Solar Eclipses: What They Are, Front Line Experiences, and ... · Today’s Discussion: •Overview...
Transcript of Solar Eclipses: What They Are, Front Line Experiences, and ... · Today’s Discussion: •Overview...
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Solar Eclipses: What They Are, Front Line Experiences, and Some Science
Dr. Alphonse Sterling
NASA/MSFC
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170007853 2020-06-30T09:35:14+00:00Z
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Today’s Discussion:
• Overview of eclipses.
• The 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse.
• Eye safety.
• A couple of experiences from the “front
line” of past eclipses.
• The motivation for doing solar eclipse
studies (just an outline…).
• Things you can do.2
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What are Eclipses?
• One body falls into the shadow of another.
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What are Eclipses?
• One body falls into the shadow of another.
• Lunar eclipses.
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What are Eclipses?
• One body falls into the shadow of another.
• Lunar eclipses.
• Solar eclipses.
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What are Eclipses?
• One body falls into the shadow of another.
• Lunar eclipses.
• Solar eclipses.
– Partial.
– Annular.
– Total.
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The 21 August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse
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August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Path
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August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Path
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Do not Risk Your Precious
Eyes!!
• Do not look at the partial phases of the
eclipse directly without certified eye
protection!!
• There’s no point to staring at partial
phases….
• Look without protection only if you’re in
the totality path, and then only during
totality! (About 2 minutes.) 16
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses:
(https://eclipse.aas.org/resources/solar-filters)
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
• Indirect methods
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
• Indirect methods
– Pinhole projection
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
• Indirect methods
– Pinhole projection
– Box projection
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
• Indirect methods
– Pinhole projection
– Box projection
– Telescope/binocular projection
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Viewing Eclipses (partial phases)
• Eclipse glasses
• Welder’s glass (#14)
• Indirect methods
– Pinhole projection
– Box projection
– Telescope/binocular projection
– Almost-anything projection!
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Eclipse Science
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How Not to do Eclipse Science!
Ghana 2006 Version
(Useful information for picture takers too.)
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Lessons Learned (Science at Eclipses)
No new equipment.
Consider carefully before moving after setting up.
Practice, practice, practice!
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Gansu Province, China, 2008
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Science of the Sun. A key Problem: The
Temperature of the Corona
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6000 oC
100,000 oC
15 M oC
5 M oC
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The Solar AtmosphereThe Outer layers (Atmospheres) of the Sun:
•Photosphere
• Chromosphere
•Corona
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But….
• A “problem” resulted from 1869 eclipse observations of
the corona.
• Used a recently developed instrument - the
“spectroscope,” to study the corona.
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• Breaks light into “rainbow” colors, with lines.• Different elements produce different lines.• So these lines are like “fingerprints” for elements.
Spectra
Hydrogen
Sodium
• Hence, spectra can be used to determine the
composition of far-away objects, like the corona.
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But…
• A “problem” resulted from 1869 eclipse observations of
the corona.
• Used a recently developed instrument - the
“spectroscope,” to study the corona.
• Found lines that could not be identified!
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But…
• A “problem” resulted from 1869 eclipse observations of
the corona.
• Used a recently developed instrument - the
“spectroscope,” to study the corona.
• Found lines that could not be identified!
• Many explanations considered, including a “new”
element: coronium.
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But…
• A “problem” resulted from 1869 eclipse observations of
the corona.
• Used a recently developed instrument - the
“spectroscope,” to study the corona.
• Found lines that could not be identified!
• Many explanations considered, including a “new”
element: coronium.
But this didn’t work....
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NASA/CXC/SAO
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The Corona: Continued...
• The mystery spectral lines found to be due to very
hot (“highly-ionized”) familiar elements ~1940.
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• Structure of the corona: late 1960s and 1970s
observations from balloons, Skylab, etc.
• This structure due to the magnetic field.
So this was a sloooow process: 1869 eclipse
observations, and 1939~1943 explanation!!
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Magnetism is the key to why the corona is hot. (It is also responsible for many of the changing features of the Sun.)
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Magnetism is the key to why the corona is hot.
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Magnetism is the key to why the corona is hot.
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A Key Objective of Solar Physics:
Unravel details of how the magnetic
field heats the corona!
• This is one goal (direct or indirect) of many
eclipse studies.
• Also, many other stars have hot coronae,
and thus understanding the heating of the
Sun’s corona tells us about other stars too.
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Fun Things to Do:
• Temperature changes at different locations.
• Shadow bands, just near totality. Try taking pictures of them. (In path of totality.)
• Pictures of sharpening shadows. [To do “seriously”: Record time accurately (within a few seconds), your precise location (GPS coordinates?), use a standard surface (e.g., white sheet), sky conditions (may be hard unless clear).]
• Creative photography.
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But maybe best of all…
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But maybe best of all…
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ENJOY IT!
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We have to go to space to see the Sun’s outer atmosphere with regularity.
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The Corona from Yohkoh/SXT
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The Corona
• Expected to be cool, but found strange
spectral lines, first during 1869 eclipse.
• Many explanations considered, including
a “new” element: coronium.
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• But this didn’t work....
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Annular Eclipse (2012)