World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time
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Transcript of World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time
World Source Rock Potential through Geological Time: A Function of Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level, Sedimentation Rate, and Sea-Level Rise*
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall1, Jeffrey Chiarenzelli2, and Hassan S. Hassan1
Search and Discovery Article #40472 (2009)
Posted November 30, 2009 *Adapted from oral presentation at AAPG Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado, June 7-10, 2009 Please refer to companion article, “The Giant Oil Field Evaporite Association: A Function of the Wilson Cycle, Climate, Basin Position and Sea Level,” Search and Discovery Article #40471 (2009). 1Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC ([email protected]) 2Geology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY.
Abstract The world's source rocks include black shale and carbonates, and these large accumulations of organic matter and petroleum have an irregular temporal beat. The higher concentrations of organic matter are tied to sporadic super-plumes, plate configurations, climate, east coast / west coast ocean circulation, monsoons, allochthonous vs. autochthonous carbon, preservation mechanisms, and other phenomena. Most of the world's largest oil fields are restricted to areas along the southern margin of the Tethys, where specific areas are sweet and others not so productive! We argue that though 60% of the globe's (preserved) oil deposits are associated with super-plume timing; the explanation for its (preserved) oil potential is also controlled by a combination of an enveloping continental rain shadow, lack of clastic input, and organic production fostering concentrations of organic matter in the geological section from the Precambrian through the Phanerozoic, particularly the Mesozoic, This is principally true of the lee shore of Pangea and the resulting Middle Eastern Giant Fields. Here accumulation of organic-rich sediments appears tied to marine transgressions with shelf-margin flooding as one of the major factors controlling accumulations of organic-rich sediment. Evidence for this relationship is recorded in the Cretaceous section of the southern Mediterranean margin and the Eastern Arabian shelf. The Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland records a glacial ice-cap melt, and a major transgression occurred during the Early Silurian, resulting in organic-rich sediments represented by the Tanezzuft Shale of Libya, the Mudawwara Formation of Jordan, and the Qusaiba Member of Saudi Arabia and the Akkas Formation of Iraq. In the Precambrian the Shunga Event ~2.0 Ga also records accumulation of vast quantities of organic carbon preserved in organic-rich black shale source rocks. Details of this accumulation of petroleum are poorly defined but appear tied to plume magmatism and/or
volcanism plus interlayered volcanic rocks that may have played a role in preservation. The Shunga Event occurred during the dispersal of continents rather than the closure of oceans associated with the Mesozoic Middle Eastern oil reserves. This highlights a major requirement for accumulation and preservation of organic matter through time as the presence of a restricted basin, rich in nutrients, exposed to rapid sedimentation during times of transgression (relative sea-level rise).
References Abbott, D.H. and A.E. Isley, 2002, The intensity, occurrence, and duration of superplume events and eras over geological time: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 34/2, p. 265-307. Alsharhan, A.S. and A.E.M. Nairn, 1997, Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East: Elsevier, 942 p. Fox, J.E. and T.S. Ahlbrandt, 2002, Petroleum Geology and Total Petroleum Systems of the Widyan Basin and Interior Platform of Saudi Arabia and Iraq: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, Report # B, 2202. Kendall, C.G.St.C., 1969, An environmental re interpretation of the Permian evaporite/carbonate shelf sediments of the Guadalupe Mountains: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, p. 2503-2526. Melezhik ,V.A., A.E. Fallick, M.M. Filippov, and O. Larsen, 1999, Karelian shungite; an indication of 2.0-Ga-old metamorphosed oil-shale and generation of petroleum; geology, lithology and geochemistry: Earth Science Reviews, v. 47/1-2, p. 1-40. Rees, P.M., A.M. Ziegler, and P.J. Valdes, 2000, Jurassic phytogeography and climates; new data and model comparisons, in Warm climates in Earth history, Huber, B.T., K.G. MacLeod, and S.L. Wing, (eds.), p. 297-318. Scotese, C.R., 2002-2009, PALEOMAP Project: Web accessed 28 October 2009 http://www.scotese.com Ulmishek ,G.F. and H.D. Klemme, 1990, in Depositional controls, distribution, and effectiveness of world's petroleum source rocks: U S Geological Survey Bulletin, Report # B, 1931.
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
‘World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’
a function of
Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Sea-level Rise
‘‘World Source Rock Potential World Source Rock Potential Through Geological TimeThrough Geological Time’’
a function ofa function of
Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & SeaSedimentation Rate & Sea--level Riselevel Rise
CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL1, JEFFREY CHIARENZELLI2, & HASSAN S. HASSAN1
1-University of S. Carolina2-St. Lawrence University
CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALLCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL11, , JEFFREY CHIARENZELLIJEFFREY CHIARENZELLI22, , & HASSAN S. HASSAN& HASSAN S. HASSAN11
11--University of S. CarolinaUniversity of S. Carolina22--St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
University of South Carolina
St. Lawrence University
University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina
St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University
We extend our thanks & appreciation to:We extend our thanks & appreciation to:We extend our thanks & appreciation to:
for making the study reported in this presentation possiblefor making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possible
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
PlateExtension,
Convergenceor Barred
Climate(Rain Shadow)Low Sediment
MarineTransgression
SuperPlume
Nutrient
Restricted Basin
Summary & OutlineSummary & Outline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source Rocks & ReservoirsWorld's Source Rocks & ReservoirsWorld's Source Rocks & ReservoirsWorld wideWorld wide stratigraphic distribution ofstratigraphic distribution of
major source rocksmajor source rocksStratigraphic distribution of the Stratigraphic distribution of the
major reservoir rocks world widemajor reservoir rocks world wide
PRECAMBRIAN
CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
EraQuaternary
Paleocene
EoceneOligoceneMiocene
Quaternary10% 20% 30%
Upper Tertiary 12.5%
Aptian-Turonian 29%
Upper Jurassic 25%
Penn.-U Permian 8%
U Devonian - U Miss. 8%
Silurian 9%
Cambro-Ordovician 1 %
U Proterozoic 0.2 %
U Cretaceous – Lw Tertiary 2.8%
M-U Miss. 0.4%
L - M Devonian 0.3 %
M Jurassic to U Permian 1.2 %
Lower Cretaceous 2.6%
Pliocene
U Proterozoic PRECAMBRIAN
CambrianOrdovicianSilurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
PermianTriassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
EraQuaternary
Paleocene
Eocene
OligoceneMiocene
QuaternaryPliocene
U Proterozoic
10% 20% 30%
(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990)
OilGas
22.3%
20.5%
14.2%
10 %
11%
7.6%
PALE
OZO
ICM
ESO
ZOIC
CEN
OZO
IC
PALE
OZO
ICM
ESO
ZOIC
CEN
OZO
IC
Tert
iary
Tert
iary
Period Period
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Basin Restriction & AnoxiaBasin Restriction & AnoxiaBasin Restriction & Anoxia
Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Autothonous
Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates
Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Allocthonous AutothonousAutothonous
Preserved in:Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates
Devonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 Kty
(Kendall Photo)
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Climate and Source Rock PotentialClimate and Source Rock Potential
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Tertiary Source Rocks
Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Tertiary Source RocksTertiary Source Rocks
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Super-plume Forcing of Organic production
SuperSuper--plume Forcing of Organic plume Forcing of Organic productionproduction
Very fast Seafloor spreadingVery fast Seafloor spreading
Enhanced organic production of oceans from Enhanced organic production of oceans from massive amounts of COmassive amounts of CO2 2 from oceanic lava flowsfrom oceanic lava flows
Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & superProduce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & super--greenhouse events in Mesozoicgreenhouse events in Mesozoic
Organic matter preserved by anoxia on sea floor Organic matter preserved by anoxia on sea floor with accumulation of organic rich sedimentswith accumulation of organic rich sediments
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat!
Super Plumes & Time (Abbot & Isley 2002)
Phanerozoic!Phanerozoic!
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Break Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up Break Up -- Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticMesozoic of Northern Atlanticrestricted restricted entrances entrances
to seato sea
isolated linear
isolated linear
belt of interior
belt of interiordrainage
drainage regional regional
drainage drainage
away away
from marginfrom margin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed source, seal & reservoirjuxtaposed source, seal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Examples of Organic rich rocks at Break Up MarginsExamples of Organic rich rocks at Examples of Organic rich rocks at Break Up MarginsBreak Up Margins
Mesozoic of Northern Gulf of MexicoMesozoic of Northern Gulf of Mexico
Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic marginsmargins
Mesozoic of Yemen rift beltMesozoic of Yemen rift belt
Mesozoic & Tertiary of EritreaMesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea
East African RiftEast African Rift
Dead SeaDead Sea
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Collision Margin Restricted BasinCollision Margin Restricted BasinCollision Margin Restricted Basin
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato sea
isolated linearisolated linearbelt of interiorbelt of interior
drainagedrainage
regional regional
drainage drainage
into basininto basin
arid tropics air system arid tropics air system
wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision MarginsExamples of Organic rich Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision Marginsrocks at Collision Margins
Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaMesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaTertiary of Mediterranean Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Restricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin Settings
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Example of Barred BasinExample of Barred Basin Mesozoic Mesozoic -- Arabian GulfArabian Gulf
Upper Jurassic Upper Jurassic
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Kuwait, IranKuwait, Iran
& UAE& UAE
restricted restricted entrance entrance
to seato seastructural & structural &
depositionaldepositional
barrier overbarrier over
Hercynian Hercynian
horst blockshorst blocks
arid tropical air system arid tropical air system
wide shadow from adjacent continentswide shadow from adjacent continents
SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!
juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
PaleozoicPaleozoicPaleozoic
Jurassic
Jurassic
JurassicCretaceous
Cretaceous
Cretaceous{{
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Location of Oil & Gas Fields of
Arabian Gulf -
Reservoirsare
Youngerto East
Location of Location of Oil & Gas Oil & Gas Fields of Fields of
Arabian Gulf Arabian Gulf --
ReservoirsReservoirsareare
YoungerYoungerto Eastto East
Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs
Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Restricted Basins
Isolated by Build Up Barriers
Organic Rich Fill
Arabian Gulf Jurassic
Restricted Restricted Basins Basins
Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriers
Organic Rich Organic Rich FillFill
Arabian Gulf Arabian Gulf JurassicJurassic
After Fox & Albrandt,2002
Gotnia Basin
Gotnia Basin
Arabian Basin
Arabian Basin
Sout
h Ar
abia
n Ba
sin
Sout
h Ar
abia
n Ba
sin
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
North African Source RocksNorth African Source RocksNorth African Source Rocks
Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Petroleum Source in argillaceous Petroleum Source in argillaceous limestones of North Africalimestones of North Africa
Lower Paleozoic of North Africa proven and Lower Paleozoic of North Africa proven and prolific playsprolific plays
eg: Tanezzuft Shale of Libya
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Two major source rocks distribution around MediterraneanTwo major source rocks distribution around Mediterranean
Modified from varies sources
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?
Precambrian play of North Africa Precambrian play of North Africa ““is still is still immature & deserves more investigationimmature & deserves more investigation””quote from Jonathon Craig quote from Jonathon Craig -- ENIENILarge autochthonous accumulations of Large autochthonous accumulations of organic matter rare in Precambrian rocksorganic matter rare in Precambrian rocksOccurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary Occurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks as coalrocks as coal--like material like material Derived from Precambrian oil?Derived from Precambrian oil?Potential matches younger oil plays?Potential matches younger oil plays?
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems
World Neoproterozoic Petroleum World Neoproterozoic Petroleum SystemsSystems
Proven
South Punjab (Bikner-Nagaur)Basin, Pakistan - India
South OmanSalt Basin
Taoudenni BasinMauritania,
Mali, Algeria
Sirte, CyrenaicaBasin, Libya
Murzuq BasinSW Libya
Ahnet BasinAlgeria
Tindouf BasinMorocco, Algeria
Potential
PotwarBasin
Kufra BasinSW Libya
ArgentinaBolivia,
& Paraguay
USA NonesuchMichigan
Amadeus, Officer& McArthur Basin
VolgaUral Province Lena-Tunguske
Province, Siberia
After Jonathon Craig - ENI
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World Record Holder Karelian ShungitesWorld Record Holder Karelian ShungitesWorld Record Holder Karelian ShungitesPaleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW RussiaPaleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW Russia
600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya Formation600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya Formation
CCorgorg up to 98%; averages 25% over 9000 up to 98%; averages 25% over 9000 kmkm2 2 along narrow rifted margin along narrow rifted margin
Include coalInclude coal--like seams of layered like seams of layered shungite , crossshungite , cross--cutting diapirs & veins of cutting diapirs & veins of remobilized liquid petroleumremobilized liquid petroleum
Interlayered with mafic volcanicsInterlayered with mafic volcanics
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
V.A. Melezhik et al. 1999
Karelian ShungitesKarelian Shungites
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
OutlineOutline
Significant Source Rocks through Significant Source Rocks through TimeTime
Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksRocks
Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House)versus Ice House)
TransgressionsTransgressions
SuperSuper--plumes (Nutrients)plumes (Nutrients)
Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)
Middle EastMiddle East
North AfricaNorth Africa
Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksContain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:
Black (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates
Have irregular temporal beat driven byBasin restriction
– Continental plate configuration Initial extension Final collision
– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Climatic response
– Rain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulation– Monsoons
World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumes
Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan margin
Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:
Black (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates
Have irregular temporal beat driven byBasin restriction
– Continental plate configuration Initial extension Final collision
– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Climatic response
– Rain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulation– Monsoons
World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumes
Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan margin
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Source Rock PotentialSource Rock PotentialSource Rock Potential
Products include:Products include: Algal Cyano-bacterial & phyto plankton bloom Limited infauna
90% occur in same 90% occur in same basin phasebasin phase80% occur in same 80% occur in same supersuper--sequencesequence
Low rainfall & low siliciclastic influx favor lower Low rainfall & low siliciclastic influx favor lower levels of oxygen & elevated salinities, & high levels of oxygen & elevated salinities, & high organic productivityorganic productivity::
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrincipal Oil Provinces matching this paradigmPrincipal Oil Provinces matching this paradigm
Mesozoic lee shore of PangeaMesozoic lee shore of PangeaEastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields Eastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields
Southern Mediterranean margin Southern Mediterranean margin
Early Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland (ice Early Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & transgression) cap melt, & transgression)
Tanezzuft Shale of LibyaTanezzuft Shale of Libya
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrecambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents
Precambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 GaPrecambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 Ga
Rich in organic carbonRich in organic carbon
Plume caused magmatism &/or volcanismPlume caused magmatism &/or volcanism
InterInter--layered volcanic rockslayered volcanic rocks
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
ConclusionsConclusions
Now for a few Now for a few barrels of oil!barrels of oil!
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Source Rock Conditions & Impact on Play ElementsSource Rock Conditions & Impact on Play ElementsBasin restriction juxtaposes: Basin restriction juxtaposes:
Source Rocks Source Rocks SourceSource and and ReservoirReservoir (90% same (90% same basin phase; >80% same superbasin phase; >80% same super--sequence)sequence)
75% Source rocks = 75% Source rocks = CarbonatesCarbonates & Silici& Silici--clastic clastic Source Rocks not Necessary Source Rocks not Necessary
Low Low RainRain Fall & Low Fall & Low SiliciclasticSiliciclastic InfluxInflux
AlgaeAlgae & & BacteriaBacteria Proliferate; limited InfaunaProliferate; limited Infauna
Reservoir RocksReservoir RocksCarbonatesCarbonates
ClasticsClastics
Seal RocksSeal RocksReservoir and SealReservoir and Seal
Effective Regional Seals formed by Effective Regional Seals formed by –– EvaporitesEvaporites
–– ShalesShales
–– Dense LimestonesDense Limestones
Requisite Conditions Requisite Conditions Restriction & AridityRestriction & Aridity
Abu Dhabi Arid Carbonate CoastlineAbu Dhabi Arid Carbonate CoastlinePhoto courtesy of NASAPhoto courtesy of NASA
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Plate Phase & Restricted Basins Plate Phase & Restricted Basins Plate Phase & Restricted Basins
after warren, 2009
arid setting
break up
collision
lee of barrier
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Organic rich source rock generation at break up of continental plates
Organic rich source rock generation Organic rich source rock generation at break up of continental platesat break up of continental plates
Isolated linear belts of interior drainage.Isolated linear belts of interior drainage.
Linear belts connected by restricted entrance to Linear belts connected by restricted entrance to the sea. the sea.
Regional drainage tends to flow away from Regional drainage tends to flow away from break up marginbreak up margin
Air system of the arid tropicsAir system of the arid tropics
Wide envelope of surrounding continentsWide envelope of surrounding continents
Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticMesozoic of Northern Atlantic
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source Rocks
Restricted basins rich in nutrients fostering high Restricted basins rich in nutrients fostering high organic matter productivityorganic matter productivityLack of clastic or carbonate inputLack of clastic or carbonate inputExtensional, & compressional plate boundaries, &/or Extensional, & compressional plate boundaries, &/or barred basinsbarred basinsEnveloping continental rain shadowEnveloping continental rain shadowMarine transgressions Marine transgressions Globe's unexploited & preserved oil deposits Globe's unexploited & preserved oil deposits associated with timing of superassociated with timing of super--plumes?plumes?
ParticularlyParticularly in Mesozoic but into rest of Phanerozoic in Mesozoic but into rest of Phanerozoic section & even Precambrian. Most associated with:section & even Precambrian. Most associated with:
Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”
Basins with autochthonous organic material
Michigan - Tyler Formation / Michigamme Slate (1.82 Ga)
S.W. Greenland – Ketilidian (>1.8 Ga)
Australia – McArthur Basin (1.4-1.7 Ga)
Gabon – Franceville Series Oklo (~2.1 Ga)
Ontario – Huronian Supergroup(2.1-2.4 Ga)
Labrador – Mugford Group (>1.97 Ga)
Precambrian Basins with Oil potentialPrecambrian Basins with Oil potential