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![Page 1: Small Wind Energy Appalachian State University Affordable, Clean Energy for Homes, Farms & Businesses.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dbc5503460f94aad940/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Small Wind EnergySmall Wind EnergyAppalachian State UniversityAppalachian State University
Affordable, Clean Energy
for Homes, Farms & Businesses
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Small Wind EnergySmall Wind EnergyAppalachian State UniversityAppalachian State University
• Small Wind Introduction
• Beech Mountain R&D Site
• Wind Resource Assessment
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Small Wind Intro
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Why Wind?
•Renewable•Clean•Widely available•Produced locally•Reduced price volatility•Allows energy independence•SUSTAINABLE!
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A Valuable, Widely-Available Resource
Small Wind Energy Systems
Value of Power = 6-18¢ / kWh
Installed cost of $2-$3/Watt is 1/3 to 1/2 that of solar technologies
Require less wind to operate than utility-scale wind energy applications
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Factors to Consider
• Good wind resource: Class 2 or better
• Home or business located on 1 acre or more of land
• (depending on site) Average monthly electricity bills >$100 for 10 kW system, >$50 for 5 kW system
• Zoning restrictions, economic incentives
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• Utility-Scale Wind Power600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines
– Installed on wind farms, 10 – 300 MW
– Professional maintenance crews– 13 mph (6 m/s) average wind speed
• Small Wind Power300 W - 250 kW wind turbines
– Installed at individual homes, farms, businesses, schools, etc.
– On the “customer side” of the meter, or off the utility grid entirely
– High reliability, low maintenance
– 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed
Small Wind Turbines Are Different
1,500 kW
10 kW
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Small Wind Turbines
Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW
• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail
• Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind), no brakes
• Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation
• Controller: Electronic device that delivers - DC power for charging batteries- AC power for utility interconnection
• Result:– Simple, rugged design– Only 2–4 moving parts– Little regular maintenance required
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Small Wind Turbine Towers
Guyed Tower Tilt-Up Tower Self-Supporting Tower
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Over-Speed Protection During High Winds
• Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during high winds
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Over-Speed Protection During High Winds
• Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one side
• Or do a 360 degree spin out , from commentator Jeff Lauckhart….
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The Small Wind Market
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Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, Arizona www.windenergy.com
AIR-X400 W
WhisperH40
900 W
Whisper H801000 W
Whisper1753 kW
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BWC Excel10 kW
Bergey WindpowerNorman, Oklahoma www.bergey.com
1 kW
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African WindpowerAbundant Renewable Energy, Newberg, Oregon
www.abundantre.com
AWP3.61 kW
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Proven Engineering Products, Ltd. Scotland, United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com
WT600600 W
WT2500 2.5 kW WT6000
6 kW
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Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake, Minnesota www.windturbine.net
Jacobs 31-2020 kW
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Atlantic Orient Corp.Norwich, Vermont www.aocwind.net
AOC 15/5050 kW
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FuhrländerLorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island
www.lorax-energy.com
FL 3030 kW
FL 100100 kW
FL 250250 kW
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AeromaxAeromax Incorporated Chino Valley, AZ
www.aeromaxenergy.com
OB1KWComing soon
Lakota900 W
Lakota M1900 W
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Types of Systems
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Options: On or Off the Grid?
Stand-Alone System
• Batteries to store excess power
• Charge controller
• Inverter (DC to AC)
• Back-up power source for complete energy independence
Grid-Connected System
• Inverter (DC to AC)
• Annual wind speed >10 mph (4.5 m/s)
• Customer motivated by high utility prices, self sufficiency, or environmental concerns
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Connecting to the Grid• PURPA requires utilities
to connect with and purchase power from small wind systems
• Utility acts as a big “battery bank”
• Safety - Must stop supplying power to grid during power outages
• Power Quality - Must match utility’s voltage, frequency, and quality
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Supplementing Grid Power
• Connected to utility grid through house/farm wiring
• 3 kW, 15-ft rotor, 23-ft tower*
• Produces ~ 5,000 kWh/yr
• Offsets ~ 3.8 tons CO2/yr
• Costs ~ $10,000* due to zoning restrictions
(not recommended)
Typical Applications Farms, Homes, Businesses
Off-Grid Water Pumping with Wind
• Produces ~ 2,000 kWh/yr
• Offsets ~ 1.5 tons CO2/yr
• Costs ~ $4,000 installed
• Supplies water for 120 head of cattle
• 1 kW, 9-ft rotor, 30-ft tower
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Hybrid Systems
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Solar and Wind Resourcesare Complimentary
Hours of sunshine/month
400
350
300
250
200
150
100Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ho
urs
of s
uns
hin
e o
r av
era
ge
win
d p
ower
(W
atts
/m2)
Average wind power
Data from SE Iowa
02770324
Hours of Sunshine
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The Effect of Seasons onHybrid Power Systems
02770322
PV modules and wind turbine(no generation)
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
PV modules and wind turbine(active generation)
Summer
Winter
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
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SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
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SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
www.wind.appstate.edu
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SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
Research•Acoustic•Power Curve•Energy
Workshops•Intro/tours
•Wind assessment•Experts
•Installations
Demonstration•Students
•Public•Always open
www.wind.appstate.edu
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SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
Problem Solving•Tower raising•Grid connection•Hurricanes•Configuration
www.wind.appstate.edu
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SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC (class 5)
www.wind.appstate.edu
SWWPAirX400W
33 kWh/mon
SWWP Whisper
H40900W
155 kWh/mo
BergeyXL.1
1000W
185 kWh/mo
AfricanAWP3.6
1500W
362 kWh/mo
SWWP Whisper
1753000W
697 kWh/mo
Jacobs31-2020kW
3991 kWh/mo
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Wind Resource Assessment
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The United States Wind Map
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North Carolina
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The North Carolina Wind Map
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Watauga County
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Initial Site Assessment
• Flagging of vegetation
• Open view to prominent wind direction
• Hill or ridge perpendicular to prominent wind direction
• Funneling effects
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Importance of “Micro-Siting”
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Measuring Devices and Parameters
• Anemometer– Best indication of energy production– Indicator of turbulence– Provide information on wind shear
• Wind Vane– Wind rose– Siting
• Temp Sensor– Identify icing events– Air density
• Barometric Pressure – Air Density
• Pyranometer– Effectiveness of hybrid system
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Estimation of Annual Energy Production
PowerCurve
Frequency of Occurrence(Rayleigh Distribution)
Annual Energy Production
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SWI Anemometer Loan Program
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SWI Anemometer Loan Programwww.wind.appstate.edu
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SWI Anemometer Loan Programwww.wind.appstate.edu
•Four systems
•Application process
―15 this year
•One year
•Final Report
•Small wind information
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Thanks, For More Information
• www.wind.appstate.edu
• www.homepower.com
• www.nrel.gov/wind
• www.awea.org/smallwind.html
• www.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/wind.html