Smits_InnovativeTransportPricing

Before graduation PhD Research Innovative Transport Pricing Transport Model Stakeholders Model Wrap-up

Life after graduation

Innovative Transport Pricing

Erik-Sander Smits

November 22, 2012

Before graduation

Utrecht University

• BSc. Computing Science

• BSc. + MSc. Mathematics

Graduation internship @ Omnitrans International

O-D matrix estimation

A Priori O-D matrixTraffic counts

}⇒ New O-D Matrix

Matrix estimation

Assignment

O-D matrix Route proportions

Before graduation

After internship @ Omnitrans

• Writing Thesis

• Searching for a job: What do I want?• Consultancy (Engineering)?• Consultancy (Strategy)?• Private Equity?• Trader (Finance)?• Science?

• What do I find important?• → Challenge! I want to apply my analytical skills.

Before graduation

After internship @ Omnitrans

• Writing Thesis

• Searching for a job: What do I want?• Consultancy (Engineering)?• Consultancy (Strategy)?• Private Equity?• Trader (Finance)?• Science?

• What do I find important?• → Challenge! I want to apply my analytical skills.

PhD Research @ T & PYour own project

4-year long challenge!

Gather knowledge ... execute the research ... publish your results

The finale is the thesis defense.

PhD Research @ TU Delft

Courses

• Soft skills (e.g. Scientific Writing)

• Hard skills (e.g. Discrete ChoiceAnalysis)

Conferences

• Transportation Research Board

• TRAIL Congress

• . . .

Teaching

• Give lectures

• Supervise MSc students

Exchange

• One to three months

• All around the world

PhD Research @ TU Delft

Innovative Transport PricingIntroduction

• Transport Pricing:• How do users pay for mobility?• Traditionally: Car purchase tax, Road tax, Public transport ticket

• Initiatives for different measures are proposed since 1977 inThe Netherlands

• Toll roads• Peak hour sticker• Kilometre charge

• All proposals failed to be implemented.

Innovative Transport PricingResearch Project

• Deliverable: Decision support system for the design andevaluation of innovative pricing schemes.

• Underlying goal: Sustainable mobility and accessibility in theRandstad area.

• Model studies on transport pricing are numerous, but lack acomplete solution.

• Task: Combine state-of-the-art models and fill in the gaps.

Innovative Transport PricingResearch Project

• Deliverable: Decision support system for the design andevaluation of innovative pricing schemes.

• Underlying goal: Sustainable mobility and accessibility in theRandstad area.

• Model studies on transport pricing are numerous, but lack acomplete solution.

• Task: Combine state-of-the-art models and fill in the gaps.

Innovative Transport PricingSchematic overview

el Friesland

Groningen

Drenthe

Overijssel

Gelderland

Flevo-land

Utrecht

Noord-Holland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Brabant

Limburg

Zeeland

PricingScheme

Parking fee Fuel price

Insurance fee

Kilometre charge

el Ticket priceFriesland

Groningen

Drenthe

Overijssel

Gelderland

Flevo-land

Utrecht

Noord-Holland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Brabant

Limburg

Zeeland

PricingScheme

Insurance fee

Kilometre charge

elTransport &

Traffic Model

Ticket priceFriesland

Groningen

Drenthe

Overijssel

Gelderland

Flevo-land

Utrecht

Noord-Holland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Brabant

Limburg

Zeeland

PricingScheme

EffectsCO2

Safety

Congestion

Accessibility

User Equity

Insurance fee

Kilometre charge

elTransport &

Traffic Model

Ticket price

Friesland

Groningen

Drenthe

Overijssel

Gelderland

Flevo-land

Utrecht

Noord-Holland

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Brabant

Limburg

Zeeland

Transport ModelIntroduction

• Input• Pricing Scheme• Multimodal Network• Potential OD demand

• Output• Travel Times• Emissions• Other quantified effects

Results are obtained by calculating the user equilibrium.

Transport ModelIntroduction

• Input• Pricing Scheme• Multimodal Network• Potential OD demand

• Output• Travel Times• Emissions• Other quantified effects

Results are obtained by calculating the user equilibrium.

Transport ModelSchematic Overview

Assignment model

Demand model

Trip choice

Destination choice

Potential demand

Flow propagation model

DynamicMultimodalMultiple user classesSpillbackShockwaves

Route choice

Choice set generatorDynamic multimodal route set

Transport ModelChoice set generator

Transport ModelMultimodal choice model

• Simultaneous mode, route and departure time choice.

• Discrete choice model for a multimodal route set.

• Model takes into account• Travel times in several modes• Waiting and transfer time• Fuel costs, parking costs, public transport price and road

pricing costs• Compensation of costs• Different income groups• Penalties for early/late departure/arrival• Stay home alternative

Transport ModelDynamic Network Loading with the LTM

Fundamentals of the Link Transmission Model (LTM)

• Consistent with first order kinematic wave theory (shockwaves& spillback).

• Based on cumulative flows.

• Time discretized.

• No space discretization (other than the networkrepresentation).

• Triangular fundamental diagram.

The LTM can only be applied on road networks and should becombined with a public transport network loading model.

Transport ModelDynamic Network Loading with the LTM

Fundamentals of the Link Transmission Model (LTM)

• Consistent with first order kinematic wave theory (shockwaves& spillback).

• Based on cumulative flows.

• Time discretized.

• No space discretization (other than the networkrepresentation).

• Triangular fundamental diagram.

The LTM can only be applied on road networks and should becombined with a public transport network loading model.

Stakeholders ModelIntroduction

• Input• Stakeholders’ preferences on effects• Stakeholders’ hierarchy and interaction• Stakeholders’ executive control

• Output• Unique pricing scheme

Results are obtained by iterating over the underlying transportmodel.

Stakeholders ModelIntroduction

• Input• Stakeholders’ preferences on effects• Stakeholders’ hierarchy and interaction• Stakeholders’ executive control

• Output• Unique pricing scheme

Results are obtained by iterating over the underlying transportmodel.

Stakeholders ModelMathematical formulation

• Price vector p = (p1, . . . ,pn)

• Effects vector e = (e1, . . . ,em)

• DTA(p) :Rn →Rm is the operator mapping the prices to effectsunder user equilibrium in the transport model.

The classical approach is:

such that e = DTA(p)

where f :Rm →R is the preference of the stakeholder.

Stakeholders ModelMultiple stakeholders

• S is the set of stakeholders.

• Every stakeholder s ∈ S has objective function:

fs(e) :Rm →R (1)

• Every stakeholder minimizes its objective by setting p.

• Because of the multiple objective functions a formulation as asimple mathematical problem is not feasible.

fs(e) :Rm →R (1)

Stakeholders ModelGame Theoretical Approach

• Game theoretical solution algorithms are used.

• The stakeholders can either cooperate or act selfishly.• Under cooperation coalitions between stakeholders can be

formed and monetary transactions are allowed.• Without cooperation each stakeholder will make independent

decisions based on self-interest.

Example

City A

City C

City B

Wrap-up

After graduation:

• Find out what you find important in your career!

• Doing PhD research is challenging and offers a lot more thanjust desktop work

Innovative Transport Pricing

• A comprehensive model framework is required to evaluate anddesign pricing measures

• Cooperation between stakeholders can improve the transportsystem

• The method provides insight for stakeholders in the benefit offorming a coalition (and can be used as decision supportsystem)

[email protected]: 4.14

Smits_InnovativeTransportPricing

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