SOCIALINIS DARBAS PATIRTIS IR METODAI

2013 12 (2)

SOCIALINIS DARBAS

PATIRTIS IR METODAI

2013 12 (2)

ISSN 2029-0470 (spausdintas)ISSN 2029-5820 (internetinis)http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2029-5820.12.2

Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas2013 • Kaunas

redakcinė kolegija

Vyr. redaktoriusProf. dr. Jonas Ruškus, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

RedaktorėDoc. dr. Rasa Naujanienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

Nariai

Tarptautinė redakcinė kolegijaProf. dr. Isabel Maria de Carvalho Baptista, Portugalijos katalikiškasis universitetas

(Universidade Católica Portuguesa), Portugalija Prof. dr. W. David Harrison, Rytų Karolinos universitetas (East Carolina University),

Jungtinės Amerikos ValstijosProf. dr. Margareta Hydén, Linköpingo universitetas (Linköpings Universitet), ŠvedijaDr. Monica Kjųrstad, Oslo universitetas (Universitetet i Oslo), NorvegijaDr. Anita Gulczynska, Lodzės universitetas (Uniwersytet Lodzki), LenkijaProf. dr. Juha Perttula, Laplandijos universitetas (Lapin Yliopisto), Suomija Prof. dr. Katherine Tyson McCrea, Čikagos Lojolos universitetas (Loyola University of

Chicago), Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos Prof. dr. Darja Zaviršek, Liublianos universitetas (Univerza v Ljubljana), SlovėnijaProf. dr. Lennart Nygren, Umeå universitetas (Umeå Universitet), Švedija

Regioninė redakcinė kolegija Doc. dr. Elvyra Acienė, Klaipėdos universitetasJulija Eidukevičiūtė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasDr. Darius Gerulaitis, Šiaulių universitetasDoc. dr. Violeta Ivanauskienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasJanina Kukauskienė, „Lietuvos Caritas“ Dr. Nijolė Liobikienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Doc. dr. Dalija Snieškienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Lietuvos socialinių

darbuotojų asociacijaDr. Laura Varžinskienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasProf. dr. Nijolė Večkienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasDoc. dr. Jorūnė Vyšniauskytė-Rimkienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasDoc. dr. Laimutė Žalimienė, Vilniaus universitetasDr. Birutė Švedaitė-Sakalauskė, Vilniaus universitetasDr. Gedas Malinauskas, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasProf. dr. Natalija Mažeikienė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

viršelio ir nuotraukos autorius Doc. dr. Rimantas Plungė

ISSN 2029-0470 (spausdintas); ISSN 2029-5820 (internetinis)

© Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Socialinių mokslų fakultetas, Socialinio darbo katedra, 2013

administratorė Rita Aukštakalnytė, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

Leidinys „Socialinis darbas. Patirtis ir metodai“ referuojamas „Index Copernicus“ ir EBSCO duomenų bazėse.Leidinio tinklalapis: http://sd.vdu.ltEl. paštas: sdpm@smf.vdu.lt

http://sd.vdu.lt

TuRINyS

Pratarmė . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SOCIALINėS PASLAugOS IR įgALINIMAS

Jonas Ruškus, Natalija Mažeikienė, Rasa Naujanienė, Roberta Motiečienė, Džiugas Dvarionas

Įgalinimo samprata socialinių paslaugų kontekste . . . . . . . . . 9

LyTIškuMAS IR SOCIALINIS DARBAS

ŽIVILė LukOšIENėPagalbos ištekliai senatvine demencija sergančio artimojo globos proceso metu: moterų-globėjų perspektyva . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Natalja gončiarova, Violeta IvanauskienėBenamių vyrų patirtys: atvejai iš nakvynės namų . . . . . . . . . .65

šEIMA IR SOCIALINIS DARBAS

Indrė Legeckaitė, Ina Pilkauskienė Paauglių, augančių alkoholio vartojimo problemų turinčiose šeimose, vaidmens šeimoje ir akademinių pasiekimų sąsajos . . . . . .91

Elvyra Acienė, Ramutė ČepienėJaunimo požiūris į šeimą kaip kartų solidarumo prielaida . . . . . 109

Jorūnė Vyšniauskytė-Rimkienė, Roberta Motiečienė, Laura Varžinskienė

Tarpsektorinio bendradarbiavimo modelio kūrimo prielaidos, galimybės ir kliūtys pirminės sveikatos priežiūros sistemoje dirbant su socialinės rizikos šeimomis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

INTERVIu

Interviu su VŠĮ Kauno Dainavos poliklinikos Psichikos dienos stacionaro vadove Živile Lukošiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Straipsnių santraukos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CONTENT

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERy AND EMPOwERMENT

Jonas Ruškus, Natalija Mažeikienė, Rasa Naujanienė, Roberta Motiečienė, Džiugas Dvarionas

Concept of Empowerment in the Context of Social Services . . . . . 9 (Abstract in English in page 147)

gENDER AND SOCIAL wORk

ŽIVILė LukOšIENėResources for Family Care of an Elderly Relative Suffering from Senile Dementia: The Woman Caregiver Perspective . . . . . .45 (Abstract in English in page 149)

Natalja gončiarova, Violeta IvanauskienėExperiences of Men Who Are Going Through Homelessness: Cases of Night Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 (Abstract in English in page 150)

FAMILy AND SOCIAL wORk

Indrė Legeckaitė, Ina Pilkauskienė Correlation Between Academic Achievements of Adolescents from Alcoholic Families and Their Roles in the Family . . . . . . . . . .91 (Abstract in English in page 151)

Elvyra Acienė, Ramutė ČepienėYouth’s Attitude Towards The Family as the Presumption of Generation Solidarity Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 (Abstract in English in page 151)

Jorūnė Vyšniauskytė-Rimkienė, Roberta Motiečienė, Laura Varžinskienė

Creating the Assumtions of Intersectoral Collabration Model: Opportunities and Barriers Working with Families at Social Risk in the Primary Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 (Abstract in English in page 153)

INTERVIu

Interview with Živilė Lukošienė, Head of Menthal Health Day Centre of Dainavos Clinic in Kaunas . . . . . . . . . 141

Summaries of publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Pratarmė

Mieli žurnalo skaitytojai,

Šis 2013 m. 2-asis numeris kelia jau įprastomis tapusias šiuolaikinio darbo temas: įgalinimą, lytiškumą, šeimą. Šiuolaikinis socialinis dar-bas numano ne tik socialinių problemų ir jų sprendimo būdų įvairovę, bet ir esminius XXI a. klausimus. Daugiau nei prieš 100 metų sociali-nis darbas atsirado kaip globos profesija, XX a. pabaigoje veikė kaip socialinių paslaugų sritis, o šiuo metu jo objektu vis dažniau tampa žmogaus teisės kaip universali bei vertybių problema. Globos ir so-cialinių paslaugų diskursai išlieka ne mažiau aktualūs ir šiandien, tik neišvengiamai – žmogaus teisių perspektyvoje. Šiuolaikinio socialinio darbuotojo veikla tampa vis sudėtingesnė: profesionalus socialinis darbuotojas turi sugebėti suderinti globos veiklas, socialines paslau-gas ir žmogaus teisių dimensijas, atpažinti ir susieti individualius, organizacinius ir politinius savo veiklos pamatus. Socialinis darbas būtinai kels kliento savitumo ir orumo, organizacijų veiklos kokybės ir veiksmingumo, socialinės politikos kryptiškumo klausimus. Šiame žurnalo „Socialinis darbas. Patirtis ir metodai“ numeryje toliau gvil-denami profesionalaus socialinio darbo iššūkiai ir tęsiama akademinė bei profesinė diskusija.

JūsųVyriausiasis redaktorius

Jonas Ruškus

SOCIALINIS DARBAS. PATIRTIS IR METODAI. 2013 12 (2) ISSN 2029-0470 (spausdintas)ISSN 2029-5820 (internetinis)

STRAIPSNIŲ SANTRAukOS SuMMARIES OF PuBLICATIONS

Jonas Ruškus, Natalija Mažeikienė, Rasa Naujanienė, Roberta Motiečienė, 1.

Džiugas Dvarionas

CONCEPT OF EMPOwERMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL SERVICES

This paper presents the theoretical aspects of the concept of empowerment and presents the empirical results, implying the expression of empowerment at different levels in the context of social services in Lithuania. Empower-ment is discussed in several aspects – power relations, empowerment levels, sources of empowerment, empowerment as a professional social work, the strengths perspective, and empowerment criticism. Empirical research was conducted to uncover how social experiences are evaluated from the point of view by different social actors: users and service providers. The empower-ment issue relates to the interpretation of power. Power is considered to be the defining element and main construct of the society. Understanding the phenomena of power and empowerment respectively can only be possible by detecting their reflections in macro, mezzo and micro levels. According Fou-cault, it is important to understand not only how the power occurs, but how the resistance to it is possible. The challenge of resistance to power, accor-ding to Foucault, lies in the individual level. So, an individual has ability to not only obey and demonstrate self-disciplined, but also a man is able to li-berate his own self. Resistance is possible in the context of everyday life, after understanding and identifying the hindering powers of social environment, and stopping the reproduction of power relations imposed by authorities and institutions. Power dwells in human relations and subjectivity. Power as such is referred to certain individuals’ and organizations’ ability to reach their targeted, intended or unintended consequences towards other persons or organizations (Lord, Hutchison, 1993). According to Foucault’s perspecti-ve, the social worker obtains a “pastoral power” when he begins to perform the roles of care and control, which are designated to him by the laws and the system itself. Seemingly, social work practice is closely linked to the political welfare provisions. The analysis of empowerment is provided in different

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empowering levels: individual, group, local community, organizational and political. Political empowerment level – development of critical conscious-ness. Freire (1970) describes a critical awareness as a process through which people gain a better understanding of the social and cultural conditions surrounding their lives. Therefore, knowing that man lives not only in the present but has also his own history, one can not only interpret events, but one can also interpret the interpretations. Service users’ experience and knowledge is a source of their own empowerment. The policy of increasing the participation in the system of provision of social services and the system of social welfare, presume a greater activity and involvement of beneficia-ries by increasing the users’ feedback, the development and management of individual social services planning, and others. Cochran (1986) believes that people are better than anyone else aware of their own needs, so they can have the power to define and plan social services concerned and act with service providers towards satisfaction of their needs. Beresford and Croft (2001) argues that experiences and knowledge social service users increasingly be-comes as a part of social work practices and activities of organizations. Sadan (2004) clearly identifies empowerment as professional work, bearing in mind that the concept of empowerment has been born in the context of professio-nal discourse of social problems. Empowerment as a professional work must be based on values and strive to open a perspective for problem solving built upon opportunities of overcoming the barriers. Empowering social work is possible if the social workers feel enabled. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that good intentions can easily turn into oppressive practices as empowering relationship already is a power relationship, while maintaining tension between obedience and resistance. Sometimes the same experience by some people can be understood as empowerment, while others can per-ceive it as powerlessness. In fact, that what enables one person, another can receive as an act of weakening one’s powers. Therefore, it is important to understand user’s empowerment in the context of social interactions using a person-in-environment approach. Empirical results of the study are partially presented. The study, during which the respondents for all over Lithuania were interviewed (567 respondents), including 303 service providers and 264 recipients. The study was designed to reveal how different actors par-ticipating in social services organization and delivery (users and providers) evaluate the provision of services in micro, mezzo and macro levels. The findings suggest that social service recipients and providers are critical of the current state of social services and express the expectation of receiving a type of mixed social services.

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Živilė Lukošienė2.

RESOuRCES FOR FAMILy CARE OF AN ELDERLy RELATIVE SuFFERINg FROM SENILE DEMENTIA: THE wOMAN CAREgIVER PERSPECTIVE

Elderly people are a rapidly growing part of the population worldwide. This work aims to reveal the informal family care of elderly person. The objective of the study is – to reveal the resources for family care of an elderly relative suf-fering from senile dementia from the foman caregiver perspective. In order to reveal the experience of caregivers in the family caring for the elderly with the senile dementia, was a qualitative study using in-depth interviews instrument. This study was based on interpretative constructivist ontology and subjecti-vist epistemology perspectives. Study participants are five women, caring for mothers in their families. The data were analyzed on the basis of elements of grounded theory analysis using the coding categories, subcategories identi-fication, and theoretical sensitivity (analytical) steps. This study revealed the daughters caregivers early idealizing mother’s care, in the long time process, in the exchanges of mother behavior and emerges symptoms of senile demen-tia, is experiencing hopelessness, feelings of despair, growing into anger and even hatred to diseased mother. On the caregiving process requirements and responsibilities, two participants in this study had to abandon their professio-nal activity, thus leading to reduced financial resources necessary for the care-giver and sick mother basic needs. Care involved the whole caregiver family: it becomes socially isolated, because it has no time for socializing and outings with other relatives or friends. Caregiver’s teenager becomes irritable, angry, closed, unwilling to communicate with parents. It appears grandchildren ha-tred and anger against diseased grandmother. Caregiver’s spouse can survive being concerned about his wife, the desire to help, and at the same time angry to the diseased person at home on the prevailing tension, anxiety and conf-lict. During care process it becomes very important the surrounding support: family members of direct aid in the daily care-related activities, emotional supported, foster brothers and sisters active participation in sharing the role of caregiver for a short period of time, residence community support. One of the formal resources of assistance in the study participants are identified by healt-hcare professionals, which aid, often the limited medical treatment and nur-sing procedures discussion. Caregivers say they have no information and do not know what help social worker provide. Caregivers perceptions of support resources is constructed on theperspective of social services defamilizacation. Lithuania dominant informal assistance as a primary and essential sources of assistance are very distinctly heard in the stories of the research participants. Woman caregiver, seeing that one is not able to carry out all the near-care-re-lated activities, primarily instrumental and emotional support are turning to family members and relatives. However, in doing so, she is experiencing guilt,

STRAIPSNIŲ SANTRAukOS150

because care is near the time only one of its responsibilities. Formal sources of help are becoming the primary health care institutions, non-governmental organizations working with the family is seeing fragmented and poorly in women’s point of view.

Natalja gončiarova, Violeta Ivanauskienė3.

EXPERIENCES OF MEN wHO ARE gOINg THROugH HOMELESSNESS: CASES OF NIgHT SHELTERS

Homelessness is a voluntary or involuntary way of life, that does not meet the behavior standards and values in the society and for which the society „punishes“ by stigmatizing and discriminating people. People, who experience homelessness, have unbalanced relationships with their micro, mezzo and macro environment. These people are not only called „border people“, but they are also pushed out of the society thus creating social isolation groups. Through social isolation process, various stereotypes and accusations are created, which complicate integration of the homeless people into the society and force them to behave in the way the attitudes are formed about them. The aim of the research of homeless men social relations is to better unders-tand the phenomenon of the research by revealing the social relations impor-tance in person‘s life and also to see the possibilities how a social worker can help when working with homeless people. In order to reveal the experiences of homeless men‘s social relations, the strategy of qualitative research was chosen. Research participants were 11 men that live in Kaunas and Klaipėda night shelters and get temporary accommodation services. Theme analysis as data analysis method was chosen. Theme analysis allows data identifying, analyzing and structuring. The research data revealed that most of the men experienced breakdowns of social relations and contacts in their childhood. Lack of love, intimacy, atten-tion, secure attachments, and death of one parent or parental absence led to disturbed relationships in their adult life. The research revealed that the night shelter residents find it difficult to discover the meaning of life and to start long-term relationships built on trust and mutual respect with the similar fate people. However, despite this, it was noticed that men have no discomfort in communicating with social workers or organizations that provide social servi-ces and help. The research showed that men who get temporary accommoda-tion services have more possibilities to work. Though often working illegally, men face discrimination and manipulation by employers that cause mistrust and insecure feelings and stimulate homeless men to distance themselves from society.

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Indrė Legeckaitė, Ina PIlkauskienė4.

CORRELATION BETwEEN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF ADOLESCENTS FROM ALCOHOLIC FAMILIES AND THEIR ROLES IN THE FAMILy

Parental alcoholism leads to a dysfunctional environment in the family, which carries the potential to cause various difficulties for the children. The aim of the research is to exam of the correlation between the academic achievements of adolescents from alcoholic families and the adolescent’s role in the family. For this purpose CAST-6 (Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, Hodgins and Shimp, 1995) was used; it is meant for identifying the individuals from alcoholic families. To assess the child‘s role in family was used CRI (Children’s Role Inventory) by A. Potter and D. Williams, 1991. Academic achievements of adolescents were asked about their average grades in mathematics and Lithuanian of the last semester. The subjects of the study were 320 schoolchil-dren in their 8th – 11th school year. 192 girls (60 %) and 128 boys (40 %). The results of the study showed that the Lost Child role in girls is more expressed in families with drinking problems. The rest of the roles are expressed with the same frequency in families with and without drinking problems. The acade-mic achievements of adolescents from families with drinking problems do not differ from the academic achievements of adolescents from families without drinking problems.The academic achievements of adolescents can be predic-ted by examining their roles in the family and their sex. A strongly expressed role of the Hero determines higher average grades in mathematics, while a strongly expressed role of the Mascot results in lower average grades in the same subject. A strongly expressed role of the Hero in the family together with being a female determines higher average grades in the Lithuanian language, while a strongly expressed role of the Mascot results in lower average grades in the Lithuanian language.

Elvyra Acienė, Ramutė Čepienė5.

yOuTH’S ATTITuDE TOwARDS THE FAMILy AS THE PRESuMPTION OF gENERATION SOLIDARITy CONSOLIDATION

Changes of traditional family basis and its tendencies to become more modern are analyzed and discussed from different aspects by sociologists, psycholo-gists, teachers and others in their works. A lot of research which analyzes fam-ily transformation problems has been made in Lithuania recently. Many au-thors relate factors of family institution modernization with changes of social-economic environment which occurred in the 1990’s and are still continuing. The sequence of priorities changes as well. At first young people want to find a working place, to make a career, obtain worldly goods. We face the deepness

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of individualization as well. They start treating their partner very rationally, at times even in a consumer-oriented way. Possibility to get financial, practical and social help is not very big due to elder generation’s long participation in labour market and due to objective historic factors. At the same time it should be mentioned that social-economic factors influence the youth’s behaviour not separately, but together with social-psychological factors: with approach to values, attitudes to different phenomena, images and ideals systems of needs, etc. The nature of psychological phenomena is usually related with micro-surrounding features that influence young person directly. The most important among those features are genetic (parental) life as positive example. When solving tasks of family policy strategic planning and creation of preparation for the family programmes, it is important to evaluate all the factors which make influence on family transformations. That encouraged us to analyze the problem of generation solidarity, which has not been analyzed enough.According to M. Bowen (1984) the model of relations in the genitive family gives a possibility to predict the model of relations which a young person will apply in his family relations end even pass onto the next generation. Negative or positive experience, system of values and the range of feelings which have been taken from the genetic family become guidelines to spouses’ interper-sonal relations, children’s upbringing, structure of roles, etc. This is a direct presumption to implement generation solidarity.Our research allowed us to identify how young people tend to evaluate their genetic family: according to statistic data analysis we tried to estimate if the evaluation of parents’ interrelations makes influence on the satisfaction of relations between parents and children, and deliberate decision to choose par-ents’ family as the model of their future family. That is why empiric research that analyzes the family image is meaningful and valuable not only from the academic point of view but from practical as well. The state and the society have to know which direction family institution will develop, what the nearest perspectives of its development are, what influence social policy has on demo-graphic policy and how important the expanded family model is for surviving of traditional family. Consideration of the dimensional content of solidarity of generations allows for modelling strategies of family social work and improv-ing family social policy.

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Jorūnė Vyšniauskytė-Rimkienė, Roberta Motiečienė, Laura Varžinskienė6.

CREATINg THE ASSuMTIONS OF INTERSECTORAL COLLABRATION MODEL: OPPORTuNITIES AND BARRIERS wORkINg wITH FAMILIES AT SOCIAL RISk IN THE PRIMARy HEALTH CARE SySTEM

The article reveals the assumptions of the intersectoral collaboration model, opportunities and obstacles while working with families at social risk in the primary health care system. An experience and assessment of intersectoral collaboration model in the pilot health care agencies was accomplished car-rying out participatory action research. The data were collected in three focus groups, organizing separate groups for each professional group separately. In order to create an intersectoral collaboration model a training programme was conducted for professionals from different sectors: family doctors, nurses and social workers. 30 professionals were involved in training programme. During the trainings, participants gained new knowledge and skills how to work with families at social risk in the intersectoral team. They also formed a positive attitude according to the social risk families and became more aware of the different sectors activities and functions, which can support to solve complex cases. The results from focus groups and gained experience from the trainings helped to distinguish the basic principles of the intersectoral collaboration mo-del. However, not all participants from the training group tried to implement model in the practice. It was influenced by participants` internal and agencies` external factors. For the majority of the training participants two days of trai-nings were not enough, in case to acquire sufficient knowledge how to work with complex cases in the intersectoral team. The implementation of the inter-sectoral collaboration model in the agencies was complicated due a fact that in the trainings was involved only one team (2–3 professionals) from one agency. As they return to work, they felt that colleagues do not understand them and do not try to implement model together. Based on the focus group results after the trainings, the recommendations for implementation of the intersectoral col-laboration model are given for professionals, who are working with families at social risk in the primary health care sector.

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Reikalavimai straipsniams

Etiniai. Priimami straipsniai, kuriuose analizuojamas įgalinimas, proble-mų sprendimas, galimybės, proveržiai. Atmetami straipsniai, išimtinai nukreipti į problemas ir jas sureikšminantys, turintys diskriminavimo požymių vienos ar kitos žmonių grupės atžvilgiu.

Kalbos taisyklingumo. Priimami tik taisyklinga lietuvių kalba parašyti straipsniai. Pageidautina, kad straipsnio kalbą būtų patikrinęs lietuvių kalbos redaktorius.

Aprobavimo ir kokybės. Straipsnį recenzuos mokslininkai ir praktikai. Straipsnio vertinimas remiasi keliais esminiais kriterijais: ar analizė ak-tuali socialinio darbo praktikai, ar pagrįsta, ar analizuojami problemų sprendimo būdai, metodai, ar straipsnio medžiaga originali ir auten-tiška, ar laikomasi etinių reikalavimų, ar vartojama tinkama profesinė kalba.

Techniniai. Straipsnių imtis – ne daugiau kaip 6 000 žodžių, anotacijai skiriama 50 žodžių, santraukai anglų kalba – nuo 250 iki 300 žodžių.

Struktūros. Straipsnį turi sudaryti anotacija, įvadas, analizė, išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas (jame pateikiami tik tekste nurody-ti šaltiniai), santrauka anglų kalba, duomenys apie autorių (vardas ir pavardė, darbovietė, pareigos, adresas, telefonas, el. paštas).

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