Skripsi Riza PDF((r)
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Transcript of Skripsi Riza PDF((r)
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7/30/2019 Skripsi Riza PDF((r)
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MIMCHUHU PHIKGMP ZAIKMIKKQRMI
@H GOPM UADMRMIK
UGRHZUH
@hmnugmi sabmkmh smcmf smtu symrmt
uitug daiyacasmhgmi Zrokrmd Umrnmim &U=(
pm`m Zrokrmd Umrnmim Lmguctms Agoiodh
Qihvarshtms @hpoiakoro
@hsusui ocaf >
RH^M M@XPHM UQRXM
IHD) E2B
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ZARUAPQNQMI UGRHZUH
Imdm Zaiyusui > Rhzm M`ythm Uurym
Iodor Hi`ug Dmfmshsm > E2B MIMCHUHU PHIKGMP
ZAIKMIKKQRMI @H GOPM
UADMRMIK
@osai Zadbhdbhik > Fmstmrhih @wh Mtdmith# UA)# DUh
Uadmrmik# =5 Nmiumrh 2:==
@osai Zadbhdbhik
&Fmstmrhih @wh Mtdmith# UA)# DUh(
IHZ) =8;1:62=2::2=2 2 ::=
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ZAIKAUMFMI GACQCQUMI QNHMI
Imdm Dmfmshswm > Rhzm M`ythm Uurym
Iodor Hi`ug Dmfmshswm > E2B MIMCHUHU PHIKGMP
ZAIKMIKKQRMI @H GOPM
UADMRMIK
Pacmf `hiymtmgmi cucus unhmi pm`m tmikkmc 20 Nmiumrh 2:==
Phd Zaikunh >
=) Fmstmrhih @wh Mtdmith# UA)# DUh & ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))(
2) @rs) F) [hrmtio# D)Ae &)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))(
5) @rs) R) Ducyo Fai`mrto# DUZ &)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))(
Daikatmfuh
Zadbmitu @agmi H#
Zrol) @r) F) Mrhlhi U#D)Eod) &Fois(# Mgt
IHZ) =8
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ZARIXMPMMI ORHUHIMCHPMU UGRHZUH
Xmik bartmi`m tmikmi `h bmwmf hih smym# Rhzm M`ythm Uurym# daiymtmgmi
bmfwm sgrhpsh `aikmi nu`uc> Mimchshs Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi `h Gotm Uadmrmik#
m`mcmf fmshc tuchsmi smym sai`hrh) @aikmi hih smym daiymtmgmi `aikmi
sasuikkufiym bmfwm `mcmd sgrhpsh hih th`mg tar`mpmt gasacurufmi mtmu sabmkhmi
tuchsmi ormik cmhi ymik smym mdbhc `aikmi emrm daiymchi mtmu daihru `mcmd
baitug rmikgmhmi gmchdmt mtmu shdboc ymik daiuinuggmi kmkmsmi mtmu pai`mpmt
mtmu padhghrmi `mrh paiuchs cmhi# ymik smym mguh saocmf$ocmf sabmkmh tuchsmi
sai`hrh# `mi/mtmu th`mg tar`mpmt bmkhmi mtmu gasacurufmi tuchsmi ymik smym smchi#
thru# mtmu ymik smym mdbhc `mrh tuchsmi ormik cmhi tmipm dadbarhgmi paikmgumipaiuchs mschiym)
Mpmbhcm smym dacmgugmi thi`mgmi ymik bartaitmikmi `aikmi fmc tarsabut
`h mtms# bmhg `hsaikmnm dmupui th`mg# `aikmi hih smym daiymtmgmi daimrhg sgrhpsh
ymik smym mnugmi sabmkmh fmshc tuchsmi smym sai`hrh hih) Bhcm gadu`hmi tarbugth
bmfwm smym dacmgugmi thi`mgmi daiymchi mtmu daihru tuchsmi ormik cmhi saocmf$
ocmf fmshc padhghrmi smym sai`hrh# barmrth kacmr `mi hnmsmf ymik tacmf `hbarhgmi
ocaf uihvarshtms bmtmc smym tarhdm)
Uadmrmik# =5 Nmiumrh 2:==
Xmik dadbumt pariymtmmi#
&Rhzm M`ythm Uurym(
IHD > E2B
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DOPPO @MI ZARUADBMFMI
Fh`up m`mcmf parnumikmi))))))))))Fh`up m`mcmf parnumikmi))))))))))Fh`up m`mcmf parnumikmi))))))))))Fh`up m`mcmf parnumikmi))))))))))
Uasuikkufiym ymik barfmgUasuikkufiym ymik barfmgUasuikkufiym ymik barfmgUasuikkufiym ymik barfmg daiaitugmi fmshc mgfhr fmiymcmf Mccmf)daiaitugmi fmshc mgfhr fmiymcmf Mccmf)daiaitugmi fmshc mgfhr fmiymcmf Mccmf)daiaitugmi fmshc mgfhr fmiymcmf Mccmf)Gawmnhbmi dmiushm m`mcmf daiyadpurimgmi hgfthmr) &Mm Kyd(Gawmnhbmi dmiushm m`mcmf daiyadpurimgmi hgfthmr) &Mm Kyd(Gawmnhbmi dmiushm m`mcmf daiyadpurimgmi hgfthmr) &Mm Kyd(Gawmnhbmi dmiushm m`mcmf daiyadpurimgmi hgfthmr) &Mm Kyd(
Guparsadbmfgmi gmrym gaehcgu hihGuparsadbmfgmi gmrym gaehcgu hihGuparsadbmfgmi gmrym gaehcgu hihGuparsadbmfgmi gmrym gaehcgu hih
uitug gacumrkm `mi ormikuitug gacumrkm `mi ormikuitug gacumrkm `mi ormikuitug gacumrkm `mi ormik$$$$ormik tar`agmtguormik tar`agmtguormik tar`agmtguormik tar`agmtgu
ymik sacymik sacymik sacymik sacmcu dadbarhgmi fmrmpmi# sadmikmtmcu dadbarhgmi fmrmpmi# sadmikmtmcu dadbarhgmi fmrmpmi# sadmikmtmcu dadbarhgmi fmrmpmi# sadmikmt
`mi ehitm `aikmi sapaiuf fm`mi ehitm `aikmi sapaiuf fm`mi ehitm `aikmi sapaiuf fm`mi ehitm `aikmi sapaiuf fmth)))))th)))))th)))))th)))))
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vh
MBUPRMEP
Aeoiodhe krowtf emi ba usa` ms m baiefdmrg lor tfa sueeass ol mrakhois aeoiodhe `avacopdait) Aeoiodhe `avacopdait ol m rakhoi emi ba saai
lrod savarmc aeoiodhe hi`hemtors) Oia ol tfad hs tfa cavac ol uiadpcoydait)
Uadmrmik ehty popucmthoi tfmt hs hieramshik amef yamr# ms wacc ms tfa fhkfast
K@Z krowtf hi tfa ehty ol Uadmrmik# Eaitrmc Nmvm# but wfy tfa uiadpcoydait
rmta hi tfa ehty ol Uadmrmik hs mcso fhkf)
Pfa purposa ol tfhs stu`y wms to mimchza fow tfa vmrhmbcas hilcuaiea tfa
cavac ol K@Z# hilcmthoi rmta# tfa popucmthoi bur ai boria ol uiadpcoydait rmta
tfmt oeeurra` hi tfa ehty ol Uadmrmik hi =868$2::6) Pfa Rakrasshoi do`ac usa` hs
tfa datfo` ol ducthpca chiamr rakrasshoi mimcyshs &Or`himry Camst Uqumras( ushik
thda sarhas `mtm lrod tfa yamrs =868$2::6)
Rakrasshoi mimcyshs sfowa` tfmt ovarmcc hi`apai`ait vmrhmbcas &K@Z#
Hilcmthoi# mi` Pfa Bur`ai Boria olZopucmthoi( eoccaethvacy fmva tfa smda allaet
oi tfa uiadpcoydait rmta tfmt oeeurra` hi tfa ehty ol Uadmrmik) Pfa R2
vmcua ol
:)8
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MBUPRMG
Zartudbufmi agoiodh darupmgmi tocog ugur gabarfmshcmi padbmikuimi
agoiodh sumtu `marmf) Zadbmikuimi agoiodh sumtu `marmf `mpmt `hchfmt `mrh
babarmpm hi`hgmtor paragoiodhmi) Umcmf smtu `hmitmrmiym m`mcmf thikgmt
paikmikkurmi) @h Gotm Uadmrmik nudcmf pai`u`ug ymik sacmcu daihikgmt thmp
tmfuiiym# bakhtu pucm `aikmi partudbufmi Z@RB Gotm Uadmrmik ymik tarthikkh
`h Nmwm Paikmf# tatmph daikmpm mikgm paikmikkurmi h Gotm Uadmrmik nukm
thikkh)
Punumi `mrh paiachthmi hih m`mcmf uitug daikmimchshs bmkmhdmim paikmruf
vmrhmbac thikgmt Z@RB# thikgmt hilcmsh# `mi thikgmt babmi tmikkuikmi pai`u`ug
tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h `h Gotm Uadmrmik tmfui =868$2::6)Do`ac rakrash ymik `hkuimgmi m`mcmf dato`a mimchshs rakrash chihar barkmi`m
&Or`himry Camst Uqumras( `aikmi daikkuimgmi `mtm saemrm ruitut wmgtu &thda
sarhas( `mrh tmfui =868$2::6)
Fmshc mimchshs rakrash daiuinuggmi bmfwm saemrm gasacurufmi vmrhmbac
babms &Z@RB# Hilcmsh# `mi Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug( saemrm barsmdm$smdm
dadhchgh paikmruf tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmkkurmi ymik tarnm`h `h Gotm Uadmrmik)
Ihcmh R2
sabasmr :#8
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GMPM ZAIKMIPMR
Zunh `mi syugur smym pminmtgmi gafm`hrmt Hccmfh Rmbbh `mi gapm`m
Rmsucuccmf UM[ gmraim bargmt rmfdmt `mi fh`mymf$Iymcmf smym mgfhriym `mpmt
daiyacasmhgmi sgrhpsh `aikmi nu`uc Mimchshs Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi `h Gotm
Uadmrmik) Ugrhpsh hih `hsusui sabmkmh symrmt `mcmd daiempmh kacmr smrnmim &U=(
pm`m nurusmi Agoiodh `mi Utu`h Zadbmikuimi# Lmguctms Agoiodh# Qihvarshtms
@hpoiakmro Uadmrmik)
@mcmd daiyusui sgrhpsh hih# th`mg sa`hght fmdbmtmi `mi dmsmcmf ymik
`hfm`mph paiuchs) Patmph bargmt `oroikmi `mi `uguikmi ymik th`mg tarihcmh `mrh
barbmkmh phfmg paiuchs `mpmt daikmtmsh sadum fmdbmtmi) Qitug htu# paiuchs
daikfmturgmi bmiymg tarhdm gmshf gapm`m >
=) Bmpmg @r) F) D) Efmbmefhb# DUh# Mgt) sacmgu @agmi Lmguctms AgoiodhQihvarshtms @hpoiakoro)
2) Bmpmg @rs) F) A`y Xusul Mkuik Kuimito# DUe) Zf)@) sacmgu `osai wmchymik tacmf dadbarhgmi bhdbhikmi `mcmd stu`h)
5) Hbu Fmstmrhih @wh Mtdmith# UA)# DUh# sacmgu `osai padbhdbhik mtmsmrmfmi# bhdbhikmi# smrmi `mi wmgtu ymik `hbarhgmi gapm`m paiuchs sacmdm
paiyusuimi sgrhpsh)
0) Bmpmg `mi Hbu @osai Lmguctms Agoiodh ymik tacmf dadbarhgmi hcdupaikatmfumi gapm`m paiuchs sacmdm daiuitut hcdu `h Qihvarshtms
@hpoiakoro)
1) Uakaimp stml m`dhihstrmsh `mi stml parpustmgmmi Lmguctms AgoiodhQihvarshtms @hpoiakoro# mtms bmitumiiym gapm`m paiuchs `mcmd
daiyacasmhgmi sgrhpsh hih)
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6) Gacumrkm Basmr GDU &Gacumrkm Dmfmshswm Uui`m( `mi Lorsdmgm tarhdmgmshf mtms paikmcmdmi barorkmihsmsh ymik smikmt bardmilmmt uituggu)
8) Padmi$tadmi gozi [oio`rh > Dms Mkuik# Dmito# Dhdhi# Nogo# @allm`mi Xu`fh sartm mcudih [oio`rh) Umym tuikku parnumikmi gmchmi# sadokm
bartadu gmcmu su`mf sugsas# mdhi)
=:)Padmi$tadmi HAUZ ymik smtu bhdbhikmi > @mimik# Mzzh# `mi Xaih sdokmsugsas `mi bhsm daiempmh ehtm$ehtm ghtm# mdhi)
==)Padmi$tadmi HAUZ:< > Mdy# @hih# Mi`hgm [# Ghgh# Kmihs# Lmrh`# Fhcmc`mi sacuruf tadmi$tadmi HAUZ:< ymik th`mg `mpmt `hsabutgmi smtu par
smtu) Parhdm gmshf uitug sakmcm bmitumi# garnmsmdm# `mi gaimikmi ymik
tacmf gmchmi barhgmi)
=2)Padmi$tadmi GGI:8 Umdbmi `mi dmsymrmgmt Umdbmi# tarhdm gmshf mtmspartadmimi mi paikmcmdmiiym)
=5)Parmgfhr uitug sadum phfmg ymik th`mg `mpmt `hsabutgmi smtu$parsmtu#ymik tacmf dadbarhgmi bmitumiiym safhikkm sgrhpsh hih `mpmt
tarsacasmhgmi)
Mgfhriym `aikmi sakmcm garai`mfmi fmth# paiuchs barfmrmp sgrhpsh hih `mpmt
bardmilmmt bmkh phfmg$phfmg ymik dadbutufgmi# `mi `mpmt `hnm`hgmi ralaraish
bmkh paiachthmi$paiachthmi sacminutiym) Zaiuchs nukm daiym`mrh bmfwm paiuchsmi
sgrhpsh hih dmshf nmuf `mrh gasadpurimmi `mi bmiymg gacadmfmi# safhikkm paiuchs
tmg cupm daikfmrmpgmi smrmi `mi grhthg mtms sgrhpsh hih)
Uadmrmik# =5 Nmiumrh 2:==
Zaiuchs#
Rhzm M`ythm Uurym
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@MLPMR HUH
Fmcmdmi
FMCMDMI NQ@QC ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) h
FMCMDMI ZARUAPQNQMI UGRHZUH ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) hh
FMCMDMI ZAIKAUMFMI GACQCQUMI QNHMI))))))))))))))))))))))))) hhh
ZARIXMPMMI ORHUHIMCHPMU UGRHZUH ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) hv
DOPPO @MI ZARUADBMFMI )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) v
MBUPRMG/MBUPRMEP )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) vh
GMPM ZAIKMIPMR ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) vhhh
@MLPMR PMBAC ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) xhh
@MLPMR KMDBMR )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) xhhh
@MLPMR CMDZHRMI ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) xhv
BMB H ZAI@MFQCQMI )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =
=)= Cmtmr Bacmgmik Dmsmcmf ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =
=)2 Rudusmi Dmsmcmf ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =5
=)5 Punumi `mi Gakuimmi Zaiachthmi )))))))))))))))))))))))))) =5
=)0 Uhstadmthgm Zaiuchsmi ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =0
BMB HH PACMMF ZQUPMGM ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) = cmi`msmi taorh# paiachthmi tar`mfucu# garmikgm
padhghrmi mi fhpotashs)
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=1
Bmb HHH Dato`a Zaiachthmi> vmrhmbac `mi `alhihsh oparmshoimc# naihs `mi
sudbar `mtm# dato`a paikudpucmi `mtm# sartm dato`a mimchshs `mtm)
Bmb H\ Fmshc `mi Mimchshs> `asgrhpsh obyag paiachthmi# fmshc `mi mimchshs
`mtm# sartm hitarpratmsh fmshc)
Bmb \ Zaiutup> shdpucmi `mi smrmi)
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= `himdhgm gapai`u`ugmi# gataimkmgarnmmi# strugtur
gataimkmgarnmmi# sagtor hilordmc$lordmc# trmishsh gapai`u`ugmi# dobhchtms
pai`u`ug# dhkrmsh pai`u`ug# pardhitmmi `mi paimwmrmi taimkm garnm#
paraiemimmi gataimkmgarnmmi# sartm pai`u`ug `mi padbmikuimi agoiodh
&Ducym`h Uubrh# 2::5() Dachfmt rumik chikgup tarsabut barmrth agoiodh sudbar
`mym dmiushm &Fudmi rasoureas aeoiodhe( bargmhtmi `aikmi stu`h paraemimmi
sudbar `mym dmiushm &Fudmi rasoureas pcmiihik(# agoiodh gataimkmgarnmmi
&Cmbor aeoiodhe( `mi agoiodh gapai`u`ugmi &Zopucmthoi aeoiodhe()
2)=)2 Gataimkmgarnmmi
Uudbar @mym Dmiushm &U@D( mtmu Fudmi Rasoureas daikmi`uik `um
paikarthmi# ymhtu ymik partmdm U@D daikmi`uik paikarthmi usmfm garnm mtmu
nmsm ymik `mpmt `hbarhgmi `mcmd prosas pro`ugsh# ga`um U@D daiymikgut
dmiushm ymik dmdpu bagarnm uitug dadbarhgmi nmsm mtmu usmfm garnm) Dmupui
bagarnm barmrth dmdpu dacmgugmi gakhmtmi ymik dadpuiymh ihcmh agoiodhs ymhtu
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=;
bmfwm gakhmtmi tarsabut daikfmshcgmi bmrmik mtmu nmsm uitug dadaiufh
gabutufmi dmsymrmgmt) Uaemrm lhshg gadmdpumi bagarnm `hugur `aikmi ushm)
@aikmi gmtm cmhi# ormik `mcmd ushm garnm tarsabut `hmikkmp dmdpu bagarnm)
Gacodpog pai`u`ug `mcmd ushm garnm tarsabut `himdmgmi taimkm garnm mtmu
dmipowar) Uaemrm shikgmt# taimkm garnm `h`alhihshgmi sabmkmh pai`u`ug `mcmcd
ushm garnm &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
@h Hi`oiashm# ymik tardmsug kocoikmi taimkm garnm ymhtu bmtms ushm
dhihdud =: tmfui tmipm bmtms udur dmgshdud) @aikmi `adhghmi taimkm garnm
`h Hi`oiashm `hdmgsu`gmi sabmkmh pai`u`ug ymik barudur =: tmfui mtmu cabhf#
padhchfmi =: tmfui mtmu sabmkmh bmtms udur dhihdud m`mcmf bar`msmrgmi
gaiymtmmi bmfwm `mcmcd udur tarsabut su`mf bmiymg pai`u`ug Hi`oiashm
barudur du`m su`mf bagarnm mtmu daiemrh pagarnmmi) Patmph Hi`oiashm th`mg
daikmiut bmtms udur dmgshdud gmraim Hi`oiashm bacud dadpuiymh nmdhimi
soshmc imshoimc &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
Paimkm garnm tar`hrh `mrh mikgmtmi garnm mtmu cmbor lorea `mi bugmi
mikgmtmi garnm) Mikgmtmi garnm mtmu cmbor lorea tar`hrh `mrh `um kocoikmi ymhtu &=(
kocoikmi ymik bagarnm# &2( kocoikmi ymik daikmikkur `mi daiemrh pagarnmmi)
Ua`mikgmi ymik tardmsug bugmi mikgmtmi garnm tar`hrh `mrh thkm kocoikmi ymhtu
&=( kocoikmi ymik barsagocmf# &2( kocoikmi ymik daikurus rudmf tmikkm# `mi &5(
kocoikmi cmhi$cmhi mtmu paiarhdm pai`mpmtmi cmhiiym &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg#
=861()
Mikgmtmi garnm m`mcmf pai`u`ug ymik barudur =: tmfui gamtms ymik
dmdpu tarchbmt `mcmd prosas pro`ugsh) Xmik `hkocoikgmi bagarnm ymhtu daragm
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=6
ymik su`mf mgthl `mcmd gakhmtmiiym ymik daikfmshcgmi bmrmik/nmsm mtmu daragm
ymik sacmdm sadhikku sabacud paiememfmi dacmgugmi pagarnmmi mtmu bagarnm
`aikmi dmgsu` dadparocaf paikfmshcmi sacmdm pmchik sa`hght = nmd `mcmd
sadhikku ymik cmcu `mi th`mg bocaf tarputus) Ua`mikgmi paiemrh garnm m`mcmf
bmkhmi `mrh mikgmtmi garnm ymik sagmrmik hih th`mg bagarnm `mi sa`mik daiemrh
garnm &Ducym`h Uubrh# 2::5()
Daiurut BZU# `mcmd Uurvah Uaisus Imshoimc &UQUAIMU( Nmwm Paikmf
2::
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=8
agoiodh# tatmph dadparocaf pai`mpmtmi saparth tuinmikmi paishui# buikm mtms
shdpmimi mtmu sawm mtms padhchg# `mi daragm ymik fh`upiym tarkmituik `mrh
ormik cmhi# dhsmciym gmraim ushm# ememt# `mcmd painmrm mtmu smght nhwm &Zmymdmi) N)
Uhdminuitmg# =861()
2)=)5 Zaikmikkurmi
Zaikmikkurmi m`mcmf mikgm ymik daiuinuggmi barmpm bmiymg `mrh nudcmf
mikgmtmi garnm ymik sa`mik mgthl daiemrh pagarnmmi &Ducym`h Uubrh# 2::5()
Daiurut BZU &2::
Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi 4 V =::!
Ormik ymik daikmikkur `mpmt `h`alhihshgmi ormik ymik th`mg bagarnm `mi
saemrm mgthl daiemrh pagarnmmi sacmdm 0 dhikku sabucudiym# sa`mik daiuikku
pmikkhcmi gadbmch uitug sumtu pagarnmmi satacmf `hbarfaithgmi mtmu sa`mik
daiuikku uitug dacmpor mtms pagarnmmi ymik bmru `mcmd wmgtu 0 dhikku &Umi`y
@fmrdmgusudm# =886>01()
Zaikmikkurmi tarbugm &opai uiadpcoydait( m`mcmf bmkhmi `mrh mikgmtmi
garnm ymik sagmrmik hih th`mg bagarnm `m sa`mik mgthl ddaiemrh pagarnmmi
&Ducym`h Uubrh# 2::5() Ua`mikgmi daikmikkur `hbmkh danm`h `mcmd `um
gacodpog ymhtu> &=( sataikmf daikmikkur gaitmrm &vhshbca uiadpcoydait( ymgih
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2:
daragm ymik bagarnm gurmik `mrh 51 nmd sadhikku `mi &2( sataikmf daikmikkur
th`mg gaitmrm &hivhshbca uiadpcoydait( ymhtu daragm ymik pro`ugthvhtms garnm `mi
pai`mpmtmiiym rai`mf &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
2)=)5)= Gcmshlhgmsh Zaikmikkurmi
Zaikmikkurmi `mpmt `hgcmshlhgmshgmi daiurut barbmkmh emrm dhsmciym
daiurut whcmymf kaokrmlhs# naihs pagarnmmi `mi mcms mi daikmpm ormik tarsabut
daikmikkur) Barhgut naihs paikmikkurmi daiurut shlmt `mi paiyabmbiym>
m) Zaikmikkurmi LrhgshoimcZaikmikkurmi lrhgshoimc m`mcmf parubmfmi `mcmd godposhsh
sacuruf pardhitmmi `mi ocaf gmraim dmsugiym ga`mcmd pmsmr taimkm garnm
pmrm paiemrh garnm partmdm gmchiym ymik hilordmshiym th`mg sadpurim `mi
dadbutufgmi bhmym do`mc &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
b) Zaikmikkurmi UtrugturmcZaikmikkurmi strugturmc tarnm`h gmraim m`miym parubmfmi `mcmd
strueturmc godposhsh paragoiodhmi &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
Ua`mikgmi daiurut Ducym`h Uubrh &2::5( paikmikkurmi strugturmc
m`mcmf paikmikkurmi ymik `hsabmbgmi gmraim gath`mgeoeogmi mitmrm
strugtur pmrm paiemrh garnm safubuikmi `aikmi gatarmdphcmi# bh`mik
gamfchmi# dmupui `marmf cogmsh `aikmi strugtur pardhitmmi taimkm garnm
ymik bacud tarhsh)
e) Zaikmikkurm UhgchsZaikmikkurm shgchs tarnm`h gmraim gurmikiym pardhitmmi)
Zaikmikkurmi hih tarnm`h mpmbhcm pm`m thikgmt upmf `mi fmrkm ymik
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barcmgu# thikgmt pardhitmmi taimkm garnm saemrm gasacurufmi cabhf rai`mf
`hbmi`hikgmi `aikmi nudcmf pagarnm ymik daimwmrgmi taimkmiym
&Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861()
`) Zaikmikkurmi DushdmiBaitug paikmikkurmi cmhi sarhik gmch duieuc `h sagtor partmihmi `h
Iakmrm bargadbmik m`mcmf paikmikkurmi dushdmi) Zaikmikkurmi
dushdmi m`mcmf paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h pm`m wmgtu$wmgtu tartaitu
`mcmd smtu tmfui) Bhmsmiym# paikmikkurmi dushdmi tarnm`h pm`m smmt
parkmithmi dushd) Zaikmikkurmi dushdmi barshlmt sadaitmrm smnm `mi
barcmgu `mcmd wmgtu$wmgtu tartaitu &Um`oio Uughrio# =880()
a) Zaikmikkurmi Parpmgsm `mi Zaikmikkurmi UugmracmZm`m thikgmt gasahdbmikmi ymik `hehptmgmi ocaf pmrm pmsmr
godpaththl) Zarusmfmmi$parusmfmmi mgmi dmu dadpagarnmgmi sadum
pagarnmmi ymik dadaiufh gumchlhgmsh `mi dmu bagarnm pm`m thikgmt upmf
ymik barcmgu) Zaikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h gmcmu m`m pagarnmmi ymik
tarsa`hm# tatmph ormik ymik daikmikkur th`mg barsa`hm daiarhdmiym pm`m
thikgmt upmf ymik barcmgu uitug pagarnmmi tarsabut `hsabut paikmikkurmi
sugmracm &Zmymdmi) N) Uhdminuitmg# =861() Daragm daikmikkur `aikmi
sugmracm gmraim daragm `mpmt dadparocaf pagarnmmi# tatmph th`mg dmu
daiarhdmiym gmraim daragm th`mg barfmshc dadparocaf sumtu pagarnmmi
ymik sasumh `aikmi thikgmt kmnh ymik `hhikhigmi) Uacmhi htu pmrm paiemrh
garnm ymik daikmikkur sugmracm# gaduikghimi gmraim daragm dadhchf
uitug daihgdmth fh`up uitug barsaimik$saimik mtmu dacmgugmi gakhmtmi
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cmhi `mrhpm`m bagarnm `aikmi thikgmt upmf ymik barcmgu `h pmsmrmi
&Umduacsoi# =88;()
2)=)5)2 Cmdmiym Dmsm Daikmikkur
Dmsm daikmikkur m`mcmf parho`a `hdmim sasaormik tarus daiarus
daikmikkur mtmu cmdmiym daikmikkur rmtm$rmtm saormik pagarnm) Daiurut Umi`y
@fmrdmgusudm &=886(# cmdm daikmikkur tarsabut tarkmituik pm`m>
m) Orkmihsmsh pmsmr taimkm garnm# bargaimmi `aikmi m`m mtmu th`mg m`miymcadbmkm mtmu paiymcur taimkm garnm `mi sabmkmhiym)
b) Gam`mmi `adokrmlhs `mrh mikgmtmi garnm# sabmkmhdmim tacmf `hbmfms`hmtms)
e) Gadmdpumi `mrh pmrm paikmikkur uitug tatmp daiemrh garnm ymik cabhfbmhg)
`) Parsa`hmiym mi baitug parusmfmmi)
2)=)0 Zardhitmmi `mi Zaimwmrmi Paimkm Garnm
2)=)0)= Zardhitmmi Paimkm Garnm
Zardhitmmi m`mcmf nudcmf sumtu godo`hth ymik barsa`hm `hbach hi`hvh`u
sacmdm parho`a wmgtu tartaitu ymik basmriym `hpaikmrufh ocaf fmrkm godo`hth htu#
pai`mpmtmi imshoimc# fmrkm godo`hth cmhi `mi ehtmrmsm &Umcvmtora# =88;>=;()
Zardhitmmi tarfm`mp taimkm garnm darupmgmi sabumf `mltmr barbmkmh mctarimthl
godbhimsh taimkm garnm `aikmi hiput cmhiiym ymik tarsa`hm ymik barfubuikmi
`aikmi thikgmt upmf &Mihs Mimitm# =88:>=6()
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Uabumf gurvm pardhitmmi taimkm garnm daikkmdbmrgmi gumithtms
dmgshdmc pagarnm ymik mgmi `hpagarnmgmi pm`m sumtu wmgtu tartaitu pm`m
barbmkmh thikgmt upmf) @aikmi gmtm cmhi# pardhitmmi taimkm garnm `mpmt `hmrthgmi
sabmkmh barbmkmh gaduikghimi nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik `hdhitm paikusmfm
`mcmd barbmkmh thikgmt upmf) Zardhitmmi paikusmfm mgmi taimkm garnm `hsabmbgmi
gmraim paikusmfm dadpagarnmgmi mtmu daikkuimgmi taimkm garnm tarsabut uitug
dadbmitu dadpro`ugsh bmrmik mtmu nmsm uitug `hnumc gapm`m dmsymrmgmt)
Kmdbmr 2)=
Gurvm Zardhitmmi Paimkm Garnm
Uudbar> Umduacsoi# =88;>2;1
Kmdbmr 2)= dainacmsgmi daikaimh gurvm pardhitmmi taimkm garnm ymik
dadhchgh gadhrhikmi &Ucopa( ymik iakmthl) Gurvm pardhitmmi taimkm garnm
tarsabut dainacmsgmi daikaimh fubuikmi mitmrm basmriym thikgmt upmf `aikmi
nudcmf taimkm garnm) Gurvm tarsabut dadhchgh fubuikmi ymik iakmthl# mrthiym
bmfwm sadmghi thikkh thikgmt upmf ymik `hdhitm dmgm mgmi barpaikmruf pm`m
paiuruimi nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik `hdhitm) Uabmchgiiym nhgm thikgmt upmf ymik
`hdhitm sadmghi rai`mf dmgm nudcmf pardhitmmi mgmi taimkm garnm daihikgmt)
[=
C
@admi` taimkm garnm
Nudcmf taimkm garnm
Qpmf
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Zardhitmmi `mcmd taimkm garnm smikmt `hpaikmrufh ocaf `um lmgtor paithik)
Zartmdm# pardhitmmi taimkm garnm `hpaikmrufh ocaf partudbufmi `mcmd nudcmf
totmc pagarnmmi ymik tarsa`hm) Uadmghi bmiymg cmpmikmi pagarnmmi ymik tarsa`hm
dmgm pardhitmmi taimkm garnm mgmi sadmghi daihikgmt) Ga`um# pardhitmmi
taimkm garnm `hpaikmrufh ocaf naihs pagarnmmi ymik tarsa`hm `mcmd sumtu
paragoiodhmi) Zardhitmmi taimkm garnm `h sagtor hi`ustrh# dhsmciym mgmi
daikmcmdh paihikgmtmi sanmcmi `aikmi paihikgmtmi ymik tarnm`h `mcmd pro`ugsh
bmrmik `mi nmsm pm`m sagtor parhi`ustrhmi sumtu Iakmrm &Gmuldmi `mi Fotefghss#
=888> 8$=:()
2)=)0)2 Zaimwmrmi Paimkm Garnm
Zaimwmrmi m`mcmf nudcmf godo`hth ymik barsa`hm `htmwmrgmi ocaf
pro`usai sacmdm parho`a wmgtu tartaitu `mi `hpaikmrufh ocaf fmrkm godo`hth htu
`mi bhmym pro`ugsh ymik `hgacumrgmi &Umcvmtora# =88;>2:() Zaimwmrmi tarfm`mp
taimkm garnm darupmgmi fubuikmi mitmrm thikgmt upmf `mi nudcmf smtumi taimkm
garnm ymik barsa`hm `htmwmrgmi ocaf suppchar &Mihs Mimitm# =88:>2;()
Uabumf gurvm paimwmrmi taimkm garnm daikkmdbmrgmi godbhimsh
tarfm`mp gumithtms taimkm garnm ymik `htmwmrgmi `aikmi godbhimsh thikgmt upmf
tartaitu) @aikmi gmtm cmhi# gurvm paimwmrmi taimkm garnm darupmgmi godbhimsh
`mrh barbmkmh gaduikghimi nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik `htmwmrgmi pm`m barbmkmh
thikgmt upmf tartaitu ymik barcmgu)
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Kmdbmr 2)2
Gurvm Zaimwmrmi Paimkm Garnm
Uudbar> Umduacsoi# =88;>2;;
Kmdbmr 2)2 daikhcustrmshgmi daikaimh gurvm paimwmrmi taimikm garnm)
Gurvm tarsabut daikkmdbmrgmi daikaimh fubuikmi mitmrm basmriym thikgmt upmf
`aikmi nudcmf taimkm garnm) Gurvm paimwmrmi taimkm garnm dadhchgh gadhrhikmi
&Ucopa( ymik poshthl# mrthiym bmfwm sadmghi thikkh thikgmt upmf ymik `htmwmrgmi
dmgm mgmi tarnm`h paihikgmtmi tarfm`mp nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik `htmwmrgmi)
Uabmchgiym nhgm tarnm`h paiuruimi tarfm`mp basmriym thikgmt upmf dmgm mgmi
bar`mdpmg pm`m paiuruimi nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik htmwmrgmi)
Zm`m thikgmt upmf ymik sadmghi thikkh# nudcmf taimkm garnm eai`aruik
daikmcmdh paiuruimi) Fmc hih `hsabmbgmi gmraim m`miym alag pai`mpmtmi ymik
daikmcmfgmi alag substhtush) @aikmi pai`mpmtmi ymik cabhf basmr# sasaormik
mgmi eai`aruik cabhf smitmh wmcmupui sathmp nmd garnm ymik `hkuimgmi uitug
barsaimik$saimik sabaimriym darupmgmi garukhmi gmraim gafhcmikmi pai`mpmtmi
ymik thikkh) Goi`hsh hih ducmh tarnm`h `h ththg V pm`m kmdbmr 2)2)
C=
V[=
Uuppcy taimkm garnm &UC(
Nudcmf taimkm garnm
Qpmf
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Par`mpmt trai parubmfmi ymik tarnm`h `mcmd paimwmrmi taimkm garnm `mrh
wmgtu ga wmgtu) Fmc hih `mpmt `hchfmt `mrh thkm `hdaish ymik barba`m) Zartmdm#
thikgmt pmrthshpmsh mikgmtmi garnm &PZMG( ymhtu daikkmdbmrgmi sabmkhmi `mrh
popucmsh pai`u`ug ymik m`m &gaeumch pai`u`ug ymik barm`m `h painmrm `mi `h
rudmf smght nhwm( `mi barushm cabhf `mrh =< tmfui ymik sa`mik bagarnm mtmu sa`mik
daiemrh garnm) Ga`um# m`miym proporsh ymik smikmt gaehc &eai`aruik bargurmik(
pm`m prhm `mcmd mikgmtmi garnm smmt hih# ymik `hkmithgmi `aikmi nudcmf proporsh
ymik eugup basmr bmkh mikgmtmi garnm wmihtm) Gathkm# m`miym paihikgmtmi ymik
smikmt eapmt `mcmd thikgmt pai`h`hgmi ymik `hdhchgh taimkm garnm &Gmuldmi `mi
Fotefghss# =888> 6$8()
2)=)0)5 Gasahdbmikmi Zmsmr Paimkm Garnm
Gasahdbmikmi &aquhchbrhud( darupmgmi sumtu goi`hsh pmsmr ymik sagmch
`hempmh# eai`aruik uitug bartmfmi &Umcvmtora# =88;>22() Fmc hih `mpmt tarnm`h
mpmbhcm nudcmf bmrmik ymik `hdhitm smdm `aikmi nudcmf bmrmik ymik `htmwmrgmi)
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Zm`m pmsmr taimkm garnm# gasahdbmikmi pmsmr mgmi tarempmh mpmbhcm tarnm`h sumtu
gam`mmi `hdmim nudcmf taimkm garnm ymik `hdhitm smdm `aikmi nudcmf taimkm
garnm ymik `htmwmrgmi `mi nudcmf upmf ymik `hdhitm smdm `aikmi nudcmf upmf
ymik htmwmrgmi)
Kmdbmr 2)5
Gurvm Gasahdbmikmi Zmsmr Paimkm Garnm
Uudbar> Umduacsoi# =88;> 2;1 `mi 2;;
Zm`m kmdbmr 2)5# ghtm `mpmt daikatmfuh gasahdbmikmi ymik tarnm`h pm`m
pmsmr taimkm garnm) Zaimwmrmi taimkm garnm `htuinugmi `aikmi gurvm paimwmrmi
taimkm garnm &U( ymik dadhchgh gadhrhikmi poshthl# sa`mikgmi pardhitmmi taimkm
garnm &@( ymik dadhchgh gadhrhikmi iakmthl) Dacmcuh fubuikmi mitmrm thikgmt
upmf `aikmi nudcmf taimkm garnm# ghtm `mpmt daikatmfuh ththg gasahdbmikmi pm`m
pmsmr taimkm garnm m`m pm`m ththg A &aquhchbrhud( ymik daiuinuggmi parpotoikmi
mitmrm gurvm pardhitmmi `mi gurvm paimwmrmi taimkm garnm) Zm`m ththg A tarnm`h
gasahdbmikmi pm`m pmsmr taimkm garnmymik `htuinuggmi `aikmi basmriym thikgmt
upmf m`mcmf [A `mi nudcmf taimkm garnm m`mcmf sabasmr CA)
A
C
[
@admi` taimkm garnm
Nudcmf taimkm garnm
Qpmf Uuppcy taimkm garnm
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Daiurut Gmuldmi `mi Fotefghss &=888> =1$22( gasahdbmikmi pm`m pmsmr
taimkm garnm smikmt `hpaikmrufh ocaf prosas ymik tarnm`h `h `mcmd pmsmr taimkm
garnm) Zrosas tarsabut `hpaikmrufh ocaf thkm gagumtmi# mitmrm cmhi>
=) Gagumtmi ZmsmrZrosas ymik `hkuimgmi uitug dadpaikmrufh fmrkm `mi mcogmsh
taimkm garnm m`mcmf gagumtmi pmsmr pm`m paimwmrmi `mi pardhitmmi `mcmd
prosas taimkm garnm) Zm`m shsh pardhitmmi# pmsmr taimkm garnm m`mcmf
parusmfmmi$parusmfmmi `mi barbmkmh parusmfmmi ioi$prolht saparth
padarhitmf) Zardhitmmi taimkm garnm darupmgmi `arhva` `admi` ymhtu
turuimi `mrh pardhitmmi pm`m bmrmik / nmsm ymik `hpro`ugsh ocaf
parusmfmmi) @mrh shsh paimwmrmi# pmsmr taimkm garnm duiuinuggmi
sanudcmf ormik ymik bagarnm mtmu sa`mik daiemrh garnm) Zaimwmrmi taimkm
garnm darupmgmi luiksh turuimi `mrh pardhitmmi hi`hvh`u mtmu rudmf
tmikkm pm`m pai`mpmtmi uitug daikfmshcgmi bmrmik / nmsm ymik `hpro`ugsh
ocaf parusmfmmi)
2) Gagumtmi HitarimshoimcLmgtor ga`um ymik dadpaikmrufh pmsmr taimkm garnm m`mcmf
gagumtmi histhtushoimc mtmu gacadbmkmmi) Gagumtmi histhtushoimc &hih
daikkmdbmrgmi paikmruf pm`m barbmkmh orkmihsmsh sapatrh sarhgmt#
padarhitmfmi `mi sabumf gorpormsh pm`m paiatmpmi fmrkm taimkm garnm
sartm `hstrhbush taimkm garnm)
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5) Gagumtmi UoshocokhsLmgtor gathkm ymik dadpaikmrufh fmshc pmsmr taimkm garnm m`mcmf
gagumtmi soshocokhs# ymik daikkmdbmrgmi m`miym paikmruf pm`m
gacodpog soshmc `mi ihcmh$ihcmhiym pm`m paiatmpmi thikgmt upmf `mi
mcogmsh taimkm garnm) Lmgtor paithik cmhiiym saparth cmtmr bacmgmik
gacumrkm# bu`mym# hsgrhdhimsh mi gabhmsmmi nukm smikmt dadpaikmrufh)
2)=)1 Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB(
Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB( m`mcmf sacuruf ihcmh tmdbmf
ymik thdbuc `mrh barbmkmh gakhmtmi agoiodh `h sumtu whcmymf# tmipm
dadparfmthgmi padhchg mtms lmgtor pro`ugshiym# mpmgmf dhchg pai`u`ug whcmymf
tarsabut mtmugmf dhchg pai`u`ug whcmymf cmhi &Um`oio Uughrio# =880()
Umcmf smtu hi`hgmtor paithik uitug daikmtmfuh goi`hsh agoiodh sumtu
whcmymf mtmu prophish `mcmd parho`a tartaitu `htuinuggmi ocaf `mtm Zro`ug
@odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto# bmhg mtms fmrkm `msmr barcmgu dmupui mtms fmrkm `msmr
goistmi) Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto `h`alhihshgmi sabmkmh nudcmf ihcmh
tmdbmf ymik `hfmshcgmi ocaf sacuruf uiht usmfm `mcmd sumtu whcmymf# mtmu
darupmgmi nudcmf sacuruf ihcmh bmrmik `mi nmsm mgfhr ymik `hfmshcgmi ocaf
sacuruf uiht agoiodh `h sumtu whcmymf &Bm`mi Zusmt Utmthmthg# 2::
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fmrkm pm`m tmfui tartaitu sabmkmh tmfui `msmr) Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto
mtms `msmr fmrkm barcmgu `hkuimgmi uitug dachfmt parkasarmi `mi strugtur
agoiodh# sa`mikgmi fmrkm goistmi `hkuimgmi uitug daikatmfuh partudbufmi
agoiodh `mrh tmfui ga tmfui)
Qitug cabhf nacms `mcmd paikfhtuikmi mikgm$mikgm Zro`ug @odasthg
Rakhoimc Bruto# m`m thkm pai`agmtmi ymik garmp `hkuimgmi `mcmd dacmgugmi
sumtu paiachthmi# ymhtu>
=) Daiurut Zai`agmtmi Zro`ugshZro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB( darupmgmi ihcmh
pro`ugsh iatto `mrh bmrmik `mi nmsm ymik `hfmshcgmi `marmf `mcmd nmikgm
wmgtu tartaitu &smtu tmfui() Qiht$uiht pro`ugsh tarsabut `mcmd
paiymnhmiiym `hgacodpoggmi dainm`h Uadbhcmi sagtor cmpmikmi usmfm#
ymhtu &=( partmihmi# &2( partmdbmikmi `mi paikkmchmi# &5( hi`ustrh
paikocmfmi# &0( chstrhg# kms `mi mhr barshf# &1( bmikuimi# &
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Uacuruf godpoiai pai`mpmtmi hih saemrm sagtormc `hsabutu sabmkmh ihcmh
tmdbmf bruto)
5) Daiurut Zai`agmtmi ZaikacumrmiZro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB( m`mcmf sadum
godpoiai pardhitmmi mgfhr saparth> paikugurmi goisudsh rudmf tmikkm
`mi cadbmkm swmstm ymik th`mg daiemrh uituik# goisudsh# padarhitmf#
padbaitugmi do`mc tatmp bruto# parubmfmi stog# `mi agspor iatto)
@mcmd paiachthmi hih Z@RB `hhitarpratmshgmi daiurut pai`agmtmi
pro`ugsh) @mcmd parfhtuikmi ymik `hnudcmfgmi m`mcmf ihcmh tmdbmf `mrh pro`ugsh
mtmu vmcua m``a` ymik `hehptmgmi) Fmc hih `hcmgugmi uitug daikfhi`mrh
parfhtuikmi `um gmch# `hsmdphik htu nukm mgmi daiuinuggmi sudbmikmi ymik
sabaimriym `mrh thmp$thmp sagtor `mcmd daiehptmgmi pro`ug imshoimc) Mcmsmi hih
ymik dai`msmrh paikkuimmi pai`agmtmi hih m`mcmf gmraim `mtm stmthsthg `h
Hi`oiashm smdpmh smmt hih dmshf daikkuimgmi pai`agmtmi pro`ugsh bmhg thikgmt
imshoimc dmupui thikgmt marmf)
@mcmd paiymnhmmiiym Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB( `hsusui
`mcmd `um baitug ymhtu>
=)
Mtms @msmr Fmrkm Goistmi
Xmhtu Z@RB `hfhtuik daiurut fmrkm tatmp# `aikmi emrm daihcmh
gadbmch &dai`alcmshgmi( bar`msmrgmi pm`m fmrkm$fmrkm pm`m tmfui `msmr
`aikmi daikkuimgmi hi`ags fmrkm goisudai) @mrh parfhtuikmi hih
tareardhi thikgmt gakhmtmi agoiodh ymik sabaimriym dacmcuh Z@RB
rhhciym)
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2) Mtms @msmr Fmrkm BarcmguXmhtu Z@RB ymik `h`msmrgmi mtms `msmr fmrkm pmsmr ymik barcmgu
pm`m tmfui ymik barsmikgutmi) Hih barmrth bacud `hparfhtuikgmi parubmfmi
fmrkm mtmu pargadbmikmi agoiodh ymik tarnm`h smmt htu# mitmrm cmhi
paikmruf hilcmsh dhsmciym)
2)=)1)=Zaikmruf Phikgmt Z@RB Parfm`mp Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi
Fubuikmi mitmrm thikgmt K@Z ymik barpaikmruf tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi `huikgmpgmi ocaf Zmuc M)Umduacsoi `mi [hcchmd @)Ior`fmus
&2::0() Fmc hih `h`msmrgmi pm`m fugud Ogui &Oguis Cmw( ymik daikunh
fubuikmi mitmrm thikgmt paikmikkurmi `aikmi thikgmt K@Z sumtu Iakmrm) Fugud
Ogui daiymtmgmi bmfwm uitug sathmp paiuruimi 2 parsai K@Z ymik
barfubuikmi aikmi K@Z potaishmc# dmgm mikgm paikmikkurmi daihikgmt saghtmr
= parsai)
2)=)< Hilcmsh
Hilcmsh darupmgmi sumtu prosas gaimhgmi fmrkm$fmrkm ymik barcmgu `mcmd
sumtu paragoiodhmi) Ua`mikgmi thikgmt hilcmsh m`mcmf prasaitmsh gaimhgmi fmrkm$
fmrkm bmrmik `mcmd parho`a wmgtu tartaitu &Um`oio Uughrio# =880> 5:2() @mcmd
paragoiodhmi sarhikgmch basmriym thikgmt hilcmsh barghsmr mitmrm 2 smdpmh 0 prsai
par$tmfui# hilcmsh hih tarkocoik hilcmsh `mcmd hilcmsh darmymp) Uarhik gmch hilcmsh
ymik tarnm`h cabhf sarhus# ymik basmriym mitmrm 1 fhikkm =: parsai par$tmfui)
@mcmd gam`mmi tartaitu# hilcmsh nukm `mpmt daiempmh rmtusmi bmfgmi rhbumi parsai
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par$tmfui sabmkmh mghbmt rasash agoiodh mtmu sabmb$sabmb cmhi# hilcmsh hih
tarkocoik `mcmd hilcmsh fhpar)
Daiurut Um`oio Uughrio &=880( bar`msmrgmi lmgtor$lmgtor ymik
daihdbucgmiym# hilcmsh `mpmt hba`mgmi dainm`h um naihs>
=) Hilcmsh Pmrhgmi Zardhitmmi &@admi` Zucc Hilcmthoi(Hilcmsh ymik tarnm`h sabmkmh mghbmt `mrh thikgmt paragoiodhmi ymik
daiempmh thikgmt paikmikkurmi taimkm garnm paiuf `mi partudbufmi
agoiodh barnmcmi pasmt) Fmc hih daikmghbmtgmi pardhitmmi dmsymrmgmt
mgmi bartmdbmf `aikmi pasmt `mi parusmfmmi$parusmfmmi pm`m ududiym
mgmi baroparmsh pm`m gmpmshtms ymik dmgshdmc) Gacabhfmi$gacabhfmi
pardhitmmi ymik tarwunu` mgmi daihdbucgmi gaimhgmi pm`m fmrkm$fmrkm)
2) Hilcmsh @asmgmi Bhmym &Eost Zusf Hilcmthoi(Hilcmsh ymik tarnm`h sabmkmh mghbmt `mrh m`miym gaimhggmi tarfm`mp
bhmym pro`ugsh) Zadmibmfmi bhmym pro`ugsh mgmi dai`oroik paihikgmtmi
fmrkm wmcmupui mgmi daikfm`mph rashgo paikurmikmi tarfm`mp
pardhitmmi bmrmik ymik `hpro`ugshiym) Hilcmsh hih mgmi bargmhtmi pm`m
gaimhggmi fmrkm sartm turuiiym pro`ugsh ymik mgmi daihdbucgmi m`miym
rasash paragoiodhmi)
Daiurut Hisughi`ro &=885( `mcmd Lhtrm Ghiemgm Rhzgm &2::;( hilcmsh `mpmt
`hfhtuik `aikmi daikkuimgmi chdm dato`a# mitmrm cmhi>
=) Fmrkm$Fmrkm Qdud
Emrm udud ymik `hpmgmh uitug daikfhtuik hilcmsh m`mcmf `aikmi mikgm
fmrkm$fmrkm udud &kaiarmc prhea(# ymhtu>
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CHt
@hdmim> CHt 4 Cmnu Hilcmsh parho`a t
FQt 4 Fmrkm Qdud parho`a t
FQt$= 4 Fmrkm Qdud parho`a t$=
2) @alcmtor ZIB &KIZ `alcmtor(
Basmrmi hih hrudusgmi>
M@ 4
@hdmim> M@ 4 Mikgm @alcmtor ZIB
Xb 4 ZIB daiurut fmrkm barcmgu
Xg 4 ZIB daiurut fmrkm goistmi
Gadu`hmi cmnu hilcmsh `hfhtuik `aikmi>
CHt V =::!
@hdmim> CHt 4 Cmnu Hilcmsh parho`a t
M@t 4 Mikgm @alcmtor parho`a t
M@t$= 4 Mikgm @alcmtor parho`a t$=
5) Hi`ags Fmrkm Goisudai &HFG(
Zai`agmtmi hih pmchik bmiymg `hkuimgmi `mcmd dacmgugmi parfhtuikmi
hilcmsh) Fmc hih `hsabmbgmi ocaf Hi`ags Fmrkm Goisudai &HFG( `mpmt
`hparocaf mcmd baitug bucmimi# trhwucmi# sadastar mi tmfuimi)
CHt
@hdmim> CHt 4 Cmnu Hilcmsh parho`a t
HFGt 4 Hi`ags Fmrkm Goisudai parho`a t
HFGt$=
4 Hi`ags Fmrkm Goisudai parho`a t$=
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0) Fmrkm ymik @htatmpgmi
Emrm parfhtuikmi hilcmsh hih daioinocgmi parmi fmrkm ymik `htatmpgmi
pm`m parho`a ymik mgmi `mtmik)
CHet V =::!
@hdmim > CHet 4 Cmnu hilcmsh ymik `hfmrmpgmi parho`a t
Fet'= 4 Fmrkm paikfmrmpmi parho`a t
Ft 4 Fmrkm barcmgu parho`a t
1) Hi`ags Fmrkm @mcmd Iakarh `mi Cumr Iakarh
HFQ 4 HF@I ' HFCI
@hdmim> HFQ 4 Hi`ags Fmrkm Qdud
HF@I 4 Hi`ags Fmrkm @mcmd Iakarh
HFCI 4 Hi`ags Fmrkm Cumr Iakarh
4 basmriym sudbmikmi mtmu paikmruf hi`ags fmrkm `mcmd
iakarh tarfm`mp hi`ags fmrkm udud)
Hilcmsh `mpmt `hgmhtgmi saemrm cmiksuik `aikmi basmriym paikmikkurmi
ymik tarnm`h) Fmc hih `mpmt `hgmhtgmi pm`m gmhtmi mitmrm thikgmt hilcmsh &upmf(
`aikmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik `htuinuggmi `aikmi gurvm Zfhcchps &Pfodms L
@aribark `mi Gmrymdmi Dueftmr# =882() Zm`m mwmciym# gurvm Zfhcchps
dadbarhgmi kmdbmrmi gmsmr daikaimh gmusmchtms prosas hilcmsh) Rai`mfiym
thikgmt paikmikkurmi `hmikkmp dadhchgh gatargmhtmi `aikmi gatmtiym pmsmr
taimkm garnm `mi thikkhiym thikgmt pai`mpmtmi `mi pardhitmmi `mrh goisudai)
Gurvm Zfhcchps nukm daibarhgmi kmkmsmi daikaimh phchfmi &trm`a oll( mitmrm
paikmikkurmi `mi hilcmsh) Nhgm thikgmt hilcmsh ymik `hhikhigmi m`mcmf rai`mf#
dmgm mgmi tarnm`h thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik smikmt thikkh) Uabmchgiym nhgm
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=) Zaiachthmi ocaf @mryoio Uoabmkhyo# Dmuch`ymf Hi`hrm Fmswmrhih# `miEfuzmhdmf &`hpubchgmshgmi pm`m tmfui 2::1(# ymik barnu`uc Mimchshs
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Zaikmruf Gasadpmtmi Garnm# Phikgmt BPZ# `mi Zai`h`hgmi tarfm`mp
Zaikmikkurmi `h prophish @mth H Nmwm Paikmf) Zaiachthmi hih bartunumi
uitug daikatmfuh7 partmdm# paikmruf Gasadpmtmi Garnm# thikgmt BPZ `mi
thikgmt Zai`h`hgmi tarfm`mp thikgmt Zaikmikkurmi `h prophish @mth H Nmwm
Paikmf) Ga`um# uitug daikatmfuh sabarmpm basmr paikmruf nmikgm pai`ag
`mi nmikgm pminmik pm`m dmshik$dmshik vmrhmbac tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi `h prophish @mth H Nmwm Paikmf) Zaiachthmi ymik `hcmgugmi
hih daikkuimgmi do`ac paikfhtuikmi Zmrthmc M`nusdait Do`ac &ZDM(
`aikmi lorducmsh sabmkmh barhgut>
PZik 4 '= GG '2 BPZ '5 Zai` '
@hdmim> PZik 4 thikgmt paikmikkurmi h @mth H Nmwm Paikmf
GG 4 gasadpmtmi garnm
BPZ 4 thikgmt babmi/tmikkuikmi pai`u`ugZai` 4 thikgmt pai`h`hgmi ymik `hdhchgh
Zm`m paiachthmi hih dadbarhgmi fmshc sabmkmh barhgut7 partmdm#
pm`m thikgmt pai`h`hgmi `msmr# pai`h`hgmi dadhchgh shkihlhgmish tarfm`mp
thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h bmhg `mcmd nmikgm pai`ag dmupui
`mcmd nmikgm pminmik) @mrh fmshc unh t pm`m unh stmthsthg daiuinuggmi
bmfwm vmrhmbac gasadpmtmi garnm `mi BPZ th`mg barpaikmruf shkihlhgmi
tarfm`mp vmrhmbac paikmikkurmi)
Ga`um# pm`m pai`h`hgmi daiaikmf# thikgmt pai`h`hgmi dadhchgh
shkihlhgmish tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h bmhg `mcmd nmikgm
pai`ag dmupui `mcmd nmikgm pminmik# sa`mikgmi fmshc unh t pm`m unh
stmthsthg daiuinuggmi fmshc bmfwm vmrhmbac BPZ# gasadpmtmi garnm `mi
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thikgmt pai`h`hgmi th`mg barpaikmruf shkihlhgmi tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt
paikmikkurmi)
Gathkm pm`m pai`h`hgmi thikkh# thikgmt pai`h`hgmi th`mg dadhchgh
shkihlhgmish tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h bmhg `mcmd nmikgm
pai`ag dmupui `mcmd nmikgm pminmik) Ua`mikgmi `mrh fmshc unh t pm`m unh
stmthsthg daiuinuggmi bmfwm th`mg m`m shkihlhgmish mitmrm vmrhmbac$
vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai aikmi vmrhmbac `apai`aiiym)
2) Doef) Rud Mchd &2::;(# `mcmd paiachthmi ymik barnu`uc Mimchshs LmgtorZaiaitu Zaikmikkurmi Parbugm @h Hi`oiashm Zarho`a =86:$2::;)
Zaiachthmi hih daikkuimgmi do`ac agoiodatrh ymhtu>
X 4: '= V= '2 V2 '5 V5 ' t
@hdmim >
X 4 Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi Parbugm
V= 4 Cmnu Zartudbufmi Agoiodh
V2 4 Zaikacumrmi Zadarhitmf
V5 4 Hilcmsh
: 4 Goistmitm
=#)))# i 4 Zmrmdatar &Goalhshai Rakrash(
t 4 \mrhmbac Zaikkmikku
Zm`m paiachthmi hih dadbarhgmi fmshc sabmkmh barhgut7 partmdm# `mrh
fmshc paiachthmi `mpmt `hshdpucgmi bmfwm Cmnu Zartudbufmi Agoiodh
barpaikmruf poshthl `mi shkihlhgmi tarfm`mp Zaikmikkurmi Parbugm `h
Hi`oiashm Zarho`a =86:$2::
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Ga`um# Zaikacumrmi Zadarhitmf barpaikmruf iakmthl mi shkihlhgmi
tarfm`mp Zaikmikkurmi Parbugm `h Hi`oiashm Zarho`a =86:$2::
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5 4 Goalhshai Qpmf
0 4 Goalhshai Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug
4 Lmgtor Zaikkmiku
Fmshc `mrh paiachthmi tarsabut m`mcmf daiymtmgmi bmfwm partmdm#
upmf darupmgmi smcmf smtu pardmsmcmfmi ymik dadbarhgmi paikmruf
tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm) Phikkhiym thikgmt upmf ymik
`htarhdm tariymtm sanmcmi `aikmi paihikgmtmi ymik tarnm`h tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm) @mcmd paiachthmi hih `h`mpmt fmshc bmfwm
thikgmt upmf dadhchgh paikmruf ymik poshthl `mi shkihlhgmi tarfm`mp
thikgmt paikmikkurmi h Hi`oiashm)
Ga`um# Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug darupmgmi smcmf smtu lmgtor
ymik dadpaikmrufh basmriym thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h `h
Hi`oiashm) Uadmgmhi rai`mf Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug ymik tarnm`h
tariymtm th`mg `hhguth `aikmi daiuruiiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h
Hi`oiashm) Uasumh pariymtmmi tarsabut# `mcmd paiachthmi hih dadbarhgmi
fmshc bmfwm `h Hi`oiashm thikgmt Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug dadhchgh
paikmruf ymik iakmthl `mi eugup shkihlhgmi tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h)
Gathkm# thikgmt hilcmsh `mpmt dadbarhgmi paikmruf tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h) @h Hi`oiashm# thikgmt hilcmsh ymik rai`mf
bar`mdpmg pm`m thikkhiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h) @mrh fmshc
paiachthmi ymik `hcmgugmi bmfwm thikgmt hilcmsh gurmik barpaikmruf
shkihlhgmi `mcmd dadpaikmrufh thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymiki tarnm`h `h
Hi`oiashm)
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Gaadpmt# thikgmt partudbufmi K@Z `mpmt dadpaikmrufh thikkh
rai`mfiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm) Rai`mfiym thikgmt
partudbufmi K@Z ymik tarnm`h tariymtm `hhrhikh `aikmi thikkhiym thikgmt
paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h) Fmc hih dadbarhgmi mrth bmfwm thikgmt
partudbufmi K@Z ymik m`m `h Hi`oiashm gurmik dadhchgh paikmruf
tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik m`m)
Gachdm# thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm `hpaikmrufh ocaf
bmiymg lmgtor) Babarmpm `hmitmrmiym Qpmf# Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug#
Hilcmsh `mi K@Z tarfm`mp Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h `h Hi`oiashm)
@mrh fmshc paiachthmi ymik `hcmgugmi `h`mpmt bmfwm gaadpmt vmrhmbac
tarsabut darupmgmi painacms tarfm`mp thikgmt paikmikkurmi) Fmc hih
`htuinuggmi ocaf basmriym ihcmh Rsqumra sabasmr :#816 ymik barmrth bmfwm
thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm `hnacmsgmi ocaf gaadpmt vmrhmbac
tarsabut sabasmr 81#6 parsai# sa`mikgmi shsmiym `hnacmsgmi ocaf vmrhmbac
cmhiiym) Uacmhi htu# dacmcuh ihcmh stmthsthg L sabasmr :#::: &`hbmwmf thikgmt
shkihlhgmish :#:1( sartm dadhchgh ihcmh L stmthsthg 9 ihcmh L tmbac# ymhtu
=5
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CiX4 ': Ci[m '= CiZro` '2 CiHil '5 CiCl'0CiZ`b '
@hdmim >X 4 thikgmt paikmikkurmi
4 goistmitm
[m 4 thikgmt upmf
Zro` 4 pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm
Hil 4 hilcmsh
Cl 4 nudcmf mikgmtmi garnm
Z`b 4 pro`ug `odasthg bruto
4 arror tard
Bar`msmrgmi paiachthmi ymik tacmf `hcmgugmi# dmgm `hparocaf
babarmpm gashdpucmi sabmkmh barhgut partmdm# parkarmgmi mtmu parubmfmi
pm`m thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm parho`a tmfui =86=$=888 tariymtm
`hpaikmrufh `mi `mpmt `hnacmsgmi ocaf vmrhmbac$vmrhmbac > hilcmsh#
pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm# thikgmt upmf# mikgmtmi garnm# `mi pro`ug
`odasthg bruto &Z@B()
Ga`um# m`m `um vmrhmbac ymhtu thikgmt upmf `mi pro`ug `odasthg
bruto &Z@B( dadpaikmrufh thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm saemrm
shkihlhgmi `aikmi mrmf ymik iakmthl# mrthiym gaimhgmi thikgmt upmf mtmu
pro`ug `odasthg bruto mgmi daiyabmbgmi turuiiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi
`h Hi`oiashm) Gaimhgmi = ! pm`m thikgmt upmf mgmi daiyabmbgmi
turuiiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi sabasmr :#=5< !# fmc tarsabut `hgmraimgmi
bhcm tarnm`h gaimhgmi thikgmt upmf# dmgm pmrm pagarnm mgmi daikhrm upmf
rhhc daragm daihikgmt safhikkm barsa`hm uitug bagarnm cabhf `mi mgmi
daihikgmtgmi output ymik pm`m mgfhriym `mpmt daiuruigmi thikgmt
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paikmikkurmi) Gaimhgmi pro`ug `odasthg bruto &Z@B( = ! mgmi
daiyabmbgmi turuiiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi sabasmr 22#=;5 !# fmc hih
gmraim output ymik `hfmshcgmi cabhf bmiymg barmrth cabhf bmiymg pagarnm
ymik hbutufgmi uitug dadpro`ugsh bmrmik mi nmsm)
Gathkm thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm nukm `hpaikmrufh ocaf
vmrhmbac hilcmsh# pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm# `mi mikgmtmi garnm) @hdmim
gathkm vmrhmbac tarsabut dadpaikmrufh thikgmt paikmikkurmi `h Hi`oiashm
saemrm shkihlhgmi `aikmi mrmf ymik poshthl# mrthiym gaimhgmi hilcmsh#
pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm# `mi mikgmtmi garnm mgmi daiyabmbgmi imhgiym
thikgmt paikmikkurmi h Hi`oiashm) Gaimhgmi hilcmsh sabasmr = ! mgmi
daimhggmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi sabasmr :#:0= ! gmraim ymik tarnm`h `h
Hi`oiashm m`mcmf eost pusf$hilcmthoi safhikkm gaimhgmi hilcmsh nustru
daimhggmi bhmym ymik fmrus `hgacumrgmi ocaf parusmfmmi# safhikkm
nudcmf pagarnm `h parusmfmmi nustru `hgurmikh daiyabmbgmi imhgiym
thikgmt paikmikkurmi) Gaimhgmi = ! pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm
daiyabmbgmi gaimhgmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi sabasmr 22#=2= ! fmc hih
`hsabmbgmi `aikmi daihikgmtiym pro`ugthlhtms taimkm garnm barmrth taimkm
garnm ymik `hbutufgmi mgmi bargurmik uitug sumtu thikgmt output ymik
smdm) Gaimhgmi = ! mikgmtmi garnm daiyabmbgmi gaimhgmi thikgmt
paikmikkurmi sabasmr 25#=0< !# gmraim partudbufmi mikgmtmi garnm
cabhf basmr `mrh partudbufmi gasadpmtmi garnm safhikkm gaimhgmi
mikgmtmi garnm mgmi daimhggmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi)
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Kmdbmr 2)0
Garmikgm Zadhghrmi Paorhths
@mrh garmikgm padhghrmi tarsabut `mpmt `hnacmsgmi bmfwm thikgmt Z@RB#
thikgmt hilcmsh# `mi mikgm BPZ mgmi dadpaikmrufh basmriym thikgmt
paikmikkurmi) Zarubmfmi ymik tarnm`h bmhg pm`m thikgmt Z@RB# thikgmt hilcmsh#
`mi mikgm BPZ mgmi daikmghbmtgmi parubmfmi ymik tarnm`h pm`m thikgmt
paikmikkurmi h Gotm Uadmrmik)
Phikgmt K@Z mgmi barpaikmruf pm`m basmriym thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik
tarnm`h) Uathmp m`miym paihikgmtmi tarfm`mp parsaitmsa paikmikkurmi `mcmd sumtu
Iakmrm dmgm mgmi fmc tarsabut mgmi satmrm `aikmi tarnm`hiym paiuruimi basmriym
Mikgm BPZ
Phikgmt Hilcmsh
Phikgmt Z@RB
Phikgmt
Zaikmikkurmi
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K@Z sabasmr 2 parsai) Zaiuruimi basmrmi K@Z ymik `hkuimgmi m`mcmf `aikmi
dachfmt basmrmi K@Z `aikmi fmrkm goistmi)
Phikgmt hilcmsh mgmi barpaikmruf tarfm`mp basmriym thikgmt paikmikkurmi
ymik tarnm`h) Zaihikgmtmi pm`m hilcmsh mgmi barmghbmt pm`m thikgmt paikmikkurmi
ymik thikkh) Mghbmtiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi mgmi daikmcmdh paihikgmtmi gmraim
rai`mfiym gasadpmtmi garnm ymik tarnm`h)
Phikgmt BPZ &`apai`aiey rmtho( mgmi barpaikmruf tarfm`mp thikgmt
paikmikkurmi) Uumtu `marmf ymik daikmcmdh paihikgmtmi pm`m `apai`aiey
rmthoiym dmgm Iakmrm$iakmrm `mcmd `uihm gathkm mgmi eai`aruik uitug
daimbuik `mi daimimdgmi do`mciym) Mghbmtiym mgmi thdbuc hivastmsh ymik
thikkh `mi `mpmt dadbugm cmpmikmi garnm ymiki cums safhikkm `mpmt daiuruigmi
thikgmt paikmikkurmi)
2)0 Fhpotashs
Fhpotashs m`mcmf painacmsmi sadaitmrm ymik fmrus `hunh gabaimrmiiym
daikaimh dmsmcmf ymik `htachth# `hdmim fhpotashs sacmcu `hrudusgmi `mcmd baitug
pariymtmmi ymik daikfubuikgmi um vmrhmbca mtmu cabhf &N) Uuprmito# 2::=()
Fhpotashs darupmgmi sumtu proporsh ymik duikghi baimr `mi sarhik
`hkuimgmi sabmkmh `msmr padbumtmi gaputusmi mtmu padaemfmi mtmupui uitug
`msmr paiachthmi cabhf cminut) Mikkmpmi mtmu msudsh `mrh sumtu fhpotashs nukm
darupmgmi `mtm# mgmi tatmph gaduikghimi bhms smcmf# dmgm mpmbhcm mgmi
`hkuimgmi sabmkmh `msmr padbumtmi gaputusmi fmfrus `hunh `mfucu `aikmi
daikkuimgmi mtm fmshc obsarvmsh &N) Uuprmito# 2::=()
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@mcmd paiachthmi hih mgmi `hrudusgmi fhpotashs kuim dadbarhgmi mrmf
`mi pa`odmi `mcmd dacmgugmi paiachthmi) Fhpotashs ymik `mpmt `htmrhg `mcmd
paiachthmi hih m`mcmf sabmkmh barhgut>
=) @h`ukm tar`mpmt paikmruf iakmthl mitmrm basmriym thikgmt pro`ug `odasthgrakhoimc bruto &Z@RB( `aikmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi# bmfwm sadmghi
thikkh nudcmf Z@RB sumtu `marmf dmgm thikgmt paikmikkurmiiym mgmi
sadmghi rai`mf)
2) @h`ukm tar`mpmt paikmruf ymik poshthl mitmrm thikgmt hilcmsh `aikmi thikgmtpaikmikkurmi# bmfwm sadmghi thikkh thikgmt hilcmsh dmgm mgmi
barpaikmruf pm`m thikkhiym thikgmt paikmikkurmi)
5) @h`ukm tar`mpmt paikmruf poshthl mitmrm mikgm BPZ `aikmi thikgmtpaikmikkurmi# bmfwm sadmghi thikkh mikgm rmsho gatarkmituikmi sumtu
`marmf dmgm thikgmt paikmikkurmi sadmghi thikkh)
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BMB HHH
DAPO@A ZAIACHPHMI
Dato`a paiachthmi darupmgmi sumtu emrm garnm mtmu prosa`ur daikaimh
bmkmhdmim gakhmtmi paiachthmi ymik mgmi `hcmgugmi uitug daikudpucgmi `mi
dadmfmdh obnag$obnag ymik dainm`h smsmrmi mrh paiachthmi ymik hcmgugmi)
5)= \mrhmbac Zaiachthmi @mi @alhihsh Oparmshoimc
\mrhmbac paiachthmi m`mcmf sakmcm sasumtu ymik mgmi dainm`h obnag
paiachthmi# sa`mikgmi `alhihsh oparmshoimc m`mcmf sumtu `alhihsh ymik `hbarhgmi
gapm`m sumtu vmrhmbac `aikmi dadbarhgmi mrth &Dof) Imzhr# 2::5() Nm`h paiachthmi
hih dachputh lmgtor$lmgtor ymik barparmi `mcmd parhsthwm mtmu kanmcm ymik mgmi
`htachth)
@mcmd paiachthmi ymik `hcmgugmi hih `hkuimgmi `um naihs vmrhmbac
paiachthmi# ymhtu vmrhmbac `apai`ai mtmu vmrhmbac tmg babms &`apai`ait vmrhmbca(
`mi vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai mtmu vmrhmbac babms &hi`apai`ait vmrhmbca()
M) \mrhmbac @apai`aiM`mcmf vmrhmbac ymik basmrmiiym `hpaikmrufh ocaf vmrhmbac cmhi) @h
`mcmd paiachthmi hih `hkuimgmi thikgmt paikmikkurmi sabmkmh vmrhmbac
th`mg babms) \mrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik `hkuimgmi m`mcmf thikgmt
paikmikkurmi `h Gotm Uadmrmik `aikmi smtumi parsai) \mrhmbac thikgmt
paikmikkurmi `hfhtuik dmcmcuh parsaitmsa mitmrm nudcmf ormik ymik
daikmikkur `hbmi`hikgmi `aikmi nudcmf mikgmtmi garnm) Zarfhthikmi
thikgmt paikmikkurmi hih mpmt hrudusgmi sabmkmh barhgut>
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Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi 4 V =::!
B) \mrhmbac Hi`apai`ai=) Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB(
Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto &Z@RB( `hugur `mrh Z@RB rhhc
Gotm Uadmrmik bar`msmrgmi fmrkm goistmi tmfui 2::: ymik
`hiymtmgmi `mcmd smtumi ruphmf pm`m tmfui =868 smdpmh `aikmi tmfui
2::6) Z@RB rhhc daiuinuggmi ihcmh bmrmik `mi nmsm ymik `hpro`ugsh#
ymik `hfhtuik daikkuimgmi fmrkm goistmi 2::: mkmr dainm`h smdm
tmfui `msmriym# `aikmi emrm daiemrh hi`ags hdpchsht ymik bmru tarcabhf
`mfucu `aikmi rudus sabmkmh barhgut &BZU# 2::;(>
Hi`ags Hdpchsht hih `hkuimgmi uitug daiemrh Z@RB fmrkm goistmi
tmfui 2:::) Gadu`hmi Z@RB rhhc tmfui =868 smdpmh `aikmi 2::6 mtms
`msmr fmrkm goistmi 2::: `h`mpmt `aikmi emrm dadbmkh Z@RB mtms
`msmr fmrkm barcmgu dmshik$dmshik tmfui `aikmi hi`ags hdpchsht bmru
dmshik$dmshik tmfui)
Ihcmh Z@RB ymik `hkuimgmi `mcmd paiachthmi hih m`mcmf ihcmh
Z@RB mtms `msmr fmrkm goistmi tmfui 2::: par tmfuiiym ymik
`hiymtmgmi mcmd smtumi ruphmf)
Hi`ags Hdpchsht
Hi`ags hdpchsht tmfui i
Hi`ags hdpchsht tmfui `msmr &2:::(4 V =::!
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2) Phikgmt hilcmshPhikgmt hilcmsh `mpmt dadpaikmrufh basmriym thikgmt
paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h) Phikgmt hilcmsh ymik `hkumgmi `mcmd
paiachthmi hih daiuinuggmi basmriym parubmfmi fmrkm$fmrkm saemrm
udud pm`m parho`a wmgtu tartaitu) Emrm paikugurmi thikgmt hilcmsh
par tmfui m`mcmf sabmkmh barhgut &BZU# 2::;(>
Phikgmt hilcmsh ymik `hkuimgmi darupmgmi basmriym hilcmsh ymik
tarnm`h `h Hi`oiashm bar`msmrgmi tmfui gmcai`ar pm`m parho`a smtu
tmfui tartaitu `aikmi smtumi parsai &!()
5) Mikgm Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug &BPZ(Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug &BPZ( `hfhtuik `mrh nudcmf
pai`u`ug ushm pro`ugthl `aikmi pai`u`ug ushm ioi pro`ugthl `h Gotm
Uadmrmik# aikmi rudus>
Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug &BPZ( `hiymtmgmi `mcmd smtumi
parsai &!()
Phikgmt Hilcmshpar Pmfui
Nudcmf thikgmt hilcmsh par bucmi
Nudcmf Bucmi &=2 bucmi(4 V =::!
V =::!
Babmi Pmikkuikmi
Zai`u`ug
Zai`u`ug udur &:$=0( ' Zai`u`ug udur &
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5)2 Naihs @mtm @mi Uudbar @mtm
@mcmd paiachthmi ymik `hcmgugmi hih daikkuimgmi sudbar `mtm sagui`ar
ymik `h`mpmtgmi dacmcuh stu`h chtarmtura bmhg `mrh bugu# nurimc# paiachthmi# sartm
sudbar `mtm tarbhtmi babarmpm histmish tartaitu) @mtm ymik `hkuimgmi
`hgudpucgmi saemrm ruitut wmgtu &thda sarhas( `mrh tmfui =868$2::6)
@mtm$`mtm ymik `hparcugmi `mcmd paiachthmi hih mitmrm cmhi m`mcmf>
=) @mtm daikaimh basmriym thikgmt paikmikkurmi ymik tarnm`h `h gotmUadmrmik pm`m parho`a wmgtu tmfui =868$2::6)
2) @mtm daikaimh basmriym thikgmt pai`mpmtmi `odasthg rakhoimc bruto&Z@RB( bar`msmrgmi fmrkm goistmi `h gotm Uadmrmik pm`m parho`a tmfui
=868$2::6)
5) @mtm daikaimh basmriym thikgmt hilcmsh ymik tarnm`h `h gotm Uadmrmik pm`mparho`a wmgtu tmfui =868$2::6)
0) @mtm daikaimh basmriym mikgm babmi tmikkuikmi pai`u`ug ymik tarnm`h`h gotm Uadmrmik pm`m parho`a wmgtu tmfui =868$2::6)
1) @mtm daikaimh basmriym nudcmf pai`u`ug ymik tarnm`h `h Gotm Uadmrmikpm`m parho`a wmgtu tmfui =881$2::6)
5)5Dato`a Zaikudpucmi @mtm
Zaikudpucmi `mtm `hcmgugmi `aikmi `ogudaitmsh# ymhtu daikudpucgmi
emtmtmi$emtmtmi/`mtm$`mtm ymik `hparcugmi sasumh paiachthmi ymik mgmi `hcmgugmi
`mrh `hims/gmitor/histmish mtmu cadbmkm targmht) @mtm ymik mgmi `hgudpucgmi
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Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi 4 l &Z@RB# Phikgmt Hilcmsh# Babmi Pmikkuikmi
Zai`u`ug()
Gadu`hmi `mrh luiksh tarsabut `mpmt `htrmislordmshgmi ga `mcmd
parsmdmmi sabmkmh barhgut >
PZ 4: '= Z@RB ' 2 HIL ' 5 BPZ '
\mrhmbac$vmrhmbac Z@RB# HIL# BPZ m`mcmf vmrhmbac babms &vmrhmbac
hi`apai`ai() Ua`mikgmi vmrhmbac th`mg babms &vmrhmbac `apai`ai( ymik `hkuimgmi
m`mcmf PZ) @hdmim >
PZ 4 Phikgmt Zaikmikkurmi
Z@RB 4 Zro`ug @odasthg Rakhoimc Bruto
HIL 4 Phikgmt Hilcmsh
BPZ 4 Babmi Pmikkuikmi Zai`u`ug
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1;
: 4 Goistmitm
=) ) ) ) 0 4 Goalhshai \mrhmbac Babms
4 Lmgtor Zaikkmiku
5)0)2 Zaikunhmi Msudsh Gcmshg
Babarmpm dmsmcmf sarhik duieuc pm`m smmt mimchshs rakrash `hkuimgmi
uitug dakasthdmsh sumtu do`ac `aikmi sanudcmf `mtm) Dmsmcmf tarsabut `mcmd
bugu tags agoiodatrhgm tardmsug `mcmd paikunhmi msudsh gcmshg# ymhtu m`m
th`mgiym dmsmcmf ducthgochiamrhtms# mutogoracmsh# fatarosga`msthshtms `mi
iordmchtms &Du`rmnm` Guieoro# 2::0() Zaikunhmi msudsh gcmshg dachputh sabmkmh
barhgut >
5)0)2)= Qnh Ducthgochiamrhtms
Ducthgochiamrhtms barmrth m`miym fubuikmi chiamr ymik sadpurim mtmu pmsth
`hmitmrm babarmpm mtmu sadum vmrhmbac ymik dainacmsgmi &hi`apai`ai( `mrh do`ac
rakrash &Kunmrmth# =88;>=1;() Do`ac rakrash ymik bmhg safmrusiym th`mg tarnm`h
goracmsh `hmitmrm vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai) Nhgm vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai smchik bargoracmsh)
dmgm vmrhmbac$vmrhmbac hih th`mg ortokoimc &Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1()
\mrhmbac ortokoimc m`mcmf vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai ymik ihcmh goracmsh mitmr
sasmdm vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai smdm `aikmi ioc) Qitug dai`atagsh m`m th`mgiym
ducthgochiamrhtms `h `mcmd do`ac rakrash m`mcmf `aikmi dachfmt ihcmh Pocarmiea
`mi \HL &\mrhmiea Hilcmthoi Lmetor()
5)0)2)2 Qnh Mutogoracmsh
Mutogoracmsh m`mcmf goracmsh mitmrm mikkotm$mikkotm sarmikgmhmi
obsarvmsh ymik `hurmhgmi dairut wmgtu `mi rumik &Kunmrmth# =88; > 2:=()
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Goisaguaish m`miym mutogoracmsh `hmitmrmiym m`miym sacmik gaymghimi dainm`h
cabmr sartm vmrhmsh `mi stmi`mr arror tarcmcu rai`mf)
Qnh mutogoracmsh bartunumi daikunh mpmgmf `mcmd do`ac rakrash chiamr m`m
goracmsh mitmrm gasmcmfmi paikkmikku pm`m parho`a t `aikmi gasmcmfmi
paikkmikku pm`m parho`a t$= &sabacudiym() Nhgm tarnm`h goracmsh# dmgm `himdmgmi
m`m probcad mutogoracmsh) Mutogoracmsh duieuc gmraim obsarvmsh ymik barurutmi
sapminmik wmgtu bargmhtmi smtu smdm cmhiiym) Dmsmcmf hih thdbuc gmraim rash`umc
&gasmcmfmi paikkmikku( th`mg babms `mrh smtu obsarvmsh ga obsarvmsh cmhiiym
&Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1 > 81() Do`ac rakrash ymik bmhg m`mcmf rakrash ymik babms
`mrh mutogoracmsh)
5)0)2)5 Qnh Fatarosga`msthshtms
Daiurut Fmiga `mi Rahtsef &=886>218( fatarosga`msthshtms duieuc
mpmbhcm gasmcmfmi mtmu rash`umc `mrh do`ac ymik `hmdmth th`mg dadhchgh vmrhmis
ymik goistmi `mrh smtu obsarvmsh cmhiiym &Du`rmnm` Guieoro# 2::0() Nhgm vmrhmis
`mrh rash`umc smtu paikmdmtmi ga paikmdmtmi cmhi goistmi# dmgm `hsabut
fodosga`msthshtms &Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1 > =:1() Qitug daikunh do`ac rakrash
ymik `hkuimgmi tar`mpmt fataroga`msthshtms mtmu th`mg# `mpmt `hcmgugmi `aikmi Qnh
Zmrg) Qnh [fhta# Qnh Kcantsar# `mi Qnh Brausef$Zmkmi$Ko`lray &Kunmrmth# =88;()
@mcmd paiachthmi hih uitug daikatmfuh m`miym fatarosga`msthshtms
`hcmgugmi aikmi Qnh Zmrg# @mcmd Qnh Zmrg# mpmbhcm goalhshai pmrmdatar batm `mrh
parsmdmmi tarsabut shkihlhgmi saemrm stmthsthg# fmc hih daiuinuggmi bmfwm `mcmd
`mtm do`ac adphrhs ymik `hasthdmsh tar`mpmt fatarosga`msthshtms) Uabmchgiym# nhgm
pmrmdatar batm th`mg tar`mpmt batm th`mg shkihlhgmi saemrm stmthsthg# dmgm `mpmt
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`hshdpucgmi bmfwm do`ac rakrash th`mg tar`mpmt fatarosga`msthshtms &Hdmd
Kfozmch# 2::1 > =:6()
5)0)2)0 Qnh Iordmchtms
Dato`a hih `hkuimgmi uitug daikatmfuh mpmgmf `mcmd sumtu dato`a
rakrash# vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai# vmrhmbac `apai`ai mtmu ga`umiym dadpuiymh
`hstrhbush iordmc mtmu th`mg) Qitug daikatmfuh m`m th`mgiym msudsh iordmchtms
m`mcmf `aikmi dachfmt krmlhgIordmc Z$Zcot Ol Rakrashoi ymik dadbmi`hikgmi
`hstrhbush guducmthl `mi `hstrhbush iordmc) @hstrhbush iordmc mgmi dadbaitug
sumtu kmrhs curus `hmkoimc# `mi pcothik `mtm mgmi `hbmi`hikgmi `aikmi kmrhs
`hmkoimciym) Msudsh iordmchtms tarpaiufh nhgm ththg$ththg &`mtm( ymik daiuinuggmi
sabmrmi `mtm pcot iordmchtms daiuinuggmi gaeai`aruikmi daiyabmr `h saghtmr
kmrhs `hmkoimc `mi daikhguth mrmf kmrhs iordmc &Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1 > ==:()
5)0)5 Zaikunhmi Fhpotashs
5)0)5)= Qnh Goalhshai @atardhimsh &unh R2(
R bartunumi uitug daikatmfuh sabarmpm nmuf vmrhmsh vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai
`mpmt daiarmikgmi `aikmi bmhg vmrhmsh vmrhmbac `apai`ai) Qitug daikugur
gabmhgmi sumtu do`ac &koo`iass ol lht( `aikmi `hkuimgmi goalhshai `atardhimsh
&R2() Goalhshai `atardhimsh &R
2( darupmgmi mikgm ymik dadbarhgmi proporsh
mtmu parsaitmsa vmrhmsh totmc `mcmd vmrhmbac tmg babms &X( ymik `h nacmsgmi ocaf
vmrhmbac babms &V( &Kunmrmth# =88;() Goalhshai `atardhimsh `hrudusgmi sabmkmh
barhgut>
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Ihcmh R ymik gaehc mtmu dai`agmth ioc# barmrth gadmdpumivmrhmbac$vmrhmbac babms `mcmd dainacmsgmi vmrhmsh vmrhmbac th`mg
babms mi smikmt tarbmtms)
Ihcmh R dai`agmth smtu# barmrth gadmdpumi vmrhmbac$vmrhmbacbabms `mcmd dainacmsgmi fmdphr sadum hilordmsh ymik `hkuimgmi
uitug dadpra`hgsh vmrhmsh vmrhmbac th`mg babms)5)0)5)2 Qnh Uhkihlhgmish pmrmdatar Hi`hvh`umc &Qnh Utmthsthg t(
Qnh stmthsthg t `hcmgugmi uitug daiuinuggmi sabarmpm nmuf paikmruf smtu
vmrhmbac painacms mtmu hi`apai`ai saemrm hi`hvh`umc `mcmd daiarmikgmi vmrhmsh
vmrhmbac `apai`ai &Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1() Qitug daikunh paikmruf vmrhmbac
hi`apai`ai tarfm`mp `apai`ai saemrm hi`hvh`u `mpmt `hbumt fhpotashs sabmkmh
barhgut>
&=( F: > = :# ymhtu th`mg m`m paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac Z@RB saemrm
hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi tar`h`hg)
F= > = 9 :# ymhtu tar`mpmt paikmruf poshthl shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac Z@RB
saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi
tar`h`hg)
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2 :# ymhtu th`mg m`m paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac thikgmt hilcmsh
saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi
tar`h`hg)
F= > 2 9 :# ymhtu tar`mpmt paikmruf poshthl shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac thikgmt
hilcmsh saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt
paikmikkurmi tar`h`hg)
&5( F: > 5 :# ymhtu th`mg m`m paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac BPZ saemrm
hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi tar`h`hg)
F= > 5 9 :# ymhtu tar`mpmt paikmruf poshthl shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac BPZ
saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt paikmikkurmi
tar`h`hg)
&0( F: > 0 :# ymhtu th`mg m`m paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac thikgmt
pai`h`hgmi saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt
paikmikkurmi tar`h`hg)
F= > 0 9 :# ymhtu tar`mpmt paikmruf poshthl shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac thikgmt
pai`h`hgmi saemrm hi`hvh`u tarfm`mp vmrhmbac thikgmt
paikmikkurmi tar`h`hg)
Qitug daikunh fhpotashs tarsabut `hkuimgmi stmthsthg t# `hdmim ihcmh t
fhtuik `mpmt `hparocaf `aikmi lorducm sabmkmh barhgut >
t fhtuik 4(& n
n
bsa
b
`hdmim >
bn 4 goalhshai rakrash
sa&bn( 4 stmi`mr arrorgoalhshai rakrash
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F: > =4 24 5 4 = 4 2 4 :# ymhtu th`mg m`m paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac
Z@RB# thikgmt hilcmsh# `mi thikgmt babmi tmikkuikmi pai`u`ug)
F= > = 2 5 = 2 : # ymhtu tar`mpmt paikmruf shkihlhgmish vmrhmbac
Z@RB# thikgmt hilcmsh# `mi thikgmt babmi tmikkuikmi pai`u`ug)
Qnh L `mpmt `hcmgugmi `aikmi dadbmi`hikgmi mitmrm ihcmh L fhtuik
`aikmi L tmbac# `hdmim ihcmh L fhtuik `mpmt `hpaiufh `aikmi lorducm sabmkmh
barhgut >
L fhtuik 4(/&(=&
(=/&2
2
giRgR
`hdmim >
R2
> goalhshai atardhimsh
g > nudcmf vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai tardmsug goistmitm
i > nudcmf smdpac
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Mpmbhcm ihcmh L fhtuik 9 L tmbac dmgm F: `htocmg `mi daiarhdm F=)
Mrthiym m`m paikmruf vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai saemrm barsmdm$smdm tarfm`mp vmrhmbac
`apai`ai) Uabmchgiym mpmbhcm# L fhtuik 3 Ltmbac dmgm F: `htarhdm `mi F= `htocmg)
Mrthiym th`mg m`m paikmruf vmrhmbac hi`apai`ai saemrm barsmdm$smdm tarfm`mp
vmrhmbac `apai`ai &Hdmd Kfozmch# 2::1()