ok

Sixth Edition

V. Raghavan

Materials ScienceEngineeringand

Materials Scienceand Engineering

A First Course

1

H

1.008 1s 1

2 H

e 4.003 1s 2

3 Li 6.939 2s 1

4 B

e 9.012 2s 2

5 B

10.81 2s 22p

1

6 C

12.01 2s 22p

2

7 N

14.01 2s 22p

3

8 O

16.00 2s 22p

4

9 F 19.00 2s 22p

5

10 N

e 20.18 2s 22p

6

11 N

a 22.99 3s 1

12 M

g 24.31 3s 2

13 A

l 26.98 3s 23p

1

14 Si 28.09 3s 23p

2

15 P 30.97 3s 23p

3

16 S 32.06 3s 23p

4

17 C

l 35.45 3s 23p

5

18 A

r 39.95 3s 23p

6 19

K

39.10 4s 1

20 C

a 40.08 4s 2

21 Sc 44.96 3d

14s 2

22 Ti 47.90 3d

24s 2

23 V

50.94 3d

34s 2

24 C

r 52.00 3d

54s 1

25 M

n 54.94 3d

54s 2

26 Fe 55.85 3d

64s 2

27 C

o 58.93 3d

74s 2

28 N

i 58.71 3d

84s 2

29 C

u 63.54 3d

104s 1

30 Zn 65.37 3d

104s 2

31 G

a 69.72 4s 24p

1

32 G

e 72.59 4s 24p

2

33 A

s 74.92 4s 24p

3

34 Se 78.96 4s 24p

4

35 B

r 79.91 4s 24p

5

36 K

r 83.80 4s 24p

6

37 R

b 85.47 5s 1

38 Sr 87.62 5s 2

39 Y

88.91 4d

15s 2

40 Zr 91.22 4d

25s 2

41 N

b 92.91 4d

45s 1

42 M

o 95.94 4d

55s 1

43 Tc 99 4d

65s 1

44 R

u 101.1 4d

75s 1

45 R

h 102.9 4d

85s 1

46 Pd 106.4 4d

10

47 A

g 107.9 4d

105s 1

48 C

d 112.4 4d

105s 2

49 In 114.8 5s 25p

1

50 Sn 118.7 5s 25p

2

51 Sb 121.7 5s 25p

3

52 Te 127.6 5s 25p

4

53 I 126.9 5s 25p

5

54 X

e 131.3 5s 25p

6

55 C

s 132.9 6s 1

56 B

a 137.3 6s 2

57 La 138.9 5d

16s 2

72 H

f 178.5 5d

26s 2

73 Ta 180.9 5d

36s 2

74 W

183.9 5d

46s 2

75 R

e 186.2 5d

56s 2

76 O

s 190.2 5d

66s 2

77 Ir 192.2 5d

9

78 Pt 195.1 5d

96s 1

79 A

u 197.0 5d

106s 1

80 H

g 200.6 5d

106s 2

81 Tl 204.4 6s 26p

1

82 Pb 207.2 6s 26p

2

83 B

i 209.0 6s 26p

3

84 Po 210 6s 26p

4

85 A

t 211 6s 26p

5

86 R

n 222 6s 26p

6

87 Fr 223 7s 1

88 R

a 226 7s 2

89 A

c 227 6d

17s 2

THE PER

IOD

IC TA

BLE

1. The atom

ic number is show

n at the top. 2.

The middle line indicates the atom

ic mass in am

u 3.

The outer electron configuration is shown at the bottom

58 C

e 140.1 4f 26s 2

59 Pr 140.9 4f 36s 2

60 N

d 144.3 4f 46s 2

61 Pm

147 4f 56s 2

62 Sm

150.3 4f 66s 2

63 Eu 152.0 4f 76s 2

64 G

d 157.3 4f 75d

16s 2

65 Tb 158.9 4f 85d

16s 2

66 D

y 162.5 4f 106s 2

67 H

o 164.9 4f 116s 2

68 Er 167.3 4f 126s 2

69 Tm

168.9 4f 136s 2

70 Y

b 173.0 4f 146s 2

71 Lu 175.0 4f 145d

16s 2

90 Th 232 6d

27s 2

91 Pa 231 5f 26d

17s 2

92 U

238 5f 36d

17s 2

93 N

p 237 5f 57s 2

94 Pu 244 5f 67s 2

95 A

m

243 5f 77s 2

96 C

m

247 5f 76d

17s 2

97 B

k 247 5f 86d

17s 2

98 C

f 251 5f 107s 2

99 Es 254 5f 117s 2

100 Fm

257 5f 127s 2

101 M

d 256 5f 137s 2

102 N

o 254 5f 147s 2

103 Lw

257 5f 146d

17s 2

Materials Science andEngineering

A First Course

Sixth Edition

V. RaghavanFormerly Professor of Materials Science

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Delhi-1100922015

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: A First Course, Sixth EditionV. Raghavan

© 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of thisbook may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, withoutpermission in writing from the publisher.

Front cover: Model of a carbon nanotube

ISBN-978-81-203-5092-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Forty-third Printing (Sixth Edition) … … … April, 2015

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House,111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijaniat Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-110020.

Preface ix

Preface to the First Edition x

SI Units xiPhysical Constants xivConversion Factors xvGreek Alphabets xvii

1 Introduction 1–81.1 Materials Science and Engineering 11.2 Classification of Engineering Materials 21.3 Levels of Structure 31.4 Structure–Property Relationships in Materials 7Suggestions for Further Reading 8

2 Equilibrium and Kinetics 9–222.1 Stability and Metastability 102.2 Basic Thermodynamic Functions 122.3 The Statistical Nature of Entropy 142.4 The Kinetics of Thermally Activated Processes 16Summary 18Problems 19Multiple Choice Questions 20Sources for Experimental Data 22Suggestions for Further Reading 22

3 Crystal Geometry and Structure Determination 23–52GEOMETRY OF CRYSTALS 243.1 The Space Lattices 243.2 Space Lattices and Crystal Structures 293.3 Crystal Directions and Planes 31STRUCTURE DETERMINATION BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION 373.4 The Bragg Law of X-ray Diffraction 373.5 The Powder Method 413.6 Structure Determination 42

ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

iii

iv Contents

Summary 45Problems 46Multiple Choice Questions 49Sources for Experimental Data 52Suggestions for Further Reading 52

4 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding 53–80STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 544.1 The Quantum States 544.2 The Periodic Table 554.3 Ionization Potential, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity 60CHEMICAL BONDING 634.4 Bond Energy, Bond Type and Bond Length 634.5 Ionic Bonding 654.6 Covalent Bonding 684.7 Metallic Bonding 714.8 Secondary Bonding 724.9 Variation in Bonding Character and Properties 74Summary 76Problems 77Multiple Choice Questions 78Suggestions for Further Reading 80

5 Structure of Solids 81–1195.1 The Crystalline and the Noncrystalline States 82INORGANIC SOLIDS 835.2 Covalent Solids 835.3 Metals and Alloys 885.4 Ionic Solids 975.5 The Structure of Silica and the Silicates 103POLYMERS 1065.6 Classification of Polymers 1065.7 Structure of Long Chain Polymers 1075.8 Crystallinity of Long Chain Polymers 111Summary 112Problems 113Multiple Choice Questions 116Sources for Experimental Data 119Suggestions for Further Reading 119

6 Crystal Imperfections 120–1476.1 Point Imperfections 1216.2 The Geometry of Dislocations 1266.3 Other Properties of Dislocations 1316.4 Surface Imperfections 137

Contents v

Summary 142Problems 143Multiple Choice Questions 146Sources for Experimental Data 147Suggestions for Further Reading 147

7 Phase Diagrams 148–1777.1 The Phase Rule 1487.2 Single-component Systems 1507.3 Binary Phase Diagrams 1517.4 Microstructural Changes during Cooling 1577.5 The Lever Rule 1597.6 Summary of Phase Diagram Rules 1617.7 Some Typical Phase Diagrams 1637.8 Other Applications of Phase Diagrams 170Summary 171Problems 171Multiple Choice Questions 175Sources for Experimental Data 177Suggestions for Further Reading 177

8 Diffusion in Solids 178–2008.1 Fick’s Laws of Diffusion 1798.2 Solution to Fick’s Second Law 1818.3 Applications Based on the Second Law Solution 1828.4 The Kirkendall Effect 1898.5 The Atomic Model of Diffusion 1908.6 Other Diffusion Processes 193Summary 196Problems 196Multiple Choice Questions 199Sources for Experimental Data 200Suggestions for Further Reading 200

9 Phase Transformations 201–2379.1 Time Scale for Phase Changes 202NUCLEATION AND GROWTH 2049.2 The Nucleation Kinetics 2059.3 The Growth and the Overall Transformation Kinetics 211APPLICATIONS 2139.4 Transformations in Steel 2149.5 Precipitation Processes 2209.6 Solidification and Crystallization 2249.7 The Glass Transition 2269.8 Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth 228

vi Contents

Summary 232Problems 232Multiple Choice Questions 235Sources for Experimental Data 237Suggestions for Further Reading 237

10 Elastic, Anelastic and Viscoelastic Behaviour 238–259ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 23910.1 Atomic Model of Elastic Behaviour 23910.2 The Modulus as a Parameter in Design 24310.3 Rubber-like Elasticity 246ANELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 24910.4 Relaxation Processes 249VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 25210.5 Spring-Dashpot Models 252Summary 255Problems 256Multiple Choice Questions 257Sources for Experimental Data 258Suggestions for Further Reading 259

11 Plastic Deformation and Creep in Crystalline 260–297MaterialsPLASTIC DEFORMATION 26111.1 The Tensile Stress-Strain Curve 26111.2 Plastic Deformation by Slip 26311.3 The Shear Strength of Perfect and Real Crystals 26611.4 The Stress to Move a Dislocation 26911.5 The Effect of Temperature on the Stress to Move

a Dislocation 27111.6 Multiplication of Dislocations during Deformation 27411.7 Work Hardening and Dynamic Recovery 27511.8 The Effect of Grain Size on Dislocation Motion 27811.9 The Effect of Solute Atoms on Dislocation Motion 28111.10 The Effect of Precipitate Particles on Dislocation Motion 28311.11 Review of Strengthening Methods 285CREEP 28711.12 Mechanisms of Creep 28711.13 Creep Resistant Materials 289Summary 290Problems 291Multiple Choice Questions 294Sources for Experimental Data 297Suggestions for Further Reading 297

Contents vii

12 Fracture 298–31412.1 Ductile Fracture 29812.2 Brittle Fracture 30012.3 Fracture Toughness 30412.4 The Ductile-Brittle Transition 30512.5 Fracture Mechanism Maps 30712.6 Methods of Protection against Fracture 30812.7 Fatigue Fracture 310Summary 311Problems 312Multiple Choice Questions 313Suggestions for Further Reading 314

13 Oxidation and Corrosion 315–331OXIDATION 31613.1 Mechanisms of Oxidation 31613.2 Oxidation Resistant Materials 318CORROSION 31913.3 The Principles of Corrosion 32013.4 Protection against Corrosion 325Summary 329Problems 329Multiple Choice Questions 330Sources for Experimental Data 331Suggestions for Further Reading 331

14 Conductors and Resistors 332–35414.1 The Resistivity Range 33314.2 The Free Electron Theory 33414.3 Conduction by Free Electrons 33814.4 Conductor and Resistor Materials 34114.5 Superconducting Materials 344Summary 349Problems 349Multiple Choice Questions 351Sources for Experimental Data 354Suggestions for Further Reading 354

15 Semiconductors 355–39215.1 The Energy Gap in Solids 35615.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors 36115.3 Extrinsic Semiconductors 36415.4 Semiconductor Materials 36815.5 Fabrication of Integrated Circuits 36915.6 Some Semiconductor Devices 379Summary 384Problems 385Multiple Choice Questions 387Sources for Experimental Data 392Suggestions for Further Reading 392

viii Contents

16 Magnetic Materials 393–41116.1 Terminology and Classification 39416.2 Magnetic Moments due to Electron Spin 39516.3 Ferromagnetism and Related Phenomena 39716.4 The Domain Structure 39916.5 The Hysteresis Loop 40016.6 Soft Magnetic Materials 40216.7 Hard Magnetic Materials 405Summary 407Problems 407Multiple Choice Questions 409Sources for Experimental Data 411Suggestions for Further Reading 411

17 Dielectric Materials 412–42617.1 Polarization 41317.2 Temperature and Frequency Effects 41617.3 Electric Breakdown 41917.4 Ferroelectric Materials 420Summary 423Problems 424Multiple Choice Questions 424Sources for Experimental Data 426Suggestions for Further Reading 426

18 Nanomaterials 427–45018.1 The Nanosize Range 42818.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 42918.3 Processing of Nanomaterials 430PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS 43218.4 Mechanical Properties 43218.5 Electrical Properties 43618.6 Magnetic Properties 43918.7 Other Properties 44018.8 Carbon Based Nanomaterials 44218.9 Other Nanomaterials and Applications 445Summary 446Problems 447Multiple Choice Questions 448Sources for Experimental Data 450Suggestions for Further Reading 450

Appendix I—Properties of Elements 451–453Appendix II—Properties of Engineering Materials 454

Index 455–463

continue

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