General Zoology Class

By: Sharnie Faye G. Buctuan

• Support- framework that supports

body and cradles its soft organs.

• Protection- for delicate organs,

heart, lungs, brain

• Movement- bones act as levers for

muscles.

• Mineral storage- calcium &

phosphate

• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

(e) Sesamoid bone (patella)

Distal

epiphysis

Proximal

epiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

Epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline cartilage

Sharpey’s fibers

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON Skeletal system

is divided into two general

divisions. Axial & appendicular

skeleton.

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage

Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx

Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

8 Carpals

14 Phalanges

5 Metacarpals

Pelvis

Ischium

Ilium

Acetabulum

Pubis

Ischium

Obturator foramen

Pelvis (lateral view)

Male Pelvic Girdle

                                         

       Female Pelvic Girdle

Patella

The Lower Limb (Legs)

The Lower Limb (Legs)

Femur

TibiaFibula

5 Metatarsals14 Phalanges

7 Tarsals

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

Slightly Movable Joint (amphiarthrosis)

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)

suturesuture

pubis symphisispubis symphisis

(amphiarthrosis)

femur

ligaments

pelvis

(diarthrosis)- freely movable

femur

pelvis

hyaline cartilage synovial

cavity

joint capsule

Abduction

Extension

RotationFlexion

Adduction

Synovial Joint Movement

275 bones12 weeks (6-9 inches

long)

cartilagecalcified cartilage

bone

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal line

Endochondral Ossification

2o ossification

center

Fetus: 1st 2 months

AdultChildhood

Just before birth

Osteoblast

Osteocyte

OsteoclastEats bone

Builds new bone

Mature bone cell

hematomacallus bony callus

bone remodeling

VERTEBRATES VS INVERTEBRATESScientists divided the Animal Kingdom

into two main groups:

vertebrates

(animals with a backbone)

andinvertebrates

(animals without a backbone)

Similarities & differences between Vertebrate & Invertebrate

Invertebrate Vertebrate

Kingdom: Animalia AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata ChordataSize: Small and slow moving. Big in size.Number of species: 2 million 57,739Examples: Insects, flatworms etc. Parrots, Humans, snakes etc

About: Animals without a backboneAnimals with an internal skeleton made of bone are called vertebrates.

Physical Characteristics:

Multicellular; no back bone; no cell walls; reproduce sexually; heterotrophic.

Well-developed internal skeleton; highly developed brain; have advanced nervous system; outer covering of protective cellular skin.

Species:98% of animal species areinvertebrates.

2% of the animal species are vertebrates.

Classification: 30 phylaClassified into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Subphylum: Vertebrata

VertebratesAnimals with backbones can be divided into five more

groups:

Mammals

Birds Amphibians

FishReptiles

InvertebratesInvertebrates don't have an internal skeleton made of

bone. Many invertebrates have a fluid-filled, hydrostatic skeleton, like the jelly fish or worm. Others have a hard outer shell, like insects and crustaceans. There are many types of invertebrates. The most common invertebrates includes the following:

Coelenterates

Echinoderms 

Arthropods

Worms

Mollusks