SKELETAL SYSTEM NOTES

4 Major Functions

• Framework

• Protection

• Storage

• Blood cells

Generic Parts• Periosteum• Endosteum• Epiphysis• Diaphysis• Epiphyseal

Cartilage• Yellow Marrow• Red Marrow• Foramen

Cranium• Frontal

• Parietal - 2

• Temporal – 2

• Occipital

• Ethmoid

Face

• Mandible

• Maxilla – 2

• Zygomatic – 2

• Nasal

Spine - Vertebrae

• Cervical – 7

• Thoracic – 12

• Lumbar – 5

• Sacrum

• Coccyx – 1-3

Chest• Clavicle – 2• Scapula – 2 (glenoid

cavity, acromion process)• Ribs – 12• Sternum (manubrium,

body, xiphoid process)

Arm

• Humerus• Radius• Ulna – olecrenon process• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phlanges

Leg• Femur – head, neck, greater and lesser

trochanter• Patella• Tibia – medial ankle “bone”• Fibula – lateral ankle “bone”• Tarsals – talus, calcaneus• Metatarsals• Phlanges

Pelvis• Ilium – iliac crest

• Ischium

• Pubis – symphysis

• Obturator foramen

• Acetabulum

Shoulder Girdle

• Clavicle

• Scapula

• Glenoid cavity

• Humerus

Pelvic Girdle

• Ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis

• Femur

• Acetabulum

Joint Types

• Synarthroses – immovable

• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable

• Diathroses – freely moveable

Diathroses Joints

• Hinge – atlas, elbow, knee, fingers, toes

• Pivot – axis, forearm• Saddle – thumb• Condyloid – wrist, ankle• Ball and Socket – shoulder, hip• Gliding - vertebrae

Movement Terms

• Flexion – decreasing angle

• Extension – increasing angle

• Abduction – moving away

• Adduction – moving towards

• Rotation – turning on an axis

Movement Terms• Pronation – turning palm down

• Supination – turning palm up

• Inversion – turning sole inward

• Eversion – turning sole outward

• Dorsal Flexion – toes towards nose

• Plantar Flexion – toes away from nose

Major Diseases/Disorders• Sprain – stretched ligament/tendon• Arthritis – inflamed joint• Osteomyelitis – inflamed bone• Osteoporosis – loss of bone density• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer• Leukemia – white blood cell cancer• Fracture – break or crack in a bone

Types of Fractures

• Simple – break thru bone

• Compound – bone end thru skin

• Greenstick – bent bone

• Comminuted – splintered bone

Types of Fractures• Compressed – bone pieces

pressed together• Spiral – break caused by twist• Incomplete – crack in bone• Avulsion – process broken off

bone

Complete Blood Count• Erythrocytes (RBC): carry o2

and co2, 4 million• Leukocytes (WBC): fight

invaders, 5-10 thousand• Thrombocytes (platelets): clot

blood, 250-400 thousand

CBC with Differential

• Complete blood count that counts the numbers of the 5 major types of white blood cells.