SPE_Turkey_Can_Bakiler.pdf

8/11/2019 SPE_Turkey_Can_Bakiler.pdf

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rom Seismic to Simulation

Integrated Reservoir Studies

Can S. Bakiler

Istanbul Technical University

Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department

18.3.2013


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Definition:

Management:

Judicious* use of means to accomplish an end. (Webster)

Reservoir Management:

Judicious use of available resources to maximize economic recovery(Thakur, 1991)

Application of state-of-theart technology to a known reservoir system

within a given management environment (Wiggins and Startzman, 1990)

..Use of available resources(human, technological and financial) to

maximize profits from a reservoir by optimizing recovery while

minimizing capital investments and operating expenses (Satter et al, 1992)

* Judicious = wise, sensible3


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General Characteristics of Reservoir Management:

It requires and makes use of all related resources

It includes the complete system, from reservoir to sales point

It is continuous and long-term, over the life of a reservoir

It concentrates on economic optimization

(from Fowler et al, 1996)4


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Management

Reservoir Management Team:

Reservoir

Management

Team

E

conomics

Environm

ent

(from Satter et al, 1994)7


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Acquisition Exploration Development Production Abandonment

Conventional Organization:

Flexible Organization:

Acquisition Abandonment

Planning

Exploration

Development

Production

Administration

(from Patterson and Alteiri, 1993)

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Analogy for

Conventional Approach versus Integrated Team Approach:

Relay Team versus Basketball Team

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Conventional Organization:

General Manager

Drilling/Completion

ManagerProduction ManagerExploration Manager

Geology Dpt Head

Geophysics Dpt Head

Petrophysics Dpt Head

...

QHSE

Reservoir Eng Dpt Head

Production Eng Dpt Head

Facilities Dpt Head

...

Drilling Eng Dpt Head

Completion Eng Dpt Head

...

Individuals working for a specific reservoir are under their ownbosses/functional heads.

Members of the reservoir study do not share the same working

environment.

They have different objectives and priorities.

Legal,

Procurement,

Finance, etc

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Multidisciplinary Team Organization:

Asset Manager

Operations ManagerDrilling/Completion

Manager

Subsurface Team

Manager

Geologist

Geophysicist

Petrophysicist

Reservoir Engineer

QHSE

Drilling Engineer

Completion Engineer

Production Technologist

Facilities Engineer

...

Asset manager has the responsibility of the work. Multidisciplinary team works together as a task force, under

the asset manager.

All team members share the same objective.

Team members share the same working environment.

Legal,

Procurement,

Finance, etc.

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Asset Manager

Facilities Manager

Drilling/Completion

Manager

Subsurface Team

ManagerQHSE

Geology Team

Leader

Reservoir Engineering

Team leader

Geomechanics

Reservoir Engineer

Geomodeler

Structural Geologist

Petrophysicist

Geophysicist

Sedimentologist

Simulation Engineer

PTA Specialist

PVT Specialist

Integrated Reservoir Management Team Organization Chart

Subsurface Team Structure

Example 1

Operations Manager

Procurement and

Logistics

Legal

Finance

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Asset Manager

Operations ManagerDrilling/CompletionManager

Subsurface TeamManager .....

Geologist

Reservoir Engineer

Petrophysicist

Geophysicist

Integrated Reservoir Management Team Organization Chart

Subsurface Team Structure

Example 2

The teams are structured based on the specific needs of the reservoir system at

hand

The team structures and personnel will change in different phases, as required

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Reservoir Management Process:

Completing

Evaluating

Monitoring

Implementing

Developing Plan

Setting Strategy

(from Satter et al, 1994)

Revising

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Geology:

Some geological disciplines taking part in the reservoir management work are :Structural geologist, sedimentologist, geomodeler, production geologist

Role and Tasks of the Geologist in Reservoir Management:

Regional Studies/Depositional Environment Study:

For establishing the structural framework, quality andvertical/areal distribution of the reservoir rock.

Core Studies (Core Description/Sedimentology):

For defining the rock types, flow units, mineralogy,

depositional environment,diagenesis.

Stratigraphic Correlation:

Picking the top and bottom of the reservoir layers from

well logs and defining their distribution in the reservoir where nolog data is available

Contribution of Disciplines to Integrated Reservoir Studies

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Role and Tasks of the Geologist in Reservoir Management:

Structural Model Construction: Combines the formation top, thickness and

fault information from geology, geophysics and petrophysical anaysis to create

the geometric frame work of the geological (static) model.

Population of the geological (static) model:

Populates the model with data from:

a. petrophysical studies (core and log analysis : porosity, permeability,

fluid contacts, initial saturation distribution),

b. Reservoir engineering studies ( fluid sample and flow test analysis :

oil, water and gas properties, reservoir pressure, system permeability,

fluid contacts).

Volumetrics:Calculates the original oil and gas in place using the

geological (static) model.

Contribution to well location, well design, well proposal and drilling

program


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Depositional System versus Recovery for Gulf Coast Reservoirs:

(from SEG EAGE, DISC 2009)


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Geophysics:

Geophysicist is responble for the acquisition, processing

and interpretation of seismic data to define the reservoir

top, thickness, faults (and some times reservoir and fluid

propertydistributions) where well control is not available.

Role and Tasks of the Geophysicistin Reservoir Management:

Revision and QC of the available 2D and 3D data

Generation of Synthetic Seismograms

Mapping of the time structures

Creation of Depth MapsInterpretation of faults

Attribute Analysis

Surveillance of fluid movement in the reservoir with

4D Seismic and crosswell tomography


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Example for Saturation Changes Captured by 4D seismic:

(from Thakur, 2008)

4D Seismic Data (Repetition of 3D Seismic at different time periods) can be used for:

Flow (Saturation change) surveillance - tracking of the changes in OWC, GOC, flood fronts

(waterflooding, steam flooding, gas injection, etc.).


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Cross Well Seismic (Cross Well Tomography) :

Cross well seismic is performed to gain information on reservoir continuity, fluid

saturation change and temperature change (in thermal floods) in between wells.


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figure from: Schlumberger

figure from: www.netl.doe.gov


Examples for Cross Well Seismic Applications:

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Petrophysics :

The petrophysicist provides information on the rock properties and

the fluid content of the reservoir. They make use of core analysis

and wireline log analysis in their work.

Role and Tasks of the Petrophysicists in Reservoir Management :

Revision and QC of the available data

Interpretation of electrical logs and core data for lithology,

porosity, permeability and fluid saturation distribution

Identification of different rock types in the reservoir

Deriving porosity vs permeability relations

Specification of uncertainties and

need for additional data acquisition


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Role and Tasks of the Geomechanics in Reservoir

Management

Contribute to well construction design

Casing Design

Mud Weight

Well bore stabilityPlanning of the well trajectories

Reservoir compaction

Sand Production

Contribute to geological (static model)

Structural framework/faulting

Natural Fracture System characterization


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Reservoir Engineering :

Responsible for the characterization of fluid flow in the reservoir. Work scopeincludes fluid data, relative permeability data, identification of recovery mechanisms,

modeling, production scenarios, performance predictions and optimization of

recovery by the application of waterflooding and EOR methods.

Role and Tasks of the Reservoir Engineer in Reservoir Management :

Fluid Properties

QC of available data

Preparation of data acquisition program for

sampling and analysis

Decide on areal and vertical variances in fluid characteristics

Compartmentalization

Gravitational segregation

PVT analysis


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Rock PropertiesQC of available data

Decsription of Flow Units with Geologist and Petrophysicist

Preparation of data acquisition program for SCAL analysis

Relative Permeability Curves (oil/water, oil/gas)

Residual oil saturation

Capillary Pressure Curves (drainage and imbibition)Wettability

Well Test Design and Analysis (DST/Downhole Repeat Formation Tester/Flow

Tests-PTA for determining permeability, skin, pressure, PI, flow boundaries, etc. )

Identification of Reservoir Recovery Mechanism

Aquifer Description


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Volumetric and Performance Based (Material Balance, Decline CurveAnalysis, Numerical Simulation) Reserve Estimations

Contribution to Static (Geological) Model

(Fluid contacts, fluid saturation distribution, fluid

properties, compartmentalization)

Dynamic Model

Upscaling from Static Model

Initialization

History Matching

Performance Prediction for different

development scenarios

Waterflooding/EOR planning and application


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Corrosion Scaling

Paraffin (Wax)

Deposition

Examples for Flow Assurance Problems which Production Technologist has to deal with:

Asphaltenes & Wax


Gas Hydrate Formation

Foaming

Emulsion

Sand Production

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Facility Engineer :

Responsible for the design and operation of all surface facilities for maximizing theprofits.

Role and Tasks of the Facility Engineer in Reservoir Management :

Conceptual design of the surface network:

Gathering systems (flow lines, manifolds)Stations (Heaters, separators, flow measurement devices for

dewatering, degassing and metering of the produced fluids)

Tanks

Transportation strategy and system

Preparation of data sheets for the procurement of the surface equipment

Operate and maintain surface facilities, solve operational problems, minimize

operating costs

Review and update the facilities (upgrade/downgrade) as necessary


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Drilling Engineer :

Responsible for the design and drilling of wells based on the data acquisition and

production strategy set in the development planning phase.

Role and Tasks of the Drilling Engineer in Reservoir Management :

Mud Design (to increase effectivity, decrease cost, decrease formation

damage and improve safety by input from Geologist, Petrophysicist,

Reservoir Engineer and Geomechanical Engineer for type, components,

weight)

Well Design (Vertical, Inclined, Horizontal, Single lateral,

Multilateral etc)

Preparation and execution of drilling programs

Providing support for the acquisition of data required by

the subsurface team (cores, logs, DSTs)

(figure from Cavender, 2004, SPE 86926)


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Available Tools for Reservoir Performance Predicton:

Based on the objective of the work, available data and resources,

following methods can be used for this work:

1. Volumetric Methods

2. Decline Curve Analysis

3. Material Balance

4. Numerical Modeling

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Volumetric Method:

o

w

B

ShAHCIP

1

A : Area of the net pay (Geological studies, structure,

Fluid contacts-OWC/GOC)

h : Net thickness of the pay zone (Logs, cross-

section studies)

: Porosity (Logs, cores)

Sw: Water saturation (logs, cores)

Bo: Oil Formation Volume Factor (PVT Analysis)

Deterministic or stochastic methods are used to calculate the HCIP and reserves.

The data is either derived from the acquired field data, or retrieved from analogs.

Contributing Disciplines: Geology, Geophysics, Petrophysics,

Reservoir Engineering

Reserve is calculated by multiplying the HCIP with the expected

recovery factor.

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Decline Curve Method :

The method is used to estimate

recovery or economic life.

The method is based on extrapolating

the observed decline trend to an economic limit.

Most Commonly used decline curves for oil reservoirs :

Log of Production Rate versus Time,Production rate versus Cumulative Production,

Log of Watercut or Oilcut versus Cumulative Oil Production.

Basic Assumptions in Decline Curve Analysis:

Sufficient production performance data is available, and a declining trend

has been establishedOngoing field operations will continue in the future with the same operational

characteristics and without interruptions.

Minimum Required Data: Historical oil, gas and water production rate data

Contributing Disciplines: Production Engineering, Reservoir Engineering 34


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Material Balance Method:

The method is used to estimate

the original HCIP, ultimate primary

recovery or aquifer influx in a reservoir.

It is based on the law of conservation of mass.

The basic assumptions of this method are:

1. Homogeneous tank model (rock and fluid properties are the same

throughout the reservoir)

2. Fluid Production and injection occur at single point

3. There is no direction to fluid flow

Minimum Required Data:Production and Injection volumes, pressure, fluid

properties versus pressure.

Contributing Discipline : Reservoir Engineering

Change in rockand fluid

volumes due toDepletion or

Accumulation

In:

InjectionAquifer

Out:

Oil, GasWater Production

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Numerical Modeling:

Numerical Modeling of the reservoirs involve the building of an integratedmodel based on geological, geophysical, petrophysical and engineering data.

The purpose is of building a numerical model is to create a model which has

the characteristics of the reservoir, so that the numerical model performance

will be identical to actual reservoir performance. The model is used to predictthe reservoir response under different production scenarios.

In numerical modeling, the

reservoir is areally and vertically

divided into many tanks (grid

blocks) to take the reservoir

heterogeneity into account.

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Numerical Models are configured in two steps:

Geological (Static) Model

- Contains the reservoir characterization information

(i.e. structure tops, faults, layer thickness, porosity, permeability, fluid

saturations distributions)

- Owner of the Static Model is the Geologist. Geophysicist, Petrophysicist,

Geomechanical Engineer , Reservoir Engineer contributes to the work.

Numerical Simulation (Dynamic) Model

- Contains Geological model + Data for fluid flow and production

(i.e. fluid properties, relative permeabilities, well and completion locations,production and injection rates, well controls)

- Owner of the Dynamic Model is the Reservoir Engineer. Geologist,

Petrophysicist, Geophysicist, Production Engineer, Drilling and Completion

Engineer all contribute to the work as required.

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Contribution of Disciplines for the Numerical Modeling Process:


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Build

Structural

Model

Populate

Model

Structure top

(depth map)

Layer Gross

Thickness

Fault

Description

Permeability

Distribution

Porosity

Distribution

Fluid Contacts and

Saturation DistributionNet/Gross

Thickness Ratio

STATIC MODEL

Prediction

Validation

(History

Matching)

Upscale &

Initialize

Model

OIIPGIIP

DYNAMIC MODEL

Relative

Permeability

DataFluid Properties

QoQwQgPvs

timeWell Information &

Production History

Contribution of Disciplines for the Numerical Modeling Process:

Reservoir Characterization

Refinement of the Reservoir Characterization

Predicting Reservoir Performance for different scenarios

GeologistPetrophysicist

GeophysicistGeologist

GeophysicistGeologistPetrophysicist

PetrophysicistGeologistReservoir EngGeophysicist

Reservoir Eng

Reservoir Eng

Production Eng

Geologist

PetrophysicistReservoir Eng

PetrophysicistGeologistReservoir EngProduction EngGeophysicist

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Reservoir EngGeologistGeophysicistPetrophysicist


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Example for the Contribution of different Disciplines for Numerical Modeling:

Source of Fluid Contacts and Saturation Distribution Information:

Well Log Interpretation

Petrophysicist

Geologist

Well Flow Tests

(DST, Production Tests)

Reservoir Engineer

Production Engineer

Capillary Pressure Measurements

Reservoir Engineers

Petrophysicists

4D Seismic Interpretation

Geophysicist

Regional Geology

Geologist

Repeat Formation Tester

(Fluid gradient and sampling)

Reservoir Engineer 39
http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=oil+water+contact+simulation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=o_4SphWNyBNtxM&tbnid=eI925aTkyKdjKM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://support.roxar.com/flow-simulation/category1549.html&ei=I3hAUZydGsOVtQbR2YHQCA&bvm=bv.43287494,d.Yms&psig=AFQjCNEfRg6im7Dj74fohAmJC9rAritGdA&ust=1363265887553662


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History Prediction

Oil Rate

time

Depletion (Base CaseContinuation

of the existing strategy)

Infill & Waterflood

Waterflood

Example for Model Study Output for Performance Prediction:

Example for Production Forecasts for Different Development Scenarios

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Efficient Reservoir Management is made possible by technical

developments in computer technology, available software, data

acquisation and interpretation tools, improvements in drilling and

completion technology and depleting reserves.

Multidisciplinary study is essential for the proper management of

reservoir systems throughout their full life cycle.

Reservoir management requires the involvement of all related

resources and utilization of the state of the art technology to maximize

economic recovery.

Multidisciplinary team organizations require all related disciplines to

work under an asset manager, sharing the same objectives and the

same working environment.

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Thank You

[email protected]

SPE_Turkey_Can_Bakiler.pdf

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