Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often...

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Social Psychology

Transcript of Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often...

Page 1: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Social Psychology

Page 2: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Person PerceptionO Process of forming impressions of

others.O Perceptions often inaccurate – many

biases and fallacies in perception.

Page 3: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Physical AppearanceO Attractive looking people command

more attention than the less attractive.

O Judgment of other personalities often persuaded by appearance

O Good looking people are perceived to be more competent

Page 4: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

StereotypesO Widely held beliefs that people have

certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

O Most common stereotypes: gender, age, ethnic, occupational

Page 5: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

StereotypesO Positive: a normal cognitive process.

Saves time on understanding people individually

O Negatives:O Lack of accuracyO Ignores diversity within social groupsO Expectations may lead people to

misperceive individuals

Page 6: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

StereotypesO Gender:

O Women are emotional, submissive, illogical and passive

O Men are unemotional, dominant, logical, aggressive

Page 7: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

StereotypesO Age: Elderly are slow, feeble, rigid,

forgetful, asexualO EthnicO Occupational:

O Lawyers are manipulativeO Accountants are conformingO Artists are moody

Page 8: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Subjectivity In Person Perspective

O Stereotypes create biases that often lead to confirmation of people’s expectations about others

O Illusory Correlation: when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen. O People selectively recall facts that fit

with their stereotypes.

Page 9: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Evolutionary & Bias in Person Perception

O Many of the biases seen in social perception were adaptive in human ancestral environment

O Physical attractiveness associated with reproductive health in women, and material resources in men.

Page 10: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

AttributionsO Inferences that people draw about

the causes of events, others’ behaviors, and their own behavior

Page 11: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Internal AttributionsO Personal dispositionsO TraitsO Abilities and feelingsO “ I was late for school because I over

slept”

Page 12: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

External AttributionsO Situational demandsO Environmental constraints.O “ I was late for school because the

bus broke down”

Page 13: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Fundamental Attribution Error

O Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior.

O “ The student failed the test because they were not smart enough”

Page 14: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Defensive AttributionO Tendency to blame victims for their

misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

Page 15: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Actor – Observer BiasO Actors favor external attributions for

their behavior ( the situation caused the behavior)

O Observers are more likely to explain the same behavior with internal attributions.

O Observers are often not aware of external factors ( historical and situational factors )

Page 16: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Interpersonal Attraction

O Positive feelings toward another

Page 17: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Key Factors In Attraction

O Physical AttractivenessO Key determinant in romantic

attractionO Vital in initial stage of dating

The Matching Hypothesis: Males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to seek each other as partners

Page 18: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Key Factors In Attraction

O Similarity EffectO Similarity causes attractionO Dating partners gradually modify

attitudes

Page 19: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Passionate LoveO Complete absorption in another that

includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.

Page 20: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Compassionate LoveO Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for

another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.

Page 21: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Love As Attachment

Secure: majority secure attachment to caretaker in infancy

Anxious – Ambivalent: Very anxious when separated from caretaker in infancy

Avoidant: Never bonded with caretaker in infancy

Page 22: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Love As Attachment (Adults )

O Secure: (56% )easy to get close to others, love relationship trusting

O Anxious Ambivalent:(20%) preoccupied with love, and accompanied by expectations of rejection. Volatile & Jealous

O Avoidant: (24%) difficult to get close to others / love lacking intimacy and trust

Page 23: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Culture & Close Relationships

O People value: mutual attraction, kindness, intelligence….

O Gender differences universalO Collectivism prevalent in Japan,

China, India – but declining

Page 24: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

InternetO Positive so farO Social Networks – superficial but

intimate

Page 25: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Evolutionary Perspective

O Physical appearance important – good looks indicate good health & fertility

O Facial SymmetryO Women: men prefer hour glass figure

& youthfulnessO Men: Women prefer ambition, status,

financial potential

Page 26: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Attitudes: Social Judgments

O Attitudes – positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought.

O Objects of Thought: social issues, institutions, consumer products, people

Page 27: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Components of Attitude

OAffective: emotiuonsabout an attitude

OBehaviors - act a certain way toward an attitude

OCognitive: Beliefs about an attitude

Page 28: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Dimensions of AttitudeO Strong: firmly held, durable, powerful

on behaviorO Accessibility: How often and how

quickly one thinks – highly correlated with strength

O Ambivalent: conflicted evaluations

Page 29: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Attitudes & BehaviorO Attitudes may not always predict

behavior

O Strong attitudes that are highly accessible are more predictable of behavior

O Attitudes interact with social situational constraints ( social pressure ) to shape behavior

Page 30: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Explicit / Implicit Attitudes

O Explicit: conscious / can describe readily

O Implicit: Covert ( hidden )O People have little controlO Automatic responsesO Central in study of prejudiceO Negative ideas can seep into

subconcious

Page 31: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

PersuasionO Source: Person who sends

communicationO ExpertiseO TrustworthinessO Likeabilility

Page 32: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

PersuasionO Message

O 1 sided or 2 sidedO Fear worksO Truth Effect / Mere Exposure Effect

Page 33: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

PersuasionO Receiver

O PersonalityO Expectations – forewarningO Stronger – more resistantO Resistance – people can become

more certain about their attitudes

Page 34: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Learning TheoryO Attitude learned from parents, peers,

media, cultural traditions, and society

O Classical Conditioning ( evaluative )O Transfer emotion to an unconditional

stimulus (US) to a new conditioned stimulus (CS)

O Advertising using celbrities

Page 35: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Learning TheoryO Operant Conditioning

O Agreement a reinforcerO Disagreement a punisher

Observational - another’s opinion may rub off / others may reinforce if they agree

Page 36: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Cognitive DissonanceO Inconsistent cognitions – cause

contradictionO Unpleasant tension - motivates

people to reduce dissonance

Page 37: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Elaboration LikelihoodO Central Route to persuasion -

content and logic of message

O Peripheral Route to persuasion – non message factors: attractiveness, credibility of source, emotional response

Page 38: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Solomon Asch 1907 - 1996

O Leader of Social Psychology during the 1950’s

O Investigated conformity

Page 39: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Asch ExperimentO Used 7 participants, 6 were

accomplices to the experimenterO 1 a subject

Page 40: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

O Would the majority of people state an obviously wrong answer just to conform to the group? YES!!!!!70% at least once5% every time

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Experiment (1952)

Page 41: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Asch ExperimentO If one person dissents:

O Conformity lowered by ¼O Conformity lessened by hearing

someone question then accuracy

Page 42: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Normative InfluenceO When people conform to social

norms for fear of negative social consequences ABOUT BEING LIKED

Page 43: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

Informational InfluenceO When people look to others for

guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

CONCERNED ABOUT BEING RIGHT not being liked

Page 44: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

ObedienceO A form of compliance that occurs

when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in authority.

Page 45: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.
Page 46: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.
Page 47: Social Psychology. Person Perception O Process of forming impressions of others. O Perceptions often inaccurate – many biases and fallacies in perception.

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