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1© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]

IEEE LA Chapter Meeting

Space Communications and Navigation Space Communications and Navigation Services for Homeland Defense (HD)Services for Homeland Defense (HD)

Dr. Lubo JocicSystems Planning and Engineering

The Aerospace Corporation

May 8, 2002


ContentsContents

•• HD PathfinderHD Pathfinder•• Operations ConceptOperations Concept•• Critical InfrastructureCritical Infrastructure•• Comm. and Navigation ServicesComm. and Navigation Services•• Architecture OpportunitiesArchitecture Opportunities•• Way ForwardWay Forward


Integrated Planning Process in the 1990s Integrated Planning Process in the 1990s Threat/NeedsThreat/Needs--Based, Serial ProcessBased, Serial Process

Ops &Sustainment

IPP

Requirements Generation System

MissionSolutionsAnalysis

Concepts / Solutions

MissionNeeds

Analysis

PrioritizedNeeds

RRC

MissionArea

Assessment

Operational & Support

Tasks

Modernization Planning Process

AF StrategicPlan

AFSPCVision CINC

IPLs

Programming& Budgeting

AcquisitionManagement

SystemMN

S

CO

NO

PS

OR

D

IntegratedInvestment

Analysis

25-YearInvestmentRoadmap

RRCPRC

MA

Ps

MSP

s

S&T

Pla

ns

DP

s

4Developmental Planning © 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]

CapabilityCapability--Based Concept DevelopmentBased Concept Development

AggregateNeeded

Capabilities &Ops Constraints

AllocateFunctions

Down-selectFunctional

Architectures

QuantitativeDesign

Cost & Ops.Effectiveness

Analyses

SystemSystemPurpose &Purpose &FeaturesFeatures

FunctionalFunctionalArchitectureArchitecture

OptionsOptionsPerformancePerformance

BoundsBounds

EvaluateCONOPS &

ThreatMitigation

ConceptualizeTechnology& Industry

Trends

•

• •

System Concepts, CAIV ReportsSystem Concepts, CAIV Reports

SystemsSystemsDescriptionsDescriptions

Few Arch. Few Arch. CandidatesCandidates

CONOPSCONOPS

•

TechnicalTechnicalConceptsConcepts

•

EvaluatePerformance

& Costs(Preliminary)

SystemEngineering

System Architecting


Homeland Defense PathfinderHomeland Defense Pathfinderfor Capabilityfor Capability--Based PlanningBased Planning

Ops &Sustainment

IPP

Requirements Generation System

MNA Needs & MSA ConceptsAllocation of Functions to

Systems/ArchitecturesTechnical Concept Definition

Concept of UsePerformance Evaluation

MAA OpsTasks

Needed Capabilities, Operational Constraints

Capability-based Planning Process

Programming& Budgeting

AcquisitionManagement

SystemMN

S

CO

NO

PS

OR

D

IIA Investment Roadmap

ROM Costs

RRCPRC

AF Strategic Plan AFSPC Vision

QDR: Embrace uncertainty, contend with

surprise

CINC IPLsHow

adversary can fight?

What capabilities adversary can have?

MA

Ps

MSP

s

DP

s

S&T

Pla

ns

RRC


WarWar--onon--Terrorism LongTerrorism Long--term Challenges

• Social: Mitigate social origins of extremism in failed Mitigate social origins of extremism in failed statesstates

• Organizational: Maintain coalition networks with global Maintain coalition networks with global reachreach

• Doctrinal: Foster coalition collaboration for operational Foster coalition collaboration for operational coherencecoherence

• Technological: Provide interoperable information Provide interoperable information infrastructureinfrastructure• Secure wireless Internet connectivity anywhere on the

globe• Direct radio and TV broadcasts, Internet to indigenous

people and schools• Narrative: a grounded expression of coalition identity, a grounded expression of coalition identity,

values, purposevalues, purpose

term Challenges

It takes a coalition network to fight terrorist networks!


Sept. 11 Wireless Comm. Lessons Learned Sept. 11 Wireless Comm. Lessons Learned

• Wireless traffic soared*• while Manhattan infrastructure was destroyed

• Cell-phones were ineffective• during the height of the Pentagon response**

• Best performers • Public safety radios**• Commercial instant messaging, e-mail, and bulletin boards*

• Regional/state comm. needed• State and federal secondary responders not interoperable

with local first responders**

Cell-phones were unresponsive when most needed by first respondersSources: *NRIC Report, Oct 30, 2001; **PSWN Report, Jan. 02


InterInter--agency CONOPS for FEMA agency CONOPS for FEMA “Federal Response Plan”“Federal Response Plan”

Source: Dr Popp, HLS C2 ACTD, July 2001

USD

AD

ICD

OD

DO

EdD

OE

DH

HS

DH

UD

DO

ID

OJ

DO

LD

OS

DO

TTR

EAS

VA AID

AR

CEP

AFC

CFE

MA

GSA

ICC

NA

SAN

CS

NR

CO

PMTV

AU

SPS

Dept orAgency

ESF

Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)

TransportationComms

Public Works& Engineering

FirefightingInformation& PlanningMass CareResourceSupportHealth &

Medical SvcsUrban Search

& RescueHazMat

Food

Energy

S S S S P S S S S

S S S S S S S P

S S P S S S S S S S S S

P S S S S S

S S S S S S S S S S S S P S S S S

S S S S S S S P S S S

S S S S S S S S S P S S

S S P S S S S S S S S S S

S S S S S S S P S

S S S S S S S S S S P S S S

P S S S S S S

S S P S S S S S S

Activate ESFs(as required)

P = Primary responsibility, S=Support

NationalLevel

ActionsNational

LevelActions

Establish CatastrophicDisaster Response Group

& Agency EmergencySupport Teams

ActivateAgency EOCs

RegionalLevel

ActionsRegional

LevelActionsEstablish

Regional Op Center

Deploy Advance Elementof Emergency Response Team

(to State Op Facs & disaster site)Establish

Disaster Field Office

Respond with FullEmergency Response Team


Homeland Defense CONOPSHomeland Defense CONOPS

INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO

SPACECOMSTRATCOM

JFCOMSOCOM

PACOMTRANSCOM

EUCOMCENTCOM

NORTHCOMSOUTHCOM

ResponseTeam 2

ResponseTeam 3

GCCS

+ Civil Participants COORDINATE, CONTROL + National Guard

C2 & Info via Assured Network Connectivity

DecisionSupportThreat

Tracking

ResponseTeam 1

ResponseTeam 4



Homeland Defense C2/Info ConnectivityHomeland Defense C2/Info Connectivity

CINCPAC. . . . . .

otheragencies CINC

SPACECINC

NORTHCINC

JFCOMCINC

SOUTH

FEMARegion1 EOC

FEMARegion12 EOC

. . . . . . . .other regions

Internet

FEMAEmergencyResponse

TeamFEMAEmergencyResponse

TeamFEMA

EmergencyResponse

Team

AgencyTrusted

Net

AgencyTrusted

Net

AgencyTrusted

Net

Selected assured comms & C2 sites

FW

Cell &LM Rnets

Cell &LM Rnets

Cell &LM Rnets

JTFCivil

Support

JointResponse

Force

DoDEmergencyResponse

Team

HD Virtual Net(DISN Assured QoS)

FW

FWFW

DefenseAgencies

NIPRNET, SIPRNET

NIPRNET, SIPRNET, HD Virtual Net

(potential)

DoD C2DoD C2

deter, prevent. attribute, preempt, retaliate

first response,consequence Mgmt

othercomms

Intell(IC)

FWFWFW

(potential)


NCA JCSCongress

NHSA/FEMADoT DoS

FW


Critical Capability: ASSURED CONNECTIVITYCritical Capability: ASSURED CONNECTIVITYSituation assessment and coordination across National Command and the CINCs, Services, Agencies, Departments, States, Law Enforcement, etc during high network disruption

• Enabling Infrastructure– Secure, survivable inter-agency coordination

network– built through the commercial infrastructure– with military network augmentation (GIG*) as needed to ensure availability.

– Dynamic, assured quality of service data, voice, video, multimedia conferencing & streaming data for disadvantaged & mobile users

– Defense-in-Depth and redundant failover options for the National and Defense Information Infrastructures (NII, DII/GIG)



Assured Wireless ServicesAssured Wireless Services

•• OmniOmni--DirectionalDirectional--Receiver Comm. Receiver Comm. • Emergency alert messages • Coordinate & control voice, data, and video• Wireless Internet data, images, and video

•• BroadBroad--Band Communications Band Communications • Assured Backup C2 links • Information Processing Backup Networks

•• Enhanced Navigation Enhanced Navigation • Navigation Protect • Differential Corrections

•• NavigationNavigation--Related CommunicationsRelated Communications• Position reporting messages• Aviation Comm., Navigation, Surveillance


OmniOmni--Directional Comm. ServicesDirectional Comm. Services

• Messaging • Emergency alert messages to/from dispersed users about

impending threats and disasters, order-wire to dispatch centers • Data rates: 200 bps per user per message

• Voice• Coordinate and control (C2) across multiple agencies /

jurisdictions • Data rates: 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 kbps for voice recognition in diverse

user environments• Data and Video

• Homeland Defense Wireless Internet for mobile users’situational awareness, image updates, identification data, threat and status updates, file broadcasts, and shared databases

• Data rates between 16 and 256 kbps


Flexible L/S Band Flexible L/S Band ChannelizationChannelization

20 MHz bandwidth

1.25 MHz1.25 MHz

DATA RATE = 4.8 kbps DATA RATE = 4.8 kbps to 256 kbpsto 256 kbps

WW--CDMA COMPATIBLECDMA COMPATIBLE

CH 210 MHz

CH 110 MHz

5 MHz

5 MHz5 MHz

5 MHz

Voice and Data Data Rate, kbps

Number of Networks per Satellite Beam

Voice at 4.8 200 Data / Video at 64 40

Data / Images at 256 10 Messaging (200 bits) Messages per second Emergency / Alert 300 Position Reporting 300

Differential Corrections 300

4.8 kbps – 9.6 kbps

16 kbps - 64 kbps 16 kbps - 64 kbps

128 kbps - 256 kbps

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz


BroadBroad--Band Communication ServicesBand Communication Services

• Assured connectivity • Backup C2 links to Deployed Command & Dispatch

Centers and micro-cell repeaters for line-of-sight radio connection to First Responders (survivable backup to VSAT links)

• Backup Information Networks between law-enforcement, intelligence, and defense database and processing centers (backup to fiber)

• Data rates: 2.4 kbps to 8 Mbps, total capacity TBD• Space Data Pipe

• Sensor data dump from space data network• Data rate: several Gbps


SSC/NEO

JTRS

MTW

Global Fiber Network

Ground BackboneHigh Capacity

Gateways

Fiber

Space Crosslinks

NASA & NOAA

In-theater fiberentry points

MSE, WIN/T

COIN

Wideband Comms

Commercial

User linksnot shown

Connections to non-communications satellites

Air BackboneCommercial ACNs

Airborne Communications Network

For Deployed High-Density Users

Protected Comms

LEO&A

Narrowband Comms

Space Network

Post 9Post 9--11 MILSATCOM 11 MILSATCOM VISION with CONUS OpsVISION with CONUS Ops

CONUSC2

Backup


Navigation ServicesNavigation Services

• Navigation Protect• +25dB increased strength M and P(Y) signals for

improved performance in NAVWAR theater or in terrorist jamming

• +10dB increased strength L5 and L2c signals in CONUS for improved FAA WAAS and LAAS performance in interference

• Differential Corrections• Correction Messages for national augmentation

systems• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) • Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)• National Differential System (NDS)


Navigation ProtectNavigation Protect

Terrorist Jammer

LAAS

Terrorist Aircraft

USERS

Terrorist Jammer

First Responders

L5, L2c in CONUS(M, P(Y) in Theater)

Civil Aviation


NavigationNavigation--Related Comm. ServicesRelated Comm. Services

• GPS Position Reporting• to track emergency workers, first responders, border

patrols, counter-terrorism teams, medical supplies, shipments to/from contaminated areas, tagged aircraft, individuals and shipments, search and rescue

• Aviation Comm., Navigation, Surveillance• Assured infrastructure for FAA CNS total aerospace

awareness• C2 links to aircraft• Common operating picture updates


Position ReportingPosition Reporting

GPS USERSOn-Board De-

Spreading

Control Center

UHF Omni w/ 5.6 W

UHF SAR• global coverage• backward compatibility• triple canopy penetration

406 MHz SAR

Secure EHF linkGPS

Position Report

L/S-band Omni 0.5 W• CONUS coverage• LPI/LPD covertness

GPS Signal


HD Comm. Architecture ElementsHD Comm. Architecture Elements

• Terrestrial Baseline: Ground-mobile, hand-held and vehicular omni-directional radios connected through local fixed/deployable dispatch centers/repeaters (mobile, air-dropped, or truck-delivered) equipped with commercial VSAT or GETS links.

• Airborne Augmentation: "Last mile" mobile comm with hand-held and vehicular omni-directional radios interconnected through a regional (e.g. county or state-wide) airborne dispatch center/repeater aboard an aircraft and equipped with commercial VSAT and/or microwave LOS links.

• Nation-wide Space Overlay (USERS): Nation-wide augmentation with direct-to-satellite links from vehicular/ handheld terminals and repeaters with wide-band links to federal, state, and local command posts, dispatch and data centers.


U.S. Emergency Response SatelliteU.S. Emergency Response Satellite--USERSUSERS

Candidate MissionsCandidate Missions: :

HD Assured C2HD Assured C2HD Wireless InternetHD Wireless InternetPosition reportingPosition reportingProtected GPSProtected GPS NavNavAviation Aviation CommComm / / NavNavSpace Launch RangeSpace Launch RangeWideWide--band Gatewayband Gateway

Satellite augmentation of lineSatellite augmentation of line--ofof--site radios, site radios, commercial PSN, and cellular comm. across commercial PSN, and cellular comm. across U.S. Homeland Defense agenciesU.S. Homeland Defense agencies

Mission Data Link

DATA CENTER

USERS

Line-Of-Site Radios

Fiber, PSN

Narrow-Band Satellite Links

EMERG. CONTROL CENTER

MOBILE COMMAND POST

Cellular Phones

Wide-Band Sat. Links

USERS provides survivable subnets in the DoD Global Information Grid dedicated to last-mile connections to mobile First Responders in the U.S.


User TerminalsUser Terminals

EHFL/S

EHF

EHF

• Omni-directional receivers• Hand-held phones• Search and rescue radios• GPS receivers• Patrol car radio

• Directional receivers• Portable satcom terminal• Deployable command center satcom terminal• Truck mounted satcom terminal• Fixed station HDR terminal


Functional IntegrationFunctional Integration

•• Integrated with public safety radios, PSN, and cellular Integrated with public safety radios, PSN, and cellular networks across Homeland Defense agencies/jurisdictionsnetworks across Homeland Defense agencies/jurisdictions

•• USERS is to be integrated in future space networks USERS is to be integrated in future space networks (NSSS, TCS, MUOS, GPS)(NSSS, TCS, MUOS, GPS)

CONUS Downlink

Laser Crosslinkto TCS

HD Internet

Laser Crosslinkto TCS

USERS

*

USERS connects federal, state, local agencies, and First RespondUSERS connects federal, state, local agencies, and First Respondersers


Candidate USERS ArchitecturesCandidate USERS ArchitecturesCDC Case 1a 1b 5 6 3 4

Area of Interest AmericasHomeland Defense

CAIV Configurations HD Missions

Hand-held + EHF

Commercial Derivative

Broad-band Comm

Broad-band + GPS

Assured Comm &

GPS

Networked Comm +

GPSAssured C2 x x x x x xPosition Reporting x x x x x3G Internet & PCS x x x xFAA Comm, Nav x x xGPS Augmentation x x xWide-band Gateway x x xLaunch Range Com x x

Antennas 12 m S-band, EHF PA

12 m S-band, EHF PA

EHF PA, Laser

9 m L-nav, EHF, Laser

12 m L/S-band, EHF PA

12 m S-band, EHF PA

Payloads PCS, EHF PCS, EHF EHF, Laser EHF, Laser, GPS

PCS, EHF, GPS

PCS, EHF, GPS, Laser

Constellation (No. Sats) 1 1 2 5 5 5Inclination (deg) 7 7 28 65 65 65

Dry Satellite Mass (kg) 2833 3359 1737 2463 3684 3412Launch Vehicle Delta IV M+(4,2) Delta IV M+(5,4) Delta IV M+(4,2) Delta IV M+(5,4) Atlas V 500 (5) Atlas V 400 (3)

Number of Launches 2 2 3 6 6 6Average Sat. cost ($M) 340 391 263 304 365 348

CONUS Global


Candidate Constellations Candidate Constellations

1 GEO Elmin=13°

2 2 GEO, 28° Inclined Elmin=20°

3 HIO, 65° Elmin=13°


Transition to Global: 5 or 6Transition to Global: 5 or 6 Sats Sats


Satellite FeaturesSatellite Features

12m Reflector(~1deg L/S-band beams)

EHF Transmit PA (1 beam)

Comm System• Laser XL (4)• EHF Calibration

L/S-band Array Feed(16 Rec, 3 Xmit beams)

EHF Receive PA (6 beams)


Notional Satellite DesignsNotional Satellite DesignsBroad-band only

Broad-band, GPS & PCS

Broad-band & GPS


Architecture OpportunitiesArchitecture Opportunities

• Objective: Integrate Homeland Defense capabilities Integrate Homeland Defense capabilities in the MILSATCOM and GPS Transformation in the MILSATCOM and GPS Transformation architecturesarchitectures• Integrate HD broad-band and narrow-band

global communication functions in the NSSS– Omni-directional 3G Internet– EHF comm-on-the-move

• Or, Integrate HD CONUS comm. broad-band EHF functions with TCS gateway

– Laser connectivity, Two-satellite gateway• Integrate FAA Nav Protect and Nav-related

comm in the GPS III GEO augmentation


Way ForwardWay Forward

• Input HD considerations into TCS and GPS III requirements and architecture definition activities• Include HD functions in the NSSS/TCS architecture• Leverage NSSA recommended architecture (a NSSS/T-Sat

variant) and MJPO evolutionary approach• Evaluate comm-on-the-move (COTM) TCS payload as a

broadband vehicle component of the HD needs

• Solicit vector-check from first & secondary responders: Space for Homeland Security Workshop

• Local, state (NY,CA), and federal Law Enforcement, Fire, and Medical Communities; FEMA, DOD/NORTHCOM, IC, DOJ, etc.

• Address non-space alternatives and commercial space assets• Priority access on commercial cellular, Globalstar, and Spaceway

systems; use and replenishment of Iridium• Use of an Airborne Comm. Node for city / county level coverage

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