Gael.talamh,'earth.'Etrusc.(as will afterwards appear)tular,'a tomb.'Arab.talltU,'burying.' For theformof telat(oa)fromaroottel, compare Arm.arm at, 'root,' thearm;i i n a ~ ,'a building,'theiin(el),'to build;' and forits declension,Gr..Tpar;,TipaTor;,or Arm.lcin, knog,''YvvfJ, ,, 'Yuvatrcor;. THEARMENIANORIGINO}'THEETRUSCANS.33 80attet.Arm. Salt!,'he reprehends,(Matt.viii.26), thelaat=Pers.zuat,'strong,severe.'Sansk.flaa,'jubere, regere,docere,punire/80atutandlacltitwouldrespectively 'belongtoconjugationslike theArm.ltelov,'hepours,'and Rami,'he wishes.'1 Thewholeclausebecomes,'BonoktheIllustriousforbids workofsepulture;'i.e.,nootherintermentsweretobe allowedin the sameplace,acommonprohibition withrespect to ancient tombs. Theremainingclausebeginswithanotherpropername, which Tener readsIna1lon.Steuartreadsit verydifferently, whichisof noimportancein the caseof aproper name. The tworeadingsofthe remainder are-Tex.alcenanogafoaaerataniaenkuraaneaontanegirtog.2 Ste.akenanogafoaataniaenlcuraaneaontanegertoa. Ishall takethe reading to be-akenanouafoaaerataniaen1c.U'faa1teaOntanegertol. The last twowordsseem to bean acc.andgen.Asno verb appears,aostutisprobablyunderstoodfromthepreceding clause.Akenanogafol isa knownword:.forthe rest the Arm. wouldgive-Acr.Arm.ayr,'man.' Ataniaen.Arm.atean,'a tribunal,amagistrate, asenate;' atenalcan,'belonging toatribunal,amagistrate,a judge.'I amnot clear asto the termination len.It might be compared with the Arm.suffix-sen(seeinf), but that oughtratherto berepresented in Phrygian by-Ienol. KUTaaneaon.Arm.'ruin,destruction,'the Theterminationofkuraan-el(on)mightperhapsbe comparedwiththe Alb.andArm.suffixes,-eiand':'iC."See inf. in Alb.s.v.lezouei.". Tanegertol.Arm.toon,gen.tan,'a house j'kert,' abuild-1We have in Arm. both lizA and lizov,'lingit, 'Xelxe&.' tIn "hist.ext,tageirtog.The reading of the plate is to be preferred. D , 34THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. ing.'Panegert(oa)wouldbeacompoundlikeTigranocert(a), tthebuildingofTigranes.'ComparealsoArm.gomakert, Iwhobuilds(kert8)a stable(gom)j'tnaien,twho builds(iint) ahouse(tovn);'andtgreat arch,a!!aien,tbuilt by a king(areh,a!!),royal,magnificent,'whereiln = kerthas a .passive senseequivalent to/actualThus the Arm.might form tnalcert,' OilC08opoc,olco8opt,.'Compare and atanuen. By this lastclause,tInanonthelliustrious,amanwith judicialpower,forbidsanyinjurytothesepulchre;'which coincideswiththesecondprohibitioncontinuallyfoundin sepulchral inscriptions. Forthewholeepitaph,theactual Armenian,unmodified, wouldcorrespondwithandexplain the Phrygian in the fol. lowing manner :-pn,ryg . Kelokesfenaftunaftasmateres sosesait, Arm. Lat. Pltryg. Arm. Lat. (2)(1) Xeloleea(z)anavtn,ivroymavr8araaeaz, Oelocea8epulcrum'auO!matriaezatruzit, materesEpheteksetisOfefinonoman.Lachit mavrEpltetecluetayyOwewinoneay.Lalee matri8EpltetezetiaezO/efino'lle.])evorat pn,tyg.gamateranaresastin.Bonokakenanogafos Arm.leav(z) may,.a'J-alin.B01UJlcaleanavor Lat.tellu8fll,(J,trempr0!8tantem.BOMcuaIlluatru .Pltryg.erekuntelatossostut; Inanon akenanogafos, Arm.(z)erlcn8a1te;Inanonaleanavor, telvoy U8um{:;::Rri}. vetat;lnanon Illuatria, loci .Lat. pn,r!lg.aeratanisen,kursanesontanegertQs. (2)(1) tan-lcerti.Arm.ayratenalcan, (2)(1) Lat.virjudicialis,destructionemaomUa-atructurte. (O!dificit) I THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.35 TheadvantageoftheArmenianovertheGreekinthe interpretationofthePhrygianepitaphsseemssufficiently clear.Itistruethatoneortwowordsaremorenearly GreekthanArmenian_Aftal isnearer toaVTovthan it is to ivroy, andmateresisnearer to IlfJT1poCthan it is to mavr.But such partial resemblances wouldbefrequently delusive, if relied on,and lead to very erroneousethnologicalresults.Thus,to take exactly parallelcases, the Germ. aein and aeinige arenearer totheFr.sienthantotheEng. hia;andtheLat. mater, matria,arenearertothe Eng. mother,1nother's,and the Germ. mutter,mutters,thanthey are tothe Fr. mere,delamere.It mustalsoberememberedthat,whilethePhrygianand Greek are ancient languages,the Armenian,in the oldest form that we .possessit,iscomparativelymodern. TheconjugationofPhrygianverbsisArmenianrather thanGreek,asappearsin edaeaandaoaeaait;butthedeelen-sionofPhrygiannouns,ontheotherhand,ismore than Armenian.Yet what the Armenian isheredeficient in, are merely suchAryan characteristics asareeasilylost,aswill appearbythefollQwingtableofdeclensions.HereIhave illustrated the Phrygian declensions,bycomparing them with Sanskrit,Etruscan,Greek,andLatindeclensions.' From the Armenian declensions,whichareverynumerous,I haveselectedthemostcommon,asexemplifiedinMovzay, IMusa,' whichisregularly declined, though aborrowedword; san,'anurseling,agodson;'Levonides, ILeonidas;'.Anahit, IAnaitis;' anakkt,Ipurus;'armat, Iradix;'kin, tfemina;'aytl, I-d'- 1- Id'dc".,I IS,ea,1; amanus,-a,-urn;annav,naVIS.n the Sanskrit, Ihavetaken the tworegular types,nau, tnavis,' andharit,'viridis.'Aswedonotseemtomeetwithany Phrygian plurals, Ihavenot given any in Armenian.The Ar.. menianplural isusuallyformedthus:in the nom.and instr., en,(x)isaddedto those cases in the sing. : in the ace., a is added to the nom.oracc.sing. : and in the gen., dat., and abI.,z, pre-cededby somevowelor diphthong, isaddedto the nom.sing. D2 Sanskrit.Latin.Greek.Etruscan. e,., 0) Nom. MUIAarit1kJN ..

.. relt",inaBameluJmUltivavcpovaa Gen... navalAarital ., " POVtnlC reltninaaBamt!ai "avII mUltBavarroc G! Dat.... MveluJrite .J, " povtIfJ liaia;' ftawmrutBV'lLaValC'TL Ace.. n4vamluJritam ... "povaavreltninamRamtnn_avemmUlamvavvavalC'Ta Abl.. ",tlvuluJrittUmUlti " , Mve povtnlC Inst.. Mva "'a"ttl Mve mUlti. e Nom.. ga Phrygian. uanafepoa 0 .A. teaKelolcea Gen.. oflaatelatoamaterea Q ..... Dat....uafagtaeiMida;'lanalctei 0 Ace areaaatinlena/tun matera'll,erenn AbL8ilcemanOfefinonoman .Armenian. Nom.. M ovzayaan];evonitJla.A.naAitanalcldarmatlei'll, aIdlireliMV Gen...Movza,iaanovLevonitleal.A.na!tala'll,(J,lc!eilcnolaydr ';'relo, .rn a:rmatD!J ftaVi Dat....M ovzal"Ba'IWVLevonitJeal.A.na!ta,analc!tiarmatO!l!enolaltlmaireto, . MVI rJJ Ace .. MovzayLevonitlta.A.na!itanalcAtleinaId airelin . Banarmat ftav Abl.M ovzayl A Levonideay.A.na!ta,analclttlarmatoylcnolla,dmanlBireto, A aanenave Inst....Movza!/ivBa'IWVLevonideav.A.na!tavanalclttivarmat01/}lcnavQldovaireZeav",avav THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCA.NS.37 AlthoughtheresemblancebetweenthePhrygianand Armenianlanguagesmay notbealwaysperfect,yetitis,I think, sufficiently closeto confirmthe opinionof the ancients, that the Phrygians and Armenianswereof the same and that theArmenian languagewaslikethePhrygianinmany points.The Latinwouldhardly, under similarcircumstances, approachthe Greek morenearly than theArmenian doesthe Phrygian, asmay bereadilytested. by theaid of the Phrygian inscriptions and vocabulary.Take,forinstance,themeaning of the firstsix.words in the vocabulary, ;lAOV, 'lrw'Ywva,laTpov, tcAE7rTp(avaAETpl8a,AOJltaV,and 'lrOAEP.OV.The affinity to the Latinishereby nomeanscompleteorremarkable.So,'on theotherhand,ifwetakewhatseemsthecorrectinter-pretationof the PhrygianKclokcafenoftunoftaa matereaaoac-8ait,i.c.,Ocloccaaepulch,rumaummatriaezatrunt,weshallper-ceivelittle obviousaffinityin theseLatin wordsto theGreek, either in root or form,except in matru. There appearsto be noother language butthe Armenian so nearthe Phrygian astoclaimtobelongtothesameAryan family.The next in orderofaffinitywouldprobablybethe Persian.Yetboththe classic languages exhibit some signs of affinitytothe Phrygian,althoughof adifferent family;such instancesof affinitybeing probably either Aryangenerally,or Thracianwordsborrowedfromthe PelasgiansandEtruscans by thenationsof the Classic orOldItalian stock,the Latins, Os cans, and Hellenes.Ihave already noticed.Nania and lituuaare Phrygian, but not reallyGreek.80CCU8 is Armenian, Phrygian,Greek,andLatin. isGreek,Armenian, Phrygian, andprobably also Lydian.The rootsof 80CCU8and areArmenian.ThePhrygianwords,matcrandga, are Aryan generally.From these affinitieswemay begin to perceivethepositionwhichtheThracianraceonceheldin Europe,and itsinfluenceuponthe other inhabitants of Greece and Italy. The Phrygianlanguage issucceededby the Lydian,which 38THEABHENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. represents, inadditiontoitself,andinconjunctionwiththe Phrygian,theMysianlanguagealso,whichisdescribedas lCal Someofthewordstransmitted asLydian ofadoubtful character,andtheuinterpretation is notobvious .. Others, onthe contrary, are of peculiar weight in an ethnologicaldisquisition.Two may beespecially mentioned,and both of which,besides being Armenian,andoneofthemAssyrian,appeartohave travelledfarwestwardinto Europe,wherethefirstmaybe recognisedin RhmtianSwitzerland, as wellasinAlbania,and the secondinSpain,a country stillmoreremotefromAssyria and.Armenia. isanotherLydianwordwhichmay deservemoreparticularattention, asitintimatesthatthere wasanancient formoftheArmenianlanguagestill closerto the Lydian than theliterary Armenianis,which,although it istheoldest formwepossess,onlyextendsback about1500 years. LydianWorda. 1.' A 'YICW V,ITE(XOVCywvla.'Arm. anlcivn,Icorner,angle.' Gr.QylCwv.Lat. angulua.Germ. 'Winkel. 2."A.cvAov,'{.3uAavov7rptvlvflv.'Arm.kalin,Ianacorn.' Germ.eicltel.Lat. galla.Pers. gulUk, 'pease, aball.' 8.'AptpvTatVOV, Rhret.-Rom.arfudar;Pied. arfude;Itoreject/Lat.repudio.Macedon.ap;vc,'lilaC.' Arm.plwvtltat,'tohasten'(Yflllt);ar,' to ';ar-ach,el,Ito despatch'(aclt,Ia leg');arkanel,' to throw;' ar-arlcanel,'to oppose.'A.r-pMvtn,al,therefore,.= Iaccelerare.'. 4.'AaTpaA(avTOV9p.lCaSequitur: aaTpaAor: 0 ""apoclnro9ETTaAwv.-Thraces a loquacitateet garrulitatevelquodlinguauterenturLydisnonintellecta sturnaceosappellatos crediderim.Pers. btf,itaralc,' a starling.' " Arm. aarealc,tarm, Ia starling j'8arel,'to cry;' aarol, Icrying.' Alb.'a blackbird.' 6."ATTaAOr:,I7raVaLC.'Arm.h,ateal,Icut'(cf.lCoPlla); THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.39 entl-ltatel,Itointerrupt,tocease,'pres.andpastpart. end. ltatol and iJna.Aateal.Lapp.ajetet, Idetinere j'ajeteje,Imora-tor.' 6.II Attia,Iscitulus.'Vide ii.(i.e.Phryg.)7.Quumex Hesychio glossa ceteroquin sat obscura id eluceat nomen etiam Hatteapronunciatum fuisse,Arm./i,at,'sectio, pars,granum,' Aatanel,'secare, perrumpere, decidere,'ltatanil, Isecari, cessare, micare,desperare,' in"auxilium voco." 7.II Hesychius: P'IyaAfIllCTivoc vro Av8wv.Quum nosavemaliquemrapacemnominemusentenat08aer,inesse putnrimPers.lJatn,velbat,Arm.bad,Ianas.'De parte altera .nihil definio,licet {3P'lydAfIemendare suadeam."Thetermi-nation ofthisLydian wordmaybeexplainedfromthe Arm. arag,Iswift j" aragil,Ia stork:'Etrusc. aracua,ISee in./.in Etrusc. s.v. aracua. 8."Hesychius : {3alClCaptc p:upov rotov aro {3arav'lC0llfJJVV-1l0V,lvtot8Earo Ilvpa(v'lC,SAAOt8EIlvPOVAv8tovo"EaTt I('al 8taraallaTOaroriicpl'f1c.Polluxvii.104:Ilvpa fj8EaavlCal{3alClCaptvlealallapalCOVlCallptvov."Pers.bukAdr, Iperfume,odour.'Arab.lJUklutr,Ivapour.'Lat. bacca. Gael.lJackar, Ian acorn.'Arm. bakla!!;Pers.lJakn,tak;Arab. lJdlcld!l;Iabean.'Pers.bakklcatan"tawalnut.' 9.ttHesychius:{3aaaVtaT.qc AEYETatAv8ucov YEVOC1((11{3aaavoc,rapaTpl{3ovTECTOxpva(ov 18olC(lla'ov.Sansk. pdatf,ii,a(' lapis ')."Arm. yeaan, Ia grind-stone,' = Pers.a81/dnan"= Sansk.9dii,a. 10.Baa&pa.See inf.in Thrac. s.v.6a1aara. 11.II Hesychius:{3 aalCE7r tlCPOAE arAflalovAV-8taTlet {3&aT,'aICpoAEa Av8taTl.corruptum.--Sansk.vdga,'festinatio.'"Arm.waul,Ito hasten.'Arab.ba,kay,Igoingfast.'For rtlCpOAEa,seeante in Phryg. s.v.'1f'U(lpLOV. 12.IlVpov.'Arm.600re1,ttoexhale;to smell;' l;ovro1Jmn,Iodour.'Rhmt.-Rom.lwainta,' mist.'Eng. breat/". 13.Bp(1EC, Arm. pn,rkel, ' to deliver.'Eng.free. ..... 40THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. 14.tI Festullviii.p.99:tnelvaceagenus ornamenti lydii dictumacoloreboum, qui est inter rufumet album appellatur .. queli.elt,ua.'N onest lydicum quia si esset per,inciperet, cf. Sansk.Itarit,Lith.zalaa,Pers.zird{' viridis ')."Esth. hal, tgrey;' lI,aliaa,'green,bright, shining.'Arm. alov, alovalcan, tsoft,tender,delicate;'aldt,tfeeble,indistinct,obscure,less bright;'alotl8,'a fox.' 15.ItHesycbius:t{3pt(readtj3v)TtVECTO{30':'V,oi8ETO 'IrOAv'."EaTt See i,,/- inScyth. s.v.lij3LE,and 1"..Uin Phryg. s.v.i3alaioC. 16."IpJ3ovc.See i'!f.in Thrac. s.v.tOIl{3POV. 17."Iw1ft,'8EVpO."Arm.Aovp,tDear j'/to'Vplinel,'to ap-proach.' 18.Ka,,8avA'IC,C (J'lCVllo7rvlICTflC,ICVV0'YX7J.'"-Arm. lchentlel, c r\llEl"" etillentlol(otherwise leltentlavl and lchenddl),'7rV(. "IWI/.' "Aucher gives illtJltlel,insteadof lchendel,asdoes. also the great .4.,."".and Lat. lJict.;butIrepresents nin the kin-dredAsiatic languages (A"ica, pp. 90,91.See also Ra\vlinson, .Aliat. Joum.Beltut.,.]ucript. p.84).Alb.lc!lendi8,'I choke.' Rhmt.-Rom. candariala, , a disease of the glands,\vhichseverely oppresses the breathing'(eineArtDriisenubel,dasdasAth-men sehr erschwert).By this word,the languagesofArme-nia,Lydia,Illyria,andRhmtiaareconnectedtogether.The Arm.participial termination,avl,dl,O'r01,mayalsoberecog-nised in lCav8-avA("c).Similar formsin t, socharacteristicof the Armenianand languages,maynot improbably bediscernedintheLydianwords,aaTp-aA{la),iTT-aACoc), and 7rLlCp-oA{la).There isanother derivation offromthe Sansk.yvan,, canis,'and dltu,'agitare,. vexare.' 19.It Athenreusxii.p. G] 6CD:ICdv8avAovTLva ol A \'"'''\ "\,...fI,t""f VOOlOVXEvaal\l\aTPELC,OVTWC 7rpOCTac110V7ra- tp7JaLV0TapaVTivoc fJ.a....',...",II.(...,Ia., E..".vOVrepEWCreaLrev'IaTOVapTOVreal..."pvy OVTVpOVav'fl.vov Tf.reaL rWIlOV7rlovoc.Pollux vi 69:E17J 7rPOaijICOVTOtCTHEARMENIANOBIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.41 apaatlCaL{,IC av v A 0c apVAOvlCal.TVpOVlCallCal plALTOe."Perhaps fromthe samerootasorthe Arm.lcandal,'to desiregreatly,' might be suggested. 20.ct Atherueusxii p.516C:1rPWTOLT;'VlCapvlCflv Suidas:IC ap V IC 'I EIC7roAAwvtJ'V'YICElPEVWV. {.3pwpaaYpaToelCal:AAwvE8EtJ'paTwvlCal ...,..."\lf,,. "\, lCapVIC07rOLELVTOlCoapELV1rOLICLA,TLVLpfJpaTWVTOVA010V. Sansk.!crt,'I(EpaV,'undeSansk.lcarburaetArm.lcltarn, , varius.' " 21.ct Stephanus Byzantinus:KatJ'TwAouci1wpLELeolAv80l ,aaLv.Augurernomenlitorisaccolassignificare."Arm. lcOV8kt,lcOJ/8,'side.'Lat. c08ta.Eng. COa8t.The termination -WAOCmight beexplainedasin lCav8-aVA'Ie. 22.KoaAa8ELv,'j3aaLAEa.'"Quum habeamusapud eundem (Hesychium)lCoaALELv,'j3&p{.3apovet",OaAOL,{.3apoL,'sinotissimiillius 'j3atJ'LAEVe,'memineremus, tpopuli regem'interpretaripossumus."Gael.cuallaa;Arm. zolow;tanassembly j'Arm.zolowovrd,tpeople,multitude.' Osset.lcoar,tcompany,multitude.'Pers.gala"','a"crowd.' - Gael.dWn.' prmsidium j'dein,'fortis.'Pers.tanu, tpower.'Arab.dm,tfaith,religion,decree,empire,king.' Arm.den,tfaith,religion.'Arm.atean,tatribunal,ama-gistrate.'I 23.Aa.{3pvv,C 1rEAEICVV.'Lapp.labtet,tfindere j'lalJmet, tverberare.'Pers.lab,tablow.'Arab.labt, striking.' 24.AalAae,'{, TVpavVOe,{,p.r,EIC'yEVOVCTVpavvoc.'Hin-dustani lala,'a master.'Pers.tatalc,, acrown.'Arm.lav, 'good, fine,better;'--Esth. liiila,'bad, severe.'Gr. AaiAalfJ. Arm.lllcel,'to vex,torment.'Sansk.lul,tagit&re,per-turbare: 25.MavAurnlpLov,'Av8LOVAEpLapaAE1TTOVTL.'"Varia emendaveruntvop.Lap.a,A1rLapa,p.ALapa."Arm.malzmay, 'a plate.' 1Compare Gael. basal,'a judge,' \\Tith {Ja,tTL"XWf. 42THEAlUlENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. 26.M,,8EV!:,'" ZEV!:.'"Sansk. medltaa,in Vedis dei excelsi titulus,med",ira,'sapiens.' "Arm. mtaii, mtavO'r,Isapiens.' 27.Mvao!:,Georg.'f/I/ulcki,Ian oak.'Arm. 'IlU)iay, .Iatamarisk,' ==Gr.pvpil(".Kurd.mitelc,'abox-tree.'The name of 1'Iysiawassupposed to be derived fromIlv(J'o!:.If we may trustHomer,thetamariskwascommoninthe Troad. SeeIt.vi. 89;x.466;xxi. 18, 850. 28. IE180!:olvov.'Gipsy mol,'wine.'Pers. mul, Iwine.'Arm.moli,tintoxicated.' 29.MwU!:,'-q'Yij.'Esth.ma,Iearth,land.'Lapp.mdi10e, Ipulvis.'Georg. miza,tearth.'Lesgi,miaa,muaaa,, earth.' 80."Photius s. v.N lIppat:l(a1alMovaat tnroAv8wv vvptpat.Stephanus Byz. s ..v.Topp,,{3o!::tplJo"Y'Y;;!:Nvppwv Gl(ov(J'a!:,. /1!:",alM 0 v(J' a!:Av801ICaAovat.Utrum verumalii dicant."Cf. 'lWVa!l,fa song;'noval,ttomew;'Pers. fI/u,wd,tvoice,modulation j'fttWJ4g,'singer, muaician.' 31.NUX}la,t Arm.'lUJlcltat,Ireproach,disgrace.' Pers.nttlcaa,tworthless,base.'Arab.nalcdh"Icontempt.' 82.naApvc,( {3aa,,}..w!:.fSeeante in Phryg.s.v.(3aAf,v. 83 .."nav8ouptov, xwpl!:,":A;'lCTpOV1/JaAAo-plvov.' Pollux iv. 60 : Tplxop8ov'Aa,roptotwav80iipav wvopa-tov.Arm. pltandirn.Osset.fandur.ItaLmandora."Pltan-dirnsignifiestatrumpet.'TheArm.hasalso6andirnor 6amlJirnor pAamlJirn,tcastanets,'and!Jamb,tthorough-base.' Span.,pllndero,tatabor,' pandorga,taconcert.' 84.napap;'lI'1,'t1TWV .poipa.'"Sanek.parimd, 'destinare,decernere;'subst.pariniana.EtianiapudAr-menOaparaquodSansk. pari;sic(Sansk.)paridltt = (Arm.) paraditel et 'lrEpttplpELa = (Arm.) paraberovt/"ivn."Arm. lI,rama!jel, Itoordain j'"'raman,tadecree,'=Pers.farmtln,= Sansk .A", pramana. 85.tc Servius A. x.179.Aliiincolasejusoppidi Teut&s fuisseetipsumoppidumTeutamnominatum,quodpostea l!iaaaLydilinguasualunarem(al.singularem)portum sig-nificaredixerunt,quarehuicurbiaport?"luntBnomenim-THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.43 positum."If wereadpia-te, the Turkish wouldgivea!l,'luna;' and if we read pi.ate,the Mantschu wouldgive pia,'luna,' and also8aia,'lebes,' :::Lapp.aa)a, = Arm.Ban.Cf.Germ.Itafen, 'pot, haven,port.'TheArm.has-aph, tthehollowofthe band;'apAn,'a shore;'andap4alorapkaea!/,'a bowl;'per-haps = pia-.TheFinnish or Turanianelement in Asia Minor, whichseemstobediscernedbeneaththe Thracianin Phrygia andLydia,willappearmoreplainlybeyondtheTaurusin Lycia.TheLydians of Semus areevidently the Etruscans. 36."Johannes Laurelltius Lydus mens. 3,l4:vl.ov'TOVEOVlTOelTtKatvvv'lrA.q.9'ftavvoP,oAo1ELTat flatotfaatTVAv8wvfWVVTOVivtaVTOVaap8tv."Bottichernotices(p.26)that aard wouldoncehave signified' year'inArm., astheancientnameofwhat was formerlythe firstmonth inthe Armenian yearwasNava8ard. It nearlycorrespondedto ourAugust,andinallprobability signified' New-year,'Nav-8ard.In Arm., darand tari signify , age'and tyear,'thesibilantinthe moreancientformaard, having apparentlybeenhardened.]Jarand 8arhavestill the samemeaninginArm.,i.e.,'height.'TheChaldmanaar in Arm.iar(Euseb.CAron.),containingafabulous period of3600years(tenkingsreign120 8an),maybethe sameword.ComparealsoArm.iar,'series, rank,chain,' = Germ.achar,Ital.acn,ie1a.With regardto the finald in aartl, it is oneof the three letters,a,d,and n,whichare frequently addedinArm.Thuswehaveapanrl,'slaughter,'insteadof apan.In Ossetic,8ard or8ardemeans'summer.' ThefollowingarethenamesoftheancientArmenian months 1:_ 1.Nava8ara(Aug.)Lyd.vloeaap8tc,, vlov lTOe.' {Georg.ori,'two,' Cf.Mantschllorin, 2.Hori(Sept.) 'twenty,' andArm.erlcov,'two.' 8.Ban,mi(Oct.)Georg.aami,'three.' 1Iampartlyindebtedheretoanarticle in the Journal..J..siatiquB for 1832, vol.x.p. 527. THEABKDLUI'OKlOIll'0.,THEETRUSCANS. 4-.Prl (NOV.) 5.OltaID!(Dec.) 6 ..Ara!(Jan.) 7.M eltekanor MeAeki(Feb.) 8.Areg(March) 9.Altekan(April) 10.Mareri(May) { Cappad.Pen. Ttr; Georg.Tim-lini;ZendTulrja;'the nameof the fourthmonth.' Arm. eltal-el,'togather, toamass,to squeeze, to weed,'--cltaIZori,' most (of wine) .'The root of Ciullo! ought to be eMI.Cltaloi,'yeatJe.iaire.' (?) {Arab.artz,'frost, hoar-frost ;' whence ba! = Frimaire. rZendMilAra(pen. Mi1r);Cappad. Mtllpl;'the name of the 7th month.' Arm.Miltir,'Mithras;'mew",,' a 1 temple;'th. me"'.The Arm. MeAe-leanwouldnot be borrowed fromthe Zend,butderivedfromacommon Lorigin with it. Arm. areg,'the son.' Arm. altekan, Ion thelefthandJ nnillter.' {Georg.mareli,Ithenameof the10th month.' {Arm.marg,'a meadow;'whenceMar-11.Marga!(June) ga! = Prairial. {Arm. "'r()'l}t,Iburning ;' "'rat, Iexcessive 12.Hroti!(July)heat:'whenceHroti! = TAermiilor. Of the twelvenamesoftheArmenianmonths,six may be known tobegenuineArmenian,either by root or form,or by both-Chalol,MeAelcan,Areg,AAelean,Marga!,andHrotiz. Threeothers,Hori,SaAmi,and Maren, areGeorgian.Araz seemsArabic, though its formis Armenian.Pre may be con-sideredasPersian:andNava8artlwouldbealliedtothe Lydian, though probably at the same time ancient Armenian. 87.tc Tap1avov, Av8ol.I)TOTapa.TTOV.I)TOarc, aTf.P.tpVAWV'lrOp.a.leat7roa,I)lealalCoprLovpor:.Heinsiuset Salmasiusscripserunt."Pers.tarlcA,'lI){tnalt,Ithickpot-THEABM:EN IANORIGINOFTHEETRUSOANS.45 tage j'tarlcAan,tmilksoured;'tarklt,tanorange.'Arab. tlarrak,ttreacle,wine!Esth.tam,tgrapes,berries.'Arm. taraz, tagaric!--Pers. tar8an, ttimid, fearful.'Arm. tartam, ttimid, perplexed! 88.Arm.teg,taspear.'Esth. tiigi,ta pike, asword.'Tfyoiiv,like tatro, might signify tswordsman' ortsoldier,'aswellas'robber.' The affinitiesoftheLydians appear fromtheir language to be the same asthose of the Phrygians.Both nationsmaybe classed in thesamefamilyastheArmenians,and the Aryan familynext inorderofrelationshipwould bethe Persian.I cannotperceivethatnearaffinitybetweentheLydian and Greek languages whichMr.Rawlinson'sethnologicalsystem would require.Thereis,indeed,thewordaylCwvgiven as Lydian:butthe root iscommon to many languages,the ter-mination goes for little in a vocabulary, the reporter isaGreek, and the Arm. anlcivn, 'uYlCwv,' would be written aylCvv in Greek. If 'the Lydiansmust havespokena language closelyakinto thePelasgic,'whichtripenedultimatelyintotheHellenic,' wecouldhardly failto obse'rvemoredecidedGreek affinities in thirty-eight Lydian wordsthan weare ableto discover. AstheCariansaresonearlyconnectedwith the Mysiaos and Lydians,the fewwordswhichhave been preservedin the Carian languagemay aswellbeadded here. CarianWorda. 1.IIAAa,tt1Mro{:!Gael.al,'a horse!Alb.ala,Iquick! Arm. wal,tquick.'Arab.'Walu8,tgoing quick'(acamel). 2.Bav8a,'v(ICfJ.'Arm. 'IJJan-el,tto conquer!For the-8-, comparelfJan-anel,tto kill,'andapantl,'slaughter!Pera. 'IJJantl,tpraise.' 8. Arm.gel,tbeauty j'gelani,tfair, good.'Cf.Gr.YfAlwand cWi, 'temo, gubernaculum.' 46THEA.RMENIANOBIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. 4.rlatJ'a,' Al.9-oc.'Mm.!Cid,tmarble.'rlatJ'aappeared in Movo-'YttJ'G'a,the of aCarlantown.Cf.Arm.'RW!/n, tbeauty.'Giaaawasan Illyrian town, CUlaaThracian town, andCumaaMacedonian mountain. .5.KOAa{3pLG'p,oCJ' ml ICUp"COV.'Seeinf. in Thrac.s.v. 6."Machon apud Athenrenm xiii.p.580D: ICV{38'rtpfJTptw{30AOV". T(C8'OinrtTpEl/JwVEcrrltJ'Ot,tpfJtJ'tv,TaAav ""'Aa. ,..,.. a.a.... 01lTa"1EVleaptlCotC Forsan cognatum IC a rI 'I:v.Persica." "XenophonAnalJ.i.5,6 :OlllCelEllrp A"v8lq. "'YoP! EV Kvpov {3ap{3apucti nlVIC a rl 'I v CtAWPWVaAtplTfaJV TErrapwvG'l"1AWV.'08eG'l"1AOc8-6.vaT:atE1ITtlO{3oAoUClCal. r,P.tO{3oAtOVarrucovc,,;8elear 8voXO(VtICGC arrtxdC EXWPEI.. Polyrenus iv.8,32:t1lea'1rETI.CEcrrlxoivt UTTtlCl1.Pollux iv. 168 P.ITPWVovop,aTarecensens:lear l 'Iwe tItEVOtpWV."Arm. leapig,gen.leapdi,takindofmeasure(1C&j30C,xovc, congiua), the socket of the eye j' theleap,= Lat. cap(ere) j!capel, ttofasten;'leapovt,tplunder;'leaptet,ttoplunder.'Heb. lealJ. 7. 'Tatpoc.'Arm.8ovzanel,tcondere,tegere,'the 8OVZ;zOO,taceiling, aroof (tectum).' 8.TOVG'trVAOt,tfiv-ypaiot.'Osset.t!ji8ut,tlittle,' = Arm. iloyzn.Arm. th,zov!e,tapygmy,'the tltiz,taspan.'Karrov4a" trOALCEVJ(aTtJlCovv01nV'Yp.aiot.'Arm.leay, td \velling.'Pers.lead,thonse.'Osset. uhau,qau,tvillage.' 9.tt Stephanus:Tvp,v'IaG'ocrOAtcKaplacan-o'TV}'v'ltJ'aov paj380v.'YapT';Vpa{380vnp,vlav AE'YOVG'tv."Arm. topAet,tTV1ITEtV.'Eng. tltump.Arm.iovp,tstick,rod.' TlteLycian8and theCauca8ianNationa. The singular resemblanceofthe CarianTOVG'tJ'VA(Ot)to the Ossetictyii,8iit(wheretyisasingle letter)raisesaquestionof considerable interest,whichcallshereforadigression.The THEABlIENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.47 language of the Lycians, the neighboursof the Carians, cannot be explained fromtheArmenian,especiallyinitsstructure, whereintheaftluenceofvowelstheLycianresemblesthe Zend,andpresents aremarkable totheArmenian. No language,however,ofany kind,hashithertobeenfound to explain theLycian.In this failure of all ordinary languages, and especiallyof the Armenian,wemaybe led,fromour find-ing theOsset.t!ji,aii,l,ratherthantheArm.do!jzn,tll,iz,or eh,Zov!c,intheTOV(J'aVAO{.'ofCaria,acountryborderingon Lycia,to enquirewhethertheLycianlanguage wasalliedto the Ossetic,Ortoanyotherlanguageusedin the Caucasus. TheOsseticvocabulary, as wepossessit, isnot very extensive; but the grammar is well known, as wehave an excellent treatise on the language in Sjogren's08aetiac/t,eSpracltleh,re. TheOssetesare commonly considered, butnot incontestably admitted,to beabranchof the Aryanstock.The rest of the Caucasusisoccupied,withtheexceptionofsomeTurkish settlers round Mount Elbruz, by theCaucasianrace.This is divided into threebranches,differing greatly fromeachother, and separated bydialectsinto many subdivisions.TheWest-Caucasianspossessaboutone-halfofthechain:theyare dividedinto Circassiansand Abasians.TheZ!JcniandAcluzi of the ancients,twotribeswhodweltinthis district onthe havebeensupposedtoderivetheirnames fromthe . CircassianzugordaJig,andthe Abasianagu,both signifying 'man.'Next in order come . theOssetes,whooccupyasmall tract onboth sidesof the chain,in its centre.Thesourcesof the rivers Terek and Aragua,andtheintervening great Cau-casianpassof Darie],liein their country.The twodivisions of the08aete"in language, are the IJigori and Pagau";'.These namesseemtobefoundinthoseofthe 1ali andTagoN,two Scythian tribes to the east of the Tanais,mentionedbyPliny. The rootof the nameI"i maybethe Osset.o"e,twoman,'or rathertheLesgi0'8,'people.'InOsset.,o8,etltiimeans , women.'In thesamepartsPtolemymentionstheTU8ci: 48THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. andonthe central ridgeofthe Caucasus,within twentymiles of the Ossetes,andbordering on theLesgi,whowillbemen-tionedpresently,wefindalittle tribe called TU8Cki,belonging totheMiddle-Canc8sianrace,the MizdschegiorKisti.The East.Caucasianrace,theLesgi,occupyalargeportion of the ancientAlbania,where,accordingtoStrabo,twenty-six langwageswerespoken:thedialectsoftheLesgiarenearly half asmany.TheseLesgi, calledby theGeorgiansLekll,etlti, and bytheArmeniansLlkcA,aretheLege8or.Legteofan-tiquity jandthe root oftheirnamewouldprobably befound in the Osset.liigorlag,ortheLesgilea,' man.'lGlossaries of theCaucasiandialects,necessarilyscanty,have b e e ~formed byKlaprotb.SpecimensarealsogiveninanAccountqf the CaucaaianNation,(London,1 788).9 Between theCaucasiansandOssetesonthe north,and the Armeniansonthesouth,liestheIberianorGeorgianrace, dividedintoGeorgians,Mingrelians,Lazi,andBuani.The lasttwonamesareancient,andtheLaziareprobably the tmen.'TheSuaniconnect the Iberians with the West-Cau-casians,andthe Tuschiandtwootherlittletribesarecon.' side redtobeIberian aswellas Middle-Caucasian.A tolerably copiousGeorgianvocabularyhasbeenpublishedbyKlap-roth. The country occupiedby the Caucasiannationshasa length of about600,and abreadthofabout100miles.The area wouldbeequaltothatofEngland.TheArmenianarea wouldbeaboutthesame,andtheGeorgiannearlythat of Ireland. 1So the meaning of the name Mardi is given by the Arm.and Pers. mard, 'man,' i.e. {JpOT6r:Osset. mard,' death.' ICanthenameof theOssetes,u=ossetM, 'women,' in anywayex-plain the story of the Amazons, whoare placed nearly in the country of the Ossetes(Strabo, p. 503) PThefabulousAmazonsinAsiaMinor, who are said to have founded Ephesus,Smyrna, and other towns,might thenbe the mythicrepresentatives of theCaucasiansinthatcountry. Some of the Amazonian traditions are noticedabove,p.7,note 4. tHEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.49 11Jcianinacriptiona. The Lycian inscriptions been" elucidatedby Mr. Sharpe inSir C.Fellows'IlIciaand inSprattandForbes'Lycia,by Grotefend in the Zeit8cll,riftfiirdieK'l,ndedeaMorgenlantiea,v. iv.,and by Lasseniu the Zeitacll,riftder])eut8cll,enmorgenlan-diacltenGeaeltacltaft,v.x.Aresemblancehasbeentraced betweentheLycianaDQ.,the Zend,butLassenconsiders that thetwolanguagesh&ve"DOintimateaffinity(innigereYer-wandacll,aft) Thislimitsthefieldofenquirytowardsthe east,andtheobviouslyun-Semiticcharacter oftheLycian will excludetheSyriac and other cognatelanguages.There remain,in the immediate neighbourhood of Lycia, onthewest the Greek language,andonthe northofGreeceand Lycia variousThraciandialects.AsneitherThracian,i. e.,Ar-menian,norGreek.willexplain theLycian, a"nd8Sno Aryan European,aswellasAsiatic, languageseemslikely todoso, and ason the southof the AryancountrywefallintoSemitic dialects,it is thereforetothenorth of the Aryans that weare induced tolookforthe ancestorsof the Lycians. The dataforthe determination of theLycianlanguage are singularly good.We have three bilingual, aswellas a of otherepitaphs.These- containwordsofthegreatest im-portance,suchastermsofrelationship,besidesavariety of expressionsforttomb.'Inthethreebilingualepitaphs, whichherefollow,theLycianepitaphisintheoriginal completelygiven,andthen followedinlikemannerbythe Greek.Ihave alteredthis arrangement forthe sakeof .com .. . panson. this PI . nell, DapJUVTOe ofParmens drafaieyamete TOp.v'Ip.aToeE tombhere tedeemeurppe VLOe the sonfor E prinafatuSe.dertya E'lrOt'laaTOmadeSidarius etleCufDe,elade EaVTWLleatT'IL'Yvvauct selfbjsandwife 68THEARMENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS. eu,'lDe,ItedlemeP. I . ltJ/d. "atVtWthisandsonPybiales. II.ewuinuitatu AA meneprinafutuPoUntda TOVTOTOp.v1Jp.aEp1aaaVTOA7roUwvte1Jf: thistombheremadeApollonides Mollew;'tuaeLapara.PoltntdauPorewemtteu MoUtato(:-"atAa'lrapac Dvptp.aTtOc of Mollises,andLaparasof Apollonides,of Purimates prinezC?/eweurppeladaeptteweaetedteme OtlCEtOtE7I"'tTat(: 'YvvatEtvTat(: EaVTWV"atTOt(:E'Y'YOVOt(: the domestics, forWIVestheirandchildren. aee1ttealretUetelitatutwewemd6!Je "atavTtcaet"1Ja."tTOP.V1Jp.aTOVTO andifanyoneinjurestombthishere ( oeteponamalclceadaaa1J)a (l) eada4) "at(t1JaVTWI.ravTwv) The Lycian andGreek in brackets donotcorrespond.We .findin other epitaphs-the referencesareto Fellows'L,cia--ae6!JeitaduteaemeiteadadaweleadaII(p.482). (andifburiesanyoneherelet him payadastwo). and-...,e6!J1itatadumeitearJadewaleadaO-(p. 483). and-8ee16itatututl8emeiteadada1J)aleadaIII.(p.486). There is a fae-simileofthethirdbilingualepitaphin the Lycian roomin the British Museum.In the only part which is ofadditionalimportance,theGreekdoesnot enableusto arriveat a literalof the Lycian.What Ihave given assuchisthereforepartly conjectural. III.dlouinuprinufometeprinafatu-uttauillu TOWT'OTOp.VlJp.a "'P'YaaaTO

thistombheremade-uttaofUla tedlemeurppe lade.eU'lOe AVTttpEUtr1JCaVTwt "at 1VVtUICt the son,anAntipbellitan,forselfandwifehis THEABHENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUaCAN9.51 A tedeeme AA aeeuwee leat'TEICVOlf: andchildrenhis. .tnIwaattoune a8tlC'Ia1Jt'Ia'Yopaa'lt here,inj uresor aeeyeteCdetelcemutt/' EaveE'Ttf: Andifanyonemakesapurchase ulawe AAAA .l A eweyeueaeeeare.t 6U.fleze 'TOp:v'Ip.a lomb-this, " av'To.E7I'"t'TV. Thewordsin the precedingwhich aremostim-portant ethnologically areobviouslythewordsof relationship, tedeeme,tson,'and lade,wife,'whichareneitherAryan nor Semitic.Theymay,Ithink,beshown 'tobeCaucasian;and Caucasiantermsfor'\vife'andtson'e:;eemalsoto be foundin by thesideoftheAryan\vords,lcin,',vvl,,'and ordi,'putra, p"!er.'The chief difficultyin the comparisonlies in constructing theperfectformoftheCaucasianwordfrom somanydifferent dialects.Ihavethereforenot merelycited the Caucasianterms,but alsoanalyse4them, in themoreim. portant comparisons of t.hefollowinglist-twl6!ja,Iwewe,ewe!le.oe,lwuinu,'"this.'Thefirsttermis supposedtobea fern.acc.casej andthe fourthanent. acc. Osset. a!/, tthis'(nom.), ay, a!/!/i, a!l!/6!J,(gen. and ace. : there are no genders).Lesgi Itai,Itoi, uo"tthis.'Kisti wO!Je,the.'Georg. 'eae,tthis,he.'Kurd.au, ava,tthis j'at",avi,tthat;'Alb.ai:, lJ!lu,'this, he.'Pers.Auwa,tille,hie j'aWIJ,tid.' trafazeyaor arafazeya,ttomb.'The toot bere appearsto be -somewordlike alt'U8,signifying tdeep"and alsothigh.'The .wordwillrequire analysis and illustration--.Arab. tla'flU!n(pI.azman),'time, age,world.' damdn,'heaven.' eamtn,tcountry,ground.' az'flU!n, tthe highest} the heaven.'BaEne ---,---ezman, 'a tomb.'word t up.' Pera. {uar-{Uer-Arm. uer} wer E2 3!TIlEABIIDIABOJlIGmO:rTIIBKTBUSCA.5S. { or------------.i, ta tomb.' or - fIUJ,ta hole, aditch, a well.' Geor!l.!I!rIU,tdeep.' !lAr --iati,.tahole.' BtUfJUe!laraitza,.'height.' .LgruvwTKfU, { ..ftAnJ11 ...1_,depth.' eln, .. .l_...1 __,Ihht' ,"WlII-auaaelg. tV} Kiati{;'rl- II wale"ua, E8t!.{urle, ur!l, tahole.' .'a hill.' taholeordeepplace in a river.' ta fox-hole.' .Arm.arpA"'heaven, sun.' { arD,'heaven.' O,aet.arf,...' deep.' .arf----ade,'depth.' 4,."".wrap,'a very deepditch.' 11Jcianera!-azfJ!Ia,'a tomb.' TheLycian erafazeyaisthe ace.sing.Theace.,andalso gen. sing.oftheOsset.arfatleisarfadi!/..Mr.Sharpe observes:thattheLycianace.,bothinthesing.andplur., invariably ends in avowel.Itisthe samein Ossetic,where the terminations of the gen. and ace.,in bot.hnllmbersare-i, !!, i!l,u!!.TheLyciangen.sing.terminatesinu.But there are very fewLycian wordsnotending in a vowel. ,mtn(, mle!!e,mite,meite,'here.'Osset.miina,there;'am, there j'ami!!,' in. this,here j'amaoramii,tat this j'a'flte!l, t this,'ortthis.'The .te in meteor meitemay betheOsset.tll,'{J,an enclitic like ".1 or 81.Mine would then ::..:miina,mee!ll = ami!!,mete = ama-tll,ii,and meite =ami!l-tltii. prinafatu,thexnade j'prinofO,tu,ttheymade.'Forthe fo'rmoftheOsset.perfect, wemust gotothe auxiliary 'verb, fa-un,ttoc9ntinuetobe,tocomplete.'Itgives--fiidan, fddiJ,fazilJ,featii'f4,fe,tutA,/e,tii,!I,'fn.i,.isti, .it,' -imus,-istis, .erunt.'tErat/ (rom un, tesse,'is ,udi!/..1\ verblike fii8aiin, I8cribere,'makes /u8ta,' ;' ftiatO!J,'scribebant;'and THBARKENIANORIGINOFTHEETRUSCANS.,68 fut fiiiz1, tscripsit.'The formof fiiZi!Jisnotunlikethat of prina/at..As we have prina-fatu, tmade j' prinu-/o and prina-lu, ttomb,' andprin-tz6!Jltoe,tdomestics,'withthesingular printzeinanotherplace,therootprinwouldbe someword like81,.,.{w)or86,.,. (oc).Itmay,perhaps,befoundinthe Arm. toran,tatabernacle.'For the change of p-into to- (v), complfeArm.'IDrip-ak,Cprav-us,'andtOat = E