SOLITARY LIFE AND TIMES OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEEcestanislaus.ucanr.edu/files/111743.pdf · SOLITARY...
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SOLITARY LIFE AND TIMES OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
James H. Cane, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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BLUE ORCHARD BEEOsmia lignariaTranscontinentalOne spring generation per yearNon-social138 other Osmia in U.S.
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45 F
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pollen load
stigma
pistil
POLLINATION
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PHILOSOPHY OF USING BLUE ORCHARD BEES FOR POLLINATION
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MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
RentalRentalDisposableDisposable
OwnershipOwnership(sustainable mngmt)(sustainable mngmt)
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MOBILITY
Fixed in seasonFixed in seasonMigratoryMigratory
ImmobileImmobile
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REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
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BEE HUSBANDRYKNOW YOUR BEEKNOW YOUR BEEOPTIMIZE SEASONAL TIMINGOPTIMIZE SEASONAL TIMINGPROVIDE FOR FORAGEPROVIDE FOR FORAGEMINIMIZE DISEASE AND PESTSMINIMIZE DISEASE AND PESTS
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
CREATIONCREATIONEGG stageEGG stage
66--9 days9 daysdelicatedelicateunfertilized boysunfertilized boys
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
FEEDING & GROWTHFEEDING & GROWTHLARVA 9LARVA 9--21 days21 daysImmobile (keep on provision)Immobile (keep on provision)Prone to pestilenceProne to pestilence
sons daughters
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEETRANSITIONTRANSITION
PREPUPA (in cocoon)PREPUPA (in cocoon)Stage most bees winter overStage most bees winter overTough (OK to move)Tough (OK to move)OsmiaOsmia summering stagesummering stage-- 22--4+ weeks, CA diapause4+ weeks, CA diapause
Preserving
fat
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATIONPUPAPUPA-- 33--7 weeks7 weeksdelicatedelicateNo bee overwinters No bee overwinters at this stageat this stage
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
ADULT BEEADULT BEEwinters over for months winters over for months ready to go in spring, ready to go in spring, active active 22--3 weeks3 weekssexes disperse, matesexes disperse, matefemale also female also prepares nest, prepares nest, forages, lays forages, lays eggs and moreeggs and more
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE
egg
larv
a
prepupa
pupa
Wintering
adult
SPRING
FALL
Pre-wintering
adult
Flying
adult
Immature stages
Adult stages
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FLORAL RELATIONSTaxonomic Generalist- in nature…
Photo Wayne Padgett
Hydrophyllumwillows redbud
Collinsia
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SUPPLEMENTAL FORAGEDuration of bloom < longevity of BOBsExcessive bad weatherUnfortunate timing of release
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SUPPLEMENTAL FORAGE-EARLYYoung females for egg developmentEmergence precedes orchard bloom
AlmondAlmond Flowering quinceFlowering quince-10x nectar sugar- 2-3x the pollen
1 BOB = pollen produced by 40-60 flowers
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SUPPLEMENTAL FORAGE- LATETardy or old femalesExtends nesting after orchard bloomHoney bees will mob these
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CUES OF SEASONALITY
Generation cues – one, or more?Developmental transition cuesDay-length versus thermal cuesSynchronization with host bloom
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FRUIT TREE &BEE DORMANCY
autumn winter spring
chill houraccumulation
coldacclimation
growingdegreedays
Dormancy
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WA
UT
?
TRAP-NESTINGNortherly areas
Owner permitImport CA
CDFA permitNo mix CA bees
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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTprincipal with interest
Principal comes from wild trappingstart with bees trap-nested from the wild
e.g. 750,000 BOBs from n UT, se ID this yearInterest comes from good management
multiply bees in orchard / forage cropsurviving daughters > mothers released1.5 - 3x realistic most years after first
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PESTILENCE & MALADIESProvision, larva most vulnerableInsect cleptoparasites and predators, mites, fungi, bacteria, probably virusShare with honey bees, bumblebees?Insecticide (fungicide?) sensitivityStart with clean populations
Orchard advantagesProgram of hygenic nest management
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“Weight of Too Many Blue Orchard Bees Results in Limb Breakage”
-Sacramento Bee 30 February 2009
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CENTRAL PLACE FORAGERlearns local visual landmarks around nestnavigates by landmarks, sunoptimal foraging and flight distancepoor at later resetting nest orientation cuesprospect for migratory beekeeping with BOB