Siti Rosikho

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Historic house where " confinement " Soekarno- Hatta by youths in Rengasdengklok

Japan declared unconditional surrender to the Allies on August 14, 1945 . News of the defeat

of Japan is still kept secret by the Japanese . However pergeraakan leaders and youth in

Indonesia through overseas broadcasts have known at the date of August 15, 1945 . To the

young men soon met Bung Karno and Bung Hatta in Jakarta 56 East Pegangsaan and request

that would proclaimed Indonesian independence free from the influence of Japan . Bung

Karno and Bung Hatta do not agree with the reason that the proclamation should be discussed

in the meeting PPKI ( Committee for Indonesian Independence ) . So that on the night of

August 15, 1945 held a meeting in a room at the Microbiology Laboratory East Pegangsaan

attended by Soekarni , Joseph Kunto , Syodanco Singgih , and Chaerul Saleh as its leader .

The result of the meeting was delivered by Dervish and Wikana are urged Soekarno- Hatta

decide ties with Japan . Appearing tense atmosphere because Soekarno - Hatta did not

approve . But the young group still urged that the date August 16, 1945 declaration of

independence . The principle is still the need to emphasize the old group held a meeting PPKI

.

Later in the morning on August 16, 1945 , a young group held a meeting in Dormitory

Baperpi , Jalan Cikini 71 Jakarta with the decision to bring the Bung Karno and Bung Hatta

out of town to avoid being hit Japanese influence . In the early hours of 16 August 1945 ,

Soekarno - Hatta were kidnapped by Soekarni , Joseph Kunto , and Syodanco Singgih to

Rangasdengklok . In the afternoon , Ahmad Soebarjo guarantee that tomorrow lambantnya

later dated August 17, 1945 will Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence , then

Cudanco Subeno ( MAP army company commander in Rengasdengklok ) allows the

Soekarno -Hatta returned to Jakarta .

Formulation Proclamation Text

For the services of Ahmad Soebarjo meeting was held at the home of Rear Admiral Maeda at

Jalan Imam Bonjol No.1 Jakarta to discuss the implementation of the proclamation . Towards

the morning of August 17, 1945 proclamation formulated by Ir . Sukarno , Drs . Moh . Hatta ,

dam Ahmad Soebarjo witnessed by Sayuti Melik , Sukarni , BM Diah , and Sudiro . Tanggan

written copy of the proclamation by Sukarno read before the meeting participants . After this

approval and who signed the text typed by Sayuti Melik later with some changes that were

signed by the Soekarno - Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation . Also agreed that the

proclamation was held at the home of Sukarno in Jakarta Pegangsaan Road 56 East .

Proclamation of handwritten text Ir. Sukarno

Text Proklamasiketikan Sayuti Melik

Reading of the text of the Proclamation

On Friday August 17, 1945 at 10:00 am in the right Pegangsaan No. East . 56 Jakarta

Indonesia Independence Proclamation was read text by Ir . Sukarno , accompanied by Drs .

Moh . Hatta and continued with the red and white flag by S. Latif Suhud and Cudanco

Hendradiningrat and accompanied by the singing of national anthem Indonesia Raya and

forwarded by Mayor Suwiryo and Dr welcome . Mawardi . After the ceremony each leave .

The proclamation takes place in a simple , but solemn and was attended by about 1,000

people, consisting of the nation's leaders , youth group fighters and people who know the

event .

Proclamation statement has particular significance for Indonesia . Proclamation is the

culmination of the struggle for independence movement , free from the shackles of foreign

rule and other Unitary Republic of Indonesia . With the proclamation , the Indonesian people

can determine their own lives in accordance with the dignity , as well as the joints of

Indonesian life . Thus proclamation brought great changes in the life of the Indonesian nation

.

Reaction Top Rakyat Indonesia Indonesian Independence

1 . At the Central Level

After successfully formulate proclamation Sukarno advised the leaders who work in the press

and news agencies , especially BM Diah to reproduce the text of the proclamation and

broadcast it to the world . All existing communication tools used to disseminate news of the

proclamation of independence . News proclamation that has spread throughout the city ,

immediately disseminated throughout the world . On August 17, 1945 proclamation has

reached the hands of the Head of the Office of Radio Waidan . For that F. Wuz ( a wireless

operator ) to broadcast news of the proclamation in a row every half hour until 16.00 during

the broadcast stopped although forbidden by the Japanese . While the helm of the Japanese

army in Java proclamation ordered to rectify the news and expressed as a mistake . On

August 20, 1945 , sealed by a Japanese radio transmitter and employees are prohibited from

entering . But youth is not lost my mind by creating a new transmitter with the help of a few

people who were taken from a radio technician News Domei . Menteng 31, the youth

managed to assemble a new transmitter by dialing code DJK I. This is where the news of the

Declaration of Independence continues to broadcast . In addition, through the press and

pamphlets . Almost all of the daily publication date in Java in August 20, 1945 and carries

news of the proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia Constitution . So welcome the efforts

of the public and young people in the center of the proclamation spread the word to all

corners of the country .

2 . At Local Level

People welcomed news of the proclamation with a high fighting spirit , evidenced by the

Japanese army disarmament , taking power , burning passion to continue to fight for and

defend freedom.

In addition to the radio broadcasts , pamphlets, news proclamation officially also brought by

the messenger who happens to attend the trial and witnessed events PPKI proclamation of

Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 in Jakarta , namely :

Teuku Muhammad Hassan ( appointed Governor of Sumatra )

Sam Ratulangi ( appointed Governor of Sulawesi )

Ketut Pujo ( appointed Governor of Nusa Tenggara )

P. Mohammad Noor ( appointed Governor of Borneo )

The arrival of the delegates in each area were greeted with joy and festive ceremonies

followed .

3 . Contributions Areas In Indonesia Maintain Independence

On August 24, 1945 , between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of

the Netherlands reached an agreement known as the Civil Affairs Agreement . Under the

agreement stated that the commander of the British occupation forces in Indonesia will hold

the power on behalf of the Dutch government . In carrying out matters pertaining to civil

government , its implementation organized by NICA is under the command of English .

Power later in life will be returned to the Netherlands .

Allied forces ( British troops ) landed in Jakarta on September 15 , 1945. Joint British

soldiers were also Dutch soldiers and civil servants Netherlands ( NICA ) , led by Van der

Pals . The task is to disarm the allied forces and the Japanese army kemabali repatriate the

prisoners to their country . To carry out these tasks , the Allies formed a special command

called Aliied Forses Netherland EastIndies ( AFNEI ) . Since September 29 , 1945, a large

group AFNEI started coming to Indonesia . Netherlands and the allies who landed in

Surabaya hotel wants Yamato used as the headquarters of the Dutch Navy . Flag at the Hotel

Yamato derived by the Dutch and replaced with the flag of the Netherlands . Red - White -

Blue . This of course raises ire rakayat Surabaya . They trooped stormed the hotel to drop

Dutch flag . The Dutch flag after bawagh till , torn blue warana then flown back as the Red

and White Flag . The incident is known as the flag incident that occurred on September 19 ,

1945. To commemorate the event , now in front of the monument built Yamato struggles .

Ally after seeing various perlawananan in Indonesia was not mamapu perform tasks without

the help of the Indonesian government . Therefore , on October 1, 1945 , General Christison

recognized de facto Indonesian republic state and willing to negotiate . With the advent of

foreign powers simultaneously trying to maintain the independence of Indonesia . The role of

each region in maintaining the independence of Indonesia looks like the following :

Fighting in London ( March 23, 1946 )

Allied forces permission of the government of Indonesia on October 12, 1945 entered

London by train. GOI allow Allied forces entered London aims to take care of the prisoners

of war II ( Japan ) . On 23 November 1945 the Allied leaders in North Bandung Bandung

mengultimatum order soon discharged from the armed youth . However , the youth refused to

hand over the weapon so fierce fighting in the city . The first battle took place on December

1, 1945 . Therefore the government of Indonesia Jakarta, Bandung youths asked to stop the

fighting and had to vacate the city of Bandung . With a heavy heart , the young man left the

city of Bandung . In order for a building - bangunann peting in the city can not be used Allied

retreat while they burn . This incident occurred on March 23, 1946 . Entire city was engulfed

by flames Bandung . This event is famous Bandung Ocean of Fire event . The figures were

involved in the battle of London , among others, Muhammad Toha from South London (

Autumn ) , Kol . A.H Nasution , and Colonel Hidayat . As the driving force morale , it gives

birth to the song '' '' Halo - halo Bandung creation Ismail Marzuki . This song depicts the

struggle of the people who do not resolve outages possible to reclaim the city of Bandung .

Fighting in Sumatra ( Medan Area , December 10, 1945 )

Dated August 27, 1945 people heard the news of the proclamation of the new field brought

by Mr . Teuku Mohammad Hassan as Governor of Sumatra . Mengggapi news of the

proclamation of the youth under the leadership of Ahmad born form the Indonesia Youth

ranks . Allied landing in Medan occurred on October 9, 1945 under the leadership of TED

Kelly . The landing of the allied forces ( Britain ) is followed by troops and NICA

yangdipersiapkan to take over the government . The arrival of allied forces and Nica turns

memacing various iniden . On October 13, 1945 and TKR youth fighting against the Allies

and NICA in an effort to seize and take over government buildings of the hands of the

Japanese . Britain issued an ultimatum to the Indonesian people to hand weapons to the Allies

. This ultimatum is never ignored . At the date . On December 15, 194 % of Allied put up

signs that tertulis.kan " Fixed Field Area Boundaries " ( the legal limit field region ) in

various suburban terrain . Allied action was a challenge for the youth . On 10 December

1945, the Allies and NICA launch a massive attack against the city of Medan . This attack

raises many koraban on both sides . In April 1946, the Allies succeeded in occupying the city

of Medan . Central struggle of the people of Medan and then transferred to Pemantangsiantar

. To continue the struggle in the field in August 1946 formed the People 's Army Commando

Regiment Field Area . Commander initerus conduct attacks against Allied field region .

Almost in all regions of Sumatra occurred rakayat resistance against the Japanese , the Allies

, and the Netherlands . The battle took place , between lian in Perspective , a high hill and

Aceh .

Battle of Surabaya

On November 10, 1945 a battle between the people of Surabaya and the Allies . The incident

diawalai incident Mallabay killing Brigadier General ( Commander of the British Army ) on

October 30, 1945 . Due tersenut incident on 31Oktober 1945 British issued an ultimatum

ordering the fighters to surrender . If the ultimatum is not heeded the UK will exert all his

strength by land , sea or air . On 9 November 1945 General Mansergh issued an ultimatum to

return to Surabaya youth to surrender all weapons . The youths did not reach the ultimatum .

Surabaya people under the leadership of Bung Tomo , Sungkono and Governor Suryo reject

the ultimatum and began bmenghadapi allied onslaught . As a result , on November 10, 1945

, the British attacked Surabaya massively . The youths greeted by force of arms . Allied

weapon equipment experience a very superior people do not tighten . Bung tomo appointed

as leader of Surabaya youth chanted cries of " Allah Akbar " diradio government to evoke the

spirit of the struggle . As a result of the allied attack ( English ) blind for fifteen days ,

Surabaya be destroyed . The youths Surabaya eventually retreated to some areas , such as the

Mojokerto , Gresik , and Pasuruhan . Battle of Surabaya led to thousands of people died . To

remember and commemorate the spirit of Surabaya people kepahlawananan , set November

10 as the hero .

battle Ambarawa

In November 1945 the allied forces and NICA move from Semarang into Ambarawa to form

a defense . Fighting erupted mindless Allies unilaterally freed the Dutch internment in

Magelang and Ambarawa . In this battle Colonel Isdiman fall . Furthermore , pimpinann war

held by Colonel Sudirman , the Commander Banyiumas division . On December 15, 1945 ,

the Allies and NICA pushed and forced to retreat to Semarang . The event is famous mnama

Ambarawa Theater . To commemorate the event , the date of December 15 set as the infantry

and established monuments Ambarawa Ambarawa Theater .

Battle of Red and White in Manado

News also broke the proclamation of Indonesian Independence till to Manado . Rakayat

Manado especially the youth greeted him warmly . On the other hand , NICA troops to secure

the immediate arming kepentiangan former KNIL troops into tawananan Japan . They were

welcomed as the White Army barracks . In December 1945, Allied forces handed over power

to the NICA Manado city . Account after it got the mandate , troops NICA immediate arrests

of a number of figures RI RI to secure his position . The former KNIL troops supporting RI

known as the Black Army barracks . The fighters formed the Indonesian Youth Force ( PPI ) .

PPI frequent secret meetings to coordinate activities against NICA . However , these

activities are known NICA . As a result , some of the leaders were arrested PPI . Weapons

loyalties KNIL troops disarmed . However , these measures do not menyrutkan NICA

determination Indonesian fighters . On 14 February 1946, the PPI NICA dimarkas stormed

barracks in Teling White . With a makeshift weapon , the PPI is able to release the prisoners

and against the commanders and troops NICA . Spontaneously fighters tore riru color on the

Dutch flag at the base and white flag waving . The fighters also seized the headquarters of

NICA in Tomohon and Tondano . The supporters formed a civilian government immediately

RI . B.W Lapian selected as residennya . News enforcement Indonesian sovereignty in

Manado immediately sent to Yogyakarta .

Red and White event in Biak

News proclamation of Indonesian independence till too late, although in Papua . Papuans

there in different cities , such as Jayapura , Sorong , Biak Serui and provide a warm welcome

and support the Indonesian Independence Proclamation . The youth in various cities holding

rallies mendunkung independence . Allied with NICA trying to ban political kegaiatn and the

raising of the flag , but not menhiraukan Papuan youth . In an effort to maintain the

independence of Indonesia , on March 14, 1948 Red and White event took place in Biak .

This event begins with the attack on the Dutch military barracks Sorowako and Biak .

Furthermore , the youth Biak led by Joseph tried red and white flag around Biak . This effort

got perlawanandari Netherlands so have failed . Some perlawanann leaders were arrested and

sentenced to death .

Indonesian conflict Netherlands

Struggle through diplomacy or negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands with

British intermediaries , among others :

a. negotiations Linggarjati

AFNEI entry of the ride with NICA to Indonesia because of Japan set the status quo in

Indonesia caused the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands , for example, events

such as the 10 November, in addition to the British government be responsible to resolve the

political and military conflict in Asia , therefore , Sir Archibald Clark Kerr , British diplomats

, invited Indonesia and the Netherlands to negotiate in Hooge Veluwe , but the talks failed

because requested the Dutch recognized Indonesian sovereignty over Java , Sumatra and

Madura , but the Dutch just want to acknowledge Indonesia on Java and Madura only

In late August 1946 , the British government sends Lord Killearn to Indonesia to complete

the negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands . On October 7, 1946 held at the

British Consulate General in Jakarta, Indonesia - opened negotiations with the Dutch led by

Lord Killearn . These negotiations resulted in a ceasefire agreement ( October 14 ) and pave

the way towards negotiations on Linggarjati which began on 11 November 1946 .

Linggarjati is a small town that is arriving around 21 miles west of Cirebon . Linggarjati

negotiations held on 10-15 November 1946 . Linggarjati negotiating delegation led by Prime

Minister of Indonesia Sutan Syahrir , while the Dutch delegation was represented by prof .

And Dr. S. Schemerhorn . H , J. Van . Mook . Mediator and leader of the British negotiations

, namely Lord Killeam . The results of the negotiations were announced on 15 November

1946 and approval has been arranged as a script consisting of 17 chapters , among others,

contains the following :

The Netherlands recognizes the de facto jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia with

covering Sumatra , Java and Madura . Netherlands should leave the territory de facto no later

than January 1, 1949 .

Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands will cooperate in forming a United States of

Indonesia , under the name of United States of Indonesia , which is one part of the Republic

of Indonesia

United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands will form the Indonesian Union - Netherlands

with Dutch Queen as its chairman .

The results of the negotiations Linggarjati cause varying opinions on the pros and cons

kalngan political party in Indonesia . Negotiations Linggarjati harm Reopublik Indonesia

krena increasingly narrow region , which only covers Java , Madura and Sumatra . This

menyebababkan Novmber upheaval in Bali in 1946 under the leadership of Lieutenant

Colonel Gusti Ngurah Rai , by war bellows / all-out war ( bellows Margarana ) and Manado

battle led by Lieutenant Colonel Taulu assisted by Resident Lapian against KNIL ( Dutch ) .

b. Dutch Military Aggression I

Linggarjati negotiations for the Netherlands only used as a tool to bring more troops from his

country . To obtain the argument of the Republic of Indonesia in order to attack their press

charges as follows :

So that while the federal government dibetuk will prevail all over the formation of the

Republic of Indonesia Indonesian samapai States. This means the Republic of Indonesia

eliminated .

Gendermeri formation ( troops Keamanann ) together that will go to the region of the

Republic of Indonesia .

Republic of Indonesia rejected the proposal because the means to destroy himself . Rejection

was causing Dutch military aggression against the territory of the Republic of Indonesia .

Dutch attack began on July 21, 1947 with the target major cities in Java and Sumatra . Facing

the heavily armed Dutch military and causing modern Indonesian army units pushed out of

the city . Furthermore , the military and the people lascar counterattacked and tactics of

guerrilla warfare .

Existence of the Dutch military aggression I arouse sympathy and strong reaction from the

international community . Shape of the international world sympathy addressed by the

following actions :

Red Cross Malaya ( Malaysia ) and India sends relief drugs that are transported by plane from

Singapore Dakota . However , when the plane will land in Yogyakarta was shot down by the

Dutch army .

Australia and India reacted strongly to urge the UN Security Council to immediately discuss

the problem of Indonesia .

On August 4, 1947 republic of Indonesia and the Dutch government announced a cease-fire

began berlakuknya . Since the announcement of the cease- sebnjata tersebutlah , an official

end to the Dutch military aggression would I. However , in reality the Dutch still continue to

expand its territory till the line formed demakrasi that far ahead ( Van Mook line ) . Indonesia

refused , thus cease senata called by the United Nations has not berlakuk effectively . Thanks

to the diplomatic struggle at the UN , many countries are supporting the struggle of the

Indonesian people and helping to find a peaceful solution path . In efforts to resolve the

dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands in a peaceful and supervise the truce agreed

upon with the UN Security Council established the Commission on the Three Kingdoms (

KTN ) . State sitting in KTN is the result show of the Republic of Indonesia , the Netherlands

, and a neutral state again tersebuat state are :

Australia ( Indonesian show ) , represented by Richard Kirby .

Belgium ( Dutch show ) , represented by Paul Van Zeeland

United States ( show Australia and Belgium ) , represented by Dr. . Frank Graham

c . Renville Agreement

Useful KTN on December 8, 1947 conducted negotiations between Indonesia and Belanada

Renville aboard anchored in Jakarta . Indonesian delegation consisting of the prime minister

Syarifudin Amir Ali Sastroamijoyo , Dr . Tjoa Sik Len , Moh . Roem , Haji Agus Salim ,

Narsun and Ir . Juanda . The Dutch delegation consists of Abdulkadir Widjojoatmojo , Jhr .

Van Vredeburgh , Dr . Soumukil , Pangran Kartanagara and Zulkarnain . It turns out that the

representatives of the Netherlands almost all of the Indonesian nation itself berasala pro-

Dutch . Thus the Dutch keep doing that Indonesian politics pitting easily mastered . After

completion of debate on December 8, 1947 to January 17, 1948 with the obtained results of

the peace agreement called the Renville Agreement . Principal - poko contents Renville

agreement , are as follows :

Netherlands remains sovereign over the entire territory of Indonesia Indonesian sovereignty

till handed over to the United States of Indonesia immediately formed .

United States of Indonesia has a position that is parallel to the Dutch state in the union

between Indonesia and the Netherlands .

Republic of Indonesia will be the state of the RIS

Before RIS is formed , the Dutch can submit sebagain temporary power to the federal

government .

Indonesian republic troops arriving at derah haruns bag is pulled to the Republic of Indonesia

. The enclave is an area that is behind the Van Mook Line , the line connecting the two

leading derah occupied Netherlands .

Renville Agreement signed by both parties on January 17, 1948 . While the losses suffered by

Indonesia with the signing of the Renville agreement are as follows :

Indonesia was forced to agree to the establishment of United States of Indonesia melalaui

transitional period .

Indonesian territory lost in part because grais Van Mook had to be recognized as the Dutch

territories .

Indonesian republican party should withdraw all His people arriving at derah Dutch power

and pockets of guerrilla entrance to the Indonesian republic .

The signing of the Renville agreement pemerinthan bad consequences for the republic of

Indonesia , as well as between the other as follows :

Territory of the Republic of Indonesia became more narrow and dikururung by the regions of

the Netherlands .

Violent reactions among the leaders of the Indonesian republic which caused Amir

Syarifuddin cabinet because it is sold to the Dutch state .

The Indonesian economy is grammatical blockaded by the Dutch

Indonesia was forced to withdraw its military units from guerrilla areas and then move to the

adjacent territory of the Republic of Indonesia .

In an effort to divide the State unitary republic of Indonesia, Netherlands establish puppet

states , such as ; country western Borneo , Madura Country , State of East Sumatra , and Java

Timut State . The members of the puppet state of the BFO ( Federal Bijeenkomstvoor

overslag ) .

d . Dutch Military Aggression II

Seeing the chaotic situation of the Republic of Indonesia as a result of the PKI rebellion in

Madiun then on December 18, 1948 , the Netherlands unilaterally cancel the ceasefire

agreement the next day ( December 19, 1948 early morning ) Dutch army Airfield direct

stormed Maguwo , Yogyakarta . Dutch attack suddenly succeeded brilliantly so that at 16:00

pm the entire Yogyajarta already fallen in the hands of the Dutch . President and Vice

President decided to remain in the capital , although they will be captured by the enemy . The

reason , they are easily found by supatya KTN of viable diplomacy Dutch troops managed to

enter the palace keprisidenanan and high state officials arrested, all of them there are 150

people . The next morning the date of December 22, 1948 , President Sukarno , Haji Agus

Salim and Sutan Syahrir exiled to Berastagi , then moved to the lakeside Prapat Toba , North

Sumatra . Moh.hatta , Mohammad Roem , Mr . AG Pringgodigdo , Mr.Assaat and Komandor

S. Plump suyadayrman exiled to Bangka Island . In late January , President Sukarno and Ahji

Agus Salim moved to Muntok so gathered with Moh . Hatta et al .

To avoid attacks the Netherlands and to always stay together with the TNI Commander

General Sudirman led the guerrilla war with the place moving . General military offensive

against the city of Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949 , led by Lieutenant Colonel Suharto , 10

Regional Brigade Komado Wehrkereise III which oversees the area of Yogyakarta . General

attack on March 1, conducted simultaneously from various city departments so that the Dutch

army was shocked and unable to master the situation . Starting at 6:00 pm until 12:00 pm ,

the military seized Yogyakarta . TNI although only six hours of occupying the city of

Yogyakarta , any attacks has a very important meaning , namely :

Improve morale and military people who are struggling

Break the morale of the troops Netherlands

Demonstrate to the world that the military has the power to attack and show that there is still

a top Indonesian exist .

World condemns Dutch aggression and support the struggle of the Indonesian nation . State

of East Indonesia and the Lakes Country Pasundan as Dutch dolls also criticized the ongoing

formation of the Dutch Military Angresi II . On the initiative of Burma ( Myanmar ) and

India then terselenggaralah Asian Conference in New Delhi , India on 20-23 January 1949 .

Conference attended by several countries in Asia , Africa and Ausralia produce resulusi the

Indonesian problem that was presented to the UN Security Council . Dutch Military

Aggression II also invited the United Nations as a reaction of the Netherlands openly violate

the Renville Agreement in front of the Three Kingdoms ditugaskkan Commission by the

United Nations . On January 4, 1949 , the UN Security Council issued resulusi Republic of

Indonesia and the Netherlands in order to stop the hostilities . Failure Netherlands in various

battles and pressure from the international community , especially the United States forced

the Netherlands back to the negotiating table .

e . Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( Emergency Government )

Historic house in Bukittinggi as both the State Palace during the Emergency

Government

As a result of the second Dutch military aggression , the President and the Vice President and

several high-ranking officials can be captured by the Dutch . However , when it was still in

progress Dutch Military Aggression II, the leaders of the republic had time to sit and produce

three important decisions are as follows :

Granting full power to Syarifudin Prawiranegara to form the Emergency Government of the

Republic of Indonesia ( Emergency Government )

To Marimis , L.N Palar , and Dr. . Sudarsono was arriving in India to establish the Indonesian

government in exile .

President and Vice President memutuskkan not evacuate , stay in town with kemungkinann

captive and close to KTN .

The result of the meeting of the leaders of RI was immediately sent to Syarifuddin

Prawiranegara in Bukittinggi , West Sumatra, which was signed by President Soekarno and

Vice President Mohammad Hatta . If the task fails so that the Indonesian government

immediately formed in exile by leaders of Indonesia in India , namely Marimis , LN Palar ,

and Dr. . Sudarsono . The news turned out to have never till to Bukittingi because all calls

made out of Yogyakarta has been decided by the Dutch .

Establishment of Emergency Government itself on December 19, 1948 at 18.00 pm at the

initiative of Mr . Syarifudin and some government leaders in Sumatra . The reason , they

come meras responsible for the survival of the republic of Indonesia and for the safety of the

struggle . With the formation of the Emergency Government , the struggle is still

implemented and coordinated melalaui peamncar conducted by the Indonesian Air Force .

f . Roem - Royen negotiations

Dutch constantly under pressure from the international community , especially the United

States that are willing to negotiate with Indonesia . Negotiations as between Indonesia and

the Netherlands supervised by the United Nations Commission for Indonesia or the United

Nations Commission fotr Indonesia ( UNCI ) . The talks will be held in The Hague ,

Netherlands called Round Table Conference ( RTC )

Prior to that , held preliminary talks held in Jakarta on 17 April till the May 7, 1948 . Talks

led by Cochran Marle UNCI representative in the United States . Indonesian delegation

headed by Moh . Roem with members Ali Sastro Amijoyo , Dr . Leimena , Ir . Juanda , Prof. .

Supomo , and Latuharhary . Acting as adviser was Sutan Syahrir , Ir.Laok , and Moh Natsir .

The Dutch delegation headed by Dr . J.H. Van Royen with members of Bloom , Jacob , dr .

Dr. Van Vede , Dr. . P.J Koets , Dr. Van Hoogstratendan Gieben . Finally, on May 7, 1949

reached Roem Royen Statement . The statement was read by the chairman of the Indonesian

government Indonesian delegation , Mohammad Roem which contains , among others, as

follows :

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia will issue a cessation order a guerilla war

GOI participated in the round table conference with the goal of accelerating the transfer of

sovereignty complete and unconditional union to the Republic of Indonesia .

The Dutch delegation Then read the statement that was read by Dr. . JH Van Royen which

contains , among others, as follows :

The Dutch government agreed that the government should be free and freely Ri perform

obligations in a region that includes keprisidenanan Yogyakarta

The Dutch government is not unconditional freeing the leaders of Indonesia and other

Tahananpolitik captive since December 19, 1948 .

The Dutch government agreed to the Republic of Indonesia will be part of the United

Republic of Indonesia

Round table conference to be held in The Hague immediately after the Republic of Indonesia

in Yogyakarta returned .

With tercapinya agreement in principle Roem - Royen negotiations , the government of the

Republic of Indonesia in Sumatra Emergency lane ordered to take over the reigns IX

Yogyakrta of the Netherlands . The TNI is still suspicious of Roem - Royen agreement results

, but warned the Great General Sodierman entire unity of command in order not to think

about the political issue .

On June 22, 1949 , held talks triangle between the Republic of Indonesia , BFO , and the

Netherlands . UN-supervised talks led by Chritchley produce three decisions , namely :

Returns Government of the Republic of Indonesia to Yogyakrta which was held on June 24,

1949 .

Government stop a guerrilla war .

KMB will diselenggarakn in The Hague .

On July 1, 1949 the Indonesian government officially returned to Yogyakrta followed by the

arrival of the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia of guerrilla terrain . Commander General

Sudirman arrived back in Yogyakrta dated July 10, 1949 . After the Indonesian government

returned to Yogyakrta , on July 13, 1949 hearing held the first cabinet of the Republic of

Indonesia . On that occasion Mr . Syafrudin Prawiranegara restore its mandate to the vice

president , Moh.Hatta . the cabinet session also decided to lift the lane IX became Minister of

Defense and concurrent Chairman of the Security Coordinator . Follow-up Roem Royen

Agreement is :

The entire Dutch troops should be immediately sworn in Yogyakarta

Having emptied the city of Yogyakarta by the Dutch army , on June 29, 1949 the military

began to enter the city . The exit and entry of military Dutch troops supervised by UNCI .

Panglima Sudirman Besatr along with the other fighters only arrived in Yogyakarta on July

10, 1949 with a stretcher .

After the city of Yogyakarta is fully controlled by the TNI President and Vice President,

accompanied by other leaders on July 6, 1949 back to Yogyakarta from Bangka .

Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( Emergency Government ) in Sumatra

led by Syarifuddin Prawiranegara mandate handed back to the central government in

Yogyakarta . handover occurred on July 13, 1949 , during a cabinet meeting .

g . Conference of Inter - Indonesia

To deal with the Round Table Conference ( RTC ) , the Indonesian government needs to keep

up the BFO ( Federal Voor Bijenkomst overslag ) Inter Conference took place in Yogyakarta

Indonesia on 19-22 July 1949 , led by Vice President Drs . Mohammad Hatta with the

decision :

Indonesian state -approved union with the name of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) are based

on those of democracy and federalism .

RIS will be led by a president who is assisted by ministers

RIS will receive sovereignty , both of the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the

Netherlands .

Armed Forces of RIS is the national armed forces , the President is the Supreme Commander

RIS RIS War

National defense was the government's right solely RIS , bu - negra part will not have its own

army .

The second session of the Conference of Inter selenggrakan Indonesia in Jakarta on July 30

with a decision :

RIS flag is the Red and White

National anthem Indonesia Raya

RIS official language is Indonesian language support

Indonesian vice president selected RIS and BFO . Charging members of the Assembly

submitted to the policy states that the number sixteen states . Both sides also agreed to form a

national preparatory committee tasked to prepare everything related to the implementation of

the Round Table Conference .

h . Round Table Conference ( RTC )

After Indonesia managed to solve their own problems in the Conference of Inter - Indonesian

, Indonesian nation as a whole has now been prepared for the Round Table Conference ( RTC

) . Meanwhile, in August 1949 , President Sukarno as the Supreme Commander on the one

hand and the High Representative of the Netherlands Crown on the other hand , announced

the dismissal of a shootout . The order was effective from August 11, 1949 for Java and

August 15, 1949 for the area Sumatera.pada dated August 4, 1949 the Indonesian government

delegation to attend the RTC construct consisting of Drs Moh.Hatta ( Chairman ) , Mr .

Moh.Roem , Prof. . Dr. . Supomo , dr.J.Leimena , Mr . Ali Sastroamidjoyo , Mr . Suyono

Hadinoto , Dr . Sumitro Djojohadikusomo , Mr . Abdul Karim Pringgodigdo .

Diselenggrakan Round Table Conference in The Hague , the Netherlands on August 23 to

November 2 , 1949. Indonesian delegation led by Drs . Moh Hatta , BFO led by Sultan

Hamid II of Pontianak RTC and a delegation from the Netherlands led by Mr . Van

Marseveen . Of the United Nations led by Crittchlay .

On 2 November 1949 the negotiations ended with the decision as follows :

The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) as an independent and

sovereign state

Completion of Irian question Bart suspended till next year

RIS as erdaulat country full cooperation with the Netherlands in a trust which is headed by

the Queen of the Netherlands on a voluntary basis with the same status and rights .

RIS Netherlands restore property rights , granting concessions , and new licenses for

companies .

All of the former Dutch East Indies debt must be paid by the RIS .

i . Formation of Republic of Indonesia

On October 29, 1949 can be signed Charter Agreement RIS Constitution . Charter RIS

conference agreement between the Republic of Indonesia with BFO . The results of the RTC

decision is submitted to the Central Indonesian National Committee ( KNIP ) . Furthermore

KNIP convene from 6-14 December 1949 date to discuss these results . Discussion of the

results of the RTC by the KNIP done by voting to accept the results of the RTC KNIP .

One of the RTC decision in The Hague Netherlands is Indonesia become a union state with

the name Republic of Indonesia union . To become the RIS , KNIP and the House held a

hearing in Jakarta . The trial failed to agree on a constitution for RIS manuscript known as the

Constitution of RIS . On December 16, 1949 Presidential election held hearings in the House

Kepatihan RIS , Yogyakarta by representatives of sixteen states . The trial was led by Muh .

Roem and children Agung Gede Agung . on the date of December 14, 1949 the

representatives of the governments that are part of the RIS . On December 14, 1949

Presidential election held RIS with a single candidate Ir . Sukarno . Finally , Ir . Sukarno is

elected president , then inaugurated and sworn in on December 17, 1949 . Date December 17,

1949 presidential inauguration ceremony held in Ward RIS Sitinggil , Sultan Palace . Drs

Moh . Hatta became prime minister who would lead the cabinet RIS . Under the Constitution

RIS RIS Parliament consists of the House of Representatives and the State Legislature called

the Senate . Governmental power is held by the prime minister . The President only has to

certify the results of the decision wewengang cabinet led by the prime minister .

recognition Kedulatan

On December 23, 1949 RIS delegation chaired by Drs . Moh Hatta with members of Sultan

Hamid Algadrie , Suyono Hadinoto , Dr . Suparmo , Dr . Kusumaatmaja and Prof Dr .

Supomo go to the Netherlands . On December 27th 1949 the Dutch government transferred

sovereignty over Indonesia to the United States of Indonesia . In two places :

Netherlands

Queen Juliana , Prime Minister Willem Dress , and the Overseas Minister , AMJM Sassen

hands the sovereignty of the Indonesian delegation leader ( RIS ) , Drs . Moh . Hatta .

Jakarta

High Representative of the Crown AHJ Lovink cede sovereignty to a representative

government RIS . , Lane IX . Along with that , in Yogyakrta President Sukarno accepts the

transfer of sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia to the Acting President Assaat RIS . And

dated December 28, 1949 the seat of government was moved again to Jakarta RIS . A month

later, on January 29, 1950 , General Sudirman died at the age of 32 years . Sudirman is a

great hero for the TNI and the Indonesian people .

The role of the UN ( United Nations )

The UN helped weaponry and attempt to resolve the dispute between Indonesia and the

Netherlands during the physical revolution ( 1945-1950 ) . On January 24, 1949 the UN

Security Council convened . In the trial, the United States passed a resolution approved by all

member states , namely :

Freeing the president and vice president as well as the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia

which was captured on December 19, 1948 .

KTN ordered to give a full report on the situation in Indonesia since December 19, 1948 .

Another decision results achieved by the United Nations are:

Charter recognition of Sovereignty ( December 27, 1949 )

formation of RIS

Formation of Indonesian - Dutch Union

The KNIL formation and KL are integrated into APRIS .

Charter on citizenship

Approval of financial economics

West Irian issues will be discussed a year later

With the recognition of the sovereignty of the date of December 27, 1949 , it ended the armed

revolution in Indonesia and the de jure the Dutch recognized Indonesian independence in the

form of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) . But over the deal to the people of Indonesia on

August 17, 1950 , RIS was dissolved with the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia (

Republic of Indonesia ) . Furthermore, on 28 September 1950 , Indonesia received a member

of the United Nations 60th . This means that Indonesia's independence was officially

recognized by the international community .

Return to the Homeland ( State unitary Republic of Indonesia )

Hasi approval of the RTC ended on 2 November 1949 was the formation of the federal state

of Indonesia, the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) . RIS is composed of states including the

Republic of Indonesia , State of East Sumatra , South Sumatra Country , State Pasundan ,

State of East Java , Madura Country , Country Indonesia East and 9 unit is a stand-alone

statehood West Kalimantan , East Kalimantan , Bangka , Belitung , Riau , Central Java .

However , in the Cabinet RIS only two people who support a federal system in Indonesia ( ie

Sultan Hamid II and Anak Agung Gede Agung ) , the rest ( such as Sri Sultan

Hamengkubuwono IX , Arnold Manuhutu , etc. ) further supports the Homeland system . By

Demian , hence the desire to disperse and establish the Homeland RIS stronger

Basic formation of the federal state in Indonesia is very weak and not supported by a strong

ideological ties , with the goal of a state that is not clear and without the support of many

people . Very existence depends on the strength of the Dutch military consists of the Royal

Leger ( KL ) or the Royal Netherlands Army and the Royal Netherlands Indische Leger (

KNIL ) , or Royal Netherlands Indies Army .

On May 19, 1950 , held between RIS agreement with Indonesia to prepare for the

establishment of a unitary state procedures . PPerdana RIS parties represented by the Minister

Moh . Hatta and the RI was represented by dr . Abdul Halim . According to the agreement ,

Negar Unitary Republic of Indonesia ( Republic of Indonesia ) will be established by the RIS

together with RI in Yogyakrta . Formed a joint committee for the implementation of RIS and

RI are in charge of designing the Unitary State of Law , led by prof . Supomo and on July 20,

1950 successfully complete the task . Draft Law on State Unitary councils submitted to the

representatives of States for enhanced section . Law of the Republic of Indonesia contains the

elements of the 1945 Constitution and the Constitution of the RIS . Finally, on August 14,

1950 , the draft Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Negar well received by the senate

and parliament RIS and KNIP .

On August 15, 1950 , President Sukarno signed the draft Basic Law as a Law of the

Provisional Republic of Indonesia then known as the Provisional Constitution of 1950. Was

on August 17, 1950 , the RIS officially disbanded and formed the Republic of Indonesia with

the Provisional Constitution 1950 as its constitution . Nevertheless , the majority of

Indonesian people believe that the Unitary Republic of Indonesia is a continuation of the

Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945 .

Indonesian - Dutch conflict Kedulatan After Confession

Although the regions of Indonesia had made negra doll has been the return to the Netherlands

formed a unitary state recognition , but the region RI is not fully intact as West Irian is still

dominated by the Dutch . Untu , the Indonesian government attempted to reclaim the West

Irian . Ways to go through:

1 . Struggle Diplomacy

Article 2 paragraph 1 of the Charter on the Sovereignty submission Irian ( Niuew - Guinea )

in the status quo . For a while while running within one year after the date of the transfer of

sovereignty to the RIS will be settled by way of negotiation . However , the Dutch began to

deny the RTC results in particular problems of West Irian . Indonesian nation with diplomatic

and military power to seize territory that is controlled by the Dutch West Irian .

Diplomatic efforts to restore Irian into the bosom of the Republic of Indonesia , namely :

Bilateral negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands , but the venture failed

Since 1954, the Indonesian government to raise the question of West Irian to UN General

Assembly , Indonesia has repeatedly raise the issue , but never got a positive response .

In 1955 , Indonesia tried to raise the issue in the Asian-African Conference in Bandung , but

also ignored the Netherlands

2 . Confrontation Economy

In order that the liberation of West Irian in 1957 carried out the following actions in

Indonesia :

On November 18 , 1957, a rally was held in Jakrta . The rally was followed by a strike by

workers who worked on the Dutch -owned company in Indonesia . The strike dimuali held on

December 2, 1957 .

Aircraft belonging to the Dutch airline ( KLM ) banned landed and flew over the Indonesian

region

Actions capital takeover of Dutch companies in Indonesia , for example, Bank Transfer

Escompto taken by the Government of Indonesia on December 9, 1957 and Netherlandsch

Handel Matchappij NV Also taken Rather ( the company changed its name to Bank Dagang

Negara ) .

Printing De Unie was not immune from takeover efforts of Dutch companies in Indonesia ,

which datur in Government Regulation No. 23 of 1958 .

3 . Struggle Confrontation

Dated December 19, 1961 , President Sukarno issued a Tri- People ( TRIKORA ) which

contains the following :

Abort the formation of a puppet state of Papua, made in colonial Dutch .

Hoist the Red and White in West Irian homeland of Indonesia .

Be prepared for a general mobilization maintain the unity of the homeland 's independence

from Indonesia .

In order liberation of West Irian command of military operations will be established which

was named West Irian Liberation Mandala Command on January 2, 1962 . Meyjen Suharto as

his command was . Deputy Commander of the I Marine Colonel Subono . , Deputy

commander Komado II : Marine Colonel and Chief of Staff Leo Wattimena Joint Colonel

Ahmad Tahir .

Komado Mandala planned operations liberation of West Irian there are three phases , namely

:

Phase Infiltration : till the end of 1962 trying to enter the 10 companies around specific goals

to create a de facto free area . These units should be able to develop a mastery of the region ,

bringing with them the people of West Irian in the physical struggle to liberate western Irian .

Exploitation phase : start early 1963. Operation is planned to hold an open attack against a

hostile military aircraft , occupying all the important posts pertahanann enemies .

Consolidation phase : the beginning of 1964. Absolute RI enforcement plan in West Irian . In

the battle in the Arafura Sea , dated January 15, 1962 and Captain Yos Sudarso Komondor

Wiranto fall . Before the ship sank RI leopard , melalaui radio , telephone Komondor Yos

Sudarso still had mengkomandokan Combat Messege ( waged spirit of Struggle )

4 . The Act

Referensi

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