Spatial Analysis of Rainfall and Rainy Days in Chhattisgarh State,India

SHIV KUMAR BHUARYA1*, J.L. CHAUDHARY1, N. MANIKANDAN2 AND DHIRAJKHALKHO3

1Department of Agrometeorology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh2ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha3Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agri. Engg., Indira Gandhi KrishiViswavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

ABSTRACT

Among climatic factors, rainfall is the most important single factor which determines the croppingpattern of an area in general and the type of crop to be cultivated and its success or failure in particular.The present study has been carried out to characterize seasonal and annual variability of rainfall indifferent districts of Chhattisgarh state and also its spatial distribution. Results indicated that the meanannual rainfall of the state is 1167 ± 147 mm, of which the winter, summer, southwest and post-monsoon period contribute 20, 30, 1050 and 67 mm, respectively. The district Surajpur lying in NorthernHills Agro-Climatic Zone (ACZ) receives the highest annual rainfall (1411 mm) as well during southwestmonsoon season (1311 mm) whereas Kabirdham district in Chhattisgarh Plain ACZ records the lowestannual (885 mm) and southwest monsoon period (778 mm). Spatial distribution of southwest monsoonrainfall over different districts revealed that the districts like Kabirdham, Durg, Bemetara, Mungeli,Rajnandgaon receives low rainfall with high inter-annual variability and rice is cultivated in 80% ofcultivated area posing high risk of crop failure in the event of failure of monsoon rainfall. Excessrainfall during southwest monsoon can be saved in farm pond, community reservoirs and percolationtank (to increase ground water recharge) and conserved water can be utilized for life saving irrigationduring dry spells in kharif season and also for low water demand crops like pulses / oil seeds duringrabi season in rice fallow lands which would increase farm income as well livelihood of farmingcommunity.

Key words: agro-climatic zones, cropping pattern, rainfall variability, southwest monsoon, spatialdistribution

important to analyze the spatial as well astemporal distribution of rainfall over the region /state for better crop planning. Rainfall during themonsoon season is unequal both in time andspace. So it is important to analyze the rainfallvariation (Rathod and Aruchamy, 2010). Studiesof rainfall variation focusing on large areas wouldbe of no use for local agriculture, particularly inplaces where rainfall is highly variable (Murugan

*Corresponding author,Email: shivbhuaarya@gmail.com

Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 140-149 (2015)Journal of Agricultural Physics

ISSN 0973-032Xhttp://www.agrophysics.in

Introduction

In general, climate determines the croppingpattern of a particular region and weatherdetermines the crop productivity. Among theclimatic elements, rainfall is crucial for all walksof life and especially for agriculture. It is

Research Article

2015] Spatial Analysis of Rainfall in Chhattisgarh 141

et al., 2008). Chhattisgarh state is predominantlyagriculture based and it supports livelihood ofalmost 60% population. It is one of importantrice growing states in the country. Widediversification of crops and cropping system isimportant feature of Chhattisgarh state. Thoughrice is major crop of the state, potato is cultivatedduring kharif in northern hill agro-climatic zonewhile planation crops (coconut, coffee), spices,medicinal crops as well as tuber crops arecultivated in southern region of the state (Pandeyet al., 2012). The state receives average annualrainfall of 1400 mm and around 80% of annualrainfall is being received during June toSeptember and meager rainfall in remainingmonths of the year leads to scarcity of water(Chakraborty et al., 2013). In general rainfalldecreases from east to western part of the stateand districts in western parts of the state (Durg,Rajnangaon, Kabirdham) are falling under rainshadow region receives lowest rainfall. Increasingagricultural production of the state is greatchallenge since 75% of the rice cultivated area isunder rainfed situation which is vulnerable tovagaries of monsoon rainfall amount anddistribution. Problems like climate change,degradation of natural resources and dominanceof marginal and small farmers are makingsituation further complicated. Knowledge onspatio-temporal variation of rainfall at state levelis essential for effective agricultural crop planningand management of water resources. Michaelideset al. (2009) reported that spatio-temporal analysisof precipitation is vital not only for agriculturalplanning, water resource assessments but also forflood frequency analysis, flood hazard mapping,hydrological modeling, climate change impactsand other environmental assessments. Somestudies were found in literature on rainfallanalysis (spatial distribution, probability andtrend) by using one district or major stationrainfall data or district-wise (16 districts) rainfalldata (Vijay Singh and Issac, 2012; Chakrabortyet al., 2013; Murali and Afifi, 2014; Chaudharyet al., 2015). Rao et al. (2011a) assessed therainfall trends at macro (1° x 1° grid data coveringarea of 111 km) and micro level (1128 rain gaugestations) over Andhra Pradesh and opined that

rainfall analysis with micro level data is betterfor planning. Hence, the present study is aimed tounderstand seasonal / annual pattern of rainfalland its spatial distribution over Chhattisgarh Stateusing 84 rain gauge stations data.

Materials and Methods

Study area

Chhattisgarh is located in the central part ofIndia, between latitudes of 17° 46' N and 24° 5'N and longitudes of 80° 15' E and 84° 20' E. It islandlocked by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.The state has three Agro-Climatic Zones (ACZ),Chhattisgarh Plains, Bastar Plateau and NorthernHills (Fig. 1). The state has 27 districts with 149tehsils spreading over a geographical area of137.90 lakh hectares.

Daily rainfall data of 84 rain gauge stationsfor the period of 54 years from 1960 to 2013(different for stations based on data availability)has been collected from weather database ofDepartment of Agrometeorology, Indira GandhiKrishi Viswavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur,Chhattisgarh, India. Long term mean seasonal andannual rainfall pattern along with rainy days hasbeen calculated using weather cock software (Raoet al., 2011b) for 84 rain gauge stations that havebeen taken for the study. Number of rainy dayswas worked out following India MeteorologicalDepartment (IMD) for Indian region (a day withrainfall amount ≥ 2.5 mm is considered as rainyday). The standard deviation (SD) and coefficientof variation (CV) were also worked out. Thecollected data were analyzed and various mapswere generated using ArcGIS software version10.0. In this study, meteorological seasons andits period is followed as per the IndiaMeteorological Department glossary(www.imdpune.gov.in): Winter season: January– February; Summer season: March – May;Southwest Monsoon season: June – September;Post Monsoon season: October – December.

Interpolation method

Shape file of Chhattisgarh state map used inthe study were collected from Department of Soil

142 Journal of Agricultural Physics [Vol. 15

Fig. 1. Location map of Chhattisgarh state with agro-climatic zones

and Water Engineering, Faculty of AgriculturalEngineering, IGKV, Raipur from which we havedrawn tehsils, districts and state boundary withthe help of a geo-referenced state map. Gridrepresentation of surface is considered to be afunctional surface because for any given x (UTMEasting), y (UTM Northing) location thatexported from an excel sheet with the ObjectIdentifier (OID), districts and stations name,northing, easting of stations and rainfall data(annual and seasonal mean, SD,CV) for eachlocations. Chhattisgarh state comes underprojection zone UTM zone 44N. The ordinary

kriging method with spherical semivariogrammodel from 3D analyst tools available in ArcGISv10.0 was utilized for developing the variousraster images providing information of pixel basedrainfall information. Geostatistical interpolationmethod was adopted as traditional method(Thiessen, Inverse Distance Weighted, andregression) does not take into account the patternof spatial dependence (Mair and Fares, 2011). Thecell size of 1560 was taken for the output rasteras per the UTM projection coordinate system ofthe base map. The base map was prepared usingthe SOI toposheets and LANDSAT image with

2015] Spatial Analysis of Rainfall in Chhattisgarh 143

30 m spatial resolution downloaded for thecomplete state. Rainfall data is used as pointelevation and state boundary used as interpolationboundaries.

Results and Discussion

Spatial variability of annual rainfallMean annual rainfall of the state is 1167±147

mm which is received in 56±8 numbers of rainydays with a co-efficient of variation 13 % duringthe study period 1960 – 2013 (Table 1). Meanannual rainfall of the state is almost equal toaverage annual rainfall (1178 mm) of the Country(www.imdpune.gov.in). However coefficient ofvariation of annual rainfall of the state is littlehigher than at all India level (9%) and within thestate variation in annual rainfall is observed likeannual rainfall variation among different states inIndia. Among the districts, mean annual rainfallvaried from 885 mm (Kabirdham district) to 1411mm (Surajpur district). It is inferred that lowestannual rainfall is noticed in the west central partof the state (Kabirdham, Bemetara and Durg)while highest annual rainfall is recorded innorthern (Surajpur and Surguja) and southern part(Bastar and Narayanpur) of the state (Fig. 2A).Gupta (2002) reported that the distribution ofrainfall in Chhattisgarh is orographicallydetermined and districts like Kabirdham andRajnandgaon chronically drought prone areasowing to rain shadow region. Among the threeagro-climatic zones of the State, Bastar Plateauexperiences highest mean annual rainfall (1323mm) and Chhattisgarh Plains receives lowest(1074 mm). It is intermediate in Northern Hills(1279 mm). Reason for high annual rainfall insouthern parts of the state can be attributed toearly start of southwest monsoon and significantamount of rainfall is received during post-monsoon season when compared to other parts.Guhathagurta and Saji (2012) studied monthly,seasonal and annual rainfall at district level overMaharashtra state to relate to agriculture planningand water management. Bhelawe et al., (2013)divided the state into three zones viz., low (<1100mm), medium (1100-1400 mm) and high rainfallzone (>1400 mm); maximum area was undermedium rainfall zone. In case of variability,

lowest CV of annual rainfall is recorded inKondagaon (16%) and Sukma (20%) districtswhile highest was in Janjgir Champa, Balrampur(32%) and Raipur, Durg and Balod (31%) districtsindicating high inter annual variability. Overall,annual rainfall variability is seen between 20 and30% in almost 70-75% of area of the statesignifying that the variability is at moderate level(Fig. 2B). Nearly 15-20% area of the statecovering central part of the state and some partsof Balrampur, Surajpur, Koria and Jashpurdistricts has 30-40% annual rainfall variability.Number of rainy days is important parameterexplaining the distribution of rainfall in a year.Among the districts, highest number of rainy daysin a year is observed in Bastar district (76)indicating good rainfall distribution, while lowestis in Durg and Bemetara districts (43).Approximately 60% area of the state receivesannual rainfall in 50-60 days while annual rainfallis received in 60 days or more in about 20-25%area of the state (southern and north east part ofthe state). Some portion of the Durg, Raipur,Bemetara and Balod districts are receiving annualrainfall only in less than 40 days indicating about1000 mm rainfall is being received at the rate 25mm per day (Fig. 2C). Sastri et al. (1997) studieddistrict-wise rainfall distribution and its changingpattern and they also stated that Raipur districthas lowest annual number of rainy days.

Spatial variability of southwest monsoon rain-fall

This is the wettest period of the year in thestate. Almost 90% of annual rainfall is receivedduring southwest monsoon (SWM) season(1050±123 mm) in 48 rainy days with 12%variability (Table 1), explaining delay / breakmonsoon condition leading to rainfall deficiencywhich affects agricultural production as welleconomy and socio-economic status of thefarming community. Within the state, monsoonseason rainfall varied from 778 mm in Kabirdhamdistrict to 1311 mm in during Surajpur districtindicating significant variation in rainfall amongthe districts. It is understood that monsoon rainfallis lower (<700 mm and 700-900 mm) in westcentral (comprising entire Kabirdham district and

144 Journal of Agricultural Physics [Vol. 15

Tab

le 1

. Sea

sona

l and

ann

ual a

vera

ge ra

infa

ll (m

m) o

f diff

eren

t dis

trict

s of

Chh

attis

garh

sta

te w

ith it

s SD

and

CV

S.D

istri

cts

No.

of

Win

ter

Sum

mer

SWM

Post

-mon

soon

Ann

ual

No

year

sM

ean

SDC

VM

ean

SDC

VM

ean

SDC

VM

ean

SDC

VM

ean

SDC

V(%

)(%

)(%

)(%

)(%

)

1B

alod

4811

2827

413

2419

493

828

831

5564

116

1017

309

312

Bal

odab

azar

4613

2115

816

3019

492

923

526

5057

114

1008

257

263

Bem

etar

a51

821

315

919

262

890

241

2741

4811

794

825

126

4D

urg

496

1627

912

2725

389

126

031

4659

128

954

282

315

Dha

mta

ri51

2225

123

3942

110

1012

255

2560

6510

911

3328

926

6M

ahas

amun

d45

1642

258

2034

246

1033

313

3148

5712

311

1732

629

7K

anke

r28

1724

146

3062

215

1032

268

2674

8211

111

5232

428

8G

aria

band

4911

2425

818

3724

410

6530

629

4661

132

1140

323

289

Rai

pur

5411

2224

518

2925

295

429

831

5263

124

1035

321

3110

Mun

geli

4826

3413

529

3211

192

821

924

7161

8610

5525

224

11K

abird

ham

3529

4315

025

3417

577

819

726

5355

104

885

221

2612

Raj

nand

gaon

5117

3619

921

3618

810

0432

733

6370

112

1105

336

3013

Bila

spur

5047

5511

756

5911

193

520

722

5858

9610

9623

221

14K

orba

4319

3319

630

4113

510

1826

126

4656

122

1113

274

2515

Janj

gir-

Cha

mpa

5229

3813

227

3613

410

9533

431

7787

114

1228

383

3216

Rai

garh

5021

3014

843

7915

810

6128

727

6873

105

1192

310

2617

Jash

pur

5124

3515

742

5213

611

7431

027

7875

9913

1834

227

18K

oriy

a40

2540

162

2044

218

1113

261

2367

7110

712

2531

125

19Su

rajp

ur09

1222

193

1021

208

1311

382

2978

7192

1411

368

2620

Surg

uja

3347

4188

4847

9611

7032

127

8361

7313

4834

225

21Su

kma

336

1627

149

5310

811

9926

122

8874

8513

4226

820

22B

asta

r34

2222

9814

371

4911

2923

221

113

9382

1408

289

2123

Bija

pur

3528

5418

531

3815

111

6729

725

6460

9712

9032

125

24K

onda

gaon

1018

2312

627

2693

1121

173

1585

7993

1252

196

1625

Nar

ayan

pur

3515

2818

829

5519

012

3524

520

8869

7913

6628

921

26D

ante

war

a33

1437

260

613

208

1170

355

3091

7583

1282

334

2627

Bal

ram

pur

0713

2217

69

1921

510

0930

430

6353

8410

9435

132

St

ate

2010

5330

2686

1050

123

1267

1826

1167

147

13

2015] Spatial Analysis of Rainfall in Chhattisgarh 145

Fig. 2. Spatial variability of annual mean rainfall (A), annual rainfall CV (B) and annual rainy days (C) overChhattisgarh State

parts of Bemetara, Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon, Durg,Balod, Raipur, Baloda Bazar and Mahasamunddistricts) than northern and southern part of thestate where it is > 1100 mm (Fig. 3A). Gupta(2002) also reported that Kabirdham andRajnandgaon districts and some pockets of Durg,

Bilaspur, Bemetara, Raipur districts received lowrainfall than other districts. Thus main issues tofarming in these districts are onset of monsoonand distribution of rainfall during monsoonmonths. In general, monsoon sets in around 10th

June in the southern tip of the State (Bastar area)

146 Journal of Agricultural Physics [Vol. 15

and covers the entire state by 20th June. Themonsoon onset is very crucial for agriculturaloperations as rainfed agriculture is predominantin 74, 97 and 95% of cultivated area underChhattisgarh Plains, Bastar Plateau and NorthernHills ACZ, respectively and nearly 70% of netsown area is covered by rice during kharif season(Pandey et al., 2012). Hence, crop failure iscommon in this part due to late onset of or breakin or early withdrawal of monsoon. Sastri et al.,(1999) indicated that rice yield declined by 27%in the years of late onset of monsoon comparedto normal monsoon. The SWM rainfall is receivedin 48 numbers of rainy days for the state andhighest number of rainy days is observed inJashpur district (58), while lowest is found inDurg district (39). Sastri et al. (1997) reportedlowest number of rainy days during southwestmonsoon in Durg district. The variation is 15-33% with the highest CV recorded in Rajnangaon(33%), followed by Balod, Durg, Raipur,Mahasamund and Janjgir-Champa (31%)indicating high inter annual variability. Lowestvariation is recorded in Kondagaon district (15%)indicating high reliability. It is very imperative tonote that even though low seasonal rainfall andhigh inter-annual variability in some districtsespecially west central part of the state (consistingKabirdham, Durg, Bemetara, Mungeli,Rajnandgaon districts), rice is cultivated in 80%of cultivated area (with irrigated area of 26.4% inKabirdham) during kharif season (Pande et al.,2012) involving high risk of crop loss. In theseparts of state, soybean is second most importantcrop during kharif, which requires less water andcan be promoted. Although lack of recommendedsoybean production technology was one of theproduction constraints in Rajnandgaon(Deshmukh, 2008). Kumar (2008) reported thatthe overall technological gap in followingrecommended soybean practices among thefarmers of Kabirdham district was 71% owing tolack of training / non availability of information.

Spatial variability of post-monsoon seasonrainfall

Mean post-monsoon rainfall in the state is67±18 mm with 26% of coefficient of variation

(Table 1). Among the districts, seasonal rainfallvaried from 41 mm in Bemetara to 113 mm inBastar district with high co-efficient of variation(Fig. 3B). During this season, southern part ofthe state (Bastar Plateau ACZ) receives morerainfall (88 mm), which may be attributed to latewithdrawal of southwest monsoon. Districts underChhattisgarh Plains ACZ receive very low rainfall(< 50 mm) while parts of Jashpur district in northand Bastar district in south gets >100 mm rainfall.Low water requirement crops viz. lathyrus,chickpea, peas, lentil, linseed and wheat aregrown in many districts wherever substantialirrigation facility is available, and rice is alsocultivated by utilizing canal irrigation inDhamtari, Janjgir-Champa, Raipur, Durg andBilaspur districts. However, large area is stillunder fallow after kharif rice cultivation, wherelow water demanding crops like pulses can begrown from conserved rain water in farm ponds,community reservoirs and percolation tank,through financial support from local governmentagencies. Satellite data estimates 2.936 Mha ofland is rice fallow in Chhattisgarh (Pande et al.,2012) and eleven districts (Bilaspur, Dhamtari,Kanker, Jashpur, Raipur, Durg, Rajgarh,Kabirdham, Korba, Mahasamud andRajnandgaon) have 0.88 Mha of potential areafor cultivation of pulses as rice fallow (MoA,2009). A report from National Academy ofAgricultural Sciences (NAAS, 2013) alsoindicated that huge impact on rural livelihood canbe made through policy interventions byincreasing area of rice fallow under short durationpulses/oil seeds.

Spatial variability of summer and winter sea-son rainfall

During the pre-monsoon season, the statereceives 30±26 mm rain with 86% CV (Table 1).It contributes only 3% to annual rainfall. Rainduring this season mainly occurs due toconvection effect. During this season, Bastardistrict receives maximum rainfall of 143 mm(Fig. 3C). In general, one or two heavy showersmay be expected in this season and this enhancessoil moisture level and can be effectively utilizedfor summer ploughing.

2015] Spatial Analysis of Rainfall in Chhattisgarh 147

Fig 3. Spatial distribution of Southwest monsoon (A), Post monsoon (B), Summer (C),Winter season (D) rainfallin Chhattisgarh State

148 Journal of Agricultural Physics [Vol. 15

Winter (Jan–Feb) is the driest season of thestate (20±10 mm rainfall with 53% of variability)(Table 1) and contributes only 2% to mean annualrainfall. Among the districts, Surguja receiveshighest rainfall (47 mm) during this season.Comparatively more rainfall is recorded atnorthern hills ACZ (24 mm) due to influence ofwestern disturbances than Chhattisgarh plain ACZ(19 mm) and minimum is observed at Bastarplateau ACZ (17 mm) (Fig. 3D).

Conclusions

West central part of the state (consistingKabirdham, Durg, Bemetara, Mungeli,Rajnandgaon districts) receives low seasonalrainfall with high inter-annual variability. In thesedistricts, rice is cultivated in 80% of area posinghigh risk of crop failure. Soybean may bepromoted as a kharif crop which requires lesswater. During rabi season, large area in the stateis under fallow after kharif rice cultivation, andhas potential to grow low water demand cropslike pulses, with excess rainfall conserved inponds and reservoirs.

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Received: June 7, 2015; Accepted: September 7, 2015