Society, Culture, and Sport
description
Transcript of Society, Culture, and Sport
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Society, Culture, and Sport
Chapter 20
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Topics Covered:
Brief history of sport in the USA Brief history of the Olympic Games Sport and American culture Icons of American sport The business of sport Sport as a spectacle Being an informed consumer
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Brief History of Sport in USABrief History of Sport in USA
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By analyzing American sport history and by examining the larger role sport
currently plays in people's everyday lives, we can further understand how
sport has come to permeate our culture and society.
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New Beginnings (1400s to 1860)
15th and 16th century European explorers and settlers fascinated
by Native American games– Example: baggataway
• To develop warrior’s skill• First viewed by French• Today known as lacrosse
17th and 18th century Hampered development due to church
sentiment and wars
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New Beginnings (1400s to 1860)
Late 18th and 19th century End of American Revolution Beginning of First Industrial
revolution– More leisure time– Sports/games develop more rapidly
Mostly social elite sports– Examples: golf, horse racing, target
shooting Bare-knuckle fights
– Initially illegal; slave against slave– Universally accepted end of 19th
century
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The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918)
Ice Hockey Played on a frozen pond
with a wooden puck and a stick
King’s College,Nova Scotia (Canada)
MontrealQuebec (Canada)
New England States (USA)
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The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918)
Baseball Origin of “bat and ball” or “town ball”:
– Abner Doubleday, Cooperstown NY(1839)– Western MA (late 1700s)– Small towns in Eastern NY and New England; (late 1700s)
Origin of modern baseball:– Alexander Cartwright; Knickerbockers Base Ball Club; 1845
Spread throughout the country during the Civil War years
Played by all
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The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918)
Football Originally the “Boston game” First game – 1869
– Soccer rules Rugby rules adopted in 1867 11-man game (versus 15)
– Adopted several years later– Allowed for more control and strategy– Walter Camp – “father of modern football”
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The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918)
Basketball Truly North American in origin Developed by Dr. James Naismith
visiting YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) in MA in 1890– Soccer ball and peach baskets
Developed as a form of recreation to pass away cold New England winters
Spread by YMCA Training School graduates to urban areas James Naismith
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The Civil War and the Second Industrial Revolution (1861 to 1918)
Other activities Cycling
– Bicycle craze due to overpopulation and transportation issues
– Development of competitive cycling Car racing
– Invention of automobile– Popular pastime for those who could afford it
Modern Olympic Games– Pierre de Coubertin– Modeled after ancient Olympics
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Post-World War I Era (1919 to present)
Post WWI and Great Depression– “Golden age” of sport– American sports icons help nation put painful WWI memories
behind– Beginning of Professional leagues
• The American Professional Football League (1920)– The Negro League of Baseball– Sport seen as form of entertainment that generates revenue
• Athletes paid and traded• Football moved to larger urban areas
– Olympics gained momentum
Post WWII– Economic boom accompanied by emergence of sport, recreation,
and physical activity as important part of our society
Lou Gehrig
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Post-World War I Era (1919 to present)
Emergence of Mass Media Invention of radio Invention of TV (1950s and 1960s)
– Brought sport icons to people’s homes– Sport perfect medium for TV– Gathered families
Sports popularity in mass media and with it participation in sports grows– Baseball– Tennis – Billie Jean King
Sports on TV influence children and adults
Billie Jean King
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Post-World War I Era (1919 to present)
Sport for All Amendment XIV – Equal access for all races
– Brown v. Board of Education (1954)– Against doctrine of “separate but equal”/Plessy v. Ferguson
(1986)
Title IX – Equal opportunity and funding regardless of sex– Established the Education Amendments of 1972– Produced a change in attitude toward female athletes and
sports
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Brief History of Olympic GamesBrief History of Olympic Games
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I Athens, 1896
•First modern Olympics
•Developed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin
•IOC
•Vision: to promote the idea of true armature athletic competition
•James Connolly
II Paris, 1900
•First unofficial appearance of women (golf and tennis)
•In conjunction with World's Fair
•Ray Ewry, Myer Pristein
III St. Louis, 1904
•Also coincided with World’s Fair
•4½ months duration
•First to utilize medal system
•George Eyser
IV London, 1908
•Originally awarded to Rome
•Athletes walked in by nation for the first time
•Ray Ewry
V Stockholm, 1912
•Electronic devices, public address systems, and photo finishes used
•First to have representation from all five continents
•Jim Thorpe
SUMMER
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VII Antwerp, 1920
•Olympic flag
•Athlete’s Oath
•Release of dove as a symbol of peace
•Ethelda Bleibtrey
VIII Paris, 1924
•First Olympic village
•Motto “Citius, Altius, Fortius”
•Raising of 3 flags in the closing ceremony
•Johnny Weissmuller
IX Amsterdam, 1928
•Ignition of Olympic flame during opening ceremonies
•First time women were recognized as competitors in “athletic” events (e.g., track and field)
•Elizabeth Robinson
X Los Angeles, 1932
•Began the tradition of honoring victors with their national anthem
•Babe Didrikson
SUMMER
WWI
1914-1918
VI Berlin, 1916
•Cancelled due to WWI
•Still holds the distinction of the Games of VI Olympiad
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XIV London, 1948
•Reawarded to London
•First to be seen on home TV’s
•Bob Mathias, Robert Richards
XV Helsinki, 1952
•First time showing of USSR, Israel, and Federal Republic of Germany
•Setting stage for USSR v. USA rivalry
•Harrison Dilard, Patricia McCormick
SUMMER
WWII
1939-1945
XIII London, 1944
•Cancelled due to WWII
XI Berlin, 1936
•First TV broadcast
•Torch relay introduced
•“the Hitler Olympics”: Hitler’s means of propaganda
•Jesse Owens embarrassed Hitler by winning 4 gold medals
•Marjorie Gestring
WWII
1939-1945
XII Helsinki, 1940
•Cancelled due to WWII
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XVII Rome, 1960
•Played an anthem that was played back at first modern Olympics in Athens; became the official anthem
•Dominated by USSR
•Wilma Rudolph, Cassius Clay
XVIII Tokyo, 1964
•First time the Games were hosted by an Asian nation
•Volleyball – first women’s team sport
•Billy Mills, Joe Frazier
XIX Mexico City, 1968
•Altitude benefited short distance and disadvantaged long distance events
•Long jump world record made that remained unbroken for 22 years (Bob Beamon)
•Tommie Smith and John Carlos protest against racial segregation in USA
XX Munich, 1972
•September 5, 1972 Palestinian terrorists (Black September) took hostage and killed 11 Israeli athletes
•The first Judge’s Oath was recited
•Mark Spitz
SUMMER
XVI Melbourne, 1956
•First city in the southern hemisphere to host
•Athletes walk together v. by nation for the closing ceremonies
•Wilma Rudolph, Al Oerter
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XXII Moscow, 1980
•A U.S. lead boycott by Western nations protesting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
•Soviet team dominated
XXIII Los Angeles, 1984
•In response to Moscow Olympics Soviets and other nations boycott
•Huge success; >$200 million profit
•Carl Lewis, Joan Benoit
XXIV Seoul, 1988
•South Korean government refused to co-host with the North Korea
•North Korea and Cuba boycott in response
•Florence Griffith-Joyner, Matt Biondi
XXV Barcelona, 1992
•First time since Munich to be held without a boycott
•South Africa was allowed to participate following abolishment of apartheid
•W and E Germany together
•Russian states separate
•Basketball Dream Team, Gail Devers
SUMMER
XXI Montreal, 1976
•Allegations of suspected drug use were at the forefront of media coverage
•First ever perfect score in gymnastics earned by Nadia Comaneci of Romania
•Edwin Moses, Greg Louganis
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XXVII Sydney, 2000
•First time since Korean War, North and South played together
•Women took part in weightlifting and decathlon
•Marion Jones, Michael Johnson
SUMMER
XXVI Atlanta, 1996
•A bomb detonated in Centennial Olympic Park
•2 people killed; 100 injured
•Carl Lewis, Michael Johnson
XXVII Athens, 2004
•Return home after more than a century
•Most expensive in history
•Post-September 11; Extra degree of security
•No incident
•Michael Phelps
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Sport Books Publisher 23WINTER
I Chamonix, 1924
•Originally an “International Winter Sports Week”
•Officially recognized as winter Olympics in 1926
•Charles Jewtraw
III Lake Placid, 1932
•First in the Americas
•Sled dog racing appears as a demonstration sport
•Eddie Eagen the only athlete ever to win gold in both Summer and Winter Olympics
IV Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936
•First time for Alpine events
•Austrian and Swiss skier boycotted to protest exclusion of ski instructors
•Leo Freisinger
II St. Moritz, 1928
•Sonja Henie, future Hollywood film star, earns first three gold medals
•U.S. wins two gold medals in bobsled and skeleton tracks
WWII
1939-1945
1940& 1944
•Cancelled due to WWI
•Unlike Summer Olympics did not keep their numerical designations
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V St. Moritz, 1948
•Return after 20 years to same place
•Germany and Japan not invited
•Gretchen Fraser, Dick Burton
VI Oslo, 1952
•Nordic ski events open to women for the first time
•Dick button
VII Cortina d’Ampezzo, 1956
•First appearance by the USSR
•First Athlete’s Oath taken by a woman
•Last outdoor figure skating events
•Tenley Albright
VIII Squaw Valley, 1960
•First use of instant replay
•Biathlon made its debut
•Women speedskating
•Carol Heiss, David Jenkins
IX Innsbruck, 1964
•Endangered due to lack of snow
•Austrian Army brought snow from the surrounding mountaintops
•USSR dominated
•Terry McDermott
Sport Books Publisher 25WINTER
X Grenoble, 1968
•Women underwent sex tests
•The East German Women’s luge team disqualified for heating the runners
•First broadcast in color TV
•Peggy Fleming
XI Sapporo, 1972
•First outside of Europe or U.S.
•Karl Schranz banned for receiving payments from ski manufacturer
•Soviet hockey players, paid by government, allowed
•Canadian hockey boycott
•7 of 8 USA medals won by women
XII Innsbruck, 1976
•Originally awarded to Denver but were removed due to funding issues
•Ice dancing entered as Olympic event
•Dorothy Hamill, Peter Mueller, Sheila Young
XIII Lake Placid, 1980
•Second time in same place
•Artificial snow
•U.S. hockey team defeated USSR, the “Miracle on Ice”
•Eric Heiden
XIV Sarajevo, 1984
•20-km Nordic event for women
•New IOC president
•Phil and Steve Mahre, Scott Hamilton
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XV Calgary, 1988
•First in Canada
•Spread out over three weekend
•Speedskating under a covered venue
•Added super G and Alpine combined
•Brian Boitano, Bonnie Blair
XVI Albertville, 1992
•Last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games
•Women’s biathlon
•Added freestyle skiing and short-track speedskating
•Bonnie Blair, Kristi Yamaguchi, Nancy Kerrigan
XVII Lillehammer, 1994
•One of the greatest ever
•Dan Jansen, Nancy Kerrigan, Tonya Harding
XVII Nagano, 1998
•First time for Women’s hockey
•Reintroduced curling
•Added snowboarding
•NHL players allowed to participate
•Jonny Moseley, Picabo Street, Tara Lipinski
XIX Salt Lake City, 2002
•Return of skeleton
•Women’s bobsled
•French judge suspended for misconduct; gold medals given to both Russian and Canadian pairs
•Sarah Hughes
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XX Torino, 2006
•Italy hosts for the second time
•Extreme snowboard cross added
•Sarah Konrad, Shani Davis
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Sport and American CultureSport and American Culture
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Sport and Culture
Sport and American culture are intricately intertwined in many significant ways
Example: Olympics continue to be seen as a cultural event as well as arena for athletic accomplishment
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The Relationship Between Sport and Culture
Culture represents the ways of life people create in a given society– It is a creation of people, not something that is
imposed upon a group
The relationship between sport and culture can be see in the following three areas:
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1. Quest for Excitement Sport appeals to participants’ or spectators’
quest for excitement Sport offers physical challenge and
psychological risks that are hard to find in contemporary society
Examples?
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2. The Appeal of Sports
Everyone has an appreciation of the tremendous physical skills required to participate in high level sports
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3. Sport’s Cultural Significance
Because of our need for development of social identification and rivalries
We need to be part of a collective whole and to identify with our accomplishments
Example: “The Miracle on Ice”
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What is Sport Culture?
Development of sport allowed the formation of a myriad of new social groups
These groups formed their own criteria for acceptance to an inner circle, thus creating a “culture” within a particular sport
Sport culture is constantly redefining itself
Spectators have developed their own distinguishing social groups by aligning with a particular team
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What is Sport Culture?
Sports Fans Versus Sports Fanatics
Sports fans:– Passive admirers or true devotees– Have true appreciation for the game – Consider themselves as outsiders (i.e., can’t change the
game)
Sports fanatics:– Have difficulty dissociating from the game– Sport becomes and obsession– Believe they can actually change the outcome– Often engage in unruly behavior
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Icons of American SportIcons of American Sport
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Baseball
Satchel Paige– One of the most dominant pitchers – Career of >4 decades and >2,500 games– Started in Negro League (1920s)– One of the early pioneers in breaking the color barrier in
professional sport
Lou Gehrig– The original Iron Man– Played 2,130 consecutive games– In 1931 hit 181 RBIs (still an American League record)– In 1941 died of ALS, now referred to as Lou Gehrig's
disease
Lou Gehrig
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Football
Walter Payton– All-time leading rusher in professional football (until 2002)– 2 time NFL MVP (1977 and 1985)– Spent entire career with one organization – Chicago Bears – High community involvement
Vince Lombardi– Named the coach of the century (2000; ESPN)– Head coach of the Green Bay Packers (1958)– Super bowl trophy now called the Vince Lombardi Trophy
Vince Lombardi
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Professional Golf
Mildred “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias– First and probably the finest female professional multi-sport
athlete– Basketball, track and field, golf– First female to participate in men’s professional golf
tournament (1945 Los Angeles open)
Eldrick “Tiger” Woods– Youngest golfer to achieve a world #1 ranking (age 21)– By age 5 was featured in Golf Digest magazine– Youngest golfer to achieve U.S. Amateur Championship
(age 15)– The first golfer to hold four major golf championship titles
concurrently
Tiger Woods
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Olympic Athletes Mary Lou Retton
– 1st American to ever win Olympic gold in gymnastics (1984; age 16) Jesse Owens
– Shattered the walls of sports racism by leaving “the Hitler Olympics” (1936) with 4 gold medals
Muhammad Ali– Earned Olympic gold medal in boxing at age 18 (1960)– Outspoken supporter of Civil Rights; refused induction into the U.S.
army in 1967 Wilma Rudolph
– Star Olympic athlete in track and field– United Press Athlete of the Year and the Associated Press Woman
Athlete of the Year (1960) Carl Lewis
– Dominated track and field on the world stage for >decade– Four Olympic gold medals in 1984– Last Olympic gold medal in 1996 at age 35
Wilma Rudolph
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Basketball
Michael Jordan– One of the greatest athletes of all time– 15-year NBA career– NBA accolades: 6 championships, 7 scoring titles,
6 Finals MVP trophies, 5 league MVP trophies, 1 Defensive Player of the Year award
Dr. James Naismith– Canadian-born educator known as the inventor of
basketball– Also credited for developing first football helmet
Michael Jordan
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Professional Tennis
Arthur Ashe– Ranked number one in the world on several occasions– Better known for being a courageous advocate for social
change:• Racism and apartheid in South Africa• HIV and AIDS
Billie Jean (Moffit) King– Ranked number one in the world on numerous occasions– A tireless advocate for women’s rights– In “the Battle of the Sexes” (1973) King defeated former
Wimbledon men’s champion Bobby Riggs (6-4, 6-3, 6-3)
Arthur Ashe
Billie Jean King
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The Business of SportThe Business of Sport
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The Business of Sport
Economic factors now dominate major decisions that affect the business of sport
Sport is one of the fastest growing industries in the U.S.
The economic conditions that allow corporate business to thrive are the same conditions necessary for the survival of commercial sport
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Gate receipts
Internet hits
Media rights Merchandise
Licensing fees
Revenues from sales of concessions
Sponsorship Other?
The Business of Sport
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Professional Sports in North America
Athletes are paid Sports are privately owned
Table. Comparison of minor league versus top NA franchise owners
Minor League Top franchise
Profit NegativeLucky to break evenOwners go out of business
Make millions of dollars
Owner description
Individuals or partnership
Large corporations, wealthy partnerships, or individuals
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Amateur Sport in the US
Athletes participate for the love of the game, not for a salary
Do not have owner
Have governing bodies:– President’s Council on Physical Fitness– United States Olympic Committee– Amateur Athletic Union
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Sport Sponsorship
An agreement between a commercial company and an individual, team, or sport that in return for money athletes advertise the names of sponsors through:– Clothing lines, corporate logos,
TV ads, and choice of commodities
Found in professional and amateur sports
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Sport Sponsorship: Advantages and Disadvantages for Professional Athletes
Money Made
Money Lost
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Sport Sponsorship: Advantages and Disadvantages for Amateur Athletes
Allows athletes to give up a job and
train full-time
•Strong reliance = powerful hold by the sponsor
•Sponsors request changes in organization
•Hard to attract sponsors if low TV appeal
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Sport Sponsorship: How It All Works
Agreed period of time (months or years)
Sign legal agreement to prevent quick termination if things go wrong– Example: Actions of athlete brings bad publicity– Example: Sponsor is linked with unethical practice
Since this agreement is difficult to terminate, it important to make correct selection
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Sport Sponsorship:
The Nature of the Sponsorship
Should companies that sell unsuitable products be allowed to sponsor sports?
Amateur sports: many colleges and universities no longer willing to sign agreements with unsuitable sponsors
Professional sports: many franchises are sponsored by precisely such organizations
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Sport as a SpectacleSport as a Spectacle
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Television
Televised sports have become a form of sportainment– The equivalent of a TV movie that claims to be based on a
true story
Sports account for a growing proportion of income made on the sales of commercial time by television companies
TV companies are therefore willing to spend an escalating amount of money for the rights to televise certain sports and sporting events
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Newspapers
~1900’s 1920’s TODAY
One sports page in common
newspapers•Sports page expanded to sports “section”
•More daily coverage devoted to sport than any other topic (~25%)
•Sports section = 1/3 of total circulation
•Tremendous circulation reaches millions of readers
•Large advertising revenues for newspapers
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Books and Magazines
Magazines– About major and minor sports– Popular content: biographies, statistics, pictures,
all forms of news– Magazines about sports in general are harder to
find and generally sales have not done well (exception: Sports Illustrated)
Books– Popular content: (auto)biographies, coaching, and
training– Less popular content: novels based on sport
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Radio
Before TV, radio was #1 media form
Advantages of radio (versus TV) live event broadcasting:
– Company: More economical because it involves smaller # of broadcasters and producers
– Listener: Costs less, more mobile – therefore can do other things at the same time
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Film and Video
In spite of their dramatic content, sports are not a popular topic for films and videos
Video collection of sporting moments and instructional videos remain popular
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Internet
Unlike other media forms:– Allows the consumer to access information
at the time of his or her choosing– Not limited to sequential programming
Use of Internet:– Extension of existing media– Fantasy leagues
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Being and Informed ConsumerBeing and Informed Consumer
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Sport commercialism, as well as our rich sports history, impact on us as individual consumers
Corporations have a financial interest in the average American citizen – U.S. high school student
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Factors Influencing Student Participation
People participate in physical activity (PA) for different reasons at different points in their lives
Issues considered by high school students will be different than those considered by adults
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ParticipationIndividual
perception of sport and PA
Commercial interests
Media influences
Teacher or coach
American athlete role
models
Other ?
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The Benefits of School and Community PA
School and Community PA
Improved fitness levels
Improved self-esteem and overall mood
Lower hospitalization
costs
Greater overall acceptance by
one’s peers
Development of school spirit
Improving cohesion among students and
faculty
Other?
Lower hospitalization
costs
Improved fitness
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The Importance of Being an Informed Consumer
Advertisers constantly tell us that what we currently have comes up far short
We will almost always feel the need to buy more and better sports and exercise equipment
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Technology
Continues to change sports:– Tennis players hit with greater power using
larger, graphite, tightly strung rackets– Golfers have advantage by playing with
titanium heads– Introduction of the flexible fiberglass pole
completely changed pole vaulting– Other examples?
However, the choice of racket or club will make little, if any, difference to nonelite performance
Therefore, it is best to go with less expensive equipment until an advanced level is reached
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Clothing
Have performance
benefit:– Heat removal– Windproof– Aerodynamic advantage– Biomechanical advantage of shoes
Again, these technological advances have little benefit for nonelite performance
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Summary:
History of sport in the U.S.
Brief retrospective of the Olympic Games
Reflection on some of the most significant American sports role models
Relationship between sport and culture in the U.S.
Sport has become a business and a spectacle
Impact of sports trends on us as individuals