Social Influence Research Is it ethical? Is it valid? Campbell Russell.
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Transcript of Social Influence Research Is it ethical? Is it valid? Campbell Russell.
![Page 1: Social Influence Research Is it ethical? Is it valid? Campbell Russell.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e685503460f94b640f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social Influence Research
Is it ethical? Is it valid?
Campbell Russell
![Page 2: Social Influence Research Is it ethical? Is it valid? Campbell Russell.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e685503460f94b640f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The four big boys
•Asch•Milgram•Zimbardo•Moscovici
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• Series of experiments most done with 1 participant and 5-8 confederates
• Real participant would give their judgment after several confederates had already given theirs
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Asch
• What did he do for us?
• He told us the amazing fact that people will conform to a majority influence.
• He “set up” individual students to conform to a majority in an unambiguous setting.
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Milgram
• What did Milgram do for us
• He gave us some shocking results! • He demonstrated just how obedient we are• He showed that obedience can be explained in a
number of ways
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Zimbardo• What did
Zimbardo do for us?
• He showed us that we might all adopt roles in certain settings.
• His prison simulation showed how easy it is to get “prisoners” to acquiesce and “guards” to become brutal bullies.
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Were they ethical?
• Asch
• No. He caused embarrassment to his subjects (harm) and he certainly deceived them.
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Were they ethical?
• Milgram
• Get out! Ethical? He had grown men weeping. There was deception, of course, as well.
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Were they ethical?
• Zimbardo
• Now you’re having a laugh. Let’s just think about it. There was no deception, but I think the methods might just be described as harmful!
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Were they justified?
• Costs against benefits
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Were they justified?
• Asch showed that conformity was not just about being led because we are not sure – an ambiguous situation.
• Asch demonstrated that we conform because we want to be part of the group – that we’ll conform even if the group is wrong and we know it. This is a real insight into human behaviour.
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Were they justified?
• Milgram showed the power of obedience
• He showed us that those who obeyed in such extremes as the Nazi death camps were a bit like you and me … scary or what?
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Were they justified?
• Zimbardo showed us the power that roles can influence on us. You might think you wouldn’t do such a thing, but Zimbardo makes you re-think this.
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Were they justified?
• If you were asked whether you would
conform to a majority that you knew was
wrong, what would you do?
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Were they justified?
• If you were asked whether you would continue to electrocute someone who was clearly in distress because you were told to continue, what would you say?
• Or if you were asked how you might behave if you were a prison guard?
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Were they justified?
• This is what Aronson did. On the Milgram question he asked his students how many would have continued to the end – not even the local psychopath was present it seems!
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Were they justified?
• Three arguments basically
• Some were, some weren’t• All were• None were
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Were they justified?• Think about what the research added to
our understanding against the cost.• It is legitimate to argue that the benefits
of Milgram – increasing our understanding of obedience (if not of the Holocaust) – outweighs the pain endured by the individuals. Anyhow we are told (by Milgram admittedly) that most said they were “glad to have taken part”.
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Were they justified?
• And what did big Phil say about locking kids up ….
• It was unethical, but there were benefits
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Is the research valid?
• What is validity?
• Does it really measure what it claims? In particular here, were the participants fooled
• People sure seemed fooled!
• Look at the faces of the p’s in Asch’s experiment.
• In Milgram p’s sweated, had a convulsion in one case, swore at Milgram .. Was this just over-acting?
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Is the research valid?
• Does it seem real?
• Is there a problem with the setting or the “real world” context that could make the results not suitable for generalisation?
• Asch’s experiment was a ‘child of our times’. (Perrin and Spencer 1980)
• Does this make it invalid, or is it a warning against the culture of witch-hunts?
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Is the research valid?
• Asch
• Was he measuring conformity or how important being accepted into a group of strangers is to us?
• How often are we in this situation? Simplicity and stranger argument.
• We don’t have to give an opinion is real life.
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Is the research valid?
• Milgram• Is the obedience a demand
characteristic?• Were they fooled?• Is it real life?• Hofling is often quoted as showing “real
life” obedience but beware.• There is cross-cultural support for
Milgram.
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Is the research valid?
• Zimbardo• What was he measuring?• Everyone knew it wasn’t “real”• Yet his simulation seems to have
reflected the reality in many prisons
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Questions
• Consider whether the findings from social influence research (e.g.Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo) can justify the methods used to obtain such findings. (18 marks)
• Do you have to use Asch et al?
• Do you need to argue it is justified or not?
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Questions
• Outline some criticisms of majority influence research and consider whether these are fair. (18 marks)
• What does “some” mean?
• Which research can you use?
• What does outline mean?