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Soap Making

 A 20-mule team hauling borax out of the valley. Photo provided by the National Park Service.

Borax Na2!

"#

$  % &0'

2#() the mo*t +ide*pread borate mineral +a* found to

help remove dirt from people and cloth. !orax i* crumbly and po+dery) and

di**olve* ea*ily in +ater. !orax became an alternative to the very har*h *oap

+hich +a* u*ed prior to the di*covery of borax in the late &,00*. hi* light and

ea*y to u*e *ub*tance +a* hailed the +orld over a* a +a*hing) clean*ing)

anti*eptic) pre*ervative) and medicine miracle.

/n the &,,0*) large borate depo*it* +ere di*covered in eath 1alley)

alifornia. 'o+ever) the eath 1alley borate depo*it* +ere located almo*t &$0

mile* from the neare*t rail+ay. /n order to get the borate to the rail+ay

economically) the o+ner* of the eath 1alley mine* u*ed large +agon* pulled

by team* of 20 mule*. he detergent* made from thi* borate +ere thu* *old

a* 320 Mule eam !orax3.

 A 20 mule team hauling borax in eath 1alley

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Saponification

glyceryl tripalmitate

(tripalmitin)

glycerol 3 sodium palmitate

(soap)

'2 4 # 4 4 '2(&"'5

' 4 # 4 4 '2(&"'5

'2 4 # 4 4 '2(&"'5

#

#

#

'2 4 #H

' 4 #H

'2 4 #H

#

  3 Na6 -O 4 '2(&"'5  3 NaOH6 6

sodium

hydroxide

Process of making soap from animal fat or vegetable oil using a base.

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 A Pho*pholipid 

polar head

nonpolar tails

(a) chemical structure of a phospholipid

(b) simplified way to draw a phospholipid

polar headnonpolar tails

imberlake) hemi*try $th 7dition) page 8$9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification

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 A Model of a ell Membrane

imberlake) hemi*try $th 7dition) page 8,$

Polar 

Nonpolar 

hole*terol Protein*Pho*pholipid

bilayer 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid

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:ormation of a riglyceride

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Stearic Acid

;elter) arr) Scott) hemi*try A

8/18/2019 Soap Making.ppt

7/15opyright > 200$ Pear*on !en?amin umming*. All right* re*erved.

8/18/2019 Soap Making.ppt

8/15opyright > 200$ Pear*on !en?amin umming*. All right* re*erved.

Sodiumstearate:

a soap

Sodium

dodecyl

sulfate:

a detergent

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leaning Action

of Soap

Micelle

imberlake) hemi*try $th 7dition) page 8$5

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Micelle

opyright > 200$ Pear*on !en?amin umming*. All right* re*erved.

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micelle

opyright > 200$ Pear*on !en?amin umming*. All right* re*erved.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelle

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S#AP   v*. 77@7N

-- made from animal and -- made from petroleum

  vegetable fat* -- +ork* better in hard

+ater 

'ard +ater contain* mineral* +Bion* like a26) Mg26) and :e56 

that

replace Na&6 at polar end of *oap molecule. Soap i* changed

into

an in*oluble precipitate i.e.) *oap *cum(.

micelleC a liDuid droplet covered  +B*oap or detergent molecule*

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Solvation

NONPOL!

NONPOL!POL!POL!

""Li#e $issol%es Li#e&Li#e $issol%es Li#e&

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Solvation

E Soap ' $etergentSoap ' $etergent 4 polar  FheadG +ith long nonpolar  FtailG 4 di**olve* nonpolar grea*e in polar +ater 

micelle