Species geographic ranges are dynamic over space and &mejankowsk/BIOL413-4-011316...gulls, herons...

Evolu&onofDistribu&onsEvolu&onofthefundamentalnicheSpeciesgeographicrangesaredynamicoverspaceand&me

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Evolu&onofthefundamentalnicheEndoflasticeageledtoavailabilityofnewfreshwaterandterrestrialhabitats

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Evolu&onofDistribu&ons

Evolu&onofDistribu&onsEvolu&onofthefundamentalniche

Adapta&ontofreshwaterins&ckleback

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Freshwaterthreespines&cklebacks(Gasterosteusaculeatus)originatedfrommarinepopula&onsthatinvadednewlycreatedcoastallakesandstreamsthroughouttheNorthernHemispherefollowingthelasticeage.

30-36bonyplates 0-9bonyplates



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Withinthepast20,000years,freshwaterpopula&onsrepeatedlylosttheirbonyarmorpla&ng.Reduc&onofarmorfollowingfreshwatercoloniza&onevolvedrapidlyfromthefixa&onofseveralallelesoftheEctodysplasingene(theEdalowallele).




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Thisalleleisrare(∼1%)intheocean.BecauseEDAwasfixedrepeatedlyindifferentfreshwaterlakesandrivers,itsuggeststheallelehasundergoneposi&veselec&on,withastrongcorrela&onbetweenphenotypeandenvironment.




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Freq

uencyofallelefo

rlessa

rmor

(BarreW2008)

Transplantedmarines&cklebackscarryingbothalleles(formoreandlessarmor)tofreshwaterpondsandtrackedgenotypefrequenciesoveragenera&on.FigureshowsfrequencyoflowEDAallelein4replicateponds(differentcoloredlines)


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Mintemperatureexperiencedbymarinepopula&onslikeOysterLagoon(solidline)ishigherthanthatexperiencedbyfreshwaterpopula&ons(dashedlines).

BarreWetal.2011


8BarreWetal.2011

S&cklebacksfromOysterLagoonevolvedhighercoldtolerancea]erjustthreegenera&onsinfreshwaterponds

Evolu&onofDistribu&onsAnimalsdifferintheirabilitytoadapttonewhabitats(andexpandtheirdistribu&on)becauseof:1.  Evolu&onaryconstraints

2.  Geneflowfromthecenteroftherange

3.  Trade-offs

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Evolu&onofDistribu&ons1.   Evolu&onaryconstraints

Speciesmaylackrequired"evolu&onarypoten&al"tofacilitateadapta&on.Forevolu&onbynaturalselec&on,therearethreerequirements:

1.  Individualsinapopula&onhavedifferentmorphologies,physiologies,andbehaviors(phenotypicvaria&on)

2.  Differentphenotypeshavedifferentratesofsurvivalandreproduc&onindifferentenvironments(differen&alfitness)

3.  Thereisacorrela&onbetweenparentsandoffspringinthecontribu&onofeachtofuturegenera&ons(fitnessisheritable)

10about50millionyears

Evolu&onofDistribu&ons2.   Geneflowfromthecenteroftherange

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Centerofrangehighpopula&ondensityhighgene&cdiversity

Peripheryofrangelowpopula&ondensitylowgene&cdiversity

Geneflow

Adapta&onatperipheryofrangecanbehinderedbylackofnecessarygene&cvaria&onThiscouldbefacilitatedbyacombina&onofsmallpopula&onsizeatrangemarginsandhighgeneflowfromrangecenter

Environm

entalG

radien

t


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(fromKing&Lawson1997,rep&le-database:hWp://www.rep&le-database.org/)

SpeciesintheNerodiagenus(10speciesandvarioussubspecies)Nerodiasipedon–NorthernwatersnakeNerodiasipedoninsularum–LakeEriewatersnakesubspecies(LEWS)Onceendangeredduetohumandevelopmentanddecliningfrogpopula&onsonisland,nowpopula&onsarestablewithprotec&onbyUSFWSandlocalawareness


(fromKing&Lawson1997)

LakeErieislandhabitat

GrayunbandedsnakesblendinwithlimestoneanddolomiteshorelinesoftheislandsAvianpredators(typicallyvisualhunters)likegulls,heronsandraptorslesslikelytodetectunpaWernedsnakesRegularlypaWernedsnakesfavouredinheavilyvegetatedmainlandhabitatsFrequencyofregularlypaWernedindividualsonislandsishigheramongyoungerthanamongoldersnakes

Mainlandhabitat


15(fromKing&Lawson1997)

GeneflowfrommainlandresultsinpersistenceofregularpaWernonislands

Evolu&onofDistribu&ons3.   Trade-offsRangeexpansionofWesternBluebirds

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ChangesinwesternbluebirdsbreedingrangeinNWUSA.Blackcircles=8studypopula&onswhereaggressivebehaviourwasmeasuredBreedingdistribu&onofwesternbluebirdsfromBreedingBirdSurvey(BBS)data1994-2003.Contoursaremeannumberofbirdscountedonsurveyroutes

hWp://www.u.arizona.edu/~rad3/renee-research.html

(Duckworth2009)


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Rapidshi]sinaggressionassociatedwithwesternbluebirdrangeexpansionAggressiondifferedsignificantlyamongwesternbluebirdpopula&onsinW.Montanaandwasrelatedto&mesincecoloniza&on.Mountainbluebirdswerelessaggressive.

popula&on

cohort(birthyear)

meanaggressio

nscore

WesternMountain

3.   Trade-offsRangeexpansionofWesternBluebirds


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Rapidshi]sinaggressionassociatedwithwesternbluebirdrangeexpansionAggressiondifferedsignificantlyamongwesternbluebirdpopula&onsinW.Montanaandwasrelatedto&mesincecoloniza&on.Mountainbluebirdswerelessaggressive.Aggressiondecreasedacrosscohorts,withinpopula&ons cohort(birthyear)

meanaggressio

nscore

WesternMountain

3.   Trade-offsRangeexpansionofWesternBluebirds

popula&on

Non-aggressivemalesthatstayintheirnatalpopula&ontobreedhavehigherfitnessthanbothaggressivemalesandmalesthatdispersed

Evolu&onofDistribu&ons3.   Trade-offsRangeexpansionofWesternBluebirds

stay disperse

Non-aggressiveAggressive

life&

mere

prod

uc&vesuccess

hWp://www.u.arizona.edu/~rad3/renee-research.html (Duckworth2009)

SpeciesDistribu&onsReview•  Shouldconsiderspa&alscaleincontextofspeciesdistribu&ons

•  Mapsgiveusmanydifferentkindsofinforma&onaboutspecies

distribu&onsbutoversimplifytheminsomeway

•  Distribu&onsaredynamicinspaceand&me,butinallcases,rangescanbedescribedbybasicparameters:r=b+i–d–e

•  Determinantsofdistribu&onarenumerous,includingabio&c,bio&candhistoricalfactors,ac&ngaloneorincombina&on(fundamentalvs.realizedniche)

•  Rangesevolveover&me:evolu&onarypoten&al,geneflowandtrade-offscaninfluencetheevolu&on(expansion/contrac&on)ofspeciesdistribu&ons

Referencesforthissec&on:BarreW,R.D.H.etal.2011.Rapidevolu&onofcoldtoleranceins&ckleback.Proc.R.Soc.B.278:233-238.BarreW,R.D.H.,S.M.Rogers,&D.Schluter.2008.Naturalselec&ononamajorarmorgeneinthreespines&ckleback.Science322:255-257.Bock,C.E.etal.1992.FieldExperimentalEvidenceforDiffuseCompe&&onAmongSouthwesternRiparianBirds.Am.Nat.140:815-828.Brown,J.H.,G.C.Stevens,&D.M.Kaufman.1996.Thegeographicrange:size,shape,boundaries,andinternalstructure.Ann.Rev.Ecol.Syst.27:597-623.

Cannings,R.&S.Cannings.2004.Bri<shColumbia:ANaturalHistoryRevised2ndedi&on,GreystoneBooks.Cox,G.W.&R.E.Ricklefs.1977.SpeciesDiversityandEcologicalReleaseinCaribbeanLandBirdFaunasOikos28:113-122

Delmore,K.E.,Fox,J.W.&D.E.Irwin.2012.Drama&cintraspecificdifferencesinmigratoryroutes,stopoversitesandwinteringareas,revealedusinglight-levelgeolocators.Proc.R.Soc.B.279:4582-4589Duckworth,R.E.2009.Maternaleffectsandrangeexpansion:Akeyfactorinadynamicprocess?PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci.364:1075–1086.Hutchinson,G.E.1957.ATrea<seonLimnology,vol.1.NewYork:JohnWileyandSons.King,R.B.&R.Lawson.1997.Microevolu&oninislandwatersnakes.Bioscience47:279-286.Levins,R.1970.Ex&nc&on.LectureNotesinMathema<cs2:75-107.

SpeciesDistribu&ons

SpeciesDistribu&onsReferencesforthissec&on:Litsios,G.,Sims,C.A.,Wüest,R.O.,Pearman,P.B.,Zimmermann,N.E.,&Salamin,N.2012.Mutualismwithseaanemonestriggeredtheadap&veradia&onofclownfishes.BMCevolu<onarybiology12:212.

Litsios,G.,Pearman,P.B.,Lanterbecq,D.,Tolou,N.,&Salamin,N.2014.Theradia&onoftheclownfisheshastwogeographicalreplicates.J.Biogeogr.41:2140-2149.Lomolino,M.V.,B.R.Riddle,R.J.WhiWaker,&J.A.Brown.2010.Biogeography(4thed.,Chapter2).SinauerAssociates,Inc.,Sunderland,Mass.Lomolino,M.V.,B.R.Riddle,R.J.WhiWaker,&J.A.Brown.2010.Biogeography(4thed.,Chapter2).SinauerAssociates,Inc.,Sunderland,Mass.

MacArthur,R.H.1972.GeographicalEcology:PaJernsintheDistribu<onofSpecies.NewYork:Harper&Row.Ojanen,S.Petal.2013.Long-termmetapopula&onstudyoftheGlanvillefri&llarybuWerfly(Melitaeacinxia):surveymethods,datamanagement,andlong-termpopula&ontrends.Ecol.Evol.3:3713–3737.

OrsiniL.,J.Corander,A.Alasen&e,etal.2008.Gene&cspa&alstructureinabuWerflymetapopula&oncorrelatesbeWerwithpastthanpresentdemographicstructure.Mol.Ecol.17:2629-2642.Root,T.1988.Environmentalfactorsassociatedwithaviandistribu&onalboundaries.J.Biogeogr.15:489-505.Savidge,J.A.1987.Ex&nc&onofanislandforestavifaunabyanintroducedsnake.Ecology68:660-668.

Terborgh,J.&J.S.Weske.1975.Theroleofcompe&&oninthedistribu&onofAndeanbirds.Ecology56:562–576. 22

SpeciesDistribu&onsReferencesforthissec&on:ToewsD.P.L.,BrelsfordA.&D.E.Irwin.2011.Hybridiza&onbetweenTownsend’sandblack-throatedgreenwarblersinanaviansuturezone.J.AvianBiol.42:434-446.

Weir,J.T.&D.Schluter.2004.Icesheetspromotespecia&oninborealbirds.Proc.R.Soc.B.271:1881–1887.

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Species geographic ranges are dynamic over space and &mejankowsk/BIOL413-4-011316...gulls, herons...

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