Specialized instruction in Written Expression: The challenges of Learning to Write
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SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTION IN WRITTEN EXPRESSION: THE CHALLENGES OF LEARNING TO WRITE Robert W. Frantum-AllenPDU Dec 18, 2012 Session Three
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Schedule Feb 23- Spelling – 900 Grant March 1- Spelling March 22- Spelling April 12- Grammar April 19- Grammar May 3- Composition May 10- Composition May 17- Composition May 24- Final PDU review- Maybe Laura’s community rooms
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Objectives 5 Principles for
understanding English Spelling
We spell by language of origin
We spell by phoneme-grapheme correspondences
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Spelling
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George Bernard Shaw
ghoti
cough women nation
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Continuum of Predictability
Regular Little Odd Very Odd
Ghost Bug Segue
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5 principles for understanding English orthography
Orthography
We spell by language of
origin.
We spell by phoneme-grapheme
correspondence.
We spell position of
phoneme or grapheme in
a word.
We spell by letter order
and sequence
patterns, or orthographic conventions.
We spell by meaning
(morphology) and part of
speech.
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We spell by language of origin.
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Layers of English GreekLatin
French Anglo-Saxon
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Eastern Europe GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Angelo Saxon influence in English
Dates back 20,000 years Starts with words from tribes in Eastern
Europe Found in Germanic languages of German,
Swedish, Dutch and English One syllable and everyday objects,
activities and events Must have a vowel in each syllable New words created using compound
words
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Angelo Saxon influence in English Uses vowel teams; digraphs; silent
letters irregular spellings
mom, football, at, see, sky, moon, horse, finer, shoe, shirt, pants, sister, hate,
touch, think, head, would, do
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Norman French GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
1066
1300
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Norman (French) influence in English Words related to culture, fashion and
food Abstract social ideas and
relationships Ou for /ū/ as in soup; soft c and g
when followed by e, i or y; special endings –ine, -ette, -elle, -iquebeef, couture, rendezvous, amuse, rouge, coupon, novice, croquet, debut, mirage, justice
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Latin influence around the world
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Latin based languages GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
French
Italian
Spanish
Romanian
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Latin influence in English Multi-syllable words organized around a root Often found in literature, social studies and
science Typically found in upper elementary grades Most roots contain short vowels The schwa if most found in Latin words Affixes
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Latin influence in English Latin roots can form hundreds of
thousands of words Represent more abstract concepts
excellent, direction, interrupt, firmament, terrestrial, solar,
stellar, aquarium, locomotion, hostility, reject, deception
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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History of the Alphabet GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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History of the Alphabet GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t work for English
English has 44 sounds
but there are only 26 letters!
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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"...as every Letter ought to be, confin'd to one; the same is to be observ'd in all the Letters, Vowels and Consonants, that wherever they are met with, or in whatever Company, their Sound is always the same. It is also intended that there be no superfluous Letters used in Spelling, i.e. no Letter that is not sounded, and this Alphabet by Six new Letters provides that there be no distinct Sounds in the Language without Letters to express them". - Benjamin Franklin
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Franklin’s Alphabet GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Franklin’s AlphabetGreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t’ work for English
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Greece GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
St. Augustine10th Century
16th Century
Tudors
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Greek influence in English Mostly found in science vocabulary Some of the less common letter-
sound graphemes such as rh (rhododendron), pt (pterodactyl), pn (pneumonia), ps (psychology)
constructed from combining forms (similar to compound words
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Greek influence in English Learning a relatively few Greek roots
allow you access to thousands of words (i.e. micro, scope, bio, graph)
hypnosis, agnostic, neuropsychology, decathlon,
catatonic, agoraphobia, chlorophyll, psysiognomy
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Identify the language of origin
_____ hemisphere
_____ inducement
_____ groundhog
_____ gnocchi
_____ arms_____ kaput_____ dealt_____
stadium
_____ etymology
_____ suffix_____ knight_____ wanted
G
L
AS
O
L- Latin/French; G- Greek; AS- Anglo Saxon; O-other
AS
O
AS
L
G
L
AS
AS
Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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CH- sort these ch spellings; what is their language or origin chaufferchalkcharactermachinechairchaletcheekchestnutchagrin
cholesterolchateauchlorophylllunchchaoschuckchaseschoolchapstick
chuckcachechemicalchlorine
Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Evolution of Spelling Old English->Middle English – adopted spelling habits
-started letter combinations au/aw, ai/ay Silent e – Old English was pronounced; dropped pronunciation in
Middle English; add e for appearance or spelling consistency; 1600’ s Became the guide for pronunciation for long vowel sounds and
to make c or g say the soft sound 1350 to 1500Century – Great Vowel Shift – middle to modern English
Previously the vowels sounds similar to Latin vowel production; The long vowel sounds were raised in the mouth; some turned
into diphthongs Modern English has been fixed since the 17th Century
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Great Vowel Shift (WHY?)
The pronunciation of vowels changed but the spellings did not; this account for some of the most peculiar spellings in English
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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English is heavily influenced…“English is a system heavily influenced by
its word origins in spite of many historical efforts to simplify and standardize. English continues to adult words from other languages, assimilation their spelling as well as their meanings.”
-Moats
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Where do these words come from?bungalow, dinghypistol, polka, robotammonia, ebony, ivorybard, golf, slogan, whiskyamen, gauze, kosherhusky, kayak, igloojudo, soy, tycooncocoa, llama
Bengali Czech
Egyptian
Scottish
Hebrew
Inuit
Japanese
Quechua
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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Instruction… Storytelling Lesson – tell the story of the
history of English World map- find the locations on a map Use the online etymology dictionary
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php
GreekLatin
French
Anglo-Saxon
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We spell by phoneme/graphemecorrespondence
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Phoneme/Grapheme
GraphemeGraph= write; -eme = unit of structure
Written form of a sound
Phoneme Phono= sound; -eme = unit of structure
distinctive sounds
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Phoneme/Grapheme Mapping
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Phoneme/Grapheme Cards
a/ă/ at /ā/ ate /aw/ want
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to be continued ….