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Transcript of Source Rock GT
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SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION
Faculty: Dr. P.N. Kapoor
GT Lecture 18.08.2008
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Source RockThe sediments that have been able to generate or may have the potential to generate hydrocarbons
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Petroleum SystemAn integrated geological syst em that:-- Generates hydrocarbons (gas & oil)
-- Concentrates and traps them
-- Produces economic deposits
Four Main Steps-- Source: Rich in Organic Matter
-- Maturation & Generation: Burial Heating
-- Migration: Movement thru permeable beds
-- Trap (Reservoir & Seal): Structural & Stratigraphic
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Cross Section of a Petroleum System(Foreland Basin Example)
Overburden RockSeal Rock
Reservoir Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Basement RockTop Oil WindowTop Gas Window
Geographic Extent of Petroleum System
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Fold-and-Thrust Belt(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
EssentialElements
ofPetroleum
System
(modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
O O
Sedi
men
tary
Bas
in F
ill
OStratigraphic
Extent ofPetroleum
System
Pod of ActiveSource Rock
Extent of Prospect/FieldExtent of Play
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Source Rock:Organic Matter
-- Maturation-- Generation of HC-- Migration
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Possible facies distribution extending from inner shelf to bathyal environmentsIn sequence stratigraphic concept
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Organic Matter Source
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BITUMEN
Soluble organic matter in any Organic Solvent
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KEROGEN
Insoluble organic matter in any Organic Solvent
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ExternalElemental Analysis Palynofacies
PETROLEUMPRODUCTS
Vitrinite
InertiniteKEROGENType IV
KEROGENType III
(Hydrogen Poor)
KEROGENTypes I/II
(Hydrogen Rich)
INERTCARBON
BP(GCB)
RE
AC
TIV
E K
ER
OG
EN
INERT KEROGEN
REFRACTORYKEROGEN
From Visual estimation
Coal Petrology
From Geochemical techniques
GASC1-C5
compounds
OILC6->C6
compunds
Algal AmorphousPalynomorphs
Epidermal TissueResin S
AP
RO
PE
LIC
Brown Wood
Black Wood
HU
MIC
LiptiniteAlginiteExiniteCutinite
SporiniteResinite
LABILE KEROGEN
Kerogen Classification
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Source Component Structure
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Organic Matter components
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Sediment Profile
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Evolution of Organic Matter
ØDIAGENESISØCATAGENESISØMETAGENESIS
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DIAGENESIS
Microbial and Chemical transformations of Organic Matter produce Biogenic Methane
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CATAGENESISRepresents Time -Temperature controlled conversion of Microbially transformed products into Liquid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons
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METAGENESIS
Production of stable Gaseous Hydrocarbons, Immobile Polyaromatic structures and Thermogenic Gas
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Hydrocarbon Generation
Amount and type of hydrocarbons generated depend largely on type of Kerogen, catagenetic stage of Evolution for a given Volume of Source Rock
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Hydrocarbon Kitchen
Zone in which a Source Rock is Mature to Generate Hydrocarbons
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Kerogen Qualityv Assessed on Major Atomic
Constituents-C,H,O for their HC generation Capabilityv Crossplot of H/C vs O/C
depicts degree of evolution of Kerogen with increasing maturation
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Kerogen Types
ØTYPE IØTYPE IIØTYPE III
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TYPE I
ü Highest H & Lipid contentü High potential for HCü Derived from Algal/ Microbial
Lipids
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TYPE II
ü Hig H & Lipid contentü High potential for HCü Derived from Phyto & Zoo
Planktons Lipids
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TYPE III
ü Less H & more Oxygenü Low potential for HC
adequate for Gasü Derived from Terrestrial
Higher Plants
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Types of Kerogen• Type I : algal kerogen
– “best” oil source– Lipid-rich
• Type II: herbaceous kerogen– Good oil source– Includes zooplankton (sapropelic)
• Type III: woody kerogen (coaly)– Good gas source– Rich in humic components
• Type IV: amorphous kerogen
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis4 Parameters
ü S1ü S2ü S3ü Tmax
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S1
Measures HC liberated by heating at Moderate Temperature
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S2
Measures Petroleum Constituents generated by heating Kerogen at Higher Temperature
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S3
Measures CO2 liberated by heating Kerogen at convenient Temperature to avoid dissociation
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Tmax
Temperature recorded at max. of peak S2Used to measure Maturation Stage
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S2/S3
Signifies type of HC to be generated from the Kerogen
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Tmax
ØImmature Biogenic Gas < 435 0 C TmaxØMature Oil Generation > 435 0 C - < 450 0 C TmaxØMature Gas Generation > 450 0 C - < 470 0 C TmaxØPost Mature Thermal Gas > 470 0 C Tmax
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Prospect Evaluation
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Source Rock EvaluationThe main source materials for hydrocarbon are the vegetal debris, including those of phytoplankton, marine and terrestrial algae as well as lipid rich land plant remains.
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Application of Organic Matter
• Quality of Organic Matter• Quantity/Richness of OM• Thermal Maturation
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Organic Matter Types• Structured terrestrial organic
matter (Telinite)• Spores and pollen (Sporonite)• Charcoal (Fusinite) • Biodegraded terrestrial organic
matter (Telocollinite)
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Organic Matter Types• Biodegraded aqueous organi c matter • Amorphous organi c matter (Micrinite) • Finely divided organic matter
(Organic matter of bacteri al origin )• Grey amorphous organi c matter
(Corpocollinite)• Structured mari ne organic matter (a) Algae
(Alginite),(b) Dinoflagellates and Acritarchs
• Fungal remains (Sclerotinite)• Resin (Resinite)
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Structured terrestrial organic matter
This type of organic matter, when altered, forms biodegraded terrestrial organic matter of semi –amorphous type and the amorphous organic matter. These two are important components of sapropelic hydrocarbon generating types.
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Structured Terrestrial Wood
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Outer covering of Spore/pollen is composed of sporo –pollenin; It is a resistant material and is commonly preserved in sediments. Sporo-pollenin adds to the liquid hydrocarbon potential of these sediments.
Spores pollen
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Spores and Pollen
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Charcoal
Structured terrestrial woody organic matter by oxidation results into charcoal.This material has no hydrocarbon source potential. Abundance of fusinite material is indicative of oxidizing depositional environment.
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Charcoal
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Biodegraded terrestrial organic matter
Terrestrial organic matter of vegetal origin, comprising of hard and soft parts of plants (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes and bryophytes) is the first product that is degraded to form this type. Several stages of biodegradation have been understood.
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Biodegraded Terrestrial
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Biodegraded aqueous organic matter
Phytoplankton Thalloid algal matterFilamentous algae
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Phytoplankton
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Structured Aqueous
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Amorphous organic matter
Amorphous organic matter is a completely transformed structureless matter where all recognizable cellular structures have been lost. It is very hard to distinguish the source of this matter , as terrestrial or aquatic. Such matter is spongy and appears porous. It is generally yellowish-brown or orange in colour.
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Amorphous
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Organic matter of Bacterial Origin
This type of organic matter forms as a result of the conversion of both terrestrial and algal organic matters by fungal and bacterial attack.
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Finely Divided Organic Matter
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Grey amorphous organic matter
Grey amorphous organic matter is granular or flaky appearance. Granular matter indicates a reducing environment of deposition. Flaky piece of varying sizes are associated with phytoplankton and filamentous algal remains.
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Structured marine organic matter
Dinoflagellates, acritarchs, diatoms, radiolarian, red algae constitute this type of organic matter . These are good source of hydrocarbons. Biodegradation and alteration of this material also results into amorphous and semi-amorphous organic matter.
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ORGANIC MATTER FACIES
The types of organic matter are broadly classified into : (1) Humic (2) Sapropelic. Humic organic matter are land or terrestrially derived. Sapropelic organic matter is derived both from marine and terrestrial sources.
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FACIES % OF TOTAL OM MAIN HC POTENTIAL
I. HUMIC (H) H > 75% (PC)
a. HUMIC – WOOD (H–W) Wood + BDT > Charcoal Very good (gas)
b. HUMIC – CHARCOAL (H–C) Wood + BDT < Charcoal Poor
II. SAPROPELIC (S) S > 75% (PC) Very good (oil)
III. SAPROPELIC HUMIC (SH) H > 50% (PC)
a. SAPROPELIC HUMIC–WOOD (SH–W) Wood + BDT> Charcoal Good (gas)
b. SAPROPELIC HUMIC–CHARCOAL(SH–C) Wood + BDT< Charcoal Marginal (gas)
IV. HUMIC SAPROPELIC (HS) S > 50% (PC)
a. HUMIC SAPROPELIC – WOOD (HS–W) Wood + BDT > Charcoal Good (oil)
b. HUMIC SAPROPELIC–CHARCOAL(HS–C) Wood + BDT< Charcoal Marginal (oil)
Wood = Structured Terrestrial OM, BDT = Biodegraded Terrestrial OM, PC = Pre Condition
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Richness of Organic Matter
Rich Total organic Matter 50 -100%Moderate Total organic Matter 25 -50%Poor Total organic Matter 0 -25%
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Thermal Maturation
Thermal alteration index (TAI) is based on palynofossils colours. The TAI scale range of 1.00–5.00 proposed by Staplin (1969) is followed. The number assigned to a particular fossil is designated as its thermal alteration index.
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Standard Colours of TAI Scale
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Evaluation on integration of Parameters• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone OM• Quantitative Aspect for richness of OM• Thermal Maturation• Suitable paleoenvironments for OM
accumulation• Models prepared give a lead in HC
exploration
Hydrocarbon Source Potential
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Organic Matter & Conversi on of Kerogen
Controls on total organic matter
• Productivity• Grain size• Sedimentation rate• Oxidation/Reduction
Organic matter: 1%• Kerogen 90%• Bitumen 10%
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Post burial chemical evolution of natural combinations of preserved organic debris conversion into
KEROGEN
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Hydrogen: Carbon and Oxygen: Carbon contents of common organic and palynological types.
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Post depositional alteration of
KEROGEN
into
BITUMEN
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What happens when we subject kerogen to subsurface conditions?KEROGEN
Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis
Shallow subsurfaceNormal pressure and temperatureReleased: CH4, CO2, H2O• Overall decrease in O• Overall increase in H and C
Deeper subsurfaceIncreased pressure and temperatureReleased: oil & gas• Overall decrease in H and C
MetamorphismHigh temperature and pressureOnly C remains: becomes graphite
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THERMAL STAGES OF BITUMEN GENERATION :DIAGENESIS l ow-temperature/bac terial alteration CATAGENESIS intermediate-temperature alteration METAGENESIS high-temperature/pre metamorphi c alteration
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PALYNOFOSSILS• SPORES• POLLEN (Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms)• DINOFLAGELLATES• ACRITARCHS• FUNGI• CHITINOZOA
(contd.)
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PALYNOFOSSILS• SCOLECODONTS• SILICOFLAGELLATES• DIATOMS• CALCAREOUS ALGAE• CALC. NANNOFOSSILS• ORGANIC MATTER
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PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
• Rock Samples -(cores/cuttings)
• Powdering• Treatment with Acids• Obtain Organic Residue• Slide Preparation
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
ROCK SAMPLE
POWDERING OFSAMPLE
TREATMENTWITH HCL
TREATMENTWITH HF
HEAVY LIQUIDSEPARATION
RESIDUE MIXED WITHPOLYVINYL ALCOHOL
DRYING OFRESIDUE BY SPREADING ON COVERSLIP
SLIDE MOUNTINGON HOTPLATE
AT 100 C
SLIDE READYFOR STUDY
O
FLOW CHART FOR PROCESSING OF SAMPLES FOR ORGANIC MATTER
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Slide No.1 depth 1200-1205mKG
-1
. . . . . . . . . . . .
CENTRIFUGE
CENTRIFUGE
![Page 88: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Commonly Used Maturation Parameters:
Vitrinite Reflectance
Liptinite Fluorescence
Thermal Alteration Index
Spore Coloration Index
Tmax
Time Temp Index (TTI)
![Page 89: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Oil Window based on various Maturation indicators
![Page 90: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Indicators of HC Maturation:
Vitrinite Reflectance
&
Liptinite Fluorescence
![Page 91: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
AOM matrix showing strong but heterogeneous fluorescence
Palynomorphs fluorescing,matrix of autochthonous (plankton-derived) AOM remains predominantly non-fluorescent
AOM matrix showing moderate and heterogeneous fluorescence
Fluorescent organic matter
![Page 92: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Ro SWL(nm) TAI Ro SWL(nm) TAI0.30 460 2.00 1.26 3.150.34 475 2.10 1.30 3.200.38 550 2.20 1.33 3.250.40 575 2.25 1.36 3.300.42 2.30 1.39 3.350.44 2.35 1.42 3.400.46 2.40 1.46 3.450.48 585 2.45 1.50 655 3.500.50 590 2.50 1.62 3.550.55 2.55 1.75 3.600.60 600 2.60 1.87 3.650.65 2.65 2.00 3.700.70 2.70 2.25 670 3.750.77 610 2.75 2.50 3.800.85 2.80 2.75 3.850.93 2.85 3.00 3.901.00 2.90 3.25 3.951.07 2.95 3.50 700 4.001.15 630 3.00 4.00 4.001.19 3.05 4.50 4.001.22 3.10 5.00 4.00
Relation between Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro),SWL and Thermal Alteration Index (TAI)
![Page 93: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Initiation and progression of Bitumen generation
as related toKerogen type
![Page 94: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Incipiently mature with Bitumen Formation
Light coloured immature OM
![Page 95: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Mature OM with Bitumen Formation
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![Page 97: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Volume increase enhances both fracturing potential and pressure drive leading to Migration & Accumulation.
![Page 98: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Source rock transformation ratio, Accumulation and Oil Composition in reservoirs
![Page 99: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
HC source potential profile in a well
![Page 100: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Ø Determination of organic matter types, total organic matter and maturation for hydrocarbon source potential.
Ø The source rock parameters integrated with paleoenvironment, age, structure and basin configuration for identification of source rock potential facies in relation to geological and geochemical parameters for better understanding of source depocentres.
Ø To know the timing and duration of generation of hydrocarbons based on the subsidence history curves and time temperature index (TTI) plots.
Application of source rock palynological studies
![Page 101: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Relationship of Palynofacies and Geochemical parameters
HI OI
Sapropelic >1.45 >850 10~30 Algal; amorphous
Humic Sapropelic 1.35-1.45 650-850 20-50 Amorphous;minor terrestrial
Sapropelic Humic 1.15-1.35 400-650 30-80 Amorphous;common terrestrial
Pyrolysis YieldPalynofacies H/C at vRo ~0.5
Dominantorganic matter
SapropelicHumic-Wood
0.95-1.15 250-400 40-80 Mixed;some oxidation
Humic Wood 0.75-0.95 125-250 50-150 Terrestrial; some oxidation
Sapropelic Humic-Charcoal
0.60-0.75 50-125 40-150+ Oxidised;reworked
HumicCharcoal
<0.60 <50 20-200+ Highly oxidised; highly bioturbated
![Page 102: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Fibrous AOM, massive AOM, grey amorphous with pyrite (after Batten, 1996)
Phytoclasts, wood, cuticle, algal filaments and overmature AOM (after Batten, 1996)
![Page 103: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone Organic Matter
• Quantitative Aspect for richness of Organic Matter
• Thermal Maturation• Suitable paleoenvironm ents for Organic Matter
accumulation• Models prepared give a lead in HC exploration
Parameters for evaluating source potential
![Page 104: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Burial History Curve, TTI, OM Facies, TOM, TAI and source potential in w ell RNL
PALEO-CENE OLIGO
PLIO-REC
Ma
120
110
100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
30oC
40 oC
50 oC
60 oC
70 oC
90 oC
oC100
110 oC
CRETACEOUS EOCENE MIOCENE
80 oC
LR UP L UP
400m
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3400
SHIYALI CL ST.VANJIYUR SST.
TITTACHERIFM.
NIRAVI FM.
KARAIKAL SH.
KAMALAPURAM FM.
PORTONOVOSH.
BVG FM.STP SH.
ANDIMADAMFM.
MADANAM LST..
-.-.-.-.-.-
NN
LM
FM.
STP
SH.
POR
TON
OVO
SH
.BV
G
FM.
AND
IMAD
AM F
M.
FM OM
FAC
IES
SAPROPELIC HUMIC-
CHARCOAL
HUMIC SAPROPELIC -
CHARCOAL
SH-C
HUMIC-CHARCOAL
KDV
NNLM FM.
TOTA
L O
MR
ICH
L M U L U L M U
SAPROPELIC HUMIC-
CHARCOAL
POO
R-
MO
D
MOD
RIC
H
TAI
2.25
2.75
+2.
75
TTI=15
TTI=61
TTI=108
SOU
RC
E PO
TEN
TIAL
MO
D -
GO
OD
MOD
POO
R
MOD
MO
D -
GO
OD
2.50
POO
R
120 oC
RNL
Seq.-1 started generation of hydrocarbon since upper most OligoceneSeq.-2 initiated generation since Early Miocene
![Page 105: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
SOURCE POTENTIAL
POOR
MOD-GOOD
VANJIYUR SST
MADANAM LST.
TIRUTURAIPUNDI SST
ANDIMADAM FM
STP SH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
TITTACHERI FM
+
+KOMARAKSHI SH
SATTAPADI SHALE
KAMALAPURAM FORMATION
TP-A NG-A NR-A
TIRUPPUNDI FORMATION
SATTAPADI SHALE
IMM
ATU
RE
Source rock Potential facies in Nagapattinam Subbasin, Cauvery Basin
KARAIKAL
NAGAPATTINAM
0 10Km
wells studied
TP-A
NG-A
NR-A
![Page 106: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Age
Form
atio
n
Dep
th (m
)
Sam
ple
Posi
tion
Source Rock PalynologyOrganicMatterFacies
TotalOrganicMatter TA
I
Dep
.En
v. SourcePotential
Geochemical Parameters(Rao et al., 1988)
TOC T Max. S2
Pasa
rlapu
di F
orm
atio
n
Low
er E
ocen
e
Pala
kollu
Shal
e
BMP Lst.M
.Eo
c.
3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
Humic-Wood
Rich
Rich
Rich
Moderate-Rich
Mainly Sand Poor Organic Matter
Humic SaproCharcoalHumic-Charcoal
2.25
2.50
2.75
Inne
r to
Mid
dle
Ner
itic
Poor
Good for Gas
Poor
Marginal forOil and Gas
2.00
1.00
1.50
2.503.503.00
3.003.504.00
430
443
446
452
0.63
–2.
990.
76 –
10.6
Palynofacies, TOM, maturation and source potenti al of Palakollu Shale and Pasarlapudi Formation in well PSP
0.50
0.30
![Page 107: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Palynofacies, TOM, maturation and source potential of Chintalapalli Shale, Palakollu Shale and Pasarlapudi Formation in well MTP
Age Formation
Sam
ple
posi
tion
Depth(m)
SH-W
T O M TAIDepo.Env.
Geochemical data(Philip et al., 1986
TOCTMax & vRo
Late
Cre
tace
ous
(Maa
stric
htia
n)
Chi
ntal
apal
li Sh
ale)
Pasa
rlapu
di
PalakolluShale
Razole
450044004300420041004000390038003700360035003400330032003100300029002800270026002500240023002200
O MFacies
Poor-Moderate
Sapropelic Humic-Charcoal
Humic Sapro-pelic - Wood
Humic-Charcoal
Poor
Sapropelic Humic-Charcoal
Humic-Charcoal
Humic-Charcoal
SH-C
Poor
Moderate
Rich
Moderate
Poor-Moderate
Rich
Moderate2.
002.
25
Mid
dle
–In
ner N
eriti
cO
uter
Ner
itic
2.50
Upp
er B
athy
al
2.75
Poor
Source Potential
Poor
Marginalfor Gas
Poor
Marginalfor Gas
Poor
Marginalfor Gas
436-
308
436-
275
445-318
468-
237
0.76
Source Rock Palynology
0.75
0.90
1.001.50
1.00
1.50
1.502.50
1.50
2.000.900.750.80
4.003.502.50
2.00
0.75
1.00
0.80
0.90
2.00
Late
Cre
tace
ous
(Maa
stric
htia
n)
EarlyPalocene
Late
Pale
ocen
eEa
rly-M
iddl
e Eo
cene
![Page 108: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Narasapur Claystone
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Chintalapalli Shale
Narasapur Claystone
Matsyapuri Sandstone
Pasarlapudi Formation
Palakollu Shale
Razole Formation
Dep
th in
met
ers
0 25 50 75 km
SWNE
Rajahmundry Sandstone
Lithofacies distribution across profile B -B’
B B’BMP PSP NSP GS5GS8RZLCTP
![Page 109: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Dep
th in
met
ers
Narasapur Claystone
B B’0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
SWNE
Source potential facies across profile B-B’
Good for oil & gas
Moderate for oil & gas
Moderate for gas
BMP PSP NSP GS5GS8RZLCTP
Chintalapalli Sh
Razole Fm
Matsyapuri Sst
Pasarlapudi Fm
Rajahmundry SstNarasapur Cl
0 25 50 75 km
![Page 110: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING PALEOENVIRONMENTS
FLUVIAL
LOWER DELTA
MARGINAL MARINE
INNER NERITIC
INNER-MIDDLE NERITIC
MIDDLE-OUTER NERITIC0 10km
0m
1000m
FLUVIAL-PARALIC
KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-AA A’
KMG-A MDP-AEND-ADKR-A
Bay of Bengal
TANUKU HORST MANDAPETA SUBBASIN DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
![Page 111: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-AA A’
HUMIC SAPROPELIC-CHARCOAL
0 10km
0m
1000m
KMG-A MDP-AEND-ADKR-A
Bay of Bengal
HUMIC-CHARCOAL (H-C)
SAPROPELIC HUMIC -CHARCOAL (SH-C)
SAPROPELIC HUMIC- WOOD (SH-W)
HUMIC SAPROPELIC-WOODSAPROPELIC
TANUKU HORST MANDAPETA SUBBASIN DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING PALYNOFACIES
![Page 112: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
MODERATE
MODERATE - RICH
RICH
0 10km
0m
1000m
POOR - MODERATE
KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-AA A’
KMG-A MDP-AEND-ADKR-A
Bay of Bengal
POOR ORGANIC MATTER
TANUKU HORST MANDAPETA SUBBASIN DRAKSHARAMA RIDGE
SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING RICHNESS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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SECTION ALONG A – A’ SHOWING SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL FACIES
A’
TAI = 2.50
0 10km
0m
1000m
KMG-A MDP-A DKR-A END-AA
KMG-A MDP-AEND-ADKR-A
Bay of Bengal
P O O R S O U R C E P O T E N T I A L
MARGINAL FORGAS/OILMODERATE FOR GASMODERATE FOR OIL & GASMODERATE-GOOD FOR GAS
MODERATE-GOOD FOR OIL & GAS
GOOD FOR GAS
GOOD FOR OIL & GAS
LATE CRETACEOUS
EARLY CRETACEOUS
MID-LATE TRIASSIC
MID. TRIASSIC - PERMIAN
GAS PROD.
HYDROCARBON SOURCE POTENTI AL
![Page 114: Source Rock GT](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052315/546a47adb4af9f9a7f8b4760/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Source potential facies in Kakinada area, Krishna-Godavari Basin
:s:s s s s s 11003200 s s m
:s:s s s:s:s s s:s:s s s s s:s:s ss s s s s s 1220
s ss s s s s ss s s
s s s s 13003400 s s s
s s s s s ss s
s s s s s s 1405s s s
s s s ss s s
s s s ss s s
s s s s s s 15003600 s s s
s s s s s ss s
s s s s s ss s
s s s ss
s s s ss s
s s s s 17003800 s
s s s ss s
s s s ss s
s s s ss
2120 s s s s2140 s s2160 :s:s s s 19002180 :s:s
4020 2200 :s:s2220 :s:s2240 :s:s2260 :s:s22802300 :s:s
:s:s:s:s:s:s 2100
B a
r
r e
m
i a
n
-
A
p
t I
a
nLa
te A
ptian
- Al
bian
Late
Albi
an -
Ceno
man
ian
Mod.-Goodfor gas
Top of sequence order VIIIDATUM LINEBKDBKASBKAGSZ
16001900
2100
1700
1500
1360Moderate
for gas
11000
1300
VIII
VIII
VIII
VII
VIII
VII
VII
VI
VI
VI
V
V
V
VII
IVIV
IV
VI
Mod.for oil & gas
Moderate for gas
Poor
ANNAVARAM
PITHAPURAM
KAKINADA
YANAM
BKA
SBKA
GSZ
BKD
0 Km20
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FLUORESCENCE STUDIES
v Spectral wavelength is measured on Leitz MPV-3Fluorescence Microscope Spect rophotometer
v Polospores, organic matter excited by ultra violetlight of 200-400nm spectral wavelength range andemission spect ra of 400-700nm range is observed
v The maximum spectral wavelength of light emittedby specimen is considered f or calculat ion ofmaturity
v Boreholes drilled along the Hinge Zone and west of it are considered for plotting maturation profilesto interpret source depocent res
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Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal Basin during M iocene
Bihar
Orissa
N
0 20 40 60 Km
Ichapur-A
Ichapur-B
Karimpur-A
Abhay-AGalsi-BGalsi-C Palashi-A
Mainagar-A
Chandkuri-A
SWL570nm
SWL 480-530nm
SWL 560-575nm
SWL<550nm
SWL 560-570nmSME-A
SWL560-580nm
SWL 575nmImmature phase
Immature phase in all the wells during Miocene
Maturation during Maturation during MioceneMiocene
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Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal Basin during Oligocene
Bihar
Orissa
N
0 20 40 60 Km
Ichapur-A
Ichapur-B
Karimpur-A
Abhay-AGalsi-BGalsi-C Palashi-A
Mainagar-A
Chandkuri-ASWL570-585nm
SWL <570nm
SWL 580-585mm
SWL 570-585nm
SWL 585-590mm
SWL 535nm
SME-A
Immature phase
Early phase of maturation
Maturation during Maturation during OligoceneOligoceneØImmature phase in the wells Galsi-B, C, Mainagar-A, Palashi-A and Abhay-A Ø Early phase of maturation in the wells SME-A, Chandkuri-A, Ichapur-A, B and Karimpur-A
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Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal Basin during Eocene
Bihar
Orissa
N
0 20 40 60 Km
Ichapur-A
Ichapur-B
Karimpur-AAbhay-A
Galsi-BGalsi-C Palashi-A
Mainagar-A
Chandkuri-A
SWL>600nm
SWL 540-570nm
SWL 590-600nm
SWL>600nm
SWL590-600nm
SWL590nm
SWL<570nm
SME-A
Immature phase
Initiation of generationof hydrocarbons
Maturation during Maturation during EoceneEocene
ØImmature phase in the wells Galsi-B, C
ØEarly phase of maturation in the wellsMainagar-A, Palashi-A
ØInitiation of generation of hydrocarbons in the wells SME-A, Chandkuri-A, Ichapur-A, B, Abhay-A and Karimpur-A
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Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal Basin during
Paleocene
Bihar
Orissa
N
0 20 40 60 Km
Ichapur-AIchapur-B
Karimpur-AAbhay-A
Galsi-BGalsi-C Palashi-A
Mainagar-A
Chandkuri-A
SWL>630nm
SWL 570-580nm
SWL 580-590nm
SWL>600nm
SWL 585-590nm
SME-A
Mature phase
Early phase of maturation
MaturationMaturationduring Paleoceneduring Paleocene
Ø Early phase of maturation in the wellsGalsi-B, Mainagar-A, Palashi-A
Ø Initiation of generation of hydrocarbons in the wells Abhay-A and Karimpur-A
Ø Mature phase in Chandkuri-A
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Maturation profile on the basis of Spectral wavelength in Bengal Basin during Cretaceous
Bihar
Orissa
N
0 20 40 60 Km
Ichapur-A
Ichapur-B
Karimpur-A
Abhay-AGalsi-BGalsi-C Palashi-A
Mainagar-A
Chandkuri-A
SWL630-655nm
SWL 590-600nm SWL590-600nm
Mature phase
Initiation of generationof hydrocarbons
SME-A
MaturationMaturationduring Cretaceousduring Cretaceous
Ø Initiation of generation of hydrocarbons in the wells Galsi-B, Mainagar-A, Palashi-A
ØMature phase in Chandkuri-A
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v Maturation profiles drawn for the area alongthe Hinge Zone and west of it for Cretaceousto Miocene
v Maturation profiles indicate, organic matternear the Hinge Zone has reached maturi tylevel earlier as compared to that i n thearea far west of Hinge Zone
Interpretation on Maturation Profile
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Evaluation on integration of Parameters• Qualitative Aspect for gas/oil prone OM• Quantitative Aspect for richness of OM• Thermal Maturation• Suitable paleoenvironments for OM
accumulation• Models prepared give a lead in HC
exploration
Hydrocarbon Source Potential
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