SOLAR PV FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HOMES IN THE GREATER

CIC Start Online – Academic Feasibility Study

Scottish Energy Centre (HEI)

&

Easthall Park Housing Co-operative Ltd (SME)

SOLAR PV FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HOMES IN THE GREATER EASTERHOUSE AREA OF GLASGOW

Date: 05

th of September 2011 Internal ref: FS-004-2011

Scottish Energy Centre

Institute for Sustainable Construction

CIC Start Online Feasibility Study SOLAR PV FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HOMES IN THE GREATER EASTERHOUSE AREA OF GLASGOW

2 Contact details: Julio Bros W - Scottish Energy Centre - email: [email protected] John Currie - Scottish Energy Centre - email: [email protected]

1.0 PARTNERS DETAILS

FUNDING BODY: CIC START ONLINE - European Regional Development Fund (Lowlands and Uplands Scotland 2007-2013 programme) and SEEKIT programme of Scottish Government

CONTACT: Dr Branka Dimitrijevic Director CIC Start Online

Tel: 0141 273 1408 Email: [email protected] www.cicstart.org

ACADEMIC: SCOTTISH ENERGY CENTRE, EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY.

CONTACT: Julio Bros Williamson 42 Colinton Rd,

Edinburgh, Scotland,

EH10 5BT

Tel: 0131 455 5139

Email: [email protected] Web: www.napier.ac.uk/sec

PREPARED BY: Julio Bros Williamson –Energy & Building Consultant - Scottish Energy Centre

COLLABORATION: Dr. Celine Garnier - Scottish Energy Centre Nicolas Henry – Scottish Energy Centre - Intern

REVIEWED BY: John Currie – Director of the Scottish Energy Centre, Edinburgh Napier University SME: EASTHALL PARK HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE LTD

CONTACT: Mr. John McMorrow Director

Glenburn Centre 6 Glenburnie Place Glasgow G34 9AN Tel: 0141 781 2277 Fax: 0141 773 1958

Email: [email protected] Web : www.easthallpark.org.uk

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.napier.ac.uk/sec

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.easthallpark.org.uk/



CONTENTS

1. Partners details ...................................................................................................................................................................2

2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................4

3. PV Basics .............................................................................................................................................................................7

4. Site constrains .....................................................................................................................................................................8

5. Feed In Tariff constrains .....................................................................................................................................................9

6. Grid Connection constrains ...............................................................................................................................................11

7. Case studies of dwellings ..................................................................................................................................................11

7.1 Introduction – filtering & selection ..................................................................................................................................................................................12

7.2 7 Wardie Rd ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................13

7.3 15 Edderton Place ............................................................................................................................................................................................................15

7.4 56 Ware Rd .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................17

7.5 26 Banton Place ................................................................................................................................................................................................................19

7.6 73 Arnisdale Rd & 57 Shandwick St ..................................................................................................................................................................................21

8. Conclusion & summary of results .....................................................................................................................................25

9. References ........................................................................................................................................................................26

10. Annexes

Annex 01 – Ofgem Feed in Tariff yearly projection, June 2011 ........................................................................27

Annex02 - Income Generation for 7 Wardie Rd ................................................................................................28

Annex03 - Income Generation for 15 Edderton Rd ...........................................................................................29

Annex04 - Income Generation for 56 Ware Rd .................................................................................................30

Annex05 - Income Generation for 26 Banton Pl ................................................................................................31

Annex06 - Income Generation for 73 Arnisdale Rd ...........................................................................................32

Annex07 - Income Generation for 57 Shandwick St ...........................................................................................33

Annex08 – PV options table ...............................................................................................................................34



2.0 INTRODUCTION The Scottish Energy Centre as part of the Institute for Sustainable Construction & Edinburgh Napier University was selected by Easthall Park Housing Co-operative (EHPH) on behalf of CIC Start Online to examine the potential for using solar photovolataic (PV) technology in the Greater Easterhouse Area of Glasgow. It is of great concern to EHPH to address the issues around energy demand versus supply amongst their ever growing housing stock. Issues related to energy conservation have been slowly addressed by complying with the Scottish Housing Quality Standards and by launching energy saving schemes throughout some selected properties. The vast majority of the housing stock in the Greater Easterhouse area has undergone refurbishments in the mid 1990’s or are newly built houses/ apartments that comply with current building regulations. Although this is an ongoing issue, of reducing the energy conservation and demand of the properties through energy efficiency, it is a topic which concerns not only the Housing Co-operative, but also the tenants. As energy conservation is tackled, there is also the concern of addressing appropriate methods of energy supply to the housing stock. Scotland has set a number of targets to reduce carbon emissions and buildings account for nearly half of the countries CO2 emissions. Following some of the Scottish Governments targets, The Climate Change (Scotland) Act has put in place a legislative framework to pursue a reduction in emissions associated with the unsustainable use of fossil fuels and placed duties on public bodies. The Scottish Government commitment to increase the amount of electricity and heat generated from renewable sources is a vital part of the response to climate change. The headline targets to generate the equivalent of 100% of Scotland's gross annual electricity consumption and the equivalent of 11% of Scotland's heat demand met from renewable sources by 2020 have spatial planning implications that need to be addressed in development plans. (1) It is for this reason that EHPH is concerned for the future regarding the source and use of energy. Dependency on global energy supply is a risk; not only on the origin of this energy but also the availability of it in the not so distant future. Finite energy sources will overshadow the housing sector sooner rather than later and it is a wise decision to project towards a non dependant energy supply. 2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY BRIEF EHPH wished to undertake a feasibility study to examine the possibility of installing solar PVs to approximately 100 homes in the Greater Easterhouse area of Glasgow. Benefits include reducing electricity costs for the tenants; thus tackling fuel poverty, whilst at the same time reducing the CO2 emissions. It is proposed that this study will be made available to other social rented landlords within Scotland and this would assist them to develop PV within their own rented stock with as many as 5,000 tenants benefiting. The study considered:

Location and type(s) of PV panels to maximise solar gain, including output and returns

Links with additional energy saving measures to minimise energy usage whilst maximising carbon reduction

Benefits of feed in tariff in relation to provision of solar PVs 2.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES Aim The aim of the feasibility study was to highlight technical and economic viability of the use of solar photovoltaic panels for the generation of electricity in the selected apartments. It also touched on depleting dwelling fuel poverty by introducing effective, cheap and accessible means of supplying electrical energy to the homes. Another key aim was to indicate the carbon reduction versus the investment over a longer period of time. (1) Scottish Government Renewables policy 2011 - http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17612/

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17612/



Objectives The following objectives were identified for the feasibility study: a) Understand and review how solar PV panels operate and how to obtain optimum efficiency.

b) Discuss and evaluate the technical constrains related to what type of PV panel is optimum for the selected buildings and how

that influences efficiencies and production.

c) Identify and explain the links between technical and energy suppliers sizing constrains

d) Explore the role of the Feed in tariff and sell back to grid

e) Understand the issues surrounding the economical payback of all equipment coupled with the sizing of equipment

f) Articulate the role of the location and orientation of the properties.

g) Use case study examples to demonstrate “best practice” examples of renewable energy usage and application

2.3 BACKGROUND The Scottish Government Draft Electricity policy statement 2010 set out the latest position on Scotland’s future electricity mix including an update on the Scottish approach to Energy Efficiency and Microgeneration as developed in the Energy Efficiency Action Plan. The Energy Efficiency Action Plan reaffirmed the Scottish Government’s ambitious energy efficiency and microgeneration agenda for Scotland and set out our wide-ranging programme of activity on behaviour change, household, business and public sector energy efficiency, infrastructure, skills, and transport. This framework furthers the governments climate change, economic and social ambitions. It will drive the cost-effective action required if Scotland is to meet its challenging statutory emissions reduction targets of at least 80% by 2050 and 42% by 2020, as set out in the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 and introduces a headline target to reduce Scottish final energy consumption by 12% by 2020, with an indication of how this will be monitored (2) Targets are ambitious and will be followed in the next couple of years. It is for that reason that EHPH has set out a clear indication of trying to supply as many feasible properties with electrical energy sourced from a renewable source. In this case, the Co-operative has decided to set out a feasibility study to select the best properties to suit Photovoltaic panels to supply as many as properties that are feasible. With this technology in place, it is also of priority to the HA to take advantage of the schemes for improved payback of such investment in technology, this is achieved by focusing this excursive on the Feed In Tariff (FiT) scheme as a means of investment recovery and future financial projection. In all renewable technology feasibility reports, it is appropriate to show how the investment can be paid back and determine whether it is a viable and worthwhile venture. This was key to the report; identifying investment versus the return payments and the sell-back to grid income. 2.4 EXISTING HOUSING STOCK The Easterhouse area of Glasgow is located to the east of the city. It is a post-war suburb about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the city centre. It was partially built on land gained from the county of Lanarkshire as part of a boundary expansion of Glasgow before the Second World War. Construction began in mid-1950s when building by the then local authority, Glasgow Corporation, commenced.

Easthall Park is a Fully Mutual Housing Co-operative and is a not for profit Registered Social Landlord operating in the Easthall and Kildermorie area of Easterhouse, Glasgow and is 100% controlled and run by tenants. Easthall Park Housing Co-operative provides housing and support services to tenants in the above areas and is further developing its sustainable and renewable energy strategy in place for the future. The housing in Easthall ranges from tenement type apartments from the mid 1980’s to terraced and semi detached or detached houses of one or two levels. These older properties have undertaken recent refurbishments but the majority of the detached houses are newly built and are in average been built in the last 10 years. The Kildermorie area managed by the Housing Co-operative is of new acquisition and has gone through a phase of demolishment of older properties and the new build of bungalows and semi detached properties. The housing stock is well administered keeping the streets clean, safe and surrounded by acceptable green areas for recreation. (2)Scottish Government Renewables Action Plan March 2011 - http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/Resources/20801/RAPCONS

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/Resources/20801/RAPCONS

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/Resources/20801/RAPCONS



2.5 METHODOLOGY This study addressed the objectives identified above by conducting initial location surveys of the whole housing stock that EHPH has selected for this study. This, in-turn led to a further filtering study on the typology of the dwellings and the similarities that the buildings have. To avoid repeating information and specification, a selection of 6 houses/apartment blocks were chosen for their optimum roof shape and orientation. These 6 properties are common in the development and thus used as examplars to repeat specifications and calculations. With these 6 properties selected, the study then proceeded to conduct calculations and guidelines for that given roof type and orientation. This feasibility,economic and technical results in this report have been calculated and produced by using one of the leading design software tools on the market for European photovoltaic systems called PVSyst. It requires the following information to obtain accurate results:

Tilt of pitched roof (if flat roof an ideal & optimum tilt can be suggested)

Orientation of roof (southern orientations)

The amount of power required, in order to size the system

Type of modules specified – monocrystalline or polycrystalline (see section 3.0) I order to conduct the report and to make sense of the results obtained by the software; it is essential to know the following:

The initial demand of energy

Cost of the panels and equipment

Funding mechanisms – government or other

Cost of the price per kWh by the energy providers The above provided the tools to conduct an economic feasibility framework which would determine whether the installation was feasible both technically and economically. 2.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY It is essential that before any installation of renewable energy takes place, that the building or apartment in question has fully been refurbished and has undergone work related to energy mitigation by, for example, draughtproofing, insulation top up, use of double glazed or better windows with insulated frames, etc. This is required to reduce a buildings energy consumption which, if high, would work against the effective use of renewables. By making sure the property is thermally unresponsive, the use of alternative energy sources can be utilised as efficiently as possible. It is understood that EHPH has undergone significant refurbishment of their properties and that new housing being built is planned and designed with energy efficiency in mind.



3.0 PV BASICS

3.1 WHAT ARE PHOTOVOLTAICS? Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert energy from the sun into electricity through semi conductor cells. PVs supply electricity to the buildings they are attached to or to any other load connected to the electricity grid. Electricity is usually fed into the grid when the generated power exceeds the local need. PV systems can be off grid but it is unlikely any systems installed in Easterhouse would be of this type. More electricity is produced with more sunlight, but energy can still be produced in overcast or cloudy conditions, so PVs can be used successfully in all parts of the UK, including the Highlands of Scotland, where the average annual sum of global irradiation per square meter received on a horizontal plane is 2.3 kWh/m

2. Photovoltaic panels can be fitted to

existing buildings, designed into new buildings or attached to individual items such as street lights, parking meters or the sides of bridges. 3.2 BENEFITS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS Incorporating photovoltaics into a development can enable the building envelope to generate a percentage of its electricity for free, without the emission of greenhouse gases. These are clearly two important benefits, but as a technology it has a number of others (3): • No moving parts and therefore requires little maintenance • No emissions in use • Easy to install as modular and light • Technically reliable – they are generally guaranteed to last over 20 years but are expected to last longer. • Avoidance of climate change levy for non-domestic buildings • Helping to meet national, regional or even local renewable energy and carbon dioxide emission targets • PV produces electricity at point of need so energy is not lost moving it from one place to another • One of the few renewable technologies that can be used very successfully in urban areas • Architectural integration – PVs can be added almost invisibly to buildings, can be used as a design element or can lead the

architectural concept of a building • Cost savings – PVs generally add to the cost of a building • Marketing impact – a clear statement about renewable energy There are still some major disadvantages with PVs – the major one being high cost. They are also still a relatively new technology so that there are not many architects, engineers, electricians or roofers with much experience of them. 3.3 TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS

PV cells come in a number of types with varying operating efficiencies in differing conditions with different costs attached: Table 01 Efficiency of solar panels depending on their type (3) Efficiency Cost Comparison m

2 per

1kWp*

Other info

Monocrystalline silicon

15%

Expensive due to the manufacturing process a pure single crystal of silicon is drawn from molten silicon and is then sawn into wafers

8 m2 Can only be manufactured in batches so this technology is not ideally suited to mass production

Polycrystalline silicon

8-12%

Cheaper than monocrystalline to manufacture as molten silicon is cast into blocks and then sawn into wafers

10 m2 Not well suited to mass production.

Amorphous silicon

4-6%

Cheap to manufacture as low temperatures are required and expensive sawing isn’t needed

20 m2 Use very thin layers of material so is referred to as thin-film and can be deposited onto a backing material such as glass or plastic (which can be flexible)

Cadmium telluride and Copper indium diselenide

7-9%

More expense than amorphous silicon due to the low volume of production and expensive of the raw materials.

Both of these materials can be deposited as thin layers

*A kWp (kilo Watt peak) is the standard unit of measurement for PV systems. It refers to the peak power that the system can generate. A 3 kWp system is the typical size for a domestic installation (fully off grid). (3) Solar Power Feasibility Study - Sustainable Eastside - Faber Maunsell- December 2003



PV modules come in a wide array of configurations and can be fitted onto the roofs of buildings, onto facades, integrated into different building components and fitted to existing buildings. They are particularly suited to buildings that use electricity during the day – offices, retail and schools. The simplest option is to fit a modular panel to a pitched roof that has an optimum tilt suitable for efficient energy production, the panels can be integrated into the roof structure as slates or shingles, or bolted in modules to the top. The alternative is in a flat roof where a framework is installed to obtain the optimum tilt. These options can readily be retrofitted to existing buildings. PV panels can also be located and fitted onto facades vertically and also onto louvers which are sometimes very favourable in tracking the best angle for increased electricity production in accordance with the time of the day and the sun’s tilt. 3.4 DC CONNECTING CABLES When solar modules are connected and working, direct currents of several hundred volts can be generated. For this reason, when DC currents exceed a protective low voltage of 120V touch-proof wiring protected against short circuiting and accidental earthing must be employed. For outdoor PV installations, it is also very important that the materials used have high UV, ozone and temperature resistance. Accordingly, special solar cables with double insulation and excellent temperature/UV resistance are used for PV systems. 3.5 INVERTERS Inverters convert the direct current (DC) created by the solar modules into alternating current (AC) suitable for the grid. At the same time, they monitor and regulate the feed of current into the grid, automatically disconnecting the PV generator from the grid in the event of a fault or grid failure.

4.0 SITE CONSTRAINS The site should be the most appropriate for the optimum operation of the system; it is essential that the system can obtain as much energy as possible in order to make the investment worthwhile and in a shorter payback period. Solar panels can be installed in all orientations but some will produce low quantities of electricity while others because of its orientation and tilt can take advantage fully of the solar radiation. In the northern hemisphere PVs should ideally face between south-east and south-west, at an azimuth (orientation) of about 30-40°. Most systems in Britain operate more efficient in these tilt angles and in Scotland the average efficient tilt is ± 2˚ of 40˚. Systems should be in locations that will be un-shaded at all times of day if possible. Gable roofs, chimneys, cables, TV aerials, trees and other buildings in the vicinity should be identified as potential shading and should be considered in the PvSyst software. Trees or other parts of the building may cause the performance of the system to drop in the early morning or early afternoon. Fig. 01 – Shading from trees – Source: Energy saving trust, UK 2010 Sometimes insignificant elements like a TV satellite cable hanging above the modules can have a very large impact on the performance of the system because of the electrical characteristics of PV modules. Shade reduces the output of the shaded cells; the shaded cells then have an increased resistance to the flow of electric current which reduces the flow of electric current through all the cells joined to that cell. PVs need to be ventilated (underneath the modules) so that they don’t heat up – their efficiency decreases as the temperature rises. Suitable ventilation is easier to ensure for bolt-on systems on to roofs as they can overheat without proper air circulation around them. The design of racks and structural elements bolted onto the roof should take this into account.



This feasibility study has indicated that modules are to be attached to existing dwellings, therefore considerations should take place in the loading capabilities needed on the structure. It is recommended that a structural survey and detailed account of the considerable weights that will be imposed to the roof should be undertaken while also making sure fixings are securely and professionally installed. Care must be taken if the systems are to be fitted to social housing properties with pre-payment meters as some meters do not allow the export of electricity and can be damaged by attempted export. Maintenance of such panels is essential; Cleaning is needed if the area is known for a bird population (e.g. seagulls) as they may need to be discouraged from perching near the systems. A maintenance regime should be placed in which cleaning of panels is undertaken; as this can reduce their efficiency in the long term. It is also essential to be aware of the current buildings electrical system type and whether it’s a 1 phase connection or a 3 phase connection. This will determine many aspects of the system sizing.

5.0 FEED IN TARIFF CONSTRAINS In order to make an investment into solar photovoltaic panels worthwhile with lower paybacks it is advisable to look into what is known as the Feed in Tariff or FiT’s. In April 2010 the UK solar PV Feed in Tariff, also known as the 'Clean Energy Cashback Scheme', came into force. The solar PV Feed in Tariff (FiT) is a government promoted incentive administered and regulated by OFGEM. The Feed in Tariff obliges the traditional energy companies (known in this context as FiT Licensees) to pay the owner of a solar PV system above-market rates for the clean energy that they generate and also guarantees an additional price (per kWh) for the energy that they sell/export. The solar PV Feed in Tariff has been designed to recognise the financial commitment of the solar PV system owner through a guaranteed repayment on their investment; in most cases a healthy return over and above what the system costs to install and in recognition of the contribution made to lowering the country's dependence on imported fuel and lowering overall CO2 emissions. The Solar PV Feed in Tariff is available for everyone including homeowners, businesses, schools and land owners. Income from the Feed in Tariff is not subject to tax for homeowners. 5.1 GENERAL ASPECTS Essentially the FiT scheme comprises two tariffs:

The generation tariff

The export tariff The solar PV generation tariff guarantees a fixed payment (usually paid quarterly) based on the size of solar PV system that is installed and the amount of power (measured in kWh) that the solar PV system is capable of generating. Payments are guaranteed for 25 years and payment rates are index linked to inflation (using the Retail Price Index). To kick start the scheme there are higher rates payable for systems installed before the end of March 2012. Payment rates are fixed based on the installation date, systems installed before 31st March 2012 will be fixed at the highest rate for the full 25 years. The rates are outlined in the table below. Please see annex 01 for other tariffs.

Solar PV Feed in Tariff Generation Rates

Solar PV System Size: Installation Date: Installation Date: Tariff Lifetime:

2010 – 2012 2012 – 2013

4kWp or less (Retrofit*) 43.3p per kWh 39.6 per kWh 25 years

4kWp or less (New build) 37.8p per kWh 34.6p per kWh

25 years

4kWp - 10kWp** 37.8p per kWh 34.6p per kWh 25 years

10kWp - 50kWp** 32.9p per kWh 30.1p per kWh 25 years

50kWp – 100kWp** 32.9 per kWh before 01/08/11

19.0p/kWh after 01/08/11 17.4p per kWh 25 years

Table 02 - Solar PV Feed in Tariff Generation Rates- Source: OFGEM 2011 * A retrofit installation is defined as any installation fitted to or wired to an existing building. **A stand alone system is defined as not attached to or wired to a building in order to provide electricity to that building. e.g solar energy farms wired directly into the grid.



The solar PV export tariff applies to the proportion of clean energy that is exported (i.e. sold via the grid for others to use) and is set at a buy price of 3.1pence per kWh. The export rate is guaranteed for 25 years and also index linked to the Retail Price Index (RPI). The export tariff is not applicable for off-grid PV systems. The scheme covers electricity-generating technologies, up to an installation size of 5 Mega Watts and the tariff can be applied to any type of solar PV system including off-grid PV systems (the generation tariff) and Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems providing that both the solar equipment and the solar installer have been inspected and accredited to UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) standards. One of the main debates under the FiT constrains is what tariff to use. It is evident that in order to reduce the pay-back of the investment; the higher the FiT payment is the shorter the payback will be. It is therefore suggested that an installation is built up of equal-to or less than 4kWp systems under the retrofit type of installation; as these will receive the highest tariff of 43.3p/kWh, reducing to 39.6p/kWh beyond April 2012 (see table 01 and annex 01). If the installation is above this but below 10kWp system; 37.8p/kWh can be obtained and 34.6p/kWh beyond April 2012. For systems above 10kWp the tariff begins to reduce and become less-attractive but nevertheless can still provide a reasonable rate of return. 5.2 APPLICATION TO FiT’s OFGEM administers a Feed in Tariff register which holds the details of all registered generators. System registration is carried out via the FIT Licensees (the power companies). Once an eligible solar PV system has been installed the owner will be able to register it. An additional electricity meter to measure the electricity that the system is generating (known as a total generation meter), and also to measure how much is being fed back into the electricity grid (if not deemed, this is known as an export meter or may be called a feed-in, feed-out meter) will be rerquired. (4) Meter readings must be returned to the suppliers, usually every quarter, which is also the period that payments are typically paid. Once your chosen installer has fitted your generating technology, they will register you on the central FIT database and you will then receive a certificate confirming FIT compliance. You must then inform your chosen energy supplier that you are eligible to receive the FIT by providing the certificate once this is done the supplier will then cross reference your installation with the central FIT database to verify it is a worthy installation and it has been installed by a registered MCS company. Payments will then be made by your energy supplier at intervals to be decided between you and your supplier which means the building user may be required to provide meter readings to the suppliers if requested.

(4) Energy saving trust - Feed-in Tariff scheme –- http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Sell-your-own-energy/Feed-in-Tariff-scheme#tarifflevels

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Sell-your-own-energy/Feed-in-Tariff-scheme#tarifflevels




6.0 GRID CONNECTION CONSTRAINS

The UK power sector is a complicated and systematic industry that has recently been hit by the sudden need for grid connected renewable energy installations. This is due to the industry adapting to privatisation, changes in environmental awareness, technological developments and Government policy. Traditionally, the grid connections rely on a generating plant only basis that was connected to a transmission system that then hooked up to a distribution network that distributed to Domestic, commercial and industrial energy users. That connection has now evolved into having a split generating source, no longer reliant on Power stations but now also relying on renewable energy plants. On-site electricity can be generated by installing a Distributed Generation in the point of use of such energy. This way you can have a renewable energy system to produce free energy and also sell electricity back to the grid system. This could be achieved by surpassing some constrains which have to be taken into consideration as they involve different set up and installation routes with different guidelines. This feasibility study, links the relationship between Solar PV systems and the energy generated and the type of electrical phase connection the system will have. To simplify the connection it is suggested that the installation in a dwelling is done using a maximum of 3.65kW in 1 phase installation with a 16Amp system. This connection route and ‘single’ phase installation does not require prior notification to the Distribution Network Operator (DNO). In order to connect and obtain grid connection benefits and tariffs both for generating and for exporting, a G83/1 application form is filled in and submitted to the DNO after installation. When installing ‘multiple’ single phase installations with each phase of the building connected to a maximum 3.65kW system with a total of 10.8kW, prior notification before installation is required using the G83/1 guidelines. If this option is taken, it surpasses the high tariffs put by the FiT (see section 5.1), therefore it is recommended that installations have systems lower than 10kW; thus 9.8kW installations are most common, this is if the roof space can withstand this size of installation and whether the customer wants to be generating this amount of energy which can imply a high capital investment. If the installations are above 3.65kW/phase then a different route has to be taken. With systems up to 17kW for single phase, 35kW for dual phase and 50kW for three phases, a G59/2 application to the DNO has to be completed prior to any installation. This application can take up to 65 days and can cost between £300 & £800 per application, per dwelling. These costs can vary depending on the DNO. (6)

7.0 CASE STUDIES OF DWELLINGS As mentioned in the methodology, a filtering system was implemented to properly select the case study properties. Site constrains were one of the filtering methods using orientation as the main constrain. The pre-filtering began by the aid of a list of properties and their building type, age, location using postcode and address and their roof orientation. From this filtering a series of properties were selected to give a varied output of case studies that can be replicated around the Easterhouse development owned by EHPH. The Easterhouse area is split by the M8 motorway and it includes two main sites; the main Easterhouse site (No. 1 Fig. 02), located to the southwest and the Kildermorie site; located to the northeast both in relation to the motorway (# 2

Fig. 02)

Fig.02 Location of Housing association sites - Source: Google maps (5) Engineering Recommendation G83/1 Sept 2003, ‘Recommendations for the connection of Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in parallel with Public Low-Voltage Distribution Networks’, (Energy Networks Association, 2003), www.energynetworks.org/dg01.asp (6) Engineering Recommendation G59/1 ‘Recommendations for the connection of Embedded Generating Plant to the Regional Electricity Companies’ Distribution Systems’, (Electricity Association, 1991), www.energynetworks.org/dg01.asp

1

2

http://www.energynetworks.org/dg01.asp




In site one a total of 4 dwellings were selected and in site two a total of 2 dwellings were selected. The selection was veryfied after visiting and observing the site constrains of all properties. The two dwellings analysed in site two are very similar in roof space but not in orientation.

Site one has a mixture of older properties from the 1960’s to the 1990’s and refurbished in late 1990’s. The Kildermorie site has also got older properties but many of them have been demolished recently to give way to new detached,semidetached and terraced housing. The selected properties for the case studies are: Site One:

7 Wardie Road – Ground floor and 3 storey building with 6 Apartments.

15 Edderton Place – Single storey bungalow

56 Ware Road – 2 storey terraced house

26 Banton Place – 2 storey terraced houses Site two:

57 Shandwick Street – 2 storey bungalow

73 Arnisdale Road – 3 Storey bungalow All of the properties have a near south orientated roof which would be fit for this analysis. HOW TO READ THE CASE STUDIES The information related to the case studies is interlinked with various annexes at the end of this report. The main annex that this report refers to is the Income generation analysis. In the Income generation annex, an overview of the solar array is indicated showing the number of modules and their output in Watts. It also points out the total array and size of the system together with the total amount of energy produced per year (Yield factor) in other words the maximum that can be obtained from the system. There are boxes indicating the total amount of energy produced after the FiT 25 years life span and also what the FiT rate is together with the exported tariff. Another important part of this document is the retail price index applied to the FiT which is currently at 4.8%/year and also the electricity price inflation which is expected to rise also as the years go by. All of this is set out to indicate a yearly projection of the electrical generation, the income from the tariffs, the savings on electricity bills and finally the total income from it and the amount of CO2 that is saved from alternatively using PV energy rather than grid energy from fossil fuels.



7.2 7 WARDIE ROAD – EASTERHOUSE DEVELOPMENT - Overview

The property is located to the south of the Easterhouse

site 1 (see Fig. 02) development. The road branches out

from Wellhouse Rd and it travels northeast crossing

above the M8 and approaches Kildermorie site.

The building in question is located closer to Wellhouse

Rd and it is a property that was refurbished in the late

1990’s with tenemental flats that are leased to

different tenants. The study focused on using all the

roof in the building trying to obtain the biggest output

as possible to distribute to the flats.

The building has a timber structured roof with concrete

tiles. A cavity breathe block wall is used throughout the Fig. 03 – Bird eye view of 7 Wardie Rd

envelope which has a projected brick walled tower to the front of the building with its own roof structure.

With similarities in building type, the conclusions out of this case study can be replicated (with different precautionary

principles) on many properties along Wardie Road. There are 3 blocks of similar building types (see fig.03) where there are

similarities in property type and orientation.

- Estimated energy consumption

The building holds 6 apartments with 2 bedrooms each. On average the

building is occupied by 3 people but they are generally occupied by smaller

families, retired couples or first time buyers.

No accurate electricity consumption figures were obtained for the properties;

therefore an estimated average energy demand was sourced from national

benchmarks and statistics. (7)

It is estimated that for this apartment size, for the number of occupiers and for

the average daily apartment use; an electricity demand of 3,300kWh/yr/flat

would be a good benchmark to use. This means that the whole building has an

electricity demand of 19,800kWh/year. This is an estimated figure which should

be calculated and accounted for more accurately when sourcing a contractor to

install a PV system. Fig. 04 - Front facade of 7 Wardie Rd

- Orientation/ azimuth:

The selection of such properties on this street was strictly down to its orientation which is due south/east at -6˚ where south is

0˚, east is -90˚ and west is 90˚. This makes it inclined to the east.

- Roof Pitch:

As observed on fig. 03, the building has an inclined roof split in the centre of the building. The pitch of such roof is of 33˚ which

will be used as the PV panels tilt. This tilt is optimum for the buildings location and orientation.

- Roof area:

The roof covers a total area of 88.0sqm. Not all the roof area will be optimum for PV panels as there are constrains over shading

from neighbouring buildings and the central projected tower which has its own pitched roof creating some shading. This leaves a

split roof where the tower projects out.

(7) Energy Saving Trust statistics – http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/ & www.decc.go.uk

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/

http://www.decc.go.uk/



- Shading:

The buildings are terraced up Wardie Road, a small overshadowing ridge on each side of the roof appears which can be

overcome by locating the panels off that party wall between buildings. The Tower creates some shadow but it will be minimum

during the summer and more during the winter. Panels should be located off that tower roof to avoid any shadow.

- System sizing per case study- best technology

Project -

Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Option

No.

Solar panel

TechnologyPhases

Number

of

modules

Power

(Wp) per

module

Total

power (kW)

Number

of

inverters

Size StringsProduced

Energy (kWh/y)

Specific

Production (kWh/kWp/y)

1 Monocrystalline Single 40 240 9.6 1 10,000W 2x20 7,659 798

2 Monocrystalline Triple 39 240 9.4 3 3,000W each 3x1x13 7,347 785

7 Wardie RD16.0 x 5.5m

(88.0m 2 )33?/-5.5?

Table 03 System sizing using two module & inverter options – Property: 7Wardie Rd

Two options were explored

(Table 03) for this property. The

preferred option for this roof

type and size is install 40

Monocrystalline modules of

240W each with the use of

1x10kW inverter. The total power

out of the system would be a

9.6kWp system which would give

out an estimated annual

energy production of 7,659 kWh Fig. 05 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 7 Wardie Rd

Fig.05 shows the modules are spread onto the roof area with two strings with a void of modules to the left of the roof for

reasons of shading which could be projected by the tower to the front of the property.

The estimated 7,659 kWh per year output of energy produced would fully cover the demand of two apartment’s electricity and

would also fulfil partial communal lighting needs.

Another option is to select a circuit within each apartments circuit board which could be fed with this free electricity and reduce

the demand per flat thus reduce electricity costs. This option could be costly as rewiring into the flats would have to come into

effect.

- Economic analysis

This option indicates a high capital cost, this is due to the 40 modules mounted on rails and attached to the existing roof including all the devises that have to be considered.

Graph 01 Capital cost over the schemes profits throughout the 25 year of FiT’s Graph 02 Cumulative financial balance of the investment



Graph 01, indicates the system will have a pay-back period of 9 years and the remaining years will be considered a profit with the use of the FiT. An estimated £132K will be of profit at the end of the 25 years of the FiT. The above calculation considers the electricity bills saved while using this electricity in conjunction with the FiT. Graph 02 indicates just how an estimated initial investment is required of nearly £32,500 to pay for the system and as the years go by, that investment is paid back and in year 9 it pays for itself and the remaining years, 16 years would be profitable. Graph 03 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings

Annex 02 indicates the amount of CO2 savings in tonnes that the modules would reduce if the equivalent energy was to be produced by a mains electric system. Graph 03 above indicates such production rate and CO2 savings. It must be observed how numbers go down – this is due to the reduction in efficiency of the modules. 7.3 15 EDDERTON PLACE – EASTERHOUSE DEVELOPMENT - Overview The property is a ground floor detached villa with a north south orientation. It is located in the main Easterhouse site (No. 1 Fig. 02), surrounded by other detached and semi detached villas of two storeys. Edderton Place is a quiet street which leads on to the main roads of Ware Rd and Wardie Rd. The building uses red dense brick work on its outer walls and has a slate roof with a semi projected roof above the entrance door. It is a post 1990’s home with 2 bedrooms and only two occupants are in the house.

Fig. 06 Birds eye view of the Edderton property - Estimated energy consumption

There are only 2 occupants in the house and it is estimated that their yearly electricity consumption is along the region of 3,300 kWh per year. - Orientation/ azimuth The building faces south with no interruptions and therefore has a near 0 south orientation. It is an estimated -5.5˚ southeast orientation. - Roof pitch & area The roof accounts for 73.5 sq. m available for PV modules orientated to the south. The roof inclination is the standard pitch of 33˚.

F Fig. 07 Front elevation of the property



- Shading There are no tall trees near the properties or any adjoining taller buildings that can overshadow the roof area.

- System sizing per case study- best technology

Project -

Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Option

No.

Solar panel

TechnologyPhases

Number

of

modules

Power

(Wp) per

module

Total

power (kW)

Number

of

inverters


Energy (kWh/y)

Specific


1 Monocrystalline Single 21 190 4.0 1 3,800W 3x7 3074 770


3 Polycrystalline Single 16 230 3.7 1 3,300W 2x8 2830 769


15 Edderton Pl13.35 x 5.5m

(73.43m 2) 33?/-5.5?

Table 04 System sizing using four module & inverter options – Property: 15 Edderton Place

Table 04 above shows the PV system sizing for Edderton Place taking into consideration systems with less than 4kWp total power to take advantage of the high FiT. Although this configuration would benefit from the high tariff a preferred option was selected as it would take advantage of the whole of the roof, hence producing more yearly energy. Fig. 08 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 15 Edderton Place The preferred system sizing, (option No.4) has taken a high producing system obtaining a maximum of 7,182kWh per year produced energy. This system has 36 Highly Efficient Monocrystalline panels of with a 9kW inverter. The configuration of the modules as seen on fig. 08 above is of 3 strings of 12 modules each. This configuration takes into account the elevated roof at the front porch. The modules here would be slightly elevated above the roof. - Economic analysis

Similar to other properties, Edderton place has had an economic analysis using the option 04 which occupies all of the roof space; this is to take advantage of its full capacity. Although the occupiers will only be using around 3,300kWh/year, the surplus can be sold back to the grid and money can be claimed back. 50% of the energy has been sold back to the grid at a rate of 3.1pence per kWh. It is clear that the full capacity system of 9.2 kWp is the maximum that the roof and the inverters can hold. A total approximate just under £120K would be obtained after payback as seen on graph 05.




On graph 04, the payback period is in year 9 when

the total capital cost was paid through the accumulative FiT and the payments back to the grid. The curve indicated how the profits surge as the years go by reaching close to the £160K total earnings after 25 years. Graph 05 indicated this clearer where the profits without the capital cost involved go up to £120K approximately. These figures should be taken as approximates as rates and inflation may differ as the years go by. Annex 03 shows the system sizing against the out puts in energy and all the initial gains as a result of the FiT and the back to the grid payments. Graph 06 clearly indicates how the production of energy in the initial years is reduced because of the modules efficiency which goes in decline.

Graph 06 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings – 15 Edderton Pl

7.4 56 WARE ROAD – EASTERHOUSE DEVELOPMENT - Overview This property is located on site 1 (see fig. 02) to the northeast of the Easterhouse development. Ware road is a very eligible road for solar PV’s as properties along this road benefit near south or southwest facing elevations. The property is a terraced house where two owners occupy such property. One dwelling is located in ground floor and the other in first floor. The benefits of such electricity will be used by the two tenants. It is constructed with dense brick walls a timber roof covered with slate. The property is of a late 1990’s construction period and it is located at the end of a row of terraces housing, thus has an exposed east facing wall. The sizing and analysis done to this property can easily be replicated onto other properties with similar roof space and dimensions (careful pre design of the PV system would have to be conducted). Fig 09 Birds eye view of 56 Ware Rd


Each level is expected to consume in the region of 3,300 kWh/year; making the total building energy consumption an estimated 6,600 kWh/year. - Orientation/ azimuth The buildings orientation is approximately southwest at 23˚ from the south. - Roof pitch & area The roof accounts for 43 sq. m available for PV modules with little obstructions nearby. The roof inclination is the standard pitch of 33˚ which is in the region of the optimum for this location.

Fig. 10 Front elevation of 56 ware Rd.



- Shading There are small trees nearby but they are between 3 and 4 meters away from the property. If they grow and span out they should be trimmed constantly to lower shading onto the roof. There are no tall buildings nearby. - System sizing per case study- best technology

Project -

Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Option

No.

Solar panel

TechnologyPhases

Number

of

modules

Power

(Wp) per

module

Total

power (kW)

Number

of

inverters


Energy (kWh/y)

Specific


1 Polycrystalline Single 32 125 4.0 1 3,800W 2x16mod 2967 742




56 Ware RD7.8 x 5.5m

(42.9m 2 )33?/23?

Table 05 - System sizing using four module & inverter options – Property: 56 Ware Rd The selected option for further discussion and the economic analysis was option 1 as seen on table 05 above. 32x125W polycrystalline modules have been suggested using a 3.8kW inverter. The system is a 2 string by 16 module set up which gives a 4kW array power output. The other options indicate how other technology can obtain similar results on the same roof. Figure 11 shows just how the two strings can be integrated to the roof area. Different options show a bigger module output and hence use less number of modules which can lower slightly the amount of energy produced but can save money in capital cost. In terms of fulfilling the buildings energy needs; the total amount of approximate 3,000kWh/year can fulfil one resident or the energy can be split up into assigned circuits to split the energy produced and lower energy bills by 50%. Fig. 11 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 56 Ware Rd - Economic analysis

The initial capital cost investment of the selected option one (see table 05) was approximately £10,700 which accounts to the cost incurred for the purchase of the modules, an inverter and the rail system and all other electrical components. These are approximate prices and should be quantified more accurately. On top of the above capital cost, installation and taxes have been added accounting to an estimated cost of £16,000. The system can be paid back with the integration of additional yearly costs (maintenance & inverter replacement) and the use of the Feed in Tariffs together with potential energy savings from using this energy; in approximately 11 years. Annex 04 gives a roundup of all the modules capacity and the yearly information of energy produced and also energy saved with energy price increase.




The above graphs show how this was achieved and how on the eleventh year the investment was paid back and the investors broke even on the initial system and installation payout. Graph 07 indicates how economic gains from the FiT can increase up to nearly £60K, while graph 08 set out the cumulative balance where it’s not until the system is paid fully that profit increases. Annex 04 sets out how the system evolves as the years go by and it is useful tracking such expectations. Graph 09 indicates how the system decreases in efficiency lowering energy production against CO2 savings which reflect that energy being saved as opposed to using grid electricity from fossil fuels.

Graph 09 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings – 56 Ware Rd

7.5 26 BANTON PLACE - – EASTERHOUSE DEVELOPMENT - Overview

Fig. 12 Front elevation of the terraced dwellings in Banton Place

This property is of similar period as the previous dwellings above. The same dense brick work and slate roofs are used throughout. The particular aspect of this property is that it is located in a terraced block located at the end of a “cul-des-sac” referred to as Banton Place. All the properties are of similar size and formation except the properties at the centre of the terraced block where the roof is interrupted by a perpendicular double ridge. This building is located in site 01 (see fig. 02) in southern area of the Easterhouse site. Banton Place is accessible from Wardie Rd. In terms of repeating such PV analysis to the rest of the properties on this building; this could be done except for the two properties with entrance below the interrupted roof. Shading and the geometry of such roof would reduce the amount of modules there. Nevertheless, each property could benefit enormously with the PV modules as the roof and its inclination/ orientation is optimum to it.

Fig. 13 Birds eye view of 26 Banton Place




The property in question is occupied by a small family of two adults and a child, therefore their yearly electricity consumption is in the region of 3,300 kWh/year. - Orientation/ azimuth The buildings orientation is approximately southeast at -5.5˚ from the south. - Roof pitch & area The roof accounts for 38.5 sq. m available for PV modules with no obstructions nearby. The roof inclination is the standard pitch of 33˚ which is in the region of the optimum for this location. Plans of the property indicated it has a timber structure that can withstand some extra loading. - Shading No tall buildings are nearby with some shrubs and bushes not reaching high heights and not creating any threat of shading in the future. The buildings nearby are terraced down Banton Place and are not as tall to cast a shadow on the roofs. - System sizing per case study- best technology

Project -

Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Option

No.

Solar panel

TechnologyPhases

Number

of

modules

Power

(Wp) per

module

Total

power (kW)

Number

of

inverters


Energy (kWh/y)

Specific


1 Polycrystalline Single 16 230 3.7 1 3,300W 2X8 2,830 769

2 Polycrystalline Single 20 190 3.8 1 3,300W 2x10 2,866 754

3 Monocrystalline Single 16 250 4.0 1 3,800W 2X8 3,031 758

26 Banton Pl7 x 5.5m

(38.5m 2 )33?/-5.5?

Table 06 System sizing using four module & inverter options – Property: 26 Banton Place The highest produced energy system was option 02 above using a 20 panel 190Wp set of modules producing approximately a total of 3.8kWp and just under 3,000kWh/year. This is with a single inverter of total capacity of 4kW and a 2 string with 11 panels on each string installation. This was the more economical and technically viable solution for this roof area. Other options explore other panel types, for example the polycrystalline system which uses up 16 panels of 230Wp capacity. Although they are fewer panels used, it is using a highly efficient and expensive module. The production of energy using this system is of 3,031kWh/year. Figure 14 indicates how the modules would be distributed on the roof. As can be noticed, there could be another 4 modules installed on the roof and this can be done but the total module capacity would go above the FiT 4kW limit using a less attractive initial tariff. Fig. 14 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 26 Banton Pl - Economic analysis

Annex 5 indicated the panels analysed and how they are fit to produce electricity throughout the 25 years that the FiT will last for. The capital cost of the modules is set at an approximate of £15,600 and with yearly £200 maintenance and a 5 year inverter replacement the payback of such system is in the region of the 12

th year. This gives 13 years of profit that could add up to a

potential £40K in revenue which can be used for another PV system either to replace such installation or go on to other properties. A total of approximately £55K of tariff revenue would be obtained.

It is important to point out the way in which every 5 years the graph 10 in the profit curve there is a stall in profit, this is due to the purchase of a new inverter which includes replacement and installation. Inverters come with a 5 year warranty and it can be extended two more years when a premium is paid on purchasing such equipment. A total of 67,500kWh will be produced at the end of the 25 years with a saving of carbon emissions of 35.17 tonnes. As mentioned before, annex 4 indicates how year by year the production of energy goes in decline; this is due to the decrease in efficiency. Graph 12 indicates this decline but nevertheless shows a substantial amount of carbon saved and energy produced.




An approximate of 2,870kWh was produced in the first year of the modules fitted on the dwellings roof. On the last year of the FiT a reduction of just over 11% was experienced between this 25 year period with a final energy production of 2,540kWh. Carbon reductions also suffer this decline but what is important is the total saved over the FiT period. Graph 12 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings – 26 Banton Pl

7.6 73 ARNISDALE ROAD & 57 SHANDWICK STREET – KILDERMORIE DEVELOPMENT Phases 1 & 2 - Overview The two properties that follow are dwellings located in the north eastern part of the development called Kildermorie. As mentioned above, they are rejuvenated sites that previously had some older properties in disrepair which have been demolished recently. The property in Arnisdale is in phase 1 site B and Shandwick St is in phase 2 of the Kildermorie development These properties have been fairly recently built and have been designed with higher energy efficiency standards in comparison with the properties described before built in the 1990’s. The Arnisdale property is of house type B which is a 3 storey house. The attic space has been accommodated as a bedroom. On the other hand Shandwick Street property is house type A which is a two storey building. They have a timber structure with masonry partially rendered and brick faced with timber features blending in entrance lobbies at the front and back of the dwellings. Fig. 15 Typical front elevation of dwellings Fig. 16 Birds eye view of Arnisdale property.




Both properties are occupied by larger families and there is certainly a bigger consumption of electricity. Both properties are estimated to consume in the region of 4,200kWh/year. - Orientation/ azimuth The front elevation of Arnisdale house is orientated 31˚ facing southwest which is the most optimum for solar gains. In contrast, the property on Shadwick place, the optimum roof is the back elevation roof which is orientated -15˚ southeast. - Roof pitch & area The Arnisdale road property has 37.7 sq meters of roof space while the property at Shandwick Street has a similar area of 39.44 sq meters. Both properties have similar design roof features and the pitch of such is 40˚ from the horizontal. - Shading Little shading appears near the buildings. They are well apart from any tall buildings and or any tall trees. Both properties are attached to other adjoining properties and because of the site they seem to be terraced which means that roofs between them are offset. This creates a bit of shading between them, overcome by placing such panels away from this ridge. - System sizing per case study- best technology

Project -

Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Option

No.

Solar panel

TechnologyPhases

Number

of

modules

Power

(Wp) per

module

Total

power (kW)

Number

of

inverters


Energy (kWh/y)

Specific








73 Arnisdale RD6.5 x 5.8m

(37.7m 2 )40?/31?

57 Shandwick St6.8x5.8

(39.44m 2 )40?/-15?

Table 07 System sizing using four module & inverter options – Property: 73 Arnisdale Rd & 57 Shandwick Street The two properties had a separate sizing analysis of which both came up with the conclusion that a Monocrystalline set of modules was the most effective solution. In the Arnisdale Rd dwelling, the preferred option is the 16 module 240Wp system with one inverter of 3,800W capacity. The modules are set up in a two string by eight module system giving out an estimated total energy output of 2,849kWh/year and a total power of 3.8Wp. The Shandwick Street property, a system using 14 - 240Wp modules was analysed giving a total produced yearly output of 2,600kWh/year with a 3.2kW total power system. This option used also a 3,800W Inverter.

Fig. 17 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 57 Shandwick St Fig. 18 Distribution of PV modules on the roof – Property: 73 Arnisdale Rd



The above figures indicate how the modules could be placed on the properties roofs. This is taking into consideration the analysed preferred options. Shandwick Street property has an adjoining property and therefore some shading could appear on the party wall and roof – for this reason no panels are placed on that boundary. This also occurs in the Arnisdale property but in a smaller scale, thus panels are on the party wall boundary with less of a concern. - Economic analysis

Graph 13 Capital cost over the schemes profits throughout the 25 year of FiT’s Graph 14 Cumulative financial balance of the investment The above graphs relate to the study done on the property at 73 Arnisdale Rd which indicates the cost effectiveness of the investment. It shows a payback period of approximately 12 years and just like the other properties above this includes a yearly maintenance fee and a five year inverter replacement. Graph 14 shows the cumulative gains throughout the FiT period. At the twelfth year we can see how the profits increase gaining up to just under £40K. The total energy production over the years can be seen in annex 6 & 7 as well as the carbon emissions saved by consuming less grid electricity. Graph 15 shows this in more detail.

An approximate of 2,800 kWh/year can be produced on the first year, while in the last year because of the efficiency of the panels decreasing, just under 2,500kWh/year could be produced. CO2 emissions are directly proportionate to this decline.

The Shandwick Street property has a similar economic performance; the capital cost for the modules is higher but the cost distribution and analysis is similar. As can be seen on graphs 15 & 17 the payback period is in 12 years and the total income after 25 years would be below £40K, very similar to the property above.

Graph 15 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings – 73 Arnisdale Rd




Graph 18 of 57 Shandwick Street can be compared with graph 16 of 73 Arnisdale road looking at the total energy production which shows a different scenario. Shandwick Street property produced in the first year of 2,600kWh/year and the Arnisdale Road property in graph 15 has a total first year energy of just over 2,850kwh/year. The reason for this is that Arnisdale road property has a higher performing set of modules, producing more energy per year and which will perform better too throughout the FiT years.

Graph 18 Yearly Electricity generated over CO2 savings – 57 Shandwick Street



8.0 CONCLUSIONS & SUMMARY OF RESULTS This feasibility study points out the essential constrains that a solar PV design should focus on, with an overview of some possible alternatives of sizing for the diverse housing stock that the EHPH has in their two main sites; Easthall and Kildermorie. It is important to note, that the PV sizing of a roof depends on many aspects of the building. The limitations relate to the type of technology and the number of inverters which influence the FiT constrains and also the grid connection constrains. They all influence on the economic and energy output and a balance between them is prefered. These case studies have indicated this. As pointed out in the chapters above, the site constrains are the most demanding when designing an efficient and economically productive PV system. It has been pointed out throughout the case studies that the site where more dwellings are eligible for PV modules is the site in Easterhouse as the urban setting of the dwellings favoured (in many occasions) a southern orientation. The estimated number of buildings that can follow a similar orientation and roof size can be noted in table 08. It shows an estimated total roof area which is later equal to the amount of CO2 savings for the total number of dwellings in that category. Table 08 is an important guide to have which estimates the total output of energy from the PV modules as per dwelling type and roof orientation. All buildings will have their own constrains and although could be orientated similarly, there may be issues regarding shade and building design. Some dwellings may be located at the edge of a row of houses with odd roof angles, or some may be located where adjacent roofs meet each other. The total estimated numbers below reflect how much CO2 can be saved where similarities to the case study appear.

Table 08 Summary of results for case study properties The last two columns in table 08 summarise the potentiality of PV’s in the Easterhouse and Kildermorie areas. Each case study has a certain number of similar dwellings which gives an estimated roof area. This estimated area is then multiplied by the number of CO2 savings per sq meter result in an approximated total number of CO2 savings. This total accounts to nearly 5,000 tonnes of CO2 saved over a period of 25 years. This figure is assumed if the solar PV modules were to be installed before April 2012 where the FIT will be the same. If the installation of these PV panels is done in different phases, different tariffs will apply, see annex 01. It is worth pointing out that in this study the objective was to gain as much energy from the roof space as possible, taking into consideration the above constrains. In some circumstances the energy obtained on a yearly basis from the roof and type of modules will not fulfil the whole demand of the dwelling, this in many ways can be disappointing, but what should be noted is that this maximum energy will reduce total energy demand which will in turn reduce yearly energy bills. Only one property in the case studies could export back to the grid to take advantage of the 3.1p tariff. This property was 15 Edderton place; a 1 storey property. This was possible because it is a single dwelling with vast amount of roof space. In many occasions the capital cost needed to install the panels is not widely available, either by EHPH or the tenant. For this reason there are some alternatives that can be investigated.

No.Project - Building

location

Roof

dimensions

Roof area

(m 2 )

Roof -

Tilt/azimuth

Total array size

(kWp)

Total FiT energy

generation - 25

years (kWh)

CO 2

savings

(tonnes)

CO 2 savings

(tonnes)/m 2

of roof

Total roof

area

(m 2 )*

Total CO 2

savings

(tonnes) *

* These figures are estimated Average 0.96 Total 4,927

38.50

37.70

39.44

No. Of buildings with

similar orientation &

roof area *

38

5

14

40

9

2

56 Ware RD 7.8 x 5.5m 33?/23?

15 Edderton Pl 13.35 x 5.5m 33?/-5.5?

42.90

73.43

88.0

69,914

169,103

180,457

67,493

67,118

61,257

1

2

3

4

5

6

73 Arnisdale RD 6.5 x 5.8m 40?/31?

57 Shandwick St 6.8x5.8m 40?/-15?

7 Wardie RD 16.0 x 5.5m 33?/-5.5?

26 Banton Pl 7 x 5.5m 33?/-5.5?

36 0.8 1,630 1,385

88 1.2 367 441

94 1.1 1,232 1,317

35 0.9 1,540 1,407

35 0.9 339 315

32 0.8 79 64

4.0

9.2

9.6

3.8

3.8

3.5



One of these would be the use of schemes that involve “rent a roof” which will include the collaboration of a 3

rd party

organisation (many times an energy supplier or an external company) which will be able to fund the capital cost of installation and maintenance of the PV panels. This company in many occasions will benefit from the FiT’s over the total 25 year period but will supply the dwelling occupier with the generated electricity. This scheme would bring advantages to the tenant as their electricity bill can be reduced or abolished completely depending on the dwelling type. This in turn can reduce fuel poverty and take off the pressure of investing in such a big initial capital cost. The disadvantage of this scheme would be the dependence of a 3

rd party’s commitment to supply effective maintenance and management of the system.

9.0 REFERENCES 1. Scottish Government Renewables policy 2011 - http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-

sources/19185/17612/ 2. Scottish Government Renewables policy 2011 - http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-

sources/19185/17612/ 3. Solar Power Feasibility Study - Sustainable Eastside - Faber Maunsell- December 2003

4. Energy saving trust - Feed-in Tariff scheme –- http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Sell-your-own-energy/Feed-in-Tariff-scheme#tarifflevels

5. Engineering Recommendation G83/1 Sept 2003, ‘Recommendations for the connection of Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in parallel with Public Low-Voltage Distribution Networks’, (Energy Networks Association, 2003), www.energynetworks.org/dg01.asp

6. Engineering Recommendation G59/1 ‘Recommendations for the connection of Embedded Generating Plant to the Regional Electricity Companies’ Distribution Systems’, (Electricity Association, 1991), www.energynetworks.org/dg01.asp

7. Energy Saving Trust statistics – http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/ & www.decc.go.uk 8. ‘Photovoltaic’s in Buildings – Safety and the CDM Regulations’, (BSRIA/DTI Feb 2000, ISBN 0 86022 548 8),

www.bsria.co.uk/bookshop/system/index.html 9. Draft IEC 62446 Ed.1 ‘Grid connected PV systems – Minimum system documentation, commissioning tests and inspection

requirements’.

10. Draft IEC 62257-7-2 Technical Specification: ‘Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification – Part 7-1: Generators – Photovoltaic arrays

11. “Photovoltaic’s in Buildings Guide to the installation of PV systems” 2nd edition 2006 - DTI, the department for enterprise; Authors: BRE, EA Technology, Halcrow Group, SunDog Energy and the Energy Saving Trust.

12. “PV Large-Scale Building Integrated Field Trials Good Practice Guide - Managing Installation of PV Systems”. BERR New and

Renewable Energy Programme. 2008, Halcrow Group Ltd; Prepared by Emily Rudkin and Jim Thornycroft.

13. PV module costs supplied by Mitsubishi UK Ltd and Cleaner Air Solutions UK Ltd. 2011 prices.









http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/

http://www.decc.go.uk/

http://www.bsria.co.uk/bookshop/system/index.html

27

ANNEX 01 FIT Payment Rate Table with Retail Price Index adjustments & Fast Track Review amendments – Tariff rates are effective from 1 August 2011

Description

FIT Year in which the Eligibility Date of an Eligible Installation falls

FIT

Year 1 2010/11

FIT Year 2

2011/12

FIT

Year 3 2012/13

FIT

Year 4 2013/14

FIT

Year 5 2014/15

FIT

Year 6 2015/16

FIT

Year 7 2016/17

FIT

Year 8 2017/18

FIT

Year 9 2018/19

FIT

Year 10 2019/20

FIT

Year 11 2020/21

Anaerobic digestion with total installed

capacity of 250kW or less 12.1

Where the conditional date

described in note 4* applies and

Eligibility Date is before that

date OR where the conditional

date does not apply

12.1

14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0



Eligibility Date is on or after

that date

14.0


capacity greater than 250kW but not

exceeding 500kW

12.1



Eligibility Date is before that

date OR where the conditional

date does not apply

12.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0



Eligibility Date is on or after

that date

13.0


capacity greater than 500kW 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4

Hydro generating station with total

installed capacity of 15kW or less

20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9

Description


FIT

Year 1 2010/11

FIT Year 2

2011/12

FIT

Year 3 2012/13

FIT

Year 4 2013/14

FIT

Year 5 2014/15

FIT

Year 6 2015/16

FIT

Year 7 2016/17

FIT

Year 8 2017/18

FIT

Year 9 2018/19

FIT

Year 10 2019/20

FIT

Year 11 2020/21


installed capacity greater than 15kW but

not exceeding 100kW

18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7


installed capacity greater than 100kW but

not exceeding 2MW

11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5


installed capacity greater than 2MW 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

Combined Heat and Power with total

installed electrical capacity of 2kW or less

(Tariff available only for 30,000 units)

10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5

Solar photovoltaic with total installed

capacity of 4kW or less, where attached to

or wired to provide electricity to a new

building before first occupation

37.8 37.8 34.6 31.6 29.0 26.4 24.0 21.8 19.9 18.1 16.4

Solar photovoltaic with total installed

capacity of 4kW or less, where attached to

or wired to provide electricity to a building

which is already occupied

43.3 43.3 39.6 36.3 33.2 30.2 27.5 25.0 22.7 20.7 18.8

Solar photovoltaic (other than stand-alone)

with total installed capacity greater than

4kW but not exceeding 10kW

37.8 37.8 34.6 31.6 29.0 26.4 24.0 21.8 19.9 18.1 16.4




32.9 32.9 30.1 27.5 25.2 22.9 20.9 19.0 17.3 15.7 14.3




32.9

If Eligibility Date is

before 1st August 2011 32.9 17.4 15.9 14.6 13.2 12.1 11.0 10.0 9.1 8.5

If Eligibility Date is on

or after 1st August 2011 19




30.7


before 1st August 2011 30.7 17.4 15.9 14.6 13.2 12.1 11.0 10.0 9.1 8.5



ci118

Highlight

Description


FIT

Year 1 2010/11

FIT Year 2

2011/12

FIT

Year 3 2012/13

FIT

Year 4 2013/14

FIT

Year 5 2014/15

FIT

Year 6 2015/16

FIT

Year 7 2016/17

FIT

Year 8 2017/18

FIT

Year 9 2018/19

FIT

Year 10 2019/20

FIT

Year 11 2020/21



150kW but not exceeding 250kW 30.7


before 1st August 2011 30.7 13.7 12.6 11.5 10.5 9.5 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.5





250kW 30.7


before 1st August 2011 30.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5


or after 1st August 2011 8.5

Stand-alone (autonomous) solar

photovoltaic (not attached to a building

and not wired to provide electricity to an

occupied building)

30.7


before 1st August 2011 30.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5


or after 1st August 2011 8.5

Wind with total installed capacity of

1.5kW or less 36.2 36.2 34.2 32.3 30.5 28.9 27.3 25.8 24.4 23.0 21.8

Wind with total installed capacity greater

than 1.5kW but not exceeding 15 kW 28 28 26.7 25.5 24.4 23.3 22.2 21.2 20.3 19.4 18.5


than 15kW but not exceeding 100kW 25.3 25.3 24.2 23.1 22.0 21.0 20.1 19.2 18.3 17.5 16.7


than 100kW but not exceeding 500kW 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7


than 500kW but not exceeding 1.5MW 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9


than 1.5MW 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

Eligible Installations with a declared net

capacity of 50kW or less Commissioned

on or before 14th

July 2009 and accredited

under the ROO on or before 31st March

2010.

9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4

EXPORT TARIFF 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

EASTHALL PARK HOUSING COOPERATIVE ANNEX 02INCOME GENERATION

Project: PV Retrofitting Feasibility Study - Easterhouse & Kildermorie

Case study: 7 Wardie Rd

PV PanelNo.40

Yeild Factor798

Cost per Unit£0.1260

Installation before 03/2012

Source: DEFRA 2010Year on Year Table

Yearly GenerationkWh

FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£

Electricity Cost per Unit

£

Saving on Electricity Bills

£

Export Rate

£

Income from Export Electricity

£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving

TonnesYear 1 7660.80 0.378 £2,895.78 0.126 £965.26 0.03100 £0.00 £3,861.04 3.99Year 2 7622.50 0.396 £3,019.61 0.135 £1,030.55 0.03249 £0.00 £4,050.15 3.97Year 3 7584.38 0.415 £3,148.72 0.145 £1,100.25 0.03405 £0.00 £4,248.97 3.95Year 4 7546.46 0.435 £3,283.36 0.156 £1,174.66 0.03568 £0.00 £4,458.03 3.93Year 5 7508.73 0.456 £3,423.76 0.167 £1,254.11 0.03739 £0.00 £4,677.87 3.91Year 6 7471.19 0.478 £3,570.16 0.179 £1,338.93 0.03919 £0.00 £4,909.09 3.89

Solar Array Information : Panel Ouput Size Array Output (kWp)W

9.60240

£0.378

Generation Information Array Size (kWp) Total Generation (kWh)9.60

180457Year 1 Electricity Generation kWh (Adjusted)

7661Yearly Degradation of Panels Efficincy (%)Initial Feed-in-Tarrif Rate (£)

Export Tarrif (£) £0.031 0.50%

Assumed Electricity Exported to Grid (%) 0.00%

Retail Price Index (RPI) 4.80%

CO2 Saved Per Unit of Electricity Generated

(Tonnes)Electricity Price Inflation (%) 7.30% 0.00052114

, , ,Year 7 7433.83 0.501 £3,722.82 0.192 £1,429.49 0.04107 £0.00 £5,152.31 3.87Year 8 7396.66 0.525 £3,882.01 0.206 £1,526.17 0.04304 £0.00 £5,408.18 3.85Year 9 7359.68 0.550 £4,048.00 0.221 £1,629.40 0.04511 £0.00 £5,677.40 3.84Year 10 7322.88 0.576 £4,221.10 0.238 £1,739.60 0.04727 £0.00 £5,960.70 3.82Year 11 7286.26 0.604 £4,401.59 0.255 £1,857.26 0.04954 £0.00 £6,258.85 3.80Year 12 7249.83 0.633 £4,589.80 0.274 £1,982.88 0.05192 £0.00 £6,572.68 3.78Year 13 7213.58 0.663 £4,786.06 0.293 £2,116.99 0.05441 £0.00 £6,903.05 3.76Year 14 7177.52 0.695 £4,990.71 0.315 £2,260.17 0.05702 £0.00 £7,250.88 3.74Year 15 7141.63 0.729 £5,204.12 0.338 £2,413.04 0.05976 £0.00 £7,617.15 3.72Year 16 7105.92 0.764 £5,426.64 0.363 £2,576.24 0.06263 £0.00 £8,002.89 3.70Year 17 7070.39 0.800 £5,658.69 0.389 £2,750.49 0.06564 £0.00 £8,409.17 3.68Year 18 7035.04 0.839 £5,900.65 0.417 £2,936.52 0.06879 £0.00 £8,837.17 3.67Year 19 6999.86 0.879 £6,152.97 0.448 £3,135.13 0.07209 £0.00 £9,288.09 3.65Year 20 6964.86 0.921 £6,416.07 0.481 £3,347.17 0.07555 £0.00 £9,763.24 3.63Year 21 6930.04 0.965 £6,690.42 0.516 £3,573.56 0.07917 £0.00 £10,263.97 3.61Year 22 6895.39 1.012 £6,976.50 0.553 £3,815.25 0.08298 £0.00 £10,791.75 3.59Year 23 6860.91 1.060 £7,274.81 0.594 £4,073.30 0.08696 £0.00 £11,348.11 3.58Year 24 6826.61 1.111 £7,585.89 0.637 £4,348.80 0.09113 £0.00 £11,934.68 3.56Year 25 6792.48 1.165 £7,910.26 0.684 £4,642.93 0.09551 £0.00 £12,553.19 3.54Year 26 1.220 £0.00 0.733 £0.00 0.10009 £0.00 £0.00 0.00

Total 180457.43 £125,180.50 £59,018.13 £0.00 £184,198.63 94.04



Case study: 15 Edderton Pl

PV PanelNo.36

Yeild Factor782



CO2 Saved Per Unit of

Year on Year Table


FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£


£


£

Export Rate

£


£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving

TonnesYear 1 7178.76 0.378 £2,713.57 0.126 £452.26 0.03100 £111.27 £3,277.10 3.74Year 2 7142.87 0.396 £2,829.60 0.135 £482.85 0.03249 £116.03 £3,428.48 3.72Year 3 7107.15 0.415 £2,950.60 0.145 £515.51 0.03405 £120.99 £3,587.10 3.70Year 4 7071.62 0.435 £3,076.76 0.156 £550.37 0.03568 £126.16 £3,753.30 3.69Year 5 7036.26 0.456 £3,208.33 0.167 £587.60 0.03739 £131.56 £3,927.49 3.67Year 6 7001.08 0.478 £3,345.52 0.179 £627.34 0.03919 £137.18 £4,110.04 3.65

Electricity Price Inflation (%) 7.30%

0.00052114

7179Yearly Degradation of Panels Efficiency (%)Initial Feed-in-Tarrif Rate (£) £0.378




Year 1 Electricity Generation kWh (Adjusted)


9.18255


169,103

, ,Year 7 6966.07 0.501 £3,488.57 0.192 £669.77 0.04107 £143.05 £4,301.39 3.63Year 8 6931.24 0.525 £3,637.74 0.206 £715.07 0.04304 £149.17 £4,501.98 3.61Year 9 6896.58 0.550 £3,793.29 0.221 £763.44 0.04511 £155.54 £4,712.27 3.59Year 10 6862.10 0.576 £3,955.49 0.238 £815.07 0.04727 £162.20 £4,932.76 3.58Year 11 6827.79 0.604 £4,124.63 0.255 £870.20 0.04954 £169.13 £5,163.96 3.56Year 12 6793.65 0.633 £4,301.00 0.274 £929.05 0.05192 £176.36 £5,406.42 3.54Year 13 6759.68 0.663 £4,484.91 0.293 £991.89 0.05441 £183.90 £5,660.70 3.52Year 14 6725.89 0.695 £4,676.68 0.315 £1,058.98 0.05702 £191.77 £5,927.43 3.51Year 15 6692.26 0.729 £4,876.66 0.338 £1,130.60 0.05976 £199.97 £6,207.23 3.49Year 16 6658.80 0.764 £5,085.18 0.363 £1,207.07 0.06263 £208.52 £6,500.77 3.47Year 17 6625.50 0.800 £5,302.63 0.389 £1,288.71 0.06564 £217.44 £6,808.77 3.45Year 18 6592.37 0.839 £5,529.37 0.417 £1,375.87 0.06879 £226.73 £7,131.97 3.44Year 19 6559.41 0.879 £5,765.80 0.448 £1,468.93 0.07209 £236.43 £7,471.16 3.42Year 20 6526.61 0.921 £6,012.35 0.481 £1,568.28 0.07555 £246.54 £7,827.17 3.40Year 21 6493.98 0.965 £6,269.44 0.516 £1,674.35 0.07917 £257.08 £8,200.87 3.38Year 22 6461.51 1.012 £6,537.52 0.553 £1,787.59 0.08298 £268.07 £8,593.18 3.37Year 23 6429.20 1.060 £6,817.06 0.594 £1,908.50 0.08696 £279.54 £9,005.10 3.35Year 24 6397.06 1.111 £7,108.56 0.637 £2,037.58 0.09113 £291.49 £9,437.63 3.33Year 25 6365.07 1.165 £7,412.52 0.684 £2,175.39 0.09551 £303.95 £9,891.86 3.32Year 26 1.220 £0.00 0.733 £0.00 0.10009 £0.00 £0.00 0.00

Total 169102.52 £117,303.78 £27,652.27 £4,810.08 £149,766.12 88.13



Case study: 56 Ware Rd

PV PanelNo.32

Yeild Factor742





FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£


£


£

Export Rate

£


£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving


Electricity Price Inflation (%) 7.30% 0.00052114

2968Yearly Degradation of Panels Efficincy (%)Initial Feed-in-Tarrif Rate (£) £0.433





(Tonnes)



4.00125


69,914

, ,Year 7 2880.07 0.574 £1,652.18 0.192 £553.82 0.04107 £0.00 £2,206.01 1.50Year 8 2865.67 0.601 £1,722.83 0.206 £591.28 0.04304 £0.00 £2,314.11 1.49Year 9 2851.34 0.630 £1,796.50 0.221 £631.27 0.04511 £0.00 £2,427.77 1.49Year 10 2837.08 0.660 £1,873.32 0.238 £673.97 0.04727 £0.00 £2,547.28 1.48Year 11 2822.89 0.692 £1,953.42 0.255 £719.55 0.04954 £0.00 £2,672.97 1.47Year 12 2808.78 0.725 £2,036.95 0.274 £768.22 0.05192 £0.00 £2,805.17 1.46Year 13 2794.74 0.760 £2,124.05 0.293 £820.18 0.05441 £0.00 £2,944.23 1.46Year 14 2780.76 0.796 £2,214.87 0.315 £875.65 0.05702 £0.00 £3,090.52 1.45Year 15 2766.86 0.835 £2,309.58 0.338 £934.88 0.05976 £0.00 £3,244.45 1.44Year 16 2753.02 0.875 £2,408.34 0.363 £998.11 0.06263 £0.00 £3,406.44 1.43Year 17 2739.26 0.917 £2,511.32 0.389 £1,065.61 0.06564 £0.00 £3,576.93 1.43Year 18 2725.56 0.961 £2,618.70 0.417 £1,137.69 0.06879 £0.00 £3,756.39 1.42Year 19 2711.94 1.007 £2,730.68 0.448 £1,214.63 0.07209 £0.00 £3,945.31 1.41Year 20 2698.38 1.055 £2,847.44 0.481 £1,296.78 0.07555 £0.00 £4,144.22 1.41Year 21 2684.88 1.106 £2,969.20 0.516 £1,384.49 0.07917 £0.00 £4,353.69 1.40Year 22 2671.46 1.159 £3,096.16 0.553 £1,478.13 0.08298 £0.00 £4,574.29 1.39Year 23 2658.10 1.215 £3,228.55 0.594 £1,578.11 0.08696 £0.00 £4,806.66 1.39Year 24 2644.81 1.273 £3,366.60 0.637 £1,684.84 0.09113 £0.00 £5,051.45 1.38Year 25 2631.59 1.334 £3,510.56 0.684 £1,798.80 0.09551 £0.00 £5,309.36 1.37Year 26 1.398 £0.00 0.733 £0.00 0.10009 £0.00 £0.00 0.00

Total 69914.06 £55,554.92 £22,865.21 £0.00 £78,420.14 36.44



Case study: 26 Banton Pl

PV PanelNo.20

Yeild Factor754





FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£


£


£

Export Rate

£


£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving








(Tonnes)



3.80190


67,493


Total 67492.51 £53,630.72 £22,073.25 £0.00 £75,703.97 35.17



Case study: 73 Arnisdale Rd

PV PanelNo.16

Yeild Factor742





FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£


£


£

Export Rate

£


£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving




3.84240


67,118







(Tonnes)


Total 67117.50 £53,332.73 £21,950.60 £0.00 £75,283.33 34.98



Case study: 57 Shandwick St

PV PanelNo.14

Yeild Factor743





FiT Rate£

Yearly FiT Income

£


£


£

Export Rate

£


£

Total Income

£CO2 Saving




3.50250


61,257







(Tonnes)

, ,Year 7 2523.45 0.574 £1,447.61 0.192 £485.25 0.04107 £0.00 £1,932.86 1.32Year 8 2510.84 0.601 £1,509.51 0.206 £518.07 0.04304 £0.00 £2,027.58 1.31Year 9 2498.28 0.630 £1,574.05 0.221 £553.11 0.04511 £0.00 £2,127.16 1.30Year 10 2485.79 0.660 £1,641.36 0.238 £590.52 0.04727 £0.00 £2,231.88 1.30Year 11 2473.36 0.692 £1,711.55 0.255 £630.46 0.04954 £0.00 £2,342.00 1.29Year 12 2461.00 0.725 £1,784.73 0.274 £673.10 0.05192 £0.00 £2,457.83 1.28Year 13 2448.69 0.760 £1,861.05 0.293 £718.62 0.05441 £0.00 £2,579.67 1.28Year 14 2436.45 0.796 £1,940.62 0.315 £767.23 0.05702 £0.00 £2,707.85 1.27Year 15 2424.26 0.835 £2,023.61 0.338 £819.12 0.05976 £0.00 £2,842.72 1.26Year 16 2412.14 0.875 £2,110.13 0.363 £874.52 0.06263 £0.00 £2,984.65 1.26Year 17 2400.08 0.917 £2,200.36 0.389 £933.67 0.06564 £0.00 £3,134.03 1.25Year 18 2388.08 0.961 £2,294.45 0.417 £996.82 0.06879 £0.00 £3,291.27 1.24Year 19 2376.14 1.007 £2,392.56 0.448 £1,064.24 0.07209 £0.00 £3,456.80 1.24Year 20 2364.26 1.055 £2,494.87 0.481 £1,136.22 0.07555 £0.00 £3,631.08 1.23Year 21 2352.44 1.106 £2,601.55 0.516 £1,213.06 0.07917 £0.00 £3,814.61 1.23Year 22 2340.68 1.159 £2,712.79 0.553 £1,295.11 0.08298 £0.00 £4,007.90 1.22Year 23 2328.97 1.215 £2,828.79 0.594 £1,382.70 0.08696 £0.00 £4,211.49 1.21Year 24 2317.33 1.273 £2,949.75 0.637 £1,476.22 0.09113 £0.00 £4,425.97 1.21Year 25 2305.74 1.334 £3,075.88 0.684 £1,576.07 0.09551 £0.00 £4,651.95 1.20Year 26 1.398 £0.00 0.733 £0.00 0.10009 £0.00 £0.00 0.00

Total 61257.25 £48,676.07 £20,034.02 £0.00 £68,710.10 31.92

Annex 08Photovoltaic module options per location

Project ‐ Building location

Roof dimensions

Roof ‐ Tilt/azimuth

Option No.

Solar panel Technology

PhasesNumber

of modules

Power (Wp) per module

Total power (kW)

Number of

invertersSize Strings

Produced Energy (kWh/y)

Specific Production (kWh/kWp/y)

1 Polycrystalline Single 32 125 4.0 1 3,800W 2x16mod 2967 7421 Polycrystalline Single 32 125 4.0 1 3,800W 2x16 2943 7362 Polycrystalline Single 20 175 3.5 1 3,300W 2x10 2559 7314 Monocrystalline Single 22 180 4.0 1 3,800W 2x16 2888 729






2 Monocrystalline Triple 39 240 9.4 3 3,000W each 3x1x13 7,347 7851 Polycrystalline Single 16 230 3.7 1 3,300W 2X8 2,830 7692 Polycrystalline Single 20 190 3.8 1 3,300W 2x10 2,866 7543 Monocrystalline Single 16 250 4.0 1 3,800W 2X8 3,031 7581 Monocrystalline Single 21 180 2.8 1 3,300W 3x7 2,828 7482 Polycrystalline Single 16 230 3.7 1 3,300W 2x8 2,760 7503 Monocrystalline Single 16 240 3.8 1 3,800W 2x8 2,849 7421 Monocrystalline Single 13 240 2.8 1 3,000W 1x13 2,376 7612 Polycrystalline Single 16 190 2.7 1 3,000W 1x16 2,301 7573 Monocrystalline Single 14 250 3.2 1 3,800W 1x14 2,599 743

73 Arnisdale RD6.5 x 5.8m(37.7m 2 )

40˚/31˚

57 Shandwick St6.8x5.8 (39.44m 2 )

40˚/‐15˚

26 Banton Pl7 x 5.5m(38.5m 2 )

33˚/‐5.5˚

7 Wardie RD16.0 x 5.5m(88.0m 2 )

33˚/‐5.5˚

56 Ware RD7.8 x 5.5m(42.9m 2 )

33˚/23˚

15 Edderton Pl13.35 x 5.5m(73.43m 2) 33˚/‐5.5˚

SOLAR PV FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HOMES IN THE GREATER

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Transcript of SOLAR PV FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HOMES IN THE GREATER