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Future skills needs in the York, North Yorkshire and East Riding Local Enterprise Partnership Area

More Developed Area: York and North Yorkshire

Construction:Architectural activities

Beyond 2030 has produced this Report on behalf of Calderdale College and as part of the College’s delivery of the 2017-18 ESF funded Skills Support for the Workforce programme across the York, North Yorkshire and East Riding Local Enterprise Partnership Area.

June 2018

YNYER Future Skills Needs – Construction Sector. Architectural activities subsector

Executive Summary

York, North Yorkshire and East Riding Local Enterprise Partnership (YNYER LEP) has commissioned a series of research reports, which will allow key decision makers to understand more fully the future skills needs of the YNYER LEPs eight identified priority sectors.

Construction is extremely significant to the UK, contributing £130 billion in 2016 to its economy. There are four key subsectors: construction of buildings, civil engineering, specialised construction activities and architecture.

This report considers the architectural activities subsector within the wider construction sector. Architectural activities are critical to a healthy and vibrant construction sector across the LEP area.

Beyond 2030 spoke with 5 employers in the subsector across the MDA and relevant stakeholders such as Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), North Yorkshire Construction Training Group and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) to inform this report, in addition to drawing on the sources mentioned in the bibliography.

More Developed Area (MDA) of York and North Yorkshire

York and North Yorkshire is divided into a number of local government districts: Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, Selby and the City of York.

In 2016, it has a resident population of 813,300. Over 411,000 individuals are employed in the area. Employment rates stand at 80.7% for North Yorkshire and 77.5% in York compared to LEP average of 78.8%.

The largest employment sectors across North Yorkshire and York are health and social work, accommodation and food services, and retail.

Architectural activities in York and North Yorkshire

Architectural activities can be defined using the SIC 71.11. 265 businesses operate in the subsector across the area, employing 1,300 individuals. 88%

of the workforce are employed in architectural activities and 12% in urban planning and landscape architectural activities.

Harrogate and York have the greatest employment areas. 92% of businesses employ less than 10 individuals. There are no large firms in the area. The subsector is highly skilled. Entry to key roles typically requires an accredited degree

and/or postgraduate qualification. Just 8% of those working in the subsector consider themselves to be managers. Just 29% of the workforce are female. Young people are underrepresented in the subsector, but this is likely to be a consequence

of the need for higher education qualifications in many roles. It appears that a greater proportion of the workforce continue to work after the age of 65. Few firms in the area are recruiting. This could be linked to the fact that 92% of the firms in

the subsector are micro and the incidence of such firms reporting vacancies is much lower.

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The term ‘architect’ can only be used in business or practice by people who have had the education, training and experience needed to become an architect. There is an official register: The Architects Registration Board (ARB).

In addition to relevant qualifications (i.e. ARB Registered, RIBA Part 1, Part 2. Part 3), technical skills, and broader softer skills are valued.

Membership associations in the subsector promote CPD. Figures nationally show growth in student numbers on architectural, building and planning

courses. There has been a long term rise in the proportion of female students as well as students from outside the UK.

There is increasing awareness that apprenticeships are a way to bring new talent into the industry.

Employment in the Yorkshire and Humber architecture subsector is expected to increase by 12.7% between 2014 and 2024.

There are external factors which seem certain to impact on the subsector in the next few years.

Acknowledgements

Beyond 2030 would like to extend our thanks to the 5 employers in the York and North Yorkshire area and both national and local stakeholders including CITB, the North Yorkshire Construction Training Group and RIBA who provided their time and assistance in giving us valuable insights into the issues facing the subsector.

Beyond 2030 are indebted to Calderdale College for their guidance and support in completing this report.

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ContentsExecutive Summary...............................................................................................................................2

Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................3

1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................5

1.1 Construction sector...............................................................................................................5

1.1.1 Construction in North Yorkshire and York......................................................................6

1.2 York and North Yorkshire MDA..............................................................................................6

1.3 Local Authorities....................................................................................................................7

2 Architectural activities in North Yorkshire...................................................................................10

2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................10

2.1.1 Subsector definition.....................................................................................................10

2.2 Architectural activities: economy and employment............................................................11

2.2.1 Jobs people do.............................................................................................................12

2.3 Skills needs – Primary research testing the data..................................................................13

2.3.1 Recruitment.................................................................................................................13

2.3.2 Validation.....................................................................................................................14

2.3.3 What are the current skills needs and skills gaps?.......................................................15

2.3.4 CPD..............................................................................................................................16

2.4 Higher Education.................................................................................................................17

2.5 Apprenticeships...................................................................................................................17

2.6 Future requirements............................................................................................................18

2.6.1 Sector growth..............................................................................................................18

2.6.2 Replacement need and total demand..........................................................................18

2.6.3 Qualifications...............................................................................................................19

2.6.4 Future roles and skills..................................................................................................19

2.7 Drivers of change.................................................................................................................20

2.7.1 Political........................................................................................................................20

2.7.2 Economic.....................................................................................................................20

2.7.3 Technological...............................................................................................................20

2.7.4 Environmental..............................................................................................................21

3 Annex...........................................................................................................................................22

3.1 HE Courses...........................................................................................................................22

4 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................23

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1 Introduction

The York, North Yorkshire and East Riding Local Enterprise Partnership (YNYER LEP) has commissioned a series of research reports which informs key decision makers as to the future skills needs of eight identified priority sectors. These sectors are:

• Visitor Economy. • Food Manufacture.• Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise (VCSE). • Health and Social Care. • Construction. • Engineering. • Agri-tech.• Bio Renewables.

As the economic and political situation changes, it is almost universally acknowledged that improved skills, not least because of the link to enhanced productivity, is a key way by which to improve economic well-being. Consequently, LEPs across England are looking at how best to support sectors with growth potential and which therefore may generate future wealth and prosperity.

In this research, Beyond 2030 seek to understand fully the future skills needs required to ensure that within the YNYER LEP area, priority sectors can recruit and develop world class employees.

As well as wanting to understand the characteristics and future needs of the eight sectors, the LEP hopes to develop an understanding of the most significant subsectors in each priority area by geography.

1.1 Construction sector

Construction is highly significant to the economy, contributing £130 billion in 2016 to the UK economy. It creates, builds, manufactures and maintains workplaces enabling businesses to flourish and the infrastructure which underpins our daily lives.

There are four key subsectors that make up the construction sector (ONS 2009):

Construction of buildings. Civil engineering. Specialised construction activities. Architecture.

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1.1.1 Construction in North Yorkshire and York

Construction is recognised as a key sector across several of the Local Authorities in the MDA area.

Scarborough Borough Council recognises it as a growth sector and has a commitment to facilitate the building of 10,000 new homes across the borough, creating 4,000 construction jobs by 2030 (Scarborough Borough Council 2017).

Selby District Economic Development Framework has construction as a priority growth sector, with the aim to build 450 houses per annum (Selby District Council 2017).

Hambleton District Council reports a local competitive advantage in specialised construction activities and civil engineering due to a concentration of businesses and/or employees (Hambleton District Council 2014).

Craven District Council Plan 2017 -2020 sets out how it will facilitate economic growth through the provision of 214 homes per year and the development of 8 hectares of new employment land by 2020 (Craven District Council 2017).

Architectural activities are critical to a healthy and vibrant construction sector across the LEP area. This report, therefore, considers the architectural activities within the More Developed Area (MDA) of York and North Yorkshire.

In this report Beyond 2030 sets out the skills and productivity of the area as a whole as well as at Local Authority level to provide important context, before considering the subsector in further detail.

1.2 York and North Yorkshire MDA

North Yorkshire covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq. mi), making it the largest county in England. Much of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks.

York and North Yorkshire is divided into eight Local Authorities: Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, Selby and the City of York.

In 2016, it had a resident population of 813,300, which equated to 71% of the LEP’s resident population (ONS 2017). Over 411,000 individuals are employed in the area. Employment rates stand at 80.7% for North Yorkshire and 77.5% in York compared to LEP average of 78.8% (Table 1).

Using the YNYER LEP as the standard, the various differences in the productivity, skills and employment across North Yorkshire and York can be seen. Table 1 highlights where the area performs better (green) or worse (red). Self-employment in North Yorkshire, for example, stands at 13.9% - greater than within York, the LEP as a whole and the English average. However, the proportion of individuals qualified to level 4 or above is lower and the proportion with no qualifications is higher in North Yorkshire.

The largest employment sectors across North Yorkshire and York are health and social work, employing 13% of all workers, accommodation and food services, employing 11% of all workers, and retail which employs 10% of the workforce (ONS 2016).

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Table 1 Productivity, skills and jobs:

Measure North Yorkshire

York YNYER LEP

England

Gross Weekly pay full time (£) (place of residence, 2016)

£489.10 £509.60 £504.70 £544.70

Job density (the ratio of total jobs to population aged 16-64, 2015)

0.96 0.85 0.86 0.84

Employment Rate (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 80.7% 77.5% 78.8% 75.6%Self-Employment (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 13.9% 9.7% 12.0% 10.9%Full-time workers 63.1% 62.7 63.8% 69.1%Unemployment Rate (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 2.9% 3.0% 3.2% 4.4%Economically Inactive (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 16.8% 20.0% 18.5% 20.9%Level 4+ (Jan 2016-Dec 2016) 35.9% 42.7% 37.5% 37.9%No Qualifications (Jan 2016-Dec 2016) 6.5% 6.1% 6.3% 7.8%

Source: Office for National Statistics: LEP and National Labour Market Profiles; GVA for Local Enterprise Partnerships

1.3 Local Authorities

Looking in more detail at Local Authority level, variations in the employment rate are obvious. Craven, Harrogate and Scarborough have the highest rates at 83% while Richmondshire has the lowest at 75%. Worth noting is that the employment rate in seven of the Local Authorities is higher than the national average (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Employment rate across the LEP and North Yorkshire Local authorities (Apr 2016-Mar 2017)

Craven

Harrogate

Scarborough

Selby

Hambleton

Ryedale

York

Richmondsh

ire

YNYER LEP

England70%

72%

74%

76%

78%

80%

82%

84% 83% 83% 83%

80%

79% 79%78%

75%

79%

76%

Source (ONS 2017)

Using the YNYER LEP area as the standard, additional variations in the job, skills and productivity levels of each of the local authorities are highlighted in the table below. Where the area performs better, these have been highlighted in green with relatively poor performance being highlighted in red in Table 2. In summary:

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Four Local Authorities have a lower weekly wage than the LEP average (Craven, Hambleton, Ryedale and Scarborough).

In three Local Authorities (Craven, Harrogate, and Ryedale) the job density is above one - meaning that there is more than one job for every resident aged 16-64.

Self-employment is particularly high in Harrogate and Scarborough. The proportion of full-time workers is low in Scarborough. The proportion of workers with a level four qualification ranges from 23.4% in Hambleton to

50.3% in Craven.

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Where the local authority area performs better than the YNYER average this has been highlighted in green, or worse, in red in the table below.

Table 2 Productivity, skills and jobs by local authorities in York and North Yorkshire MDA

Craven Hambleton Harrogate Richmondshire Ryedale Scarborough Selby York YNYER LEP

England

Gross Weekly pay full time (£) (place of residence, 2016) £413.10 £496.80 £535.50 £507.20 £443.10 £460.30 £549.40 £509.60 £504.70 £544.70

Job density (the ratio of total jobs to population aged 16-64, 2015)

1.16 0.98 1.06 0.80 1.02 0.93 0.73 0.85 0.86 0.84

Employment Rate (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 83.0% 78.6% 82.7% 74.7% 78.6% 82.6% 80.3% 77.5% 78.8% 75.6%

Self-Employment (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) * 12.0% 16.9% * 12.9% 19.1% * 9.7% 12.0% 10.9%

Full-time workers 60.0% 65.0% 61.5% 62.5% 69.6% 58.5% 68.6% 62.7 63.8% 69.1%Unemployment Rate (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 3.0% 3.1% 3.3% 3.4% 3.5% 3.5% 3.8% 3.0% 3.2% 4.4%

Economically Inactive (Apr 2016-Mar 2017) 15.6% 18.2% 14.4% 25.3% 19.3% 15.0% 16.0% 20.0% 18.5% 20.9%

Level 4+ (Jan 2016-Dec 2016) 50.3% 23.4% 42.8% 25.3% 36.8% 37.7% 31.1% 42.7% 37.5% 37.9%No qualifications (Jan 2016-Dec 2016) * 9.1% * * * 7.4% 8.9% 6.1% 6.3% 7.8%

Source (ONS 2017) * data not available, sample too small

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2 Architectural activities in North Yorkshire

2.1 Introduction

People have been designing and building structures for thousands of years. Architecture has evolved mainly through the development of new materials and new principles of design. It is recognised as being a blend of technology and art.

Architects plan and design buildings, other structures, and the spaces around them. In addition, many technicians are involved in the design processes and in the construction projects that eventually implement the designs.

British architects are well known for the aesthetic quality and forward-looking nature of their design (Creative Industries Council 2014)

Most architectural design is done by firms which specialise in the area. Some firms assign different specialists to each step of the job including design, specification writing, structural calculations, drafting, landscape design, and so forth. Other firms create teams that collaborate on all steps of the process from start to finish. Some firms use a hybrid approach.

2.1.1 Subsector definition

This report is looking specifically at architectural activities.

For the following report, Beyond 2030 defines the subsector using the following Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) of Economic Activity. SIC is a standard measure of activity used by government and is normally used in reports such as this (see Sector Skills Assessments by UKCES, 2014).

SIC Description 71.11 Architectural activities

Source (ONS 2009)

Within this SIC code there are specific activities:

Architectural activities: consulting activities relating to building design and drafting, and the supervision of construction.

Urban planning and landscape architectural activities, including town and city planning.

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2.2 Architectural activities: economy and employment

Across York and North Yorkshire there are 265 firms working in the subsector. Examples of these companies include:

Purcell - York http://www.purcelluk.com/contact#/yorkshire-north-east Mass Architecture http://massarchitecture.com/ PPIY Architects + http://www.ppiy.co.uk/ PRA Architects http://www.pra-architects.com/ McNeil Beechey O’Neil Architects http://www.mboarchitects.co.uk/ DSP Architects http://www.dsparchitects.co.uk/press.asp Native Chartered Architects Ltd https://www.nativearchitects.com/ Townscape Architects http://www.townscape-architects.co.uk/ Richard Eves Architects http://www.richardevesarchitects.co.uk/ Smalley Marsey Rispin Architects https://www.smrarchitects.co.uk/ Studio Map http://studiomap.co.uk/ GSS Architecture http://www.gssarchitecture.com/

Firms in the area employ 1,300 individuals (ONS 2017). 88% of the workforce are employed within architectural activities and 12% in urban planning and landscape architectural activities (ONS 2017).

Harrogate and York are the greatest employment areas. Both account for 30% of the subsector employment.

Figure 2 Distribution of architectural activities businesses and employment

Harroga

teYo

rk

Craven

Hamblet

on

Richmondshire

Selby

Ryedale

01020304050607080

050100150200250300350400450

Number of businesses Employment

Num

ber o

f Bus

ines

ses

Empl

oym

ent N

umbe

rs

Source (ONS 2017) & (ONS 2017)

The majority (92%) of businesses employ less than 10 individuals, with less than 1% employing more than 50. There are no large firms in the area (250+ employees).

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http://www.gssarchitecture.com/

http://studiomap.co.uk/

https://www.smrarchitects.co.uk/

http://www.richardevesarchitects.co.uk/

http://www.townscape-architects.co.uk/

https://www.nativearchitects.com/

http://www.dsparchitects.co.uk/press.asp

http://www.mboarchitects.co.uk/

http://www.pra-architects.com/

http://www.ppiy.co.uk/

http://massarchitecture.com/

http://www.purcelluk.com/contact#/yorkshire-north-east


2.2.1 Jobs people do

The major occupational groups for the subsector at UK level is shown in the table below1. It clearly shows that the subsector is a highly skilled workforce, with 89% of the workforce in the top three occupational groups. This is far from surprising given that this subsector is characterised by professional and technical roles.

The greatest difference in the proportion of employment occurs in the professional occupations, for the subsector compared to the all economy. This occupational group accounts for half (52%) of the workforce compared to 20% in the all economy. There is also a greater proportion of associate professional and technical roles (29% compared to 14%).

The subsector has a smaller proportion of managers than average. Just 8% of those working in the subsector consider themselves to be managers but Beyond 2030 wonders if the high value of professional occupations is worth considering here. Many managers may come from a highly technical background and so may categorise themselves as technical specialists first and foremost. However, Beyond 2030 wonder if additional management training is something the subsector might consider given the above.

Table 3 Occupational groups

Architectural activities (UK)

All economy (UK)

Managers, Directors and Senior Officials 8% 11%Professional Occupations 52% 20%Associate Professional and Technical Occupations 29% 14%Administrative and Secretarial Occupations 6% 10%Skilled Trades Occupations 3% 11%Personal care services 1% 9%Sales and Customer Service Occupations 0% 8%Process, Plant and Machine Operatives 1% 6%Elementary Occupations 0% 10%

Source (Office for National Statistics; Social Survey Division; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2017)

The job roles which have the greatest number employed in architectural activities across the UK are shown in the table below. They are highly skilled roles, with entry to these roles typically requiring an accredited degree and/or postgraduate qualification.

Table 4 Top five jobs roles in architectural activities, UK

Occupation Number employed 2431 'Architects' 32,5003121 'Architectural and town planning technicians' 17,9002432 'Town planning officers' 9,3003422 'Product, clothing and related designers' 5,5001122 'Production managers and directors in construction' 4,200

Source (Office for National Statistics; Social Survey Division; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2017) * not elsewhere classified

1 Data at local level is unavailable due to small sample size of 25


The subsector has a lower than average proportion of women working in it. Just 29% of the workforce are female, compared to 47% across the whole economy.

Young people are underrepresented in the subsector compared to the economy as a whole. Only 7% are aged under 25. This compares to 12% in the whole economy, however, it may be explained by the need of higher education qualifications for many roles. In fact, the 25 to 34-year age band is overrepresented (Figure 3) relative to all economy figures.

It appears that a greater proportion than average, of the workforce continue to work after the age of 65.

Figure 3 Age profile of the special trades subsector, Yorkshire and Humber

Under 25 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65+0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Architectural activities All economy


2.3 Skills needs – Primary research testing the data

2.3.1 Recruitment

Recruitment across the subsector, does not appear to be particularly high, with none of the firms Beyond 2030 spoke to having any vacant positions. This could be linked to the fact that 92% of the firms in the subsector are micro and the incidence of such firms reporting vacancies is much lower. For example, the Employer Skills Survey found that just 10% of micro firms reported a vacancy compared to 71% of large firms (Vivian, et al. 2016). But this is clearly an industry with few current job opportunities.

Further desk research did identify some opportunities in the area (see below). Firms were seeking to recruit in specialist roles.

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Some positions are advertised online, but recruitment is advertised on trade association or agencies rather than direct with firms. There appears to be flexibility in the location of the role for firms with offices based in different areas. For example:

2.3.2 Validation

The Architects Registration Board (ARB) is the body set up by Parliament as the independent UK regulator of architects. They keep an official UK Register of Architects and only people in the Register are legally entitled to use the term "architect" in business or practice (ARB 2017). It can only be used in business or practice by people who have had the education, training and experience deemed necessary. ARB criteria is set out on their website2.

To work in the sector many firms expect potential employees to have undertaken accredited qualifications.

For example, through validation, the RIBA reported that they identified courses and examinations which achieve the standards needed to prepare students for the professional practice of architecture.

The Royal Town and Planning Institute (RTPI) works in partnership with universities to develop and accredit planning qualifications allowing graduating students to progress towards Chartered Membership of the RTPI (RTPI 2017).

2 http://www.arb.org.uk/information-for-schools-of-architecture/arb-criteria/ of 25

SMR Architects

Based in Harrogate SMR Architects, specialise in the design and delivery of retail, logistics, commercial and residential schemes. Specialisms include: Architecture, BIM Information Management, Principal Designer, Interior Design & Masterplanning.

They are currently looking for experienced Architects, Technologists or Graduates to join their team.

https://www.smrarchitects.co.uk/people/

RIBA https://www.ribaappointments.com/ had a number of vacancies advertised:

Modern City Architecture and Urbanisation (MACU) were seeking an Architect based in York or Manchester.

Seven Architecture were currently seeking RIBA Qualified Architects and experienced Technologists in our Harrogate and Manchester studios.

RICS Recruit https://www.ricsrecruit.com/jobs/

English Heritage were seeking a Historic Building Surveyor in York or Newcastle.

CIOB http://www.ciobjobs.com/jobs/

http://www.ciobjobs.com/jobs/

https://www.ricsrecruit.com/jobs/

https://www.ribaappointments.com/

https://www.smrarchitects.co.uk/people/


While there are no universities in the North Yorkshire area with accredited architectural or planning courses, there are universities in neighbouring areas that do. These include:

University of Huddersfield. Hull College. Leeds Beckett University. University of Lincoln. University of Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University.

2.3.3 What are the current skills needs and skills gaps?

2.3.3.1 Skills levels The subsector is highly skilled with 79% of the workforce qualified to a level 4 or above, compared to 38% in the whole economy.

Just 4% of the subsector do not hold a level 2 qualification.

Figure 4 Qualifications levels of architectural activities subsector (UK)

NQ

F Le

vel 4

and

abo

ve

NQ

F Le

vel 3

Trad

e ap

pren

tices

hips

NQ

F Le

vel 2

Belo

w N

QF

Leve

l 2

Oth

er q

ualifi

catio

ns

No

qual

ifica

tions

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

Architectural activities All economy


2.3.3.2 Skills needs/ gaps Architectural work is always a team effort. Architects must consider the needs and preferences of their clients and consult with urban or regional planners, surveyors and engineers, landscape architects, and even interns or technicians who may design some detailed elements of the structure. They also work closely with construction contractors to ensure that the design is realised as intended. One respondent reported that it is hard work holding someone’s hand through the design of a project and people also often expect that an architect will also project manage the build, but this is different role.

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As communities expand and building designs become increasingly complex, architectural engineering technologists help ensure building systems function correctly and safely are in more demand. One practice reported outsourcing for a technician to work alongside their in-house design team.

Skills required

From our primary work, in addition to relevant qualifications (i.e. ARB Registered, RIBA Part 1, Part 2. Part 3) Beyond 2030 reports that the following skills are particularly valued by employers in the industry.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) skills. Project Management. IT skills – i.e. AutoCAD, InDesign, SketchUp, Autodesk Revit. Management skills. Team building. Communication. Listening skills. Creativity and creative problem solving. Driving licence / own transport.

2.3.4 CPD

Many membership associations in the subsector expect that members will undertake continuous professional development (CPD) on a regular basis to ensure that their knowledge and skills are maintained. Professional bodies in the sub-sector include:

Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA): Supports British architects and introduces new people to the world of architecture. Membership is available as an individual or organisation. Conducting continuing professional development (CPD) is obligatory for Chartered Members. They must undertake at least 35 hours of learning per year (RIBA 2017).

Chartered Institute Architectural Technologists: Members are qualified to offer design services and manage projects from inception to completion. They lead the technological design of a project, forming the link between concept, innovation and realisation (CIAT 2017). The institute has set the requirement that members have a professional obligation to undertake a minimum of 35 hours CPD in any one year (CIAT 2017).

Royal Town Planning Institute: Members are expected, in any two-year period, to undertake a minimum of 50 hours CPD activity related to the undertaking or managing of planning (RTPI 2017).

2.4 Higher Education

Higher Education is the predominate route into the sector. There are several courses relating to the subsector which are shown in the Annex.

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National figures show growth in student numbers, there are now 15,500 students in the UK’s Schools of Architecture. The number of new entrants to both Parts 1 and 2 have increased year-on-year. Specifically, the number of students from outside the UK has increased (Mirza & Nacey Research 2017). Evidence also shows that there has been a long term rise in the proportion of female students (Mirza & Nacey Research 2017).

By UK region, London had the highest shares of undergraduates and postgraduates studying architecture-related degrees in 2014-15, with Yorkshire and Humber sixth in the ranking for undergraduates and fourth for postgraduates. Around 9% of undergraduates taking architecture, building and planning courses in the UK were at Yorkshire and Humber HEIs, and 8.5% of all postgraduates (Wingham 2017).

2.5 Apprenticeships

Historically entry into the subsector has been via higher education. However, there is increasing awareness that apprenticeships are a way to attract new talent. Therefore, a number of the associations and businesses have been involved in Trailblazer Groups to development new standards. These include RIBA, RTPI, Association of Professional Landscapers (APL), and the British Association of Landscape Industries (BALI).

Standards in development or approved include:

Architect – Degree (in development). Architectural Assistant - Degree (in development). Town Planning Technical Support - Level 3. Chartered Town Planning – Degree (in development). Surveying Technician – Level 3. Chartered Surveyor – Degree. Building Services Design Technician - Level 3. Horticulture and Landscape Operative – Level 2.

One medium firm with whom we spoke reported employing apprentices. However, these were in the manufacturing side of the business as welders and fabricators.

2.6 Future requirements

2.6.1 Sector growth

Future workforce projections for the subsector are available at the wider region of Yorkshire and Humber rather than the North Yorkshire area but this still provides a useful indication of changes in the workforce moving forward.

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Employment in the Yorkshire and Humber architecture subsector is expected to increase by 12.7% between 2014 and 2024 – or by 5,000. This contrasts with the region’s all sector economy, where growth of 3.9% is anticipated (UKCES 2016). The growth is closely linked to the anticipated growth of 14.6% in construction sector.

Employment growth is expected across all occupational groups, except skilled trades but particularly for professional occupations, associate professional and technical roles and managers (Figure 5) within the subsector. This contrasts with the wider construction sector where employment growth is mainly across skilled trades.

Figure 5 Architecture subsector occupational change, 2014 -2024 (000s), Yorkshire and Humber

Elementary OccupationsTransport and Machine Operatives

Sales and Customer Service OccupationsPersonal Service Occupations

Skilled Trades OccupationsAdministrative, Clerical and Secretarial Occupations

Associate Professional and Technical OccupationsProfessional Occupations

Managers and Senior Officials

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Source: UKCES Working Futures VI

2.6.2 Replacement need and total demand

Overall the subsector in Yorkshire and Humber is expected to have approximately 22,000 job openings between 2014 and 2024, but it is important to note that 16,500 will be replacement demand.

Particularly striking in this sub-sector is that two fifths (42%) of all job openings will be within professional occupations and a further 20% in associate professional and technical occupations (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Job openings in the architecture subsector by occupation 2014 - 2024 (000s) in Y&H

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ation

s-2.00.02.04.06.08.0

10.0Expansion demand Replacement demand Job openings


2.6.3 Qualifications

The change in qualification levels of the workforce shows that there will be a shift towards more people holding higher qualifications (Table 5).

By 2024, 75% of people employed in the subsector are expected to be qualified at level 4 and above (much greater than the Yorkshire and Humber region all sector proportion of 47%), whilst the proportion of people with no formal qualifications or level 1 is expected to fall to 6%.

Table 5 Change in qualification profile of architecture subsector, Yorkshire and Humber

No qualifications and level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 – 6 Level 7 – 8

Qualification example

GSCE (grades D – G)BTEC level 1

GCSE (grades A* - C) NVQ Level 2

AS & A level BTEC National

Certificate of higher education (L4)Foundation degree (L5)Bachelor’s degree (L6)

Master’s degree (L7)Doctorate (L8)

2014 level 2024 level

4,5962,873

5,6764,880

5,9384,024

18,90326,185

5,9488,306

2014 – 2024 % change -38% -14% -32% 39% 40%2014 % share 11% 14% 14% 46% 14%2024 % share 6% 11% 9% 57% 18%


2.6.4 Future roles and skills

The above Working Future projections demonstrate that there will be growth in the sector. And in an already highly skilled environment, the skills levels will continue to rise even further.

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2.7 Drivers of change

2.7.1 Political

Leaving the European Union

Plans to leave the EU, following the UK European Union membership referendum in June 2016, has left the construction sector in general and also the architectural activities industries facing an uncertain future.

However, EU architects expect to have an absolute right to remain in the UK after the leave date as was recently confirmed by the Prime Minister (BBC 2017).

When the future regarding leaving the EU is clearer, companies will feel in a better position to make investment decisions. However, it is worth noting that the majority of firms are small and so the impact of the referendum is not being felt at these macro levels relating to investment decisions. However, skills shortages is a very big issue and will be a real challenge for future policy makers.

Legislation / Regulations

As with other industries which provide a service, this is a subsector which is heavily regulated.

Employers are not expecting there to be significant new legislation in the next few years, rather they are anticipating many current standards to move from EU legislation into UK law.

2.7.2 Economic

Interest Rates

November 2017, saw the first interest rate rise in over a decade from 0.25% to 0.5%. While this interest rate increase will have little to no immediate impact on the construction industry, any further future raises are likely to have a more significant impact. For example, projects will become more expensive, borrowing will cost more, and so the growth in the construction sector may slow with concomitant impacts on the architectural subsector.

2.7.3 Technological

The adoption of new technologies has impacted on the subsector in the past and will continue to do so in the future. For example:

Computer-aided architectural design

CAD software has changed the way the world works, particularly in the engineering and architectural industries. It has replaced traditional drafting and design methods such as pen and paper, allowing industries to plan, simulate, and produce their new ideas in a single program. CAD has revolutionized the intricacies of the planning, design and evaluation processes, but increasingly architects are beginning to use BIM.

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Building Information Modelling (BIM)

BIM provides many advanced capabilities beyond CAD. BIM is a modern approach to the design, documentation, delivery, and life cycle management of buildings by the use of project information databases coupled with object-based parametric modelling.

BIM supports cost management, construction management and project management. It also allows architects to track and plan various stages from design to construction with its 4D capabilities.

BIM allows users to create and review multiple design scenarios and convey clearly understandable options to the client.

Around 38% of CAD users in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) sector currently use BIM. Within this sector, it is projected to grow by 42% in the next 3-5 years (Scan2CAD 2017).

2.7.4 Environmental

Efficiency is an important element of architectural design. A design needs to facilitate the kinds of activities that will take place in and around the structure, such as home life, manufacturing, education, retail sales, or sports events. In recent years, as energy efficiency has become increasingly important, new design techniques and materials have been lowering the continuing costs of heating, cooling, and lighting the completed structure. Architects and technicians also need to consider how their designs may achieve savings and reduce environmental impact through the appropriate selection of construction materials and methods.

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Derwenthorpe Phase One in York by Studio Partington, has been named best sustainable building at the AJ Architecture Awards.

Green infrastructure lies at the heart of the masterplan, with the open space shaped by flood prevention and landscaping for biodiversity.

http://www.studiopartington.co.uk/projects/osbaldwick

http://www.studiopartington.co.uk/projects/osbaldwick


3 Annex

3.1 HE Courses

Courses fall within the Joint Academic Coding System (JACS) subject area of Architecture, Building & Planning. This can be further disaggregated into principle subject area and then specific subjects.

Table 6 Architecture related higher education courses

JACS* 3 subjectArea

JACS 3 principle subject JACS 3 subject

K100 Architecture, building and planning

K100 Architecture K110 Architecture design theoryK120 Interior architectureK130 Architectural technologyK190 Architecture not elsewhere classified

K200 Building K210 Building technologyK220 Construction managementK230 Building surveyingK240 Quantity surveyingK250 Conservation of buildingsK290 Building not elsewhere classified

K300 Landscape and garden design

K310 Landscape architectureK320 Landscape studiesK330 Landscape designK340 Garden designK390 Landscape and garden design not elsewhere classified

K400 Planning K410 Regional planningK420 Urban and rural planningK430 Planning studiesK440 Urban studiesK450 HousingK460 Transport planningK490 Planning not elsewhere classified

K900 Others in architecture, building and planning

K990 Architecture, building and planning not elsewhereclassified

Source (HESA 2017)

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4 Bibliography

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BBC. 2017. Brexit: The rights of EU citizens in the UK and Britons in the EU. Accessed December 2017. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42279408.

CIAT. 2017. CPD. Accessed November 2017. https://ciat.org.uk/cpd/continuing-professional-development.html.

Craven District Council. 2017. Craven District Council Council Plan. Craven: Craven District Council. https://www.cravendc.gov.uk/media/4979/council-plan-2017-2020.pdf.

Creative Industries Council. 2014. Reasons to choose UK Architecture. Accessed March 2018. http://www.thecreativeindustries.co.uk/industries/architecture/architecture-why-the-uk.

Hambleton District Council. 2014. Economic Strategy 2014 -2024. Northallerton: Hambleton District Council.

HESA. 2017. JACS. Accessed November 2017. https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs.

Mirza & Nacey Research. 2017. RIBA Education Statistics 2015/16. RIBA.

Office for National Statistics; Social Survey Division; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2017. Quarterly Labour Force Survey, April - June, 2017. UK Data Service. SN: 8235. doi:http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8235-1.

ONS. 2016. Business Register and Employment Survey : open access. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/submit.asp?forward=yes&menuopt=201&subcomp=: Nomis.

—. 2017. “Business Register and Employment Survey : open access 2016.” Accessed November 2017. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?menuopt=200&subcomp=.

—. 2017. Nomis Labour Market Profile - York, North Yorkshire And East Riding. Accessed September 2017. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/lep/1925185568/report.aspx.

—. 2017. “UK Business Counts - local units by industry and employment size band 2017.” Accessed November 2017. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?menuopt=200&subcomp=.

ONS. 2009. UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 (SIC 2007): Structure and explanatory notes. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

RIBA. 2017. Fulfilling your CPD requirements. Accessed November 2017. https://www.architecture.com/education-cpd-and-careers/cpd/fulfilling-your-cpd-obligations.

—. 2017. RIBA Validation. Accessed November 2017. https://www.architecture.com/education-cpd-and-careers/riba-validation.

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RTPI. 2017. Accredited qualifications. Accessed November 2017. Accredited qualifications.

—. 2017. Professional Standards. Accessed November 2017. http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/.

Scan2CAD. 2017. How Industries Use CAD: Architecture. Accessed November 2017. https://www.scan2cad.com/cad/industries-use-cad-architecture/.

Scarborough Borough Council. 2017. Towards 2030 - an era of opportunity - an employment and skills plan for Scarborough Borough. Scarborough Borough Council. https://democracy.scarborough.gov.uk/documents/s78563/Towards2030AnEraofOpportunityEmploymentandSkillsPlanforScarboroughBorough.pdf.

Selby District Council. 2017. Selby District Economic Development Framework 2017 - 2022 and beyond. Selby: Selby District Council.

UKCES. 2016. Working Futures: 2014 to 2022. London: UK Commission for Employment and Skills.

Vivian, D, M Winterbotham, J Shury, A Skone James, J Huntley Hewitt, M Tweddle, and C Downing. 2016. The UK Commission’s Employer Skills Survey 2015: UK Results. London: UK Commission for Employment and Skills.

Wingham, M. 2017. London's Architectural Sector. London: Greater London Authority.

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