Smart Dust
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SMART DUST SMART DUST
Magic Dust(Tiny sensor)Magic Dust(Tiny sensor)
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WHAT WE WILL COVER !WHAT WE WILL COVER !
What is smart dust What is smart dust The smart dust technology The smart dust technology Communication with a smart dust Communication with a smart dust Listening to a dust field Listening to a dust field Major challenges Major challenges ApplicationsApplications
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What is Smart Dust ??What is Smart Dust ?? It’s a tiny sensorsIt’s a tiny sensors A tiny dust size device A tiny dust size device
with extra-ordinary with extra-ordinary capabilitiescapabilities..
A A Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)Networks (WSN)
Nodes in Smart Dust are Nodes in Smart Dust are called Motescalled Motes
Combines sensing, Combines sensing, computing, wireless computing, wireless communication communication capabilities and capabilities and autonomous power autonomous power supply within volume of supply within volume of only few millimeters.only few millimeters.
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MEMS Technology in Smart MEMS Technology in Smart Dust Dust
Integration of mechanical elements, Integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators and electronics on a sensors, actuators and electronics on a common silicon substrate through common silicon substrate through micro fabrication.micro fabrication.
Fabrication Fabrication electronics – IC process techniqueelectronics – IC process technique Micromechanical- micromachining Micromechanical- micromachining
processprocess
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ComponentsComponents
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Smart Dust TechnologySmart Dust Technology MEMS sensors MEMS sensors MEMS beam steering MEMS beam steering
mirrors for optical mirrors for optical transmissiontransmission
MEMS corner cube MEMS corner cube retroreflector for retroreflector for passive optical passive optical transmissiontransmission
An optical receiverAn optical receiver Signal processing and Signal processing and
control circuitory control circuitory A power source based A power source based
on thick film batteries on thick film batteries and solar cells and solar cells
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Sensors and other Sensors and other devicesdevices
Micro-controllerMicro-controller ProcessorProcessor Tiny operating systemTiny operating system 3 KB RAM memory3 KB RAM memory 1 week fully active, 2 yr 1 week fully active, 2 yr
@1%duty cycle@1%duty cycle
N
S
EW 2 Axis Magnetic Sensor
2 Axis Accelerometer
Light Intensity Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Pressure Sensor
Temperature Sensor
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How Smart dust works?How Smart dust works? Run by microcontrollerRun by microcontroller
Determines the task performed by the moteDetermines the task performed by the mote Controls powerControls power
Primary constraint of smart dust is Primary constraint of smart dust is volumevolume
=> constraint on energy=> constraint on energy Most of the time mote if off with only Most of the time mote if off with only
timers runningtimers running When a timer expires, it powers mote When a timer expires, it powers mote
to carry out a job , then powers off.to carry out a job , then powers off.
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Communicating with a Communicating with a Smart dustSmart dust
Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Transmission Transmission
Optical transmission Optical transmission technique technique
(Laser based (Laser based Communication)Communication)
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Radio Frequency Radio Frequency TransmissionTransmission
Based on the generation, propagation Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHzto hundreds of GHz..
Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.or code-division multiplexing.
Their use leads to modulation, bandpass Their use leads to modulation, bandpass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power be considered, based on power consumption. consumption.
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Problems with RF comm..Problems with RF comm.. Large size of antenna.Large size of antenna.
RF communication can only be RF communication can only be achieved by using time, achieved by using time, frequency or code divisionfrequency or code division..
TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their own complications.their own complications.
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages Relatively high power consumptionRelatively high power consumption . .
Thus can be used only for a Thus can be used only for a short short duration burst-mode communication.duration burst-mode communication.
Components like active beam-Components like active beam-steering mechanism makes the steering mechanism makes the design of the dust mote more design of the dust mote more complicated.complicated.
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OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS
•DOES NOT require onboard light source•Uses special device called corner cube retro reflectors
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Passive reflective Passive reflective SystemsSystems
For bidirectional For bidirectional communication communication btw mote & BTSbtw mote & BTS
Light enters Light enters CCR, bounces off CCR, bounces off each of three each of three mirrors & is mirrors & is reflected parallel reflected parallel to the direction to the direction it enteredit entered
CORNER CUBE RETRO REFLECTOR
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Limitations of passive Limitations of passive communicationcommunication
Unable to communicate with each other, Unable to communicate with each other, motes rely on central station.motes rely on central station.
Mote can be isolated from n/w if there is Mote can be isolated from n/w if there is no clear line of sight.no clear line of sight.
System’s range cannot extend beyond 1 System’s range cannot extend beyond 1 km km
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Working of a CCR Working of a CCR
CCR requires uninterrupted line of CCR requires uninterrupted line of sight .sight .
CCR is highly directional => CCR can CCR is highly directional => CCR can transmit to BTS only when CCR body transmit to BTS only when CCR body diagonal points to BTS.diagonal points to BTS.
Can be made more omni directional by Can be made more omni directional by employing several CCRs oriented in diff employing several CCRs oriented in diff directiondirection
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Active steered laser Active steered laser systemssystems
For mote to mote For mote to mote communicationcommunication
Uses onboard light Uses onboard light source to send a tight source to send a tight collimated beam towards collimated beam towards an intended receiveran intended receiver
Uses a semiconductor Uses a semiconductor laser, collimating lens laser, collimating lens and beam steering micro and beam steering micro mirrors.mirrors.
Power consumption trade Power consumption trade off btw bandwidth & off btw bandwidth & rangerange
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DISADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE High power consumption=> use High power consumption=> use
of short duration burst mode of short duration burst mode communicationcommunication
ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE High power density =>optical High power density =>optical
wireless communi over wireless communi over enormous long distenormous long dist
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Major Challenges Major Challenges
It is difficult to fit all these It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise.both size wise and Energy wise.
With devices so small, batteries With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of present a massive addition of weight.weight.
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Applications !!!!Applications !!!! Military ApplicationMilitary Application Environmental Environmental
protectionprotection
identification and identification and monitoring pollution monitoring pollution
Habitat MonitoringHabitat Monitoring
observing the observing the behavior of animals in behavior of animals in their natural habitattheir natural habitat
Inventory Control Inventory Control smart offices smart offices
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Circulatory NetHealth And Wellness Monitoring
SMART DUST
Virtual Keyboard
Enter human bodies and check for physiological problems
VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS Glue a dust mote to each fingertips. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of the fingertip and talk to the computer on your watch
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ConclusionConclusion
There are many ongoing researches There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose on Smart Dust, the main purpose will to make mote as small as will to make mote as small as possible and to make it available at a possible and to make it available at a low price.low price.
Soon we will see smart dust being Soon we will see smart dust being used in varied application from all used in varied application from all spans of life!spans of life!
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ReferencesReferences
1.Yunbin Song: ”Optical Communication Systems for 1.Yunbin Song: ”Optical Communication Systems for Smart Dust”.Smart Dust”.
2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century 2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”.Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”.
3. An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System 3. An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System Engineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt WilliamEngineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William
4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: 4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: Distributed Wireless Sensor NetworkDistributed Wireless Sensor Network
5. http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes5. http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes
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Thank YouThank You
Presented byPresented byRohit KumarRohit Kumar
Roll No: 73Roll No: 73
C.S. ‘B’C.S. ‘B’
S.O.E., CUSATS.O.E., CUSAT
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Questions??Questions??