Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able...
-
Upload
ashley-oconnor -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
7
Transcript of Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able...
![Page 1: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Sizing Pipes for Efficiency
![Page 2: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this training one should be able to:
• Compare pipe sizing methods
• Understand the impact of pipe sizing on the system performance
• Apply ASHRAE Standard 90.1 to pipe sizing
• Understand how VV/VS pumping influences pipe sizing
• Utilize life cycle cost economics to justify the use of Magna3 in both new and renovated systems
2
![Page 3: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
• Pipe Sizing Considerations• Pipe Sizing Methods• Work Through a Pipe Sizing Example• Discuss Pump & System Energy Costs as They
Relate to Pipe Sizing
3
![Page 4: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Importance
Pipe size selection impacts:• Pump head• Hydronic system performance • Energy consumption
![Page 5: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Sizing Considerations
Pipe size depends on: •Material• First cost• Pump energy costs
• Internal pipe erosion• Noise• Budget
![Page 6: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Pipe Material
•Material selection influences pipe size• Nominal pipe size may be the same but different inside diameter (free area) • Influencing the friction loss and velocity
![Page 7: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Copper has the more restrictive ID
Nominal 2” Copper ID=1.985”Nominal 2” Steel ID=2.067”
![Page 8: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Typical Procedure
Size pipe based on: • Constant Friction Rate• Velocity
• Use rule of thumb or common values
![Page 9: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Constant Friction Rate
• Range: 1’/100’ - 4’/100’ • 2.5’/100’ used on average (ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009
Chpt 22)
• 4’/100’ when > 2” pipe diameter
![Page 10: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Velocity
• Define a maximum (Common: 4 fps ≤ 2”, 8 fps > 2”)• Limited primarily for noise & erosion • Higher values acceptable when air is removed from system
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22
![Page 11: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Velocity - Material Impact
Maximum velocity per Copper Tube Handbook* • Chilled Water 8 fps• Hot Water (<140ºF) 5 fps• Hot water (>140ºF) 3 fps
≤ ½” diameter pipe, lower velocities should be used due to craftsmanship and abrupt changes in flow direction
Higher velocities acceptable in chilled water because the air is more easily removed than in hot water.*Copper Development Association
![Page 12: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Commercial Steel Pipe (schedule 40)
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22 Figure 4
![Page 13: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Commercial Steel Pipe (schedule 40)
2.5’/100’ hd loss
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22 Figure 4
![Page 14: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Commercial Steel Pipe (schedule 40)
2.5’/100’ hd loss
4’/100’ hd loss
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22 Figure 4
![Page 15: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Commercial Steel Pipe (schedule 40)
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 chapter 22 Figure 4
4 fps
2.5’/100’ hd loss
4’/100’ hd loss
![Page 16: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Commercial Steel Pipe (schedule 40)
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 chapter 22 Figure 4
4 fps
2.5’/100’ hd loss
4’/100’ hd loss
![Page 17: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Sizing Chart
![Page 18: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Copper Tubing (Types K, L, M)
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 chapter 22 Figure 5
4 fps
2.5’/100’ hd loss
4’/100’ hd loss
![Page 19: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Copper Type L Pipe Sizing Chart
![Page 20: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Material Comparison
Steel
Copper
![Page 21: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Noise
• Noise velocity limits are difficult to pin point as it is dependent on many variables:• Insulation• Number of turns, fittings, valves• Air quantity• Partial flow
• Typically not a significant concern as long as entrained air has been eliminated from a closed loop system.
![Page 22: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Erosion
• Velocities < 10 fps – erosion is not significant as long as there is no cavitation
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22
![Page 23: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Aging
• Build up and increased roughness occurs in pipe over time • Narrow the pipe free area increasing head• Often ignored • Unpredictable• Research data is not available • A greater concern for open systems
![Page 24: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
EXAMPLE
![Page 25: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Example
• 4 Story Office Building• Located in Houston, Texas• HVAC system: Fan Coil Units with Chilled Water coils
![Page 26: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Basement
2
1
3
4
Mechanical Room
5
6
Zoning
![Page 27: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Main Floor
5
1 2
4
3
6
7
8
9 10 11
12 13
Zoning
![Page 28: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
2nd/3rd Floor
1
2
4
5
3
7
8
6
9
10 11
Zoning
![Page 29: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
23.7 GPM 2”, 2”
3RD
2ND
MAIN
BASE
22.3 GPM 2”, 2”
46 GPM 2½”, 2½”
24.3 GPM 2”, 2”
10.7 GPM 1¼”, 1¼”
70.3 GPM 3”, 3”
81 GPM 3”, 3”
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’
Copper2.5’/100’
Riser
![Page 30: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Basement
0-1(0.9)
0-2(2.2)
0-3(2.2)
0-4(1.7)
0-5(1.7)
0-6(1.1)
co
½”, ½”
¾”, 1”
1”, 1”
1¼”, 1¼”
1¼”, 1¼”
3”, 3”
MECH ROOM(0.8)
3”, 3”
Fan Coil Unit
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’
Copper2.5’/100’
Example
![Page 31: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Main Floor
1-5(1.9)
1-1(1.5)
1-2(0.95)
1-3(0.8)
1-7(2.0)
1-9(2.0)
1-8(1.9)
1-4(1.6)
1-10(1.0)
1-11 (1.4)
1-12 (3.7)
1-13 (4.9)
co
1”, 1” 1¼”, 1¼”
1¼”, 1¼”
1 ¼”, 1 ½”
1½”, 1½”
2”, 2”
Fan Coil Unit
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’
Copper2.5’/100’
Example
![Page 32: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
2nd Floorco
2-1(1.6)
2-2(2.1)
2-5(3.0)
2-3(1.2)
2-7(1.5)
2-6(1.3)
2-8(3.0)
2-9 (2.6)
2-11(2.2)2-10
(1.9)
1”, 1”
1¼”, 1¼”
2”, 2”
1¼”, 1½”
1¼”, 1¼”
1½”, 2”
2-4(2.0)
Fan Coil Unit
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’
Copper2.5’/100’
Example
![Page 33: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
3rd Floor
3-1(2.2)
3-2(2.2)
3-5(3.0)
3-3(1.3)
3-7(1.6)
3-4(2.1)
3-6(1.4)
3-8(3.1)
3-9 (2.8)
3-11 (2.2)3-10
(1.9)
1”, 1”
1¼”, 1½”
2”, 2”
1½”, 1½”
2”, 1½”
Fan Coil Unit
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’
Copper2.5’/100’
Example
![Page 34: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’4’/100’4fps(≤2”); 8fps(>2”)
23.7 GPM 2”, 2”, 1½”
3RD
2ND
MAIN
BASE
22.3 GPM 2”, 1½”, 1 ½”
46 GPM 2½”, 2½”, 2½”
24.3 GPM 2”, 2”, 1 ½”
10.7 GPM 1¼”, 1¼”, 1”
70.3 GPM 3”, 2½”, 2½”
81 GPM 3”, 3”, 2½”
Riser
![Page 35: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Basement
0-1(0.9)
0-2(2.2)
0-3(2.2)
0-4(1.7)
0-5(1.7)
0-6(1.1)
co
½” ½” ½”
¾”, ¾”, ¾”
1” 1” ¾”
1 ¼”, 1”, 1”
1¼”, 1¼”, 1”
2½”2½” 2½”
MECH ROOM(0.8)
3” 3”
2½”
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’4’/100’4fps(≤2”); 8fps(>2”)
Example
![Page 36: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Main Floor
1-5(1.9)
1-1(1.5)
1-2(0.95)
1-3(0.8)
1-7(2.0)
1-9(2.0)
1-8(1.9)
1-4(1.6)
1-10(1.0)
1-11 (1.4)
1-12 (3.7)
1-13 (4.9)
co
1”¾”½”
1¼”1”1”
1¼”1”1”
1¼”, 1¼”, 1¼”
1½”, 1¼”, 1¼”
2”2”1½”
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’4’/100’4fps(≤2”); 8fps(>2”)
Example
![Page 37: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
2nd Floorco
2-1(1.6)
2-2(2.1)
2-5(3.0)
2-3(1.2)
2-7(1.5)
2-6(1.3)
2-8(3.0)
2-9 (2.6)
2-11(2.2)2-10
(1.9)
1”, ¾”, ½”
1¼”, 1¼”, 1”
2”, 1½”, 1½”
1¼”, 1¼”, 1”
1¼”, 1¼”, 1¼”
1½”, 1½”, 1½”
2-4(2.0)
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’4’/100’4fps(≤2”); 8fps(>2”)
Example
![Page 38: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
3rd Floor
3-1(2.2)
3-2(2.2)
3-5(3.0)
3-3(1.3)
3-7(1.6)
3-4(2.1)
3-6(1.4)
3-8(3.1)
3-9 (2.8)
3-11(2.2)3-10
(1.9)
1”, 1”, 1” 1¼”, 1¼”, 1”
2”, 2”, 1½”
1½”1¼”1¼”
2”, 1½”, 1½”
Steel Schedule 402.5’/100’4’/100’4fps(≤2”); 8fps(>2”)
Example
![Page 39: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Pump Energy Costs
• Pressure drop (head)• Hours of operation• Annual flow profile• Pump control: constant vs variable pump flow• Energy rates• Efficiency of the pump
![Page 40: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Pressure Drop
• Energy must exerted to overcome resistance seen by the critical circuit• Poor hydronic system design and pipe lay out influences energy consumed• Items that impose resistance:• Valves• Coils• Fittings• Pipe ASHRAE Tables
Manufacturer Literature
![Page 41: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Pipe Resistance
• Based on pipe size, flow, and material, length Example: 3” Schedule 40 pipe with 80 GPM, 50’ long
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22 Figure 4
1.5
’/100’
1.5’ of Head/100’ of pipe length
50’ of pipe X1.5’/100’ = 0.75’ Hd
![Page 42: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Fitting Resistance
• Based on pipe size and velocity
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22
![Page 43: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Pipe Resistance
• Based on pipe size, flow, and material, length Example: 3” Schedule 40 pipe with 81 GPM
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22 Figure 4
Velocity = 3.3 fps
3.3 fps
![Page 44: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Fitting Resistance
• Based on pipe size and velocity
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 2290⁰ ElbowResistance = 8.1’ of straight pipe
![Page 45: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Fitting Resistance
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 Chapter 22
![Page 46: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Fitting Resistance
• Based on pipe size and velocityExample: 3.5 FPS, 3” Steel pipe
45⁰ ElbowMultiply by the 0.7 correction valueResistance = 8.1’ x 0.75.7’ of straight pipe
![Page 47: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Pressure Drop Calculation
• The calculation is cumbersome and time consuming• Often simplified• Sized pipe using 2.5’/100’, apply this value to the total pipe length of critical circuit• Much of the pipe likely to operate at less than 2.5’/100’ at full load as in example • More common to multiply value by a factor such as 1.5
• Result: Over estimated head
![Page 48: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Prescriptive Path requirements Section 6.5.4.5 – Hydronic Systems and Control
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
![Page 49: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Hours of Operation
![Page 50: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Example: Schedule 40 pipe with 81 GPM
→ 3” pipe using traditional sizing methods
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
![Page 51: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Example: Schedule 40 pipe with 81 GPM→Constant Speed = 3”; →VV/VS = 2 ½”
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
![Page 52: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
• Should a 2 ½” pipe be used for a VV/VS system?• Remember that 90.1 concentrates on energy only!• Does not account for noise or erosion
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 chapter 22 Figure 4
4.5
’/100’
5.2 fps
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
![Page 53: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
• Should a 2 ½” pipe be used for a VV/VS system?• Remember that 90.1 concentrates on energy only!• Does not account for noise or erosion
ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009 chapter 22 Figure 4
1.7
5’/
100’
3.5 fps
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
![Page 54: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Pipe Size
3” pipe• 1.75’/100’ head loss• 3.5 fps
For lowest head loss the 3” pipe is preferable3” pipe is more expensive than 2 ½”REMEMBER:System will operate at peak (81 GPM) only 19 hrs/yr
2 ½” pipe• 4.5’/100’ head loss• 5.2 fps
![Page 55: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
![Page 56: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Pipe Size
3” pipe• 1.75’/100’ head loss• 3.5 fps
For lowest head loss the 3” pipe is preferable
REMEMBER:• System will operate at peak (81 GPM) only 19 hrs/yr• Head loss & velocity for 2 ½” pipe will be much less most of the time • Closed loop system will have little issues with noise and erosion since air is eliminated
2 ½” pipe• 4.5’/100’ head loss• 5.2 fps
![Page 57: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Decreased Pipe Size Justification2 ½” pipe is potentially justifiable:• Decrease first cost• Little to no sacrifice in system life/performance• Inconsistent with pipe sizing using the constant friction rate method• Designer must consider LLC and system operation
![Page 58: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Software for Economic Analysis
• Free from Energy Design Resources: Pipe Optimization Tool
• http://www.energydesignresources.com/resources/software-tools/cool-tools/cooltools-pipe-size-optimization-tool.aspx
![Page 59: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Economic Analysis
• Using this software and its defaults, an economic analysis was performed for a constant and variable volume system
Variable VolumeGPM = 81Total Head = 36Smaller Pipe Size, VFD1st Cost = $35,678LCC = $39,470
Constant VolumeGPM = 81Total Head = 34Larger Pipe Size1st Cost = $32,234LCC = $44,040
Note: generic pump performance curves utilized for this analysis (58% Eff)
Actual savings in energy by a Magna3 pump will exceed these values (74% Eff)
![Page 60: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
• Concern with limitation on pipe sizing by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 on retrofits:• Pipes exist and there is a need for increased capacity• These limitations can restrict the design
• Change to VV/VS pumping allows for increased GPM • Increased capacity without increasing GPM• Change the water ∆T GPM=BTUh/(500∆T)
Retrofit
![Page 61: Sizing Pipes for Efficiency 1. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this training one should be able to: Compare pipe sizing methods Understand the impact.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649dba5503460f94aab36f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Other Free Resources
• Chilled Water design Guide http://www.energydesignresources.com/resources/publications/design-guidelines/design-guidelines-cooltools-chilled-water-plant.aspxOptimizing
• Energy Calculator for Horizontal Piping http://www.wbdg.org/design/midg_design_echp.php
• Temperature Drop Calculator for Hydronic Piping http://www.wbdg.org/design/midg_design_tdchp.php