soalan tutorial sem2.pdf

7/27/2019 soalan tutorial sem2.pdf

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CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY

Part A: Multiple Choice Questions

1. The organisms that used to be classified in Kingdom Monera are now classified as domain

_______________

A. Archae

B. Eubacteria

C. Eukarya

D. Both A and B

2. A person who comes down with malaria can infer that he or she contracted it from

A. contaminated water supply

B. infection by an animallike protest Giardia

C. the bite of theAnopheles mosquito

D. the bite of tsetse fly

3. The association between a fungus and green algae is called

A. Lichen

B. Mold

C. Mycorrhizae

D. Yeast

4. The gills of mushrooms are the sites of spore bearing structures known as

A. Ascocarps

B. Basidia

C. Basidiocarps

D. Conidiophores

5. Mosses are characterized by which of the following?

A. A dominant gametophyte with dependent sporophyte

B. A dominant gametophyte with independent sporophyte

C. A dominant sporophyte with independent gametophyte

D. A dominant sporophyte with gametophyte reduced to a few cells.

6. Spore-producing sori are located on the undersides of the leaves of a

A. fern frond

B. monocot sporophyte

C. liverwort gametophyte

D. fern gametophyte


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7. Which of the following produces "naked" seeds?

A. Angiosperms

B. Ferns

C. Gymnosperms

D. Bryophytes

Questions 8refer to the data below concerning a newly discovered organism.

Usual mode of reproduction:Sexual

Type of fertilization:External

Embryology:Blastopore contributes to the formation of anus; cleavage is radial

Symmetry:Immature form is bilateral; mature form is five-part radial

Body cavity:Lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

Segmentation:Not evident

Skeleton:Spiny exoskeleton secreted by the dermis and covered with a thin epidermis

Habitat:Marine

8. Into what phylum should this organism be placed?

A. Chordata

B. Nematoda

C. Echinodermata

D. Mollusca

Questions 9 - 10.The following questions refer to the list below.

A. AnnelidaB. Mollusca

C. Arthropoda

D. Chordata

9. Coelomate; exoskeleton; jointed appendages (___)

10. Pharyngeal slits; endoskeleton derived from mesoderm; ventral heart (___)


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Part B: Structured Question

1. FIGURE 1below represents the structure of a prothallus.

FIGURE 1

a) Label structure A, B and C.

A:_________________________________________

B:_________________________________________

C:_________________________________________

[3 marks]

b) State the function of structure C.

____________________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

c) i. In the life cycle of which type of plant is the prothallus found?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

ii. State the function of prothallus after fertilization occurs.

_________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

iii. What is the ploidy of the prothallus?

_________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

iv. The prothallus is normally found in damp conditions. Suggest one reason for this.

_________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

A

B

C


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d) i. The antheridia and archaegonia illustrated in the diagram produce gametes. What type of

gamete is produced in the antheridia?

_________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

ii. State on the difference between the gamete produced by the antheridia and archaegonia.

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

2. FIGURE 2below shows the structure ofRhizopus.

FIGURE 2a) Label structure A, B, C and D.

A : _________________________________ B :_________________________________

C : _________________________________ D : _________________________________

[4 marks]

b) What is the nutritional mode ofRhizopus? Describe how it obtains food from a food source?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

c) Some hyphae are divided into individual cell by cross walls with pores in them. What is the

cross walls in hyphae called?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

d) What are one way that many fungi are like plants and one way they are unlike plants?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

A

B

C

D


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3. The FIGURE 3below shows the structure of a bacterial cell.

FIGURE 3

a) Name the parts labeled A, B and C.

A : _________________________________

B : _________________________________

C : _________________________________

[3 marks]

b) What is the composition of the cell wall?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) State the differences between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) Which structure of bacteria that helps to transfer the genetic material from one bacterium to

another?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) Distinguish between archaebacteria and eubacteria.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

BC

A


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Part C: Essay Questions

1. a) Arthropod have highly diverse phylum of animalia. State the factors contributing the

successful of arthropod compared to other.

[10 marks]

b) What are the major differences between annelids and flatworm?

[10 marks]

2. a) Explain polymorphism by using Obeliaas example.

[10 marks]

b) State the comparison between plant from the group conifers and angiosperms.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 2: ECOLOGY


1. All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an)

A. biomeB. population

C. community

D. ecosystem

2. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?

A. Communities, which make up populations.

B. Population makes up species, which make up communities.

C. Species make up communities, which make up population.

D. Species make up populations, which make up communities.

3. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are

called

A. decomposers

B. omnivores

C. autotrophs

D. producers

4. The obvious relationship demonstrated by a food chain is

A. competitionB. predation

C. parasitism

D. mutualism

5. The algae at the beginning of the food chain in FIGURE 1are

FIGURE 1

A. consumers B. decomposers

C. producers D. heterotrophs


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6. What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions

among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers?

A. food web

B. an ecosystem

C. food chain

D. a population

7. Only 10% of the energy is stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of

the remaining energy, some is used for the organisms life processes, and the rest is

A. used in reproduction

B. stored as body tissue

C. stored as fat

D. eliminated as heat

8. In lakes, large numbers of decomposers are found in the

A. limnetic zone

B. benthic zone

C. littoral zone

D. profundal zone

9. A mature ______ has the greatest species diversity of all terrestrial biomes.

A. tundra

B. tropical rain forest

C. taiga

D. temperate deciduous forest

10. Carbon cycle through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT

A. photosynthesis

B. transpiration

C. burning of fossil fuels

D. decomposition of animals and plants


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Part B: Structured Questions

1. FIGURE 1below shows one of biogeochemical cycle occurring on earth.

FIGURE 1

a) What is meant by term of biogeochemical cycle?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

b) Name type of biogeochemical cycle above.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) Name process A, B, C and D.

A : ________________________________ B : _________________________________

C : ________________________________ D : _________________________________

[4 marks]

d) State the cycling pool and reservoir pool for biogeochemical cycle above.

Cycling pool: ________________________________

Reservoir: __________________________________

[2 marks]

Carbon dioxide

in the air

Carbohydrates and proteins

in dead organic matters

Carbohydrates andproteins in animals

Carbohydrates andproteins in green plants

Carbon compounds in fossil

e.g. fuel

BA

C

D

Death

Death


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e) Name the organisms that involved in process C.

_____________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

2. FIGURE 2shows a pyramid of energy for an ecosystem.

FIGURE 2

a) What is the source of energy for a pyramid above?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) Why plants are described as a primary producer?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) Suggest suitable units for the measurement of energy transfer in this pyramid.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

d) Calculate the percentage of energy transferred from primary consumers to tertiary consumers.

[2 marks]

0Tertiary consumer

643Secondary consumer

Primary consumer 7084

Producers 97115

Light Energy

(3.7 x 106)

50


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e) Explain why only about 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the

next higher trophic level.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

f) Suppose an ecosystem has a greater number of individual herbivores than individual

producers. How would this affect the shape of the ecosystems pyramid of numbers?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

g) What quantity does a pyramid of biomass express?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

3. FIGURE 3below represents the transfer of energy through a woodland ecosystem.

* energy flow* Figure represent energy values in kJ

FIGURE 3

a) Arrange the following ecological term in the correct order.

Population, niche, organism, biosphere, ecosystem, habitat, biome, community.

____________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

Producers

10 000

Primary

consumers

Secondaryconsumers

Decomposers

D

B800 000

SUN

A

C


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b) Define each term:

i. Community

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

ii. Population

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

iii. Ecosystem

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) Of the 800 000 kJ of energy which strikes the producers, only 10 000 kj of energy is converted

by the producers in photosynthesis. Calculate the percentage of energy striking the producers

that is converted in photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) What happens to the energy striking the producers that is not converted in photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) Why is there no fourth consumer level in this ecosystem?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

f) Suggest why the movement of energy in an ecosystem described as a flow and not as a cycle.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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1. a) Explain the zonation of lake Ecosystem. Give example of organism for each zone.

[5 marks]

b) Discuss the types of interaction between the biotic components in an ecosystem.

[5 marks]

2. What is meant by ecosystem? Explain how energy is transfer along the food chain in an

ecosystem.

[10 marks]

3. Describe two types of food chains. Explain why food chain does not consist of more than five

trophic levels.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 3: POPULATION ECOLOGY


1. The full biotic potential of a population can be reached if the

A. Ratio of female to male in the population is low.B. Environmental resistance is absent.C. Age at which each individual in the population first reproduces is high.D.Number of offspring that can be produced by each individual in the population is low.

2. Biotic potential is dependent on the following factors, which include

I. Age of maturity.II. Number of offspring born at a time.III. Frequency of reproductive activities.

A. I and IIB. I and IIIC. II and IIID. I, II and III

3. Which of the following is the CORRECT definition for environmental resistance?

A. Biotic factors that oppose the achievement of biotic potential.B. Abiotic factors that oppose the achievement of biotic potential.C. Abiotic factors that promote the achievement of biotic potential.D. Biotic and abiotic factors that oppose the achievement of biotic potential.

4. Carrying capacity of a population is determined by its

A. Death rate.B. Rate of population growth.C. Limiting resource.D. Birth rate.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about carrying capacity?

A. Total number of organisms that can be supported by environmental resources.B. Carrying capacity is limited by limited resources.C. Carrying capacity of an ecosystem is constant.D. Affected by environmental conditions.

6. The rate of __________ increases population size while _________ rate decreases population

size.

A. Compettition ; natalityB. Total fertility ; mortalityC.Natality : mortality

D. Mortality : natality


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7. Population grow exponentially when

A. Immigration and emigration rates are equal.B. Death rate remains above birth rate.C. Birth rate exceeds death rate.D. Emigration rates exceed immigration rates.

8. Biotic potential is dependent on the following factors, which include

I. Mortality rate.II. Natality rate.III.Number of progenies per birth.IV. Availability of food.

A. I, II and IIIB. I, II and IVC. II, III and IV

D. I, II, III and IV

9. Predation and competition are examples of ________________ factors.

A. Density independentB. DispersalC. SurvivorshipD. Density dependent

10. Which of the following is the density dependent factor, which affects the population size?

A. Earthquakes in Bam, Iran.B. Pesticides used in paddy fields in Kedah.C. Wildfires in forests and residential areas in Australia.D. Predation of lions or zebras in the African savannah.


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1. A number of Paramecium aurelia were transferred from the pond into a medium containing

excessive nutrient with concentrated methylcellulose. The next day, Didinium nasutum were

transferred into the same medium. The number of both species is recorded everyday. FIGURE 1

below is a graph to show the population size forP. aureliaandD. nasutum

FIGURE 1

a) Why the growth ofP. aureliapopulation is slow at A?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) State the relationship between the natality and mortality rate at phase B and C.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) What happen to the population size ofP. aureliaat phase B and C?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) Based on the population size, state TWO possible factors that cause steep fall of P. aureliapopulation after 3 days.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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e) Which of the organism act as prey and predator?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

f) Give ONE suggestion on how to stabilize the relationship between prey and predator based

on the medium used. State reason for your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

2. In freshwater ecosystems, the number of different plants and animals and the algal biomass

present can vary with changes in the nutrient content of the water. FIGURE 2below shows the

effect of the addition of nitrates on the numbers of different plants and animals and the algal

biomass in a freshwater pond. Observations were made as soon as the nitrates were added and

for the next 7 weeks.

FIGURE 2

a) Describe the change in the nutrient concentration following the addition of nitrates.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

b) Based on FIGURE 2, explain the relationship between the changes in the nutrientconcentration and the algal biomass.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[5 marks]


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c) Why there were changes in the numbers of different plants and animals in the pond followingthe addition of nitrates?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

3. TABLE 1below shows a life table of an annual plant.

Age interval(days)

Number of survivingplants at the start of

the age interval

Number of deadplants

Number of seedsproduced per

individual

0-50 1992 656 0

50-100 1336 746 0

100-150 590 210 0150-200 380 28 0

200-250 352 8 0

250-300 344 10 0

300-350 334 16 0

350-400 318 10 0.4

400-450 308 14 2.9

450-500 294 84 5.6

500-550 210 166 9.8

550-600 44 44 4.1

600-650 0 0 0

TABLE 1

a) What is the original number of plants in the population?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) Based on the number of seeds produced per plant in each age interval, state THREE generalcharacteristics of the plant.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

c) Why are no seeds produced until day 300?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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d) How many seeds did the plants produce in the 500 to 550 age interval?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) Plot the curve of survivorship of the plant.

[4 marks]


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1. Explain how the density dependent factors affect the size of population.

[20 marks]

2. Explain briefly the following ecological terms:

i) Biotic potentialii) Environmental resistance

iii) Carrying capacity

[12 marks]


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CHAPTER 4: BIOCATALYSIS


1. What is activation energy?

A. Energy that must be added to get a reaction started, which is recovered as the reactionproceeds.

B. Difference in energy between reactants and products.

C. Energy that is lost as heat.

D. Free energy.

2. Which of the following explains the mechanism that results in the lowering of activation energy?

A. Induced fit.

B. Competitive inhibitor.

C. Non-competitive inhibitor.

D. Enzyme-substrate complex.

3. Why do only small amount of enzyme is needed for a large amount of substrate?

A. Enzymes do not change at the end of a reaction and can be reused.

B. Small amount of enzymes can provide enough energy to continue the reaction.

C. More enzymes are formed while the reaction takes place.

D. Enzymes act until the reaction is completed.

4. Enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed. Because of this, they

are referred to as

A. Hydrogen acceptors.

B. Activation energy.

C. Cytochromes.

D. Catalyst

5. Which of the following statements is NOT an effect of enzymes on biochemical reactions?

I. It lowers the activation energy of reaction.

II. It reduces the rate of reaction.

III. It increases the rate of reaction.IV. It breaks the chemical bonds of substrate.

A. I and IV C. II and IV

B. II and III D. III and IV

6. Which of the following explain the effect of pH towards enzymatic activity?

A. Most substances dont function well at high or low pH.

B. High or low pH may disrupt hydrogen bonding and change the shape of active site.

C. High or low pH may cause the active site to lose its energy.

D. Excess hydrogen ions can combine with the substrate and cause the reaction to go moreslowly.


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7. Which of the following could act as enzyme cofactors?

A. Carbohydrates and hydrogen.

B. Apoenzymes and lead.

C. Vitamins and manganese.

D. Proteins and oxygen.

8. Which coenzymes involve in redox reactions?

I. Carboxylase.

II. Flavin adenine dinucleotide.

III. Pyridoxal phosphate.

IV. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

A. I and II C. II and IV

B. I and III D. III and IV

9. Which of the following statements are TRUE about coenzyme?

I. They are globular proteins.

II. They do not have prosthetic groups.

III. They are tightly bound to enzymes.

IV. Most are derivatives of vitamins.

A. I and II C. II and IV

B. II and III D. I, II and III

10. The reaction rate of salivary amylase on starch decreases as the chloride ions is reduced. Which

of the following describes the role of the chloride ions?

A. Competitive inhibitors.

B. Non-competitive inhibitors.

C. Cofactor.

D. Proteins.


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Part B: Structured Questions.

1. The equation below shows the reaction of sucrose with enzyme X.

Sucrose Fructose + -glucose

a) Identify the enzyme X.

[1 mark]

b) Would a similar reaction occur if enzyme X is replaced with other enzyme? Explain youranswer.

[2 marks]

c) Can enzyme X be used again to react with another sucrose molecule after the reaction iscompleted? Explain your answer.

[2 marks]

d) Name ONE non-protein substance that enzyme X might need for catalytic reaction.

[1 mark]

e) State the levels of protein structure that form enzyme.

[1 mark]

f) Define the following terms in relation to enzymatic activity:

i. Active site

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

ii. Competitive inhibitor

[1 mark]

Enzyme X


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iii. Non-competitive inhibitor

[1 mark]

2. TABLE 1shows the rate of activity of an enzyme at different temperatures.

TABLE 1

a) State the optimum temperature for this enzyme.

[1 mark]

b) Explain the rate of enzyme activity at 15C - 25C.

[1 mark]

c) Explain the rate of enzyme activity at temperature above 45C. State reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

d) State TWO factors other than temperature, which would affect the rate of enzyme activity.

[2 marks]

Temperature (C) Rate of reaction (mg of product perminute)

0 1.85 2.4

10 3.715 4.9

20 7.425 9.330 13.435 17.240 19.045 19.050 8.155 1.760 0


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e) Based on TABLE 1, draw an appropriate graph.

[2 marks]

f) If the enzyme used in the experiment was maltase, name:

i. the substrate: ______________________________________

ii. the product: _______________________________________[2 marks]

3. FIGURE 1shows three different enzymatic reactions. A and B represent TWO types of

inhibitors.

FIGURE 1

a) State the type of:

i. Inhibitor A: ____________________________________________________

ii. Inhibitor B: ____________________________________________________[2 marks]

Without inhibitor

A

B


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b) Give ONE example for:

i. Inhibitor A: ____________________________________________________


c) How do inhibitor A and B binds to the enzyme?

i. Inhibitor A: ____________________________________________________


d) What happens to the rate of reaction with inhibitors A and B if the substrate concentration isincreased?

i. Inhibitor A: _____________________________________________________

ii. Inhibitor B: _____________________________________________________[2 marks]

e) Explain how irreversible inhibitors cause permanent damage to enzymes.

[2 marks]


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1. a) Describe how an enzyme can speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

[5 marks]

b) Explain how enzymes are denatured by high temperature

[5 marks]

2. Name and briefly explain the classes of enzymes according to IUB classification system.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 5: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Part A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between aerobic respiration andanaerobic respiration?

A. The formation of pyruvate only takes places in aerobic respiration.

B. The energy released during aerobic respiration is stored in the form of ATP, whereas in

anaerobic respiration, it is released as heat.

C. The number of oxygen molecules required during aerobic respiration is more than that

anaerobic respiration.

D. The oxidation of substrates in aerobic respiration is complete but incomplete in anaerobic

respiration.

2. What is the net total of NADH molecules produced when one molecule of glucose undergoesglycolysis to form pyruvate?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

3. Which of the following is true of cellular respiration?

I Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm and transferred into mitochondria to be oxidized.

II For each electron transferred from NADH + H+ to oxygen through the electron transport

chain, 3 ATP molecules are produced.

III ATP is produced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

A. I only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

4. What is the function of molecular oxygen in cellular respiration?

A. Cause the breakdown of citric acid.

B. Combine with glucose to produce carbon dioxide.

C. React with H from organic molecules to produce water.

D. Combine with carbon from organic molecules to produce CO2.

5. Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A. Cytoplasm.

B. Matrix of mitochondria.

C. Inner membrane of mitochondria.

D. Inter membrane space of mitochondria.


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6. If oxygen is absence, the NADH produced by glycolysis donates its high energy electron to

A. Acetyl Co-A

B. Ethanol

C. Pyruvate

D. Lactic Acid

7. Which of the following is NOTthe product of anaerobic respiration?

A. NADH

B. CO2

C. ATP

D. O2

8. Which of the following reactions below involve oxidative decarboxylation?

I Isocitrate to -ketoglutarate III Succinyl CoA to succinate

II -ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA IV Succinate to fumarate

A. I and II C. II and III

B. I and IV D. II and IV

9. Which are the following statements about the electron transport chain are true?

I For every NADH, 3 ATP molecules are produced

II For every FADH2 ,2 ATP molecules are produced

III It occurs on the outer membrane of the mitochondrion

IV Last acceptors of hydrogen atom is the oxygen molecule

A. I, II and III C. I, III and IV

B. I, II and IV D. I, II, III and IV

10.Which are the following statements are true about the process that occurs in cristae?

I ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

II FADH2 transfers its hydrogen atoms to the flavo-protein complex

III Cytochrome oxidase contain copper as its prosthetic group

IV Production of ATP in the electron transport chain is called oxidative phosphorylation

A. I, II and III C. I and III

B. I, II and IV D. I, II, III and IV


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Part B. Structure Questions

1. FIGURE 1shows the glycolysis process.

FIGURE 1

a) Where does this process take place?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

Fructose 1 6 -bis hos hate

C

A

B

Pi


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b) Name the A, B and C.

A : _____________________________________________________

B : _____________________________________________________

C : _____________________________________________________[3 marks]

c) What type of phosphorylation occurs in this process?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

d) What happen to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

e) How many of net ATP produced during this process?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

f) What is the electron carrier produce in this process?

___________________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

g) What happen to the pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis in the present of O2 ?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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2. FIGURE 2below shows the flow of electrons in specific pathway of cellular respiration.

FIGURE 2

a) Name the pathway in FIGURE 2?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) Identify the structure I, Q and V.

I : _____________________________________

Q : _____________________________________

V : _____________________________________

[3 marks]

c) How many ATP yield from a complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

d) Compare to NADH, oxidation of molecule W produce relatively less amount of ATP. Whatis W and how many ATP it will produce.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

A

B

C


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e) Explain chemiosmosis and its relation to production of ATPs from 1 molecule of NADH.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________[3 marks]

3. FIGURE 3below shows a schematic diagram of a complete process of cellular respiration.

FIGURE 3

(a)Name the process labelled I and IV.

Process I : ________________________________

Process IV : _______________________________[2 marks]

(b)Give an examples of cell that uses process II and process III in the limited of oxygen supply.

Process II : ________________________________

Process III : ________________________________

[2 marks]

Process I

Process II Process III

Process IV


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(c)Complete the diagram below to show the difference between process II and process III.

Process II :

(1m)

Process III :

[2 marks]

(d)Based on FIGURE 3,

(i) What is the product labelled A?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii)What is the main function of NADH and FADH2?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(e)Give ONE example of commercial used of lactate fermentation.

_____________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

Pyruvate Lactate

Pyruvate Ethanol


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Part C. Essay Questions

1. a) Describe the process of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in glycolysis.

[10 marks]

b) Describe how the oxaloacetate (OAA) is used and produced in matrix.

[10 marks]

2. a) Explain how the process of ATP production from NADH and FADH2 flow through the

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to occur?

[10 marks]

b) What are the differences between alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation?

[6 marks]

c) Describe with the help of suitable examples the use of fermentation in industries.

[4 marks]


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CHAPTER 6: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Part A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called

A. chloroplastsB. the stroma

C. cristae.

D. thylakoids

2. In green plant photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is

A. carbon dioxide.

B. oxygen.

C. RuBP.

D. water.

3. The photosystem channels the excitation energy gathered by absorption of light by any one of

the pigment molecules to a specific "reaction center chlorophyll," which in turn passes the

energy to

A. photosystem I.

B. photosystem II.

C. the primary electron acceptor.

D. cytochrome.

4. Photosystem II differs from photosystem I in that _____________ is not made directly from the

process.

A. ATP

B. NADH

C. NADPH

D. carbohydrates

5. Where does the light independent reaction occurs?

A. stroma

B. thylakoidC. stroma and thylakoid

D. inner membrane

6. What is the intermediate metabolite that is formed during light independent reaction in

photosynthesis?

A. NADH

B. O2

C. ribulose bisphosphate

D. water


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7. Which of the molecule below is synthesized during light independent reaction?

A. O2

B. CO2

C. ATP

D. NADPH2

8. What is the molecule in the C4pathway that combines with carbon dioxide?

A. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

B. ribulose bisphosphate

C. phosphoenolpyruvate

D. oxaloacetate

9. Light independent reaction involving which of this process?

I O2fixation

II endergonic reactionIII reduction and regeneration of RuBP

A. I only

B. III only

C. I and II

D. II and III

10. Which of the following occur in both respiration and photosynthesis?

I chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

II carbon fixation and formation of waterIII final electron acceptor is oxygen

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and II

D. II and III


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Part B. Structured Questions

1. FIGURE 1show the anatomy of C4 plants leaf

FIGURE 1

a) Name the part labeled cell A and cell B.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

b) Give ONE example of plant with anatomy in FIGURE1.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) How carbon fixation in CAM plants differs with C4 carbon fixation plants.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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d) What are the main pigments that involved in photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) Which chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light best?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

f) Give the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

g) Which organelle should photosynthesis occur at?

___________________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

h) This organelle can be found mainly in tissue of leaf. State the tissue in which the organellemost abundant.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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2. FIGURE 2below shows the light reaction of photosynthesis

FIGURE 2

a) Identify A, B, C, and D in the diagram above.

A : _________________________________________

B : _________________________________________

C : _________________________________________

D : _________________________________________

[4 marks]

b) In chloroplast, where structures A and B precisely located?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) Identify each path represented by the following lines.

i. _____________________________________________

ii _____________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) State the end products of the path named in c(i)

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) Name the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of C to D.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

f) State the function of molecule D.

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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3. FIGURE 3shows a diagram of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.

FIGURE 3

a) Name the phases P, Q and R.

P: _______________________________________

Q: _______________________________________

R: _______________________________________

[3 marks]

b) State the numbers of ATPs used and drawsit in the diagram.[4 marks]

c) Name the carbon dioxide acceptor involved.

_____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

d) Name the substances J and K needed for process Q.

J: __________________________________________

K:__________________________________________

[2 marks]


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Part C. Essay Questions

1. a) Describe non cyclic photophosphorylation in photosynthesis.

[12 marks]

b) Compare and contrast cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

[8 marks]

2. a) Explain how the dark reaction occurs in CAM plant.

[10 marks]

b) Describe the three stages of Light Independent Reaction.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 7: GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND ITS CONTROL


1. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mainly

A. in solutionB. as carbonic acid

C. as hydrogencarbonate ions

D. as carbaminohaemoglobin

2. The chloride shift in the blood is the movement of

A. chloride ions into the alveolar space

B. chloride ions into the tissue cells to maintain electrical neutrality

C. chloride ions out of erythrocyte to balance the hydrogencarbonate ions into

the cell

D. chloride ions into the erythrocyte to maintain electrical neutrality

3. The Bohr shift occurs in region of

A. increased partial pressure of oxygen

B. decreased partial pressure of oxygen

C. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

D. decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

4. A decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood would cause

A. a generation of excitatory impulses by the respiratory center in the medullato intercostals muscles and diaphragm

B. a decrease in breathing rate

C. a stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies

D. an increase in thoracic volume

5. Which of the following does not results in stomatal opening?

A. low water potential in guard cells

B. sugar converted into starch

C. water entering guard cells by osmosis

D. guard cells undergo photosynthesis

6. Which of the following plants have stomata that are closed during daytime?

A. pineapple

B. maize

C. tomato

D. pinus


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7. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported

A. dissolved in plasma

B. as bicarbonate ions

C. by haemoglobin

D. as carbonic acid

8. Carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells

A. removes oxygen from the erythrocyte

B. carries carbon dioxide in the erythrocyte

C. catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid

D. increase the pH of the blood

9. When chemoreceptors detect a slight decrease in pH, this means that______ concentrationshave increased, and the breathing rate must________

A. carbon dioxide, increaseB. carbon dioxide, decrease

C. oxygen, increase

D. oxygen, decrease

10. At higher altitudes

A. the concentration of oxygen decreases

B. the concentration of carbon dioxide decrease

C. the partial pressure of oxygen decreases

D. the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases


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1) The FIGURE 1 below shows the Bohr shift occurs in fetal haemoglobin (P and Q) and formaternal haemoglobin (R and S).

FIGURE 1

a) Define Bohr shift. State the effect of Bohr shift on the oxygen dissociation curve.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

b) Compare the oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and maternal haemoglobin. Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) What happens to the oxygen dissociation curves when the pH is lowered? Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) Give two reasons why an expectant mother is advised to give up the smoking.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

e) Sketch the curve for fetal myoglobin at pH 7.6. Label the curve as X. [1 mark]

R pH 7.6S pH 7.4

P pH 7.6

H 7.4


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2) FIGURE 2shows the difference in Oxygen (O2) content and blood temperature during rest(37C) and exercise (42C).

FIGURE 2

a) State what happen at X and Y

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

b) Calculate the percentage of oxygen unloaded to the tissue in a person at rest.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2marks]

c) Calculate the percentage of oxygen unloaded to the tissue during exercise.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) Explain why higher blood temperature shifts the curves to the right.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

42 37


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3) The FIGURE 3below shows a summary of a chemical reactions which occur in a mammalian

during the transportation of carbon dioxide by red blood cells (RBC).

IV T

I

FIGURE 3

a) State the substances labeled R, S, T and Uin the above diagram.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[4 marks]

b) Name the part of haemoglobin molecule that binds to carbon dioxide.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 marks]

c) Explain what happens at stage I, IIand IVin the above diagram.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

d) What happens to HCO3-after process IV?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 marks]

R+ O2CO2+ H2O

CO2+ H2O

HCO3- H+ + Hb O2

II

S

H2CO3 HbO2

U

III


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e) Suggest the reason for movement of T in the diagram.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 marks]

f) State the importance of process III.

__________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________[1 marks]


1) With the aid of diagram, describe the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.[10 marks]

2) Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 8: TRANSPORT SYSTEM


1. The heart sound dup which can be heard represents

A. the flow of blood into the heartB. the flow of blood from the atrium into the ventricles

C. the closure of ther atrioventricular valves

D. closure of the semilunar valves

2. In which part of the brain are the cardiac accelatory and inhibitory centres found?

A. cerebrum

B. cerebellum

C. medula oblongata

D. hypothalamus

3. Which structures of the human heart receives impulses directly from the sympathetic andparasympathetic system?

A. sinoatrial node

B. atrioventricular node

C. bundle of His

D. purkinje tissue

4. Which of the following is not true in the production of root pressure?

A. mineral ions are actively pumpud into the xylem by endodermal cellsB. ATP is required

C. water potential in the xylem is lowered

D. the Casparian strip in the endodermis prevents the back flow of mineral

ions into the cortex cells

5. Which of the following functions as a source during translocation in plants?

A. merismetic tissue in the shoot

B. leaves

C. roots

D. fruits and flowers

6. Which of the following structures is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?

A. atrioventricular node

B. sinoatrial node

C. bundle of His

D. purkinje fibers


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7. When impulse are conducted through the heart, transmission is delayed at the ____ so that the___________ may contract before the___________

A. sinoatrial node, atrium, ventricles

B. sinoatrial node, ventricles, atrium

C. atrioventricular node, atrium, ventricles

D. atrioventricular node, ventricles, atrium

8. The impulse that signals each heartbeat is conducted along which path?

1. atrioventricular node2. bundle branches3. sinoatrial node4. atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A. 1,2,3,4

B. 1,3,4,2

C. 3,1,4,2D. 4,1,2,3

9. The first sound (lub) is produced by closing of the ____________ and _________ valves

A. aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar

B. right atrioventricular, aortic semilunar

C. right atrioventricular, left atrioventricular

D. mitra, left atrioventricular

10. During ventricular systole

A. blood flows from the ventricles to the pulmonary arteries

B. the ventricles relax

C. the atrium contract

D. the tricuspid and mitral valves are opened


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1. FIGURE 1(a)shows the heart and the tissues that control the heartbeat. FIGURE 1(b)showsan electrocardiogram.

FIGURE 1(a) FIGURE 1(b)

a) Label W, X, Yand Zin FIGURE 1(a).

W: ______________________________________

X: _______________________________________

Y: _______________________________________

Z: _______________________________________

[4 marks]

b) What happen during atrial systole?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) Explain how lup and dup sound produced?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) What is QRS? Explain what happened during this event.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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2. FIGURE 2 shows the transport pathway of minerals and water in roots.

FIGURE 2

a) Label A, B, C and D shown in the FIGURE 2.

A: _______________________________________________

B: _______________________________________________

C: _______________________________________________

D: _______________________________________________[4 marks]

b) Name the pathway labeled 1 and 2 in Figure 2.

1: ____________________________________________________

2: ____________________________________________________[2 marks]

c) Explain the process involved and the pathway taken by water in plants starting from soil tothe endodermis.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[4 marks]


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3. FIGURE 3 shows the heart conduction that are recorded on a specialized device

FIGURE 3

a. State the name of the device.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b. What is the peak of P shown?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c. What does happen on cardiac activity in P.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

d. QRS shows the cardiac conduction transmit through the both ventricles

i. How the cardiac conduction is generated from the pacemaker?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]


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ii. QTis the time of the starting and ending for ventricle systole. Briefly explain aboutventricle systole.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

e. Give two functionsof the blood circulation in human body.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


1. Describe the uptake water and mineral in plants

[10 marks]

2. Describe the structure and function of human lymphatic system related to the lipid transportation

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 9: HOMEOSTASIS


1. What is mean by homeostasis?

A. Control of glucose level in blood.B. Maintenance of a constant internal environment of a body.

C. Maintenance of a constant internal and external; environment

D. Control of body temperature during fever.

2. Which of the following homeostatic organs and their respective functions are paired

CORRECTLY?

Organ Function

A. Liver Detoxification

B. Pancreas Glycogenolysis

C. Gall bladder Production of bileD. Lungs Deamination

3. The diagram below shows an outline of a feedback mechanism in homeostasis.

Identify A, B, Process X and Y?

A B Process X Process Y

A. Control center Receptor Positive

Feedback

Negative

feedback

B. Control center Effectors Negative

feedback

Positive

Feedback

C. Receptor Effectors Negative

feedback

Positive

Feedback

D. Receptor Control center Positive

Feedback

Negative

feedback

B

A

Normal Condition

Effectors

Further increaseCorrectionmechanism

Normal Condition

X

YDecrease

Increase


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4. Which homeostatic function of liver is controlled and monitored in the pancreas?

A. Deamination of amino acid.

B. Regulate blood glucose level.

C. Produce bile.

D. Removal of toxin and waste.

5. Which of the following occurs when the sugar level in the blood is higher than normal?

A. Gluconeogenesis

B. Glycogenesis

C. Glycolysis

D. Glycogenolysis

6. Which Structure of liver produced bile?

A. Sinusoids

B. HepatocytesC. Canaliculi

D. Kupffer cells

7. Which tubule has a U shape?

A. Distal convoluted tubule

B. Proximal Convoluted tubule

C. Loop of Henle

D. Collecting duct

8. Which hormones stimulate the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule?

A. Androgen

B. Adrenaline

C. Aldosteron

D. Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

9. How kidney controls the level of sodium in blood?

A. By removing and reabsorbing sodium ion.

B. By removing and reabsorbing water.

C. By producing dilute urine.

D. By increase the metabolic activity.

10. What is the mechanism for the filtration of blood within the nephron?

A. The active transport of Na+ and glucose, followed by osmosis.

B. Both active and passive secretion of ions, toxin and NH3 into the tubule.

C. High hydrostatic pressure of blood forcing water and small molecules out of capillary.

D. A lower osmotic pressure in Bowmans capsule compared to the osmotic pressure in the

glomerulus.


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1. FIGURE 1is a graph showing homeostatic regulation of blood glucose level.

FIGURE 1

a) What is homeostasis?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) Graph ABC shows the normal range of blood glucose in humans. What do points D and

E represents?

D :___________________________________________________________________________

E :___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) In order for blood sugar level to return from D to A and from E to B, hormones are needed.

Name the hormones and the cells that secrete them.

Change in blood sugar

level

Name of hormone Cells that secrete the hormone

From D to A

From E to B

[4 marks]


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d) Explain the mechanism and the events that take place when blood sugar level is changing from E

to B.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

2. FIGURE 2shows a section of a human organ.

FIGURE 2

a) Name the organ.

_____________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

b) Label the structures M and N.

M: ___________________________________________________________________________

N: ___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) State the function of each structure.

O: __________________________________________________________________________

P: ___________________________________________________________________________

Q: __________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]


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d) What will happen if there is

i. an excess of glucose in M?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

ii. an excess of amino acids in M?

___________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

e) State two other functions of liver.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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1. Explain the concept of negative feedback in controlling the blood glucose level in the body?

[10 marks]

2. Briefly explain the roles of antidieuretic hormone (ADH) in osmoregulation.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 10: COORDINATION


1. What is the unit of the nervous system?

A. Cyton (body cell)

B. Dendron

C. Axon

D. Neuron

2. Which is the most CORRECTstatement explaining the structure of the nodes of Ranvier ?

A. Covering of the nerve fibre

B. Swelling along the nerve fibre

C. Gaps in the cover of the nerve fibre

D. Collection of nerves in the heart

3. At the synapses, the impulses are always passed from the __________________.

A. axon to the dendrites

B. dendrites to the axon

C. either way is possible

D. cyton (body cell) to the dendrites

4. Figure below shows the structure of a sarcomere. Which of the following explaining muscle

contraction?

A. A band moves and become shorter.

B. I band and Z line elongates and cause contraction.

C. Actin filament moves outward the center of the sarcomere.

D. Both filaments slide over each other to cause shortening of the sarcomere.


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5. Choose the CORRECTanswer that describe the neuromuscular junction structure

I. The end of the axon terminal divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs (knobs).

II. Synaptic end bulbs enclosed synaptic vesicles.

III. The synaptic end bulb(knob) consists of thousand neurotransmitter receptors.

IV. Motor end plate is the structure of sarcolemma that opposite the synaptic end.

A. I, II and III only

B. I, III and IV only

C. I, II and IV only

D. II, III and IV only

6. Statements below briefly describe the synaptic transmission across a synapse. Choose the

correct sequence in the mechanism.

P - Diffusion of Neurotransmitter

QExocytosis of synaptic vesiclesRInflux of Calcium Ca+ion

SDepolarization due to action potential

TNeurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor

I II III IV V

A. R , S , T , P , Q

B. S , R , P , Q , T

C. R , T , P , Q , S

D. S , R , Q , P , T

7. Choose the correct characteristics of hormone in mammals.

I. Transported in the bloodstream and affect particular target cells.

II. Can act as a catalyst in chemical reaction mammals.

III.Effective in low concentration and specific to particular target cells.

IV.Small soluble organic molecule that travelling in blood.

A. I and IV only

B. I, II and III onlyC. I, III and IV only

D. II, III and IV only


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8. Table below shows the comparison between two mechanisms of hormonal action. Which the

best suit to the mechanisms respectively?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Gene Activation

A Long term effect (ranging from few hours

to a few days)

Short term effect (ranging from a few

minutes to a few hours)

B Hormones bind to the protein receptors

that are burrowed on the targeted cell

membrane.

Hormones bind to protein receptors that

are inside the nucleus or cytoplasm.

C Hormones that are bonded to receptors

activate gene.

Hormones do not activate the gene.

D Protein kinases inside the cell are not

activated.

Protein kinases inside the cell are

activated.

9. Choose the FALSEcomparison between the transmission of impulse at the synapse and along

the axon.At Synapse Along Axon

A Ca+ions have diffuse into synaptic knob to

cause release of neurotransmitters.

Ca+ ions are not required.

B Neurotransmitter is not required. Local

electrical current is formed that induces a

new action potential in the next region.

Impulse is transmitted via chemical

substances called neurotransmitters.

C Rate of transmission is slower because

neurotransmitter molecules have to diffuse

across the synaptic cleft.

Rate of transmission is faster.

D In excitable synapse, Ca+ ions diffuse into

the postsynaptic neurone, hence,

depolarizing the membrane.

Rapid diffusion of Ca+ ions into the

axon depolarizes the axon membrane.

10. Match the following hormones to its function in plant.

I. The hormone that is used to keep flowers fresh. P. Ethylene

II. The substance that accelerates the growth in the

stem.

Q. Gibberelin

III. Promoting growth, increase seed germinationrate, and elongation of cells

R. Cytokinin

IV. The hormone that speeds up the ripening process. S. Auxin

I II III IV

A. R , S , Q , P

B. R , Q , S , P

C. S , R , P , Q

D. S , Q , R , P


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1. FIGURE 1shows the action potential in a neuron.

a) What is meant by an action potential?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2marks]

b) Label A until D as shown in FIGURE 1.

A: _________________________________________________________________________

B: _________________________________________________________________________

C: _________________________________________________________________________

D: _________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

c) Explain what happen during B.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) Give TWO characteristicsof nerve impulse along an axon.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

FIGURE 1

A

B

DC


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2. FIGURE 2shows the structure of sarcomere.

FIGURE 2

a) State the composition of thick and thin filament in sarcomere.

Thick filament : _____________________________________________________________

Thin filament : ______________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

b) Explain what happened to sarcomere and A band during muscle contraction?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

c) State the role of calcium ion in muscle contraction.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

d) What happen to muscle during relaxing state?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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3. FIGURE 3shows the action of hormone S on its target cell.

FIGURE 3

a) State the type of hormone S and give an example for it.

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

b) Give ONEcharacteristic of hormone S that enables it to enter the target cell.

__________________________________________________________________________

[1mark]

c) Based on the diagram shown, determine the mechanism of hormone action. Give reason for

your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

d) What are molecule P, and process Q and R?

Molecule P: _________________________________________________________

Process Q: __________________________________________________________

Process R: __________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

e) Explain what happen when molecule P enters the nucleus.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

Q

R


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1. Synapse is a junction between two adjacent neuron and responsible for transmitting nerve

impulses from one neuron to another. Explain the mechanism on how the impulse can be

transmit across the synapses.

[10 marks]

2. a) State THREEdifferences in the mechanism of hormone action with reference to:

i. Steroid hormone

ii. Non-steroid hormone

[6 marks]

b) Gibberellins are a group of phytohormones. Name a commonly encountered gibberellin and

explain the role that gibberellins play in the development of plants.

[4 marks]


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CHAPTER 11: IMMUNITY


1. Which of the following statements is true of T-cells but not true of B-cells?

A. They are produced in cells that originated in the bone marrow.

B. They react with antigens to produce a clone of immunocytes.

C. They must pass through the thymus gland before they can become fully functional.

D. They have antigen receptors on their surface membranes.

2. The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is important in

A. Tracking viral invaders.

B. Identifying bacterial pathogens.

C. Recognizing parasitic pathogens.

D. Distinguish self from non-self.

3. Which of the following statements about humeral immunity is correct?

A. It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection.

B. It protects the body against cells that become cancerous.

C. It is mounted by lymphocytes that have matured in the bone marrow.D. It is primarily defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.

4. What are plasma cells?

A. Cells that produce few antibodies.

B. The effector cells of humeral immunity.

C. The cells that is responsible for immunological memory.

D. The cells that is responsible for phagocytosis of foreign organism.

5. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched?

A. Macrophageactive T cells.

B. T cellsmature in thymus.

C. Helper T cellshelp complement react.

D. Cytotoxic T cellsactive in tissue rejection.


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6. Which cell does not phagocytize?

A. Neutrophil C. Monocyte

B. Lymphocyte D. Macrophage

7. During blood typing, agglutination indicates that the...

A. Plasma contains certain antibodies.

B. Red blood cells carry certain proteins.

C. Plasma contains certain antigens.

D. Red blood cells contain certain antibodies

8. There are three stages of defense against pathogenic bacteria in human immunity system, as

listed below. Arrange the stages in a correct sequence.

I The phagocytic action of macrophages.

II The action of T-cells and antibody-producing cells.

III The production of antimicrobial enzymes and Ig A by the mucous membranes

A. I, II, III C. III, II, I

B. II, III, I D. III, I, II

9. If a person's bone marrow were destroyed by radiation, which of the following cells could notbe produced?

I T cells

II B cells

III Plasma cells

A. I only C. II and III only

B. I and II only D. I, II and III

10 Which of the following statements about lymphocytes are true?

I They are produce in bone marrow.

II They originate from the liver of developing fetus.

III They may mature in either bone marrow or the thymus gland.




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1. The FIGURE 1below shows an immune response system.

FIGURE 1

(a)Describe the meaning of

i. Antigen

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________[1mark]

ii. Antibody

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________[1mark]

(b)State the immune response represent by a FIGURE 1above. Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(c)How the pore in the membrane of the infected cells can be creating?

__________________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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(d)State the types of cell involved in this immune response system.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(e)Describe how the cell becomes lyses.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________[3 marks]

2. Graph 2shows the response of two identical doses of the same antigen.

a) What is meant by:

i. antigen

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

ii. antibody

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

Graph2


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b) i. Identify the difference between the responses shown in Graph 2.

_______________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

ii. Give reasons for your answer in b) i.?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

iii. Explain briefly the mechanism that causes the differences in b) ii.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

c) How many days the second injection is able to achieve the highest concentration of

antibody in the serum after first injection? Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]


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3. The FIGURE 3below shows the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

FIGURE 3

(a) Name the structures labeled A to C.

A: _________________________________________________________

B: _________________________________________________________

C: _________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

(b) Name the cell in the human body that can be infected by HIV.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(c) Explain how this virus invades the cell in (b)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

(d) How is HIV transmitted?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

(e) Why cant antibodies eliminate HIV from the body?

_____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]


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1. Describe the life cycle of HIV.

[10 marks]

2. Explain the Cell Mediated Immune Response mechanism against viral infection of bodycells.

[10 marks]

3. Describe humoral response.

[10 marks]


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CHAPTER 12: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY


1. Recombinant DNA technology is used:

A. For gene therapy.

B. To make a particular protein.

C. To clone a specific piece of protein.

D. All of the above.

2. Restriction enzymes that found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used:

A. During DNA replication.B. To degrade the bacterial cell's DNA.

C. To degrade viral DNA that enters the cell.

D. To attach pieces of DNA together.

3. Which of the following is correct about host cell?

A. Plasmid is an example of host cell.

B. Unable to receive DNA molecule through transformation.

C. An organism that prevents cloning vectors from multiplying.

D. An organism that is used to receive recombinant DNA for cloning purposes.

4. What is the purpose of amplification?

A. To screen for recombinant bacteria.

B. To join the rDNA with the host cell.

C. To produce multiple copies of the desired gene

D. To prevent the bacterial from reproducing.


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5. Which of these pairs is incorrectlymatched?

A. DNA ligasemapping human chromosomes.

B. DNA fragmentsDNA fingerprinting.

C. Taq polymerase - PCR

D. Plasmid as a vectorisolated from bacteria

6. How are single strand of DNA produced in PCR?

A. By heating the DNA from cells.

B. By isolating the solution containing DNA.

C. By using gel electrophoresis.

D. By adding Taqpolymerase.

7. Which of these would you not expect to be a biotechnology product?

A. Vaccine C. Protein hormone

B. Steroid hormone D. Modified enzyme

8. What is genome?

A. A part of the DNA of an individual.

B. Produced from biological technique.

C. The same from one species to another species.

D. The complete set of chromosomes of an individual.

9. The following steps involved in gene cloning procedures. Rearrange them into the correct

sequences:

I Transformation and amplification.

II Screen for bacteria that contain recombinant DNA.III Insert DNA fragment into the cut bacterial plasmid.

IV Cleave the plasmid and human DNA with the same restriction enzyme.

V Isolate the bacterial plasmid and human DNA.

A. I, II, III, IV, V C. V, IV, III, II, I

B. V, IV, III, I, II D. IV, V, III, I, II


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10. Which of the following istrue regarding screening by using X-gal?

I Antibiotics will prevent the growth of bacteria without plasmid.

II Bacteria cells with recombinant plasmids are resistant to antibiotics and are

unable to hydrolyse X-gal.

III Bacteria cells that contain non-recombinant plasmids are resistant to antibiotics

and are unable to hydrolyse X-gal.




1. Restriction enzymes are widely used in genetic engineering. FIGURE1 shows the act of

restriction enzyme on DNA.

FIGURE 1

(a)What is meant by restriction enzyme?

_____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(b) Based on the DNA cut, structure P and Q will be form.

i. Name P and Q.

[2 marks]


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ii. Draw structures P and Q in the space given below.

[2 marks]

iii. Name the restriction enzyme that produces fragment Q.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(b)Name the enzyme(s) involve in joining the fragments of DNA after cut by restrictionenzyme.

____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(c)List the important characteristics of plasmid vectors used in recombinant DNAtechnology.

_____________________________________________________________________

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[2 marks]

(d)The plasmid vector with the target gene must be introduced to theE. colifor furtherreplication. State ONEcharacteristic ofE. coli which enable it to use as a host cell

for the plasmid vector.

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[1 mark]


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2. The FIGURE 2below show the base sequence in parts of a foreign DNA (Figure A) and

the cut plasmid showing sticky ends (Figure B).

FIGURE 2(a) Define restriction enzyme.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

(b) Identify the palindromic base sequence in the DNA donor molecule shown.

__________________________________________________________________

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