Spatial Relationships and Patterns: An Introduction · Spatial Relationships and Patterns: An...
Transcript of Spatial Relationships and Patterns: An Introduction · Spatial Relationships and Patterns: An...
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Spatial Relationships
and Patterns: An
IntroductionMiriam Schmidts
Nicholas M. Giner
July 13, 2017
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Agenda
• What are spatial data and spatial relationships?
• Categories of spatial analysis
• Examples: Analyzing Distance
• Examples: Analyzing Coincidence and Containment
• Examples: Finding the best locations and paths
• Examples: Detecting and quantifying patters
• Examples: Making predictions
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Spatial data
• Location information
- Coordinates
- Addresses
- Place Names
• Place data on a map!
- Features
- Understand where features are
- Understand how features relate to one another
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Spatial Relationships
• Distance
• Connectivity
• Containment
• Adjacency
• Coincidence
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Location
Categories of spatial analysis
• Understanding where
• Measuring size, shape and distribution
• Determining how places are related
• Finding the best locations and paths
• Detecting and quantifying patterns
• Making predictions
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Location
Examples: Understanding where
20101980
Comparative
Heat Map
Thematic
Density
Real Time
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Demo: Maps -Understanding where
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Examples: Calculating size, shape and distribution
Feature CollectionsIndividual geometries
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Demo: Measuring size, shape and distribution
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Determining how places are related - Distance
Hotel
.5 miles
What’s nearby?
What’s within a drive/walk time?
What’s the distance? What’s the service area?
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What’s the visible area?
Determining how places are related – Coincidence and Containment
What’s changing?How much is within?What’s within?
When and where?
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Demo: Determining how places are related
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Finding the best locations and paths
Elevation
Aspect
Slope
Solar Radiation
Distance
from Roads
11. Finding the best locations that satisfy a set of criteria 12. Allocating resources to geographic areas
Weighted
Overlay
Territory
Design
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Finding the best locations and paths
13. Finding the best route, path, or flow along a network 14. Finding the best route, path, or corridor over a terrain
Routing
3D Routing
Least-Cost
Path
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Finding the best locations and paths
15. Finding the best supply locations given demand and travel network
Location-Allocation
Problem
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Demo: Finding the best locations - Routing
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Detecting and quantifying patterns
16. Where are the significant hot spots, anomalies, and outliers?
Optimized
Hot Spot
Analysis
Polygon
Hot Spots
17. Where are the local, regional, and global trends?
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Detecting and quantifying patterns
16. Where are the significant hot spots, anomalies, and outliers?
Optimized
Hot Spot
Analysis
Optimized
Outlier
Analysis
17. Where are the local, regional, and global trends?
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Detecting and quantifying patterns
18. Which features are similar, and how can they be grouped together?
Grouping
Analysis
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Detecting and quantifying patterns
18. Which features are similar, and how can they be grouped together?
Image
Classification
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Detecting and quantifying patterns
19. Are spatial patterns changing over time?
Emerging Hot Spot
Analysis
3D Space-Time Cube
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Demo: Quantifying space-timepatterns
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Making predictions
20. Identifying or ranking similar locations?
Similarity
Search
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Making predictions
21. What explains or predicts observed spatial patterns?
Geographically Weighted
Regression - Dehydration
OLS Regression
Geographically Weighted
Regression - Imaging
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Making predictions
23. Interpolating a continuous surface from discrete sample locations
Point Data - Temperature Histogram
QQ Plot
Semivariogram
Prediction Map
Standard Error Map
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Demo: Finding similar locations
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