Environmental Impact Assessment of Zhejiang Province for

PCB Management and Disposal Demonstration Project

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH & DESIGN INSTITUTE OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

March 21, 2005

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE “PCB MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT” AND THE

STOCKHOLM CONVENTION........................................................................................................................1

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR PCB HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

AND IN THE ZHEJIANG PROVINCE. .........................................................................................................2

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR C HINA.................................................................................................................2

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE ZHEJIANG PROVINCE .................................................................................3

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK. .................................................................................................................2

CHINA INSTITUTIONS FOR POPS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................3

ZHEJIANG INSTITUTIONS FOR POPS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT .........................................................................4

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND QUALITY CRIT ERIA FOR PCB. .....................................5

NATIONAL STANDARDS............................................................................................................................................5

WESTERN COUNTRIES STANDARDS ........................................................................................................................6

BASELINE AND ENVIRONMENT QUALITY INFORMATION IN ZHEJIANG BEFORE THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “PCB MANAGEMENT AND D ISPOSAL DEMONSTRATION

PROJECT”...............................................................................................................................................................6

DESCRIPTION OF ACTIO NS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED BY THE “PCB

MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT”.................................................8

PRIORITY RANKING.................................................................................................................................................8

SITE SAMPLING.......................................................................................................................................................8

DECONTAMINATION OF PCB CONTAMINATED SITES............................................................................................8

STORAGE FACILITY FOR PCB WASTES ...................................................................................................................9

TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................................................................9

MOBILE THERMAL DESORPTION PLANT ................................................................................................................9

ONLINE DECONTAMINATION FOR TRANSFORMERS ............................................................................................. 10

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ACTIONS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

BY THE “PCB MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL DEMONSTRATION PROJEC T”.................. 10

DECONTAMINATION OF PCB CONTAMINATED SITES.......................................................................................... 10

STORAGE FACILITY FOR PCB WASTES ................................................................................................................. 11

THERMAL DESORPTION PL AN............................................................................................................................... 13

ONLINE DECONTAMINATION FOR TRANSFORMERS ............................................................................................. 13

CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL EVALUATION............................................................................................ 14

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CONTENTS

1.BACKGROUND OF THIS PROJECT ....................................................................................................... 15

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPS ............................................................... 15

1.1.1 Main contents ....................................................................................................................................... 16

1.1.2 Situation of China’s participation..................................................................................................... 16

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THIS PROJECT................................................................................................................. 18

1.3 GENERAL SITUATIONS ON PCBS MANAGEMENT IN ZHEJIANG............................................................... 19

1.3.1 Overall evaluation on PCBs management in China...................................................................... 19

1.3.2 Evaluation of PCB management in the national and Zhejiang provincial plans..................... 21

2 REGULATORY FRAMEWO RK ................................................................................................................. 23

2.1 LAWS AND REGULATIONS SYSTEM FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES IN C HINA............................................... 23

2.1.1 National laws ....................................................................................................................................... 23

2.1.2 Administrative statutes and legal documents .................................................................................. 23

2.1.3 Department regulations and criterion documents ......................................................................... 26

2.1. 4 Environment Standards and Technology Guidelines..................................................................... 35

2.2 PCBS RELATED POLICY, REGULATION AND STANDARD ....................................................................... 36

2.2.2 About PCBs Electric Equipment and PCBs Waste ........................................................................ 36

2.2.2 PCBs Commodities .............................................................................................................................. 40

2.2.3 On Environmental and Health Quality Standard of PCBS........................................................... 41

2.2.4 The US. Requirements for PCBs cleanup ........................................................................................ 41

2.2.5 Policies on wastes management and PCB management and treatment of Zhejiang Province

.......................................................................................................................................................................... 44

3. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 49

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE C ONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION IN CHINA...................................................... 49

3.2 PCBS MANAGEMENT ADOPTED BY THE SEPA & OTHER RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS........................... 50

3.2.1 Institutions Related to PCB Management ....................................................................................... 50

3.2.2 Other Institution Concerning PCB...................................................................................................52

3.3 PROVINCIAL EPB AND OTHER PROVINCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF PCBS MANAGEMENT E.G. ZHEJIANG

PROVINCE............................................................................................................................................................. 56

3.3.1 Relevant Management Institutions ...................................................................................................56

3.3.2 Other PCBs related institutes ............................................................................................................ 57

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3.4 THE PCBS MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAUS AND OTHER RELATED

LOCAL INSTITUTES . THE Z HEJIANG PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE...................................................................60

3.4.1 Hazardous waste management institute .......................................................................................... 60

3.4.2 Other PCBs related institutes ............................................................................................................ 63

3.5 THE RELATIONSHIP OF EACH INSTITUTE.................................................................................................... 64

4. INVENTORY OF PCBS WASTES IN THE ZHEJIANG PROVINCE............................................ 66

4.1 CHINA PCBS INVENTORY M ETHODOLOGY GUIDELINE .......................................................................... 66

4. 2 PCB INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE ...................................................................67

4. 2.1 Inventory development process ........................................................................................................ 67

4. 2. 2 The preliminary result of PCB inventory in Zhejiang.................................................................70

5. DETAILED DESCRIPT IONS AND PRIORITIES FOR THE CLEANUP OF THE

PCB-CONTAMINATED SITES ....................................................................................................................... 78

5.1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ..................................................................... 78

5.1.1 Analysis of Environmental Risks ....................................................................................................... 78

5.1.2 Detailed Descriptions of the PCB-Contaminated Sites ................................................................ 79

5.2 THE PRIORITY ORDER FOR CLEANUP AND DISPOSAL..............................................................................100

5.3 THE CLEANUP PLAN....................................................................................................................................105

6. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE FOR PCB SITES .............................................................................106

6.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES .......................................................................................................................................106

6.2 MAIN PROCEDURE ......................................................................................................................................106

6.3 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE ........................................................................................106

7. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE

FACILITY OF PCBS.........................................................................................................................................119

7.1 SITING OF THE PCB STORAGE FACILITY .................................................................................................119

7.1.1. Identification of the General Locations for the PCBs Storage Facility ..........................119

7.1.2. Natural and Socio-Economic Environment of Chongxian and Qiaosi ............................120

7.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PCB STORAGE SITES CONSIDERED IN CHONGXIAN AND Q IAOSI .......124

7.2.1 Siting Requirements .......................................................................................................................125

7.2.2 Detailed Description of the Chongxian Site .............................................................................126

7.2.3 Detailed Description of the Qiaoxi Site.....................................................................................129

7.3 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SITES ......................................................................................................133

7.4 DESIGN OF THE PCB STORAGE FACILITY ...............................................................................................138

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7.4.1 The rules for design.......................................................................................................................138

7.4.2 Structure facilities ..........................................................................................................................139

7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENTS .............................................................................140

7.5.1 Envir onmental Impact Assessment .............................................................................................140

7.5.2 Risk Assessment .............................................................................................................................140

7.6 OPERATION OF THE PCB STORAGE FACILITY.........................................................................................141

7.7 SAFETY MEASURES ....................................................................................................................................145

7.7.1. Preventive Measures .................................................................................................................145

7.7.2. Emergency Measure .................................................................................................................145

7.8 EMPLOYEE T RAINING ................................................................................................................................146

7.9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING...............................................................................................................147

7.9.1. Monitoring Phase.....................................................................................................................147

7.9.2. Criteria for Monitoring............................................................................................................147

7.9.3. Environmental Monitoring Scheme.......................................................................................148

7.10 CLOSURE OF THE PCB STORAGE FACILITY ..........................................................................................149

8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TH E PROPOSED SOIL AND

TRANSFORMERS DECONTAMINATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR ZHEJIANG......................152

8.1. SELECTION OF SOIL DECONTAMINATION T ECHNOLOGY .....................................................................152

8.1.1 First Stage Evaluation ......................................................................................................................152

8.1.2 Second Stage Evaluation..................................................................................................................156

8.1.3 Third Stage Evaluation .....................................................................................................................158

8.2 MODALITY FOR THE SITE OF THE FACILITY ............................................................................................161

8.2.1 Location of the Facility ....................................................................................................................161

8.2.2 Determination of the Facility Capacity.........................................................................................161

8.2.3. Site Selection of the Thermal Desorption Facility ......................................................................162

8.2.4 Environmental Impact Estimation ..................................................................................................163

8.2.5 Operational Monitoring ...................................................................................................................164

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR THE DISPOSAL PROCESS ............................................................164

8.3.1 Monitoring for PCBs.........................................................................................................................164

8.3.1.1. Collection and Storage of PCB Sample....................................................................................164

8.3.2 Monitoring for PCDDs/PCDFs ......................................................................................................165

8.4 MANAGEMENT AND DECONTAMINAT ION OF PCB CONTAMINATED T RANSFORMERS ......................166

8.4.1 CURRENT SITUATION OF PCB CONTAMINATED TRANSFORMERS IN ZHEJIANG.............................166

8.4.2 Main Points of Proper Technology Selection of Decontamination of PCB Contaminated

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Transformers ................................................................................................................................................167

8.4.3 Available Technologies for Online Decontamination of Transformers ....................................167

8.4.4 Selection and Origin of Technology of Decontamination of Transformers .............................171

8.4.5 Test Execution of Decontamination of Transformer....................................................................171

8.5A SSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS..............................................................172

8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR THE DECONTAMINATION OF PCB.............................................173

8.6.1 Environmental Monitoring for the Decontamination of Transformer ......................................173

8.6.2 Monitoring for PCBs.........................................................................................................................174

8.6.3 Monitoring for PCDDs/PCDFs ......................................................................................................175

9. CAPACITY BUILDING IN ZHEJIANG ................................................................................................178

9.1 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING ............................................................................................................178

9.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR PCB MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL .....................178

9.3 TRAININGS IN Z HEJIANG............................................................................................................................179

10 EMP IMPLEMENTATIO N PLAN AND PROJECT C OST ESTIMATION ...............................182

10.1 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ..........................................................................................................................182

10.2 COST ESTIMATION....................................................................................................................................185

11. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ......................................................................................................................187

11.1 OBJECTIVES AND FORMS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............................................................................187

11.1.1 Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................187

11.1.2 Principles of public participation and investigation .................................................................187

11.1.3 Method of public participation......................................................................................................188

11.2 SITUATION OF WORKING ORGANIZATIONS OF PUB LIC PARTICIPATION...............................................188

11.3 GENERAL PUBLIC CONCER N AND SUGGESTION ....................................................................................191

11.4 PLAN FOR FURTHER INFORMATION EXCHANGE ....................................................................................192

11.5 PLAN FOR FURTHER INFORMATION EXCHANGE ....................................................................................193

11.6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................194

ANNEX: QUESTIONNAIRE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION INVESTIGATIO ...........................196

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Executive Summary

The “PCB Management and Disposal Demonstration Project” and the Stockholm Convention

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the twelve persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which, being noxious to human health and the environment, were identified for elimination by the Stockholm Convention, which came into force on May 17, 2004. China has been strongly committed to the development and implementation of the Stockholm Convention. It participated in all preparatory meetings and signed the Convention as soon as it opened for signature on May 23, 2001. China officially ratified the Stockholm Convention on August 13, 2004, and is a Party to the Convention. China has also advanced substantially in meeting the Convention requirement that Parties to the Convention submit a National Implementation Plan (NIP) to the Conference of Parties within two years after the Convention comes into force in that country. China started prepa ring its NIP in mid-2004 and is expected to complete it by the required date of August 13, 2006. China has been manufacturing PCBs from 1965 until early 1974. It produced approximately 10,000 tons, including 1,000 tons of pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB5) and 9,000 tons of trichlorobiphenyl (PCB3). PCB5 oils were generally used in a wide variety of open systems, such as in oil paints and exterior dopes. While some wastes may still be present at production or formulation facilities, it is reasonable to assume that most of this material has been released into the environment. PCB3 was mainly used in manufacturing capacitors that were used in the electricity supply industry. There is still very little information available concerning the PCB contamination of transformers and other electrical equipment in use, even though some progress in this direction has been made under the Inventory project. During the 1980s, on the grounds of growing health and environmental concerns, China removed most PCB-containing capacitors from service and placed them in temporary storage facilities (underground “concrete coffins” or in caves) intended to hold them for 3-20 years. Recent surveys and investigations indicate that most PCB-containing equipment remains in these temporary storage facilities, and that many of the facilities -- caves and burial sites -- are leaking PCBs into the environment. The project will address these sector issues in one province (Zhejiang) to determine and demonstrate the most cost -effective practices and technologies for disposing of PCBs in China’s conditions. A big question still remaining open concerns the amount of PCB contaminated equipment still in use in China. While the available information is that domestic transformer producers have never used PCBs as dielectric, very little is known on improper maintenance as a possible cause of transformer contamination, on the number, of imported PCBs transformers from other countries, on the PCB content (if any) of the mineral oil used in the transformers. Therefore the project is also intended to address this issue, by performing sampling and analysis of the mineral oil in electrical

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equipment and by testing available technologies for non destructive decontamination of these equipments. Thus, from the point of view of environmental impact, provided contaminated sites will be managed and decontaminated following good technical procedures, the project is expected to have a strong beneficial impact on the environment and on human health.

Legislative Framework for PCB Hazardous Waste Management in China and in the Zhejiang Province

Legislative Framework for China From 1974 to now, almost 100 National laws and acts on wastes and waste-related environmental issues have been enacted. 19 of them are specifically addresse d toward the industrial, municipal or hazardous wastes regulation, 12 concern environmental issues in general, including wastes. 69 laws concerning hazardous wastes have been promulgated. The breakout of SARS in early 2003 has greatly alarmed the central government and raised much concern on hazardous waste and medical waste management. The government reacted in a very short time and issued the National Program on the Construction of Hazardous Waste and Medical Waste Disposal Facilities for the ultimate purpose of prevention of disease and protection of human health and the environment. As far as PCBs are concerned, the following regulation addresses explicitly and in some case exclusively the regulation of PCBs.

• Circular on Changing Impregnant of Power Capacitors [Jidian 226 (74)] stipulated to ban the use of trichlorinated biphenyl to manufacture power capacitors;

• Circular on Preventing Pollution Problems of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Harmful Substance (1979) which stipulated to control pollution of polychlorinated biphenyl and stop the import of electrical installation with polychlorinated biphenyl as the medium.

• Circular on Strengthening Management on Abandoned Polychlorinated Biphenyl Power Capacitors] (1990) which strictly prohibited dealing in waste PCBs power capacitors, dismantling waste PCBs power capacitors and power capacitors with no distinct model number, and required that an inventory survey on PCBs power capacitors be carried out by the Environmental Protection Department and Electricity Department.

• Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and its Wastes (1991) stipulated to prevent and control the pollution arising from the use of PCBs electrical equipment and the collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of PCBs wastes, and to strengthen governmental supervisors and management of PCBs.

• GB13015-91 Standards on pollution control of PCBs wastes. (1991) establishing the maximum value of PCBs wastes as 50mg/kg and all the allowable methods for PCB disposal.

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• Circular on Countrywide Reporting of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Electrical Installations and their Wastes enacted to coordinate the countrywide investigation on the use, the storage and the conditions of PCBs electrical equipment.

• In January 1998, the Directory of Hazardous Wastes was issued jointly by SEPA, former SETC, former MFETC and MPS, in which the PCBs rank as the 10th hazardous waste.

• Measures of Administration of License on Hazardous Waste (2004) which stipulated that any institutes or companies engaging in collection, storage and disposal of hazardous waste should obtain a hazardous waste dealing license from local or state environmental protection departments. The license for disposal of hazardous waster conta ining polychlorinated biphenyls should be approved and issued by SEPA.

Legislative Framework for the Zhejiang Province At the provincial level, the following regulations apply to the PCB contaminated material and equipment: Regulations on Preventing PCB Electrical Equipments and Wastes from Polluting Environment, published in 1991 and transmitted by EPB of Zhejiang Province; Circular on Management Methods for Hazardous Wastes Exchanging and Transporting of Zhejiang , June,1999; Circular on Management Method for Hazardous Wastes Business License , July 2001; Construction Projects Environment Protection Management Regulations and Implementation Opinions of EPB of Zhejiang Province Construction Projects Environment Protection Management Regulations(State Department No.253); Zhejiang Province Atmosphere Pollution Prevention and Solution Regulations ; Zhejiang Province Construction Projects Environment Protection Management Method; Hazardous Solid Waste Administration Temporary Methods in Hangzhou, December 28, 1999.

Institutional Framework

China Institutions for POPs and Waste Management

The problem of PCBs in China mainly lies in the electric power sectors and some large scale corporations of other sectors. Therefore, the management of the PCBs mostly concerns the environmental institutions, electric power sectors and other relevant large scale corporations.

Following the negotiation, signing and approval of the Stockholm Convention, in April 2003, SEPA founded the leading group and Convention Implementation Office (CIO/SEPA), in order to strengthen the capacity to implement the convention. In November 2003, the Leading Group for NIP Development (LG) was founded jointly by 11 ministries or administrations of the State Council. They are SEPA, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOF), Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce (MOCom), Ministry of Science and

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Technology (MOST), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Construction (MOC), General Administration of Customs (GAC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), with SEPA as the leading agency. In June 2004, China approved the Convention, and at present CIO/SEPA takes routines of convention implementation in China.

Other institutions playing a role in PCBs management are: the State Grid Corporation of China and the South Grid Corporation of China, and the main five power generation companies (Huaneng Group of China, Datang Group of China, Huadian Group of China, Guodian Group of China and Electric Power Investigation Group of China.); The Shenyang Environmental Sciences Institute, which is under the jurisdiction of SEPA and Shenyang Municipal Government, while also being the support institute of the National Environmental Protection Technical Center of Hazardous Wastes Disposal Engineering; the network of 2,340 monitoring centers/stations and 15 monitoring networks; large scale enterprises.

Zhejiang Institutions for POPs and Waste Management

There are 2 sub-provincial cities, 9 cities with districts, and 90 counties or county-level cities or urban districts in Zhejiang province. The government of each city or county sets up environmental protection bureaus to take charge of the management work of local environmental protection. The Zhejiang Environmental Protection System is composed of Zhejiang provincial (EPB) and 11 local EPBs, which are the EPBs of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Jiahua, Quzhou, Zhoushan, Taizhou and Lishui.

Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau is a government institution specialized in environmental protection in Zhejiang province, with several departments. Toxic chemicals and solid waste pollution prevention and control are mainly under the authority of the Pollution Control Division of the pr ovincial EPB. Supervising the implementation of environmental protection standards, including environmental monitoring, environmental protection research and other relevant works, is mainly under the authority of the Monitoring Science and Technology Divis ion.

Following the national regulation on PCB, the pollution control divisions of provincial EPB or provincial solid waste management centre are charged with preventing PCBs pollution in their own provinces. Pollution control divisions or management office of city and county EPB are in charge of their own PCBs pollution prevention and control. Trans-province transfer is managed by provincial environmental protection bureau in accordance with Administration Measures for Hazardous Waste Transfer (SEPA [1995] 5).

In order to strengthen solid waste management, Zhejiang Province established the Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Centre (ZJSWMC). It plays an important role in enforcing provincial solid waste management and guiding subordinate administrative branches in all cities or counties in the province. The program management office of the Zhejiang Environment-Oriented Enterprise Consultative Program under Sino-German Government Technical Cooperation has also been established within the ZJSWMC.

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Zhejiang Environment Monitoring Centre is a provincial level station in China’s national environment monitoring network. This centre consists of six divisions: management office, management division, analysis laboratory, water monitoring division, atmosphere monitoring division and quality testing division.

Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Company is a company, held and supervised by State Grid Corporation. It is composed of 16 departments. Among these, the security inspection department is in charge of the environmental protection in Zhejiang electric power industry, and assisting provincial EPB in the implementation of PCBs inventory investigation and PCBs disposal in the electric power industry.

Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd. is an important component of the Chinese-German Environment Cooperation Project and a province-level hazardous waste disposal centre under the National Program on Construction of Medical Waste and Hazardous Waste Disposal Facility.

Environmental Standards and Quality Criteria for PCB

National Standards

In March 1991, the former National Environmental Protection Agency (Now SEPA) and State Ministry of Energy jointly issued the Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and its Wastes [Huanguan (91) 050] (with three annexes) to prevent and control the pollution caused by the use of PCBs electrical equipment and collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of PCBs wastes and to strengthen governmental supervision and management on PCBs.

In addition, the regulations stipulated that PCB-polluted water bodies and soils should be used and managed as provided for in annex 3 Controlling Value of Water Quality and Soil Pollution Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Interim). In soil, a PCB content of 50-500mg/kg was considered as the first pollution level and was banned from use for both industry and agriculture and its disposal is mandatory where applicable. Values in excess of 500mg/kg of PCBs in soil were considered as the second pollution level and banned from use for any purpose; disposal (by storage or incineration).is mandatory. The discharge control standard for waste water containing PCBs is 0.003mg/l.

The former State Bureau of Technical Supervision and SEPA issued GB13015-91 Standards on pollution control of PCBs wastes. The standard stipulates that the hazardous waste with PCBs concentration more than 500mg/kg should be incinerated at high temperature and the hazardous waste with PCBs =50~=500mg/kg should be safely landfilled or incinerated at high temperature. The PCBs waste (with PCBs >50mg/kg) should be collected and temporarily stored under the approval of EPB whenever incineration or landfilling are not feasible.

In 1988, the Ministry of Health released GB9674-88 Standards on Hygiene Limits of PCBs in Seafood (Taking effect on June 1st, 1989) which stipulated that PCBs content

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in seafood such as fish, shellfish, shrimps and algae should be less than 0.2mg/kg. GHZB1 -1999 Standards on Environmental Quality of Surface Water released by SEPA regulates that the PCBs content control standard is 8.0×10- 6 mg/L in of I, II, III type surface water.

Western Countries Standards

Presently, China has no detailed standards and requirements about the PCBs cleanup. The U.S. CB Cleanup requirements reflect those prescribed by the U.S.’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (40CFR 761). In addition, in August 1990, the U.S. EPA issued “A Guide on Remedial Actions at Superfund Sites with PCB Contamination”, which establishes cleanup levels for PCB-contaminated sites. Accordingly, the recommended cleanup levels are as follows: Soil in a residential area: 1 ppm; Soil in an industrial area: 10 ppm to 25 ppm; Sediment in aquatic freshwater: 19 ug/g of sediment; Sediment in saltwater: 33 ug/g of sediment. In addition, the Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the following maximum PCB levels to protect aquatic life: Acute toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 2 ppb; Chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 0.014 ppb; Acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life: 10 ppb; Chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 0.03 ppb.

In Italy, Decree of IMET (Italian Ministry of Environment and Territory) 491/99 regulates PCB cleanup level at <1ppb for residential area, and <25 ppm for industrial areas. In Netherlands, the immediate soil cleanup level is set below 10 ppm.

For air emission control, 0.1 ngTEQ/m3 is applied for PCDD/PCDF in most of the western control (under conditions: 2730k, 101.3kpa of pressure and 111% of oxygen).

For PCB transformers decontamination, 50 ppm is the maximum international standard as required by the Stockholm Convention.

Baseline and Environment Quality Information in Zhejiang before the Implementation of the “PCB Management and Disposal Demonstration Project”

The Sino-Italian project “Development of a PCB Inventory Methodology and a Draft Strategy for PCB Reduction and Disposal in China”, still ongoing, has the objective to develop a preliminary PCBs inventory for the Zhejiang and Liaoning provinces, selected as pilot provinces, and to draft a national strategy for PCB reduction and disposal. Within the framework of this project, and with the joint effort of national, and the provincial institutions, the first preliminary PCBs inventory has been developed, following the inventory methodology specially developed by the Tsinghua University for this purpose. In general, the results of the preliminary inventory are the following:

• 43 PCBs contaminated sites have been discovered; some of these sites are located near populated areas and/or are in direct contact with sensitive environments, thus representing a considerable risk for the environment and the health of the population;

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• There could be 18 further potential locations containing PCBs pollutant according to the information of the electricity department;

• The PCB concentration in some sites is well above the Chinese standard for contaminated soil (50 ppm);

• Five of these sites have been cleaned up, and the highly contaminated wastes incinerated in Shenyang;

• No direct information on PCBs equipment in use has been found until now; however, on the basis of the preliminary inventory results for the electricity distribution substations, data concerning transformer number and overall transformer capacity (calculated as sum of the capacity each single transformer) have been found and are as following:

• The theoretical number of capacitors containing PCBs (period 1964 – 1980) in use in Zhejiang province is 20500 units;

• The total number of large on-line transformers of transformer substations in Zhejiang in 1980, is 626 units, and the transformer capacity is 5,120 MVA;

According to a 2005 January investigation by Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Center and Zhejiang Electric Power Company on all on-line transformers in the electricity power sector (production and distribution of electricity) for the province, the total number of online transformers is 230,733, and overall capacity is 127,794 MVA. Information is provided in Table 4.9.

• According to a 2005 January investigation by Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Center and Zhejiang Electric Power Company on all on-line transformers in the electricity power sector (production and distribution of electricity) for the province in 2003, the total number of online transformers is 230,733, and overall capacity is 127,794 MVA, as shown in the following table. Keeping these figures as a reference basis, it will be possible as a first step, to perform screening tests on PCB contents in a significant statistical sample of the transformer population order to achieve at least an estimation of the importance of the PCB contamination of the equipment in use in the electricity sector.

Transf. Class(kV) Transf. Number Overall Capacity (MVA) 500kv 24 18,500 220kv 187 28,160 110kv 787 29,069

35( 63) kv 1,256 10,938 35/0.4kv 387 1,930

3-10/0.4kv 228,092 39,197

Total 230,733 127,794 It is quite obvious that this situation may represent a substantial risk for both the environment and the public health. However, cleanup of PCB storage sites or removal

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of PCB equipment in use may represent a still greater risk if performed with the wrong methodologies. It is then necessary to adopt the Best Available Technology for reducing the health and environmental risk due to the presence of PCBs in Zhejiang, and to evaluate their environmental impact.

Description of Actions and Equipment Required by the “PCB Management and Disposal Demonstration Project”

Priority Ranking The priority ranking for the contaminated sites has then been developed assigning weighting factors to the following parameters: Distance from the residential area; Distance from the surface water; Possibility for the groundwater to be polluted; Concentration value; Land use; Land history. According to the characteristics of the PCBs locations in Zhejiang and the pollutants situation, the cleanup for the PCBs locations can be split into three phases: Phase 1 (2006.7-2006.12) -- clean up 14 locations; Phase 2 (2007.1-2007.10) -- clean up 30 locations; Phase 3 (2007.11-2008.4) -- clean up 12 locations.

Site Sampling Some sampling methods or procedures could be adopted due to different types of PCBs storage and media. For sites where PCB concentrations have been found to be lower than the cleanup action levels and with deep ground water table, most of samples will be taken from the soil; for sites where PCB concentrations have been found to be higher than the cleanup action levels or with relatively shallow groundwater table, then “Grid Sampling Method” will be used for both soil and underground water. However, if leakage is found, the “grid sampling method” will also be considered. In addition, for the concrete slab, sampling will be conducted based on some common principles on concrete or solid mass; for industrial residue containing PCBs, then “taper sampling method” or “grid sampling method” could be adopted. Also depending on the type of the site, the level of contamination and the experience gained from practice in other sites in Zhejiang, a range of 66 to 160 samples for each site may be taken for characterization.

Decontamination of PCB Contaminated Sites Exact locations of where the PCBs are stored in the 61 PCB storage sites will have to be identified, sampled and tested, after which the sites will be cleaned up. Concentrated PCB wastes with PCB content of over 500ppm will be temporarily stored in Chongxian until they are transported to Shenyang for final destruction (See details in Chapter 7 EIA of Temporary PCB Storage in the Zhejiang). Contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm will be treated by a mobile thermal desorption facility (in vehicle) site by site (see details in Chapter 8 EIA of the Proposed Soil Decontamination Scheme for the Zhejiang Province). In some unusual cases where the vehicle can not reach the site, these soil and PCB waste will be transported to Chongxian of Hangzhou for collectively thermal desorption. The highly

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concentrated PCB waste generated by thermal desorption will also be sent to Shenyang for final disposal. The cleaned PCB sites will be further monitored and effectively managed until the remediation of those contaminated sites (with PCB content below cleanup action level) are within the standard set by the Chinese Government.

Storage Facility for PCB Wastes

The temporary storage facility which is proposed in Chongxian in Yuyao District of Hangzhou will store the highly contaminated PCB wastes (>500 ppm) until they are transported to Shenyang for final disposal, and some low contaminated PCB wastes (between cleanup action level and 500 ppm) from the sites where the mobile thermal desorption vehicle can not reach. This storage facility will be designed and operated according to the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage (GB18597-2001).

Transpo rt For short/provincial transportation of contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm from very few sites inaccessible by the thermal desorption vehicle, a transportation team will be established consisting of 8-10 trucks with the container of a capacity of 20 tons (180 tons capacity in total one time, about two times for each site), 1 special commanding vehicle and 1 emergency vehicle. The team will be comprised of 1 project manager, 12 drivers (including 2-4 in standby), 2 safeguard staff, and 3 staff for emergency actions. Normally in Zhejiang, the truck goes 600 km per day so the team can start in the early morning and reach Chongxian in the afternoon of the same day. For long distance transportation be tween Chongxian of Hangzhou and Shenyang for three batches respectively from 2006 to 2008, a transportation team will be established, consisting of 5 trucks each with a 20-ton container capacity (100 tons in total each time, about 5 times for the first batch of 2006 and third batch of 2008 in about 2 month, and 10 times for the second batch of 2007 in about 3 months), 1 special commanding vehicle and 1 emergency vehicle. The team will be comprised of 1 project manager, 10 drivers (including 3 in standby), 2 safeguard staff and 3 staff for emergency actions. Drivers will attend a special training course on safe driving and transport of hazardous wastes.

Mobile Thermal Desorption Plant

Thermal desorption has been selected as the technology for decontamination of low PCBs contaminated soil (<500 ppm) after the comparative examination of other technologies like incineration, plasma, solvent extraction, base catalysed dechlorination, in situ vitrification, solvated electron. Thermal desorption is based on the principle of heating up polluted soil in a rotary kiln to desorb PCBs and other organic pollutants from the soil. As the process is not a combustion one, but only a phase transfer enhanced by thermal energy, dioxin by-production is not expected.

The desorption unit is the main component of the process. Waste is partially vaporised

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in a reductive environment under low vacuum conditions (0 to 50 Pa). The rotary reactor operates on a continuous basis. The reactor is cylindrical in shape, arranged horizontally and rotates around its axis. The operating temperature in the reactor ranges from 500 to 600oC. The waste may be introduced directly. PCBs are vaporized and thus desorbed from the soil. And then N2 is applied to carry the desorbed PCBs to activated carbon for absorption. The gas stream is cleaned in a wet gas multi venturi scrubber prior to discharge. The scrubber process water should be treated with flocculation, precipitation and activated carbon filtration before discharged into the environment. The solid phase is cooled indirectly and is discharged for later use. All the activated carbon used for desorption and filtration should be disposed by incineration.

Online Decontamination for Transformers

At the present stage, no data for PCB contaminated transformers have been found yet. Thus the online decontamination technology for PCB containing transformer will be selected after enough data on the size, location, topography, and contamination level of the transformer become available. The selection will be done among two available technologies: sodium based dehalogenation, and continuous dehalogenation process “CDP®”.

The equipment of the selected technology will be shipped from abroad to China; after arrival of the equipment, all the necessary permits procedures for operation will be completed. The equipment will be installed at the sites (industry, power plant sites, transformer substation sites) where the transformer(s) to be treated are located. The personnel present at the sites will be trained by the provider of the technology on the use of the equipment, in order to guarantee the safety of the decontamination procedure; moreover, the provider team responsible for the operation of the dehalogenation equipment will be trained by local experts on specific requirements for working at the site.

Equipment to be rented must be commercial equipment normally used in western countries (not pilot or experimental equipment). Transformers will be decontaminated following the BAT outlined in IEC regulation IEC 60422 ed. 2004 12.3.3. (Supervision and maintenance guide for insulating mineral oils in electrical equipment).The target level will be to obtain a final decontamination level between 2 and 25 ppm, determined on the basis of the IEC regulation 61619 (Insulating liquids - Contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls “PCBs” - Method of determination by capillary column gas chromatography) or equivalent methodologies

Environmental Impact Assessment of Actions and Equipment Required by the “PCB Management and Disposal Demonstration project”

Decontamination of PCB Contaminated Sites

The most sensitive task to be performed at the decontamination of PCB contaminated sites is to excavate and remove contaminated soil without creating further exposure of

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the surrounding environment, people or workers to the PCB contaminated soil. The main risks associated with the cleaning of the site are due to: PCB oil leaking into the environment or spilling onto the cleanup workers due to inappropriate operation; migration of the contaminant after excavation due to the heavy rain typical of the area; safeguard measures not executed completely; emergency actions not timely and completely carried out. For this purpose, a detailed procedure for operation at each contaminated sites has been developed. The procedure starts from collecting data for each site, environmental characterization, exact location of PCB wastes and sampling and analysis of contaminated media following methodologies recognized at international level; after that, a site cleanup design will be developed for each site. Specific procedure for each site and training to the operators will be provided. The procedure will cover all the aspects of site characterisation, design criteria, cleaning actions, closure actions, filing and archiving, and are grouped in five categories:

• Procedures for site preparation, covering the needs and technical specification for Infrastructure, Equipment, Leakage countermeasures, Site security, Prevention of soil collapse.

• Procedures for contaminated waste and soil removal, covering the needs and technical specification for Excavation, Packaging of PCB-contaminated soil, Removal and packaging of PCB wastes, Removal and containering of liquid PCBs, disposal of small tools and personal protective equipment.

• Environmental mitigation measures: training, review and approval of cleanup plan, establishment of guidelines;

• Evaluation and restoration of the cleaned site; • Site documentation and filing.

Storage Facility for PCB Waste As the storage facility is one of the facilities which if not properly designed and operated may present big risk for the environment, a detailed environmental impact assessment has been carried out specifically for this facility. The two primary candidate site of Qiaosi and Chongxian have been compared considering an extensive set of technical, environmental and social parameters: distance from the water bodies, soil permeability, groundwater depth, position with reference of main wind direction and urbanized areas, distance from urbanized areas, distance from storage of dangerous wastes, landscape or presence of sensitive scenic spots, flora, fauna, existence of areas reserved for the protection of flora and fauna, presence of economic activities, etc. After this comparison the Chongxian site appeared to be the suitable candidate site, mainly due to the depth of the groundwater, the presence of a thick layer of low permeability clay soil, the distance from the residential area. The following technical design requirements for the storage facility building must be fulfilled: it is to be designed in the light of the relevant criteria for hazard waste storage; the base of storage facility is to be impermeable; the impermeable layer that is made of

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clay is to be thicker than one meter (coefficient of hydraulic conductivity is less than 10-7 cm/s) or made of HDPE of 2mm thick with hydraulic conductivity less than 10-10 cm/s.; the allowable height of stack is designed according to the strength of the floor.; the impermeable layer should be laid on a base or a pedestal.; the impermeable layer should cover the entire area that can be reached by PCBs and its leachate; a leachate collection system will be built on the impermeable layer; a surface water drainage system should be built at the outskirt of the storage facility in order to prevent flow runoff into the storage facility and it is to be designed in compliance with floods with a return period of 25 years.; the impermeable layer should be resistant to PCBs; the storage facility designing should include drainage ditches for rainfall; the storage facility should be designed to be wind-proof, rainproof and sunshine-proof.; the storage facility will be equipped with containers that meet the specifications; the storage facility will have a fenced wall around its boundary with 24-hour security protection; the hazardous waste facility should have communication equipment, lighting facilities, personal protection equipment and tools, and emergency protection facilities. The storage facility should comply with the following features: a 15-cm high continuous curb should be constructed around the floor; there should be no floor drains, drain valves expansion joints, sewer lines, or other opening that would permit liquids to flow from the curbed area; the floor and curbs are to be made of solid and leakage -proof materials. All construction materials will be compatible with PCBs and other hazardous materials stored at this facility; must be equipped with leakage collecting, gas vent and gas treatment (cleaning) devices; it must be equipped with safe lighting system and viewing window; the floor where the liquid and solid PCBs vessels are deposited should be hard, resistant to erosion, reinforced in order to avoid cracking of the surface; curbs are to be designed to prevent the spills from running out, the volume enclosed by the ground and curb should be not less than the maximum storage of maximum vessels or 1/5 of total storage.

Main features of the storage facility to be built will be as following: two f loors building with a total area of 4464 m 2. The girder of the facility is 10m above the floor. The whole building is a heavy steel-structured factory house. Its roofing is of light steel and all materials used are well corrosion-proof. Its ground is watertight and involves drainage system. It is of semi-sealed structure. Each of upper and lower floor is equipped with a mobile crane. Tool rooms and watching room are designed at one side of storage facility, and lifting-hook and handling space are designed at the extended end. Moreover, the storage facility is well equipped with fire-fighting facilities. PCBs are sealed in the airtight drums and deposited in different areas depending on its contents. As ref Article 8.2 of GB 18597-2001, the hazardous waste facility that will receive PCB wastes for storage will be monitored for environmental discharge in accordance with national requirements on pollution sources.

A preliminary emergency plan has been presented in the EIA, outlying the most urgent tasks and safety measures to be undertaken in case of accidental release of PCBs, or in case of accident or injuries occurred to personnel or population.

A preliminary closure plan with two alternatives (disassembling or reuse for other

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hazardous wastes) has been also included in the EIA.

Thermal Desorption Plan

The facility is operated under a reduced pressure and does not use large amounts of excess air or water during treatment. Also, the post treatment of the gas and solid phases are separate from the main process treatment. However, treatment of off-gases requires careful control and emissions treatment to minimize dioxin formation. As a conclusion, there’s little environmental impact if the off-gases from the disposal facility are properly treated.

Since there was no soil or other PCB contaminated material in the facility after one site was treated, there will be little environmental risk during the transportation process between two sets of treatment.

Online Decontamination for Transformers The main issue concerning the environmental impact assessment of the on-line dehalogenation technologies, like the CDP process or the metallic sodium processes, is that these processes are non combustion ones operating at low temperature (less than 200°C). This will prevent the formation of dioxin and other toxic compounds. Generally the on line dehalogenation processes may be operated by means of transportable equipment which can be easily and quickly transported near to the transformers to be decontaminated. Thus, storage, site preparation, construction or dismantling phase are not required. All the equipment normally fit into a single truck and may be easily mobilized by forklift. Emission into the Atmosphere. The chemical dehalogenation technologies do not generate emissions into the atmosphere, except for the oil degassing unit. The gasses emitted from the degassing unit are filtered on activated carbon prior to the inlet into the atmosphere. Waste Generation. Residual for the CDP process are potassium, calcium and magnesium salts. As far as the sodium process is considered, for each 100 kg of oil to be treated, the process requires 5 kg of clay, 20 lt/min of nitrogen (which are comp1letely recycled), an amount of the Na emulsion which depends on the PCBs concentration of the oil; the process return 95 kg of decontaminated oil, 10 kg of a clay/oil mud containing a variable amount of NaCl, and a variable amount of light hydrocarbons and low volatile compounds. Residual from the metallic sodium process are generally sodium chloride Noise: the noise generation is very limited, and generally within 80 dBA 1m far from the installation. Water Consumption/discharge. Dehaloogenation unit do not consume water, nor generate wastewater.

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Conclusions and Final Evaluation The PCB situation in China is somewhat different from several other countries due to the presence of a large number of storage sites where PCBs wastes have been stored for long time without proper measures for preventing the contamination of the environment. Moreover, the awareness of the problem of PCB contamination of in use equipment is still scarce. The action, development of equipment, and institutional strengthening foreseen under the “PCB management and disposal demonstration project” under which Zhejiang is the selected “demonstration province” are addressed toward the elimination of PCBs wastes in storage sites, toward the demonstration of technologies for non destructive, non combustion decontamination of electrical equipment, and toward the increase of awareness and institutional strength in PCB management. Due to the complexity and to the dangerous properties of PCB, each action (not only the technical ones, but also the institutional and managerial ones) need to be carefully designed, evaluated and supervised, in order to avoid the environmental risk associated with the highly dangerous properties of PCB. The correct implementation of the project will then result in a significant improvement of the environmental quality, in a significant reduction of the risk for the health of the population, in the destruction or removal of a large amount of PCB, in the increase of the awareness of the PCB problem for “in-use” equipment, and in the transfer of know-how concerning the most effective technologies for monitoring, managing, disposal and decontamination of PCB.

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1. Background of this Project

1.1 Introduction of the Stockholm Convention on POPs

1.1.1 Background of the convention In the last decades, the utilization of chemical compounds in agriculture and industry has been sharply increasing.. Although many of these compounds have proven of invaluable utility for modern society, they have often brought adverse effects both to human health and the environment. For several Persistent Organic Pollutants, ,increasing scientific evidence has proved that even low dose exposure would cause sever long term effect, like cancer, , damage to the immune system, disorders of the reproductive system, and inhibition of infants’ normal growth. POPs are highly persistent chemicals, with a strong capacity to bio-accumulate, and endanger human health and environment. There is also evidence of these chemicals appearing very far from the areas of production or application through long-distance migration, consequentially influencing the environment at a global scale. The international society calls for the urgent countermeasures to be taken, to reduce and eliminate the release of these pollutants. Before 1992, the main steps internationally taken for these chemicals included the adoption of methods for the exchange of information and risk evaluation. As an example, in 1985 FAO issued the regulation for international distribution and application of pesticides ,and in 1987 UNEP set London Rules of International Trade Information Interchange of chemicals? In 1992 UNEP passed Agenda 21, in its nineteenth chapter “Environmental sound management of toxic, hazardous and illegally transported chemicals”, calling for the founding of IFCS. Meanwhile the agenda also suggested the setting up of IOMC, in order to develop cooperation among international organizations involved in the execution of the nineteenth chapter. In March, 1995, the UNEP council passed the No.18/32 decision, inviting IOMC, IFCS and IPCS to prepare estimation for the first 12 types of POPs. Consequently IFCS has founded a special POPs group, with the task of planning designing and evaluation. These plans included the information on chemistry, sources of pollution, toxicity, environmental distribution and social and economic influences of the 12 POPs. In June 1996, the special POPs group had a meeting with international experts in Manila (Philippines), drawing the conclusion that the available materials were sufficient to take actions at the international level for the reduction of 12 POPs. The meeting suggested UNEP and World Health Organization to adopt immediate international actions. In 1997 Feb., the council of UNEP passed the No.19/13C decision, accepting the conclusion and suggestions from IFCS. The council asked related international organizations to prepare for INC, whose mission was to establish an international regulatory drafting group, aiming at taking actions addressing the 12 POPs firstly. During the first INC Convention, a group of experts was requested to set down scientific standards and programs for the inclusion of new POPs controlled by the treaty. At the same time, the second IFCS convention decided that the special group

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should continue the preparation for negotiation. In 1997 May, WHO accepted the suggestions from IFCS, and demanded all levels in World Health Organization to participate the negotiation.

1.1.1 Main contents

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants aims at reducing and eliminating the release of POPs, and protecting human health and environment from dangers associated with POPs. According to the convention, the first 12 POPs to be controlled at the international level include:

1) pesticides: aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, DDT, and HCB (industrial chemicals as well); 2) industrial chemicals: HCB, and PCBs; 3) by-product: PCDD/Fs.

The POP convention requires parties to prepare National Implementation Plans, within two years from its entry into force, that establish priorities for initiating future activities to protect human health and the environment form POPs. PCBs are listed under Annex A of the POP convention; for these substances Article 3 requires that parties “prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate its production and use, its import and export”

The same article establishes exemptions and conditions for the export and import of Annex A substances; more specifically, import and export are allowed only “for the purpose of environmentally sound disposal...; to a Party which is permitted to use that chemical...; and to a state not Party to this convention which has provided an annual certification to the exporting Party.

The Stockholm convention defines also measures to reduce or eliminate POPs releases from unintentional pr oduction, such as by-products after industrial or combustion processes. Parties must promote the development and, where it deems appropriate, require the use of substitute or modified materials, products and processes to prevent the formation and release of POPs as by-products.

Moreover, Parties must take measures so that POP wastes are:

• disposed of in such a way that the persistent organic pollutant content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed so that they do not exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants;

• not permitted to be subject to disposal operations that may lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct reuse or alternative uses of POPs.

This means that any technology used for the removal or destruction of PCBs must guarantee that no PCBs are discharged or by-produced as result of the removal / destruction process.

1.1.2 Situation of China’s Participation

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China, once one of the countries with massive production and use of POPs, is now producing and using lesser quantities of POPs. The negotiation of the convention for POPs inevitably posed great influence on China. In 1998, SEPA reported the State Council about the situation (Huanfa [1998]79), and based on the answer received from the State Council, a delegation group comprised of SEPA, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Board of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, and Board of Chemical Engineering and experts were sent to participate to negotiation meetings. In the same year, SEPA decided (Huanhan [1998] 67) to establish a national technical coordination group for POPs, with the task to study an environmental management strategy for POPs in China, to provide strategy support, to explore POPs negotiation issues, and discuss requirements for standards and plans for POPs, and principles for the determination of relevant quality criteria. The coordination group included directors from relevant boards and specially appointed experts, from technical and regulatory departments in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sanitary Inspection department in the Ministry of Health, China Petrol, Chemical Industry Bureau, Plant Production Management department in the Ministry of Agriculture, International Department and Pollution Control department in SEPA

In the plenipotentiary delegates conference of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent organic pollutants, Zhu Guangyao from SEPA signed the final documents on behalf of the government of China, with the power conferred by the State Council.

On March 19th, 2001, the forum on the control of POPs was held in Beijing, organized by SEPA and WB (World Bank). More than 70 officials and experts from UNEP, negotiation committee of the Convention, WB, SEPA, local EPBs, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, national scientific research institutes, enterprises, representatives from Canada, Singapore and other areas attended the forum. Several technical and policy documents have been discussed, and the conference also disseminated knowledge about POPs, introduced main contents in the convention and negotiation, and communicated the status and experience in POPs managing abroad and at home.

On May 23rd, 2001, the opening day for the signature of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the government of China signed on the convention. On June 23rd, 2004, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress approved the joining into the convention; in the late September 2004, China ratified the convention, carrying out the obligation of reduction and elimination of the release of POPs, and protection of human health and eco-environment as the convention requested, meanwhile holding the corresponding rights conferred by the convention.

Since 2001, China has undertaken the work on several aspects related to the convention implementation:

(1) Applied to the global environment foundation (GEF) for the project of China implementation capacity enhancement and national implementation plan development, which was approved in May 2005.

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(2) The setting up of a leaders’ group for the workout of a National Implementation Plan, composed of 11 ministries and commissions from SEPA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Development and Reform Committee, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Science and Technology, General Administration of Customs and State Electricity Regulatory Committee. As secretariat of the group and institution for routine work, SEPA set a special office for POPs, in order to organizing the work on negotiation strategies, policies, information management, communication and education, international and domestic relationships, and technology support. Moreover, the office is preparing to organize a working group participated by industries, in order to develop the work in coordination with the productive sector.

(3) In preparation of the National Implementation Plan, the organization has held a series of international meetings to propagate knowledge on the dangerous properties of POPs and the objectives and requirements of the Convention.

(4) Two projects, “Management and disposal demonstration for PCB” and “Demonstration of alternatives for chlordane and mirex” have been successful implemented. These two projects, presently in the PDF-B phase, are planned to be finished by the end of the year.

The Chinese Government, with the help of the Italian Government and of GEF, under WB guidance, cooperated to develop the “PCBs inventory methodology and draft strategy for PCB reduction and disposal”, and to implement the “PDF-B project for the preparation of a demonstration project for PCBs management and disposal”.

The Chinese Government also received support from the Canadian government in the field of training, institution strengthening, and capacity building.

1.2 Background of this Project

The POP convention requires parties to prepare National Implementation Plans, within two years from its entry into force, that establish priorities for initiating future activities to protect human health and the environment from POPs. PCBs are listed under Annex A of the POP convention; for these substances Article 3 requires that parties “prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measure necessary to eliminate their production and use, its import and export”

The Convention requires that Polychlorinated biphenyls in equipment (e.g.transformers, capacitors or other receptacles containing liquid stocks) are removed from use by 2025, and that liquids containing polychlorinated biphenyls and equipment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls having a polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005 per cent are disposed of using environmentally sound waste management procedures by 2028.

Therefore, in the next 20 years, a series of actions for fulfilling the convention requirements will be undertaken, including the “Development of PCBs inventory

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methodology and draft strategy for PCB reduction and disposal”, and “Demonstration project for PCBs management and disposal “

In Jan. 2004, SEPA, together with the WB united organizations, held the inception workshop of the ““PCBs inventory methodology and draft strategy for PCB reduction and disposal” and of “PDF-B project for the preparation of a demonstration project for PCBs management and disposal”.

During this workshop, the Zhejiang and Liaoning provinces were selected as pilot inventory provinces for the “PCBs inventory” project; the CIO office of SEPA proposed Zhejiang as the demonstration province For the “Demonstration Project” Thus, on May 24 2004. Zhejiang was then selected formally to be at the same time “pilot province” under the Sino-Italian ““PCBs inventory methodology and draft strategy for PCB reduction and disposal” project, and “demonstration province” under the “Demonstration project for P CBs management and disposal” to be co-financed by GEF.

This requires that a preliminary PCBs inventory and a draft strategy for PCBs management and disposal are developed in the Zhejiang province; and also that decontamination of low-concentration PCB-contaminated soil by means of on–site thermal desorption , and storage and transport to Shenyang for final disposal of the high concentration PXB contaminated wastes are performed as demonstration actions.

Under the requirement of “ “On strengthening environmental evaluation of items on loan from international finance organization ” (No.340 wen) and “Requests (OP4.01) of Environmental Evaluation Policies”, the foreign cooperation center (FECO) in SEPA, as the executive agency of PCBs management and disposal project in China, committed the Zhejiang EPB to carry out the “Environmental Impact Assessment of the actions and equipment to be developed under the PCB demonstration project”.”.

1.3 General Situations on PCBs Management in Zhejiang

1.3.1 Overall Evaluation on PCBs Management in China

It has been estimated that from 1965 to 1974, the amount of PCBs produced in China was about 10,000 ton. 1000 tons were used in open systems; the remaining 9000 tons were used in capacitors. By rough calculations, over 4000-5000 ton PCBs have been imported

Following the available estimates, there had been about 1,150,000 capacitors containing PCBs by 1975, including the ones imported in the 1970s and 80s, although only a few (possibly less than 10%)still in usage. No transformers containing PCBs have been produced in China and the imported amount is unknown too.

There are three stage of PCBs management in China, and some results have been achieved.

Stage 1:1974-1990, cessation of usage. The production of PCBs equipment has been

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stopped, and the importing of equipment containing PCBs as dielectric fluid forbidden.

Stage 2: 1990-1998, abandonment of PCBs power equipment. . Considering the severe pollution accident in Zhejiang at the end of 80s, with the initial objective of “strengthening management of wasted capacitors with PCBs” [90] Huanguanzi No.04,and the definition of “regulations of prevention on power equipments with PCBs and their wastes from polluting environment”[91]Huanguanzi No.50 , the collection, storage, transportation, treatment, disposal, pollution control and import of PCBs power equipments and wastes were explicitly regulated.. There was also an initial investigation on national power equipments.

Stage 3: In 1998, management of PCBs hazardous wastes started. Since 1998, when PCBs wastes were formally listed as hazardous wastes, the management of PCBs wastes has been simultaneously complying with regulations on the management of hazardous wastes. After the development and testing of technology and pilot plants, some PCB wastes were incinerated.

PCBs still remain an environmental problem despite the cessation of usage of PCBs power equipments in 1974, and the dismantling of many power equipments in 80s. In that period, PCBs power equipment began to be treated and sealed up for storage. As shown in recent investigations, data on sealing are scarce, and existing storage sites have now exceeded design age, and, worse still, they have turned into a source of PCB contamination of the environment. For these reasons, the elimination of PCBs release in China is still an immense challenge.

According to the statistics, PCB Waste Management Activities in Zhejiang before 2003 is shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1. 1 PCB Waste Management Activities in Zhejiang before 2003

Location of PCB S ites

Code Number of PCB Capacitors (in units)

Year of Sites Cleanup

Disposal Status of Capacitors

Status of the Sites

Luqiao in Taizhou

15 1300 1995 Incinerated A site where an unknown number of the capacitors were collected. Some were opened and oil le ft in the site. The remaining unopened 1,300 capacitors have been sent to Shenyang for incineration. There has been no attempt to cleanup the soil. The soil in the site is still to be characterized.

Leqing in Wenzhou

10 273 and 900kg PCB oil 1 1997 PCB capacitors and PCB oil Incinerated

The contaminated soil is left in the site (cave in the mountain), which entrance was closed by concrete wall.

Wangdian in Jiaxing

11 112 Incinerated 1998 Complete cleanup

East of Shaoxing

01 100 Incinerated 1999 Complete cleanup

1 In addition to the PCB capacitors found in this location, 900 kg PCB oil from other capacitors were recovered. Their whereabouts of those capacitors are unknown.

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South of Shaoxing

02 1000 Incinerated 1999 Soil in the immediate area around the cement coffin has been sent to Shenyang for incineration. Other PCB contaminated soil remained in the site. However, PCB concentration in the soil around the site exceeds the national PCB control standard of 50 ppm. The extent of PCB contamination is unknown and site characterization is still to be conducted.

Old bureau in Shaoxing

03 443 Incinerated 2000 Complete cleanup

Group of Hanggang

38 334 Stored in Dadi

2002 Complete cleanup, and the contaminated soil is stored in Dadi.

Yiwu in Jinhua

23 68 Stored in Dadi

2003 Complete cleanup, and the contaminated soil is stored in Dadi.

Total 3630 equipments; 900kg original liquids( without the severely contaminated soil)

As shown in Table 1.1, experience in PCB waste management has been gained in Taizhou, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Hanggang, and Jinhua (see Table 1.1). A total of 3,630 pieces of equipment have been disposed. In most cases the PCB wastes were incinerated in Shenyang, whereas in Hanggang and Jinhua the PCB wastes were sent to storage. They have been kept in temporary warehouse of Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Company Limited until today.

1.3.2 Evaluation of PCB Management in the National and Zhejiang provincial

Plans

Basically, the sector of hazardous waste management in China is still weak in term of environmental protection. The management strength and financial support of hazardous waste are far from the environmentally sound management required by the Stockholm Convention.

However, the breakout of SARS in early 2003 greatly alarmed the central government and also hazardous waste and medical waste management became a source of great concern. The government reacted in a very short time and issued the National Program on the Construction of Hazardous Waste and Medical Waste Disposal Facilities for the ultimate purpose of disease prevention and protection of human health and the environment. According to this plan, 14.92 billion RMB (mainly supported by the central government and co-financed by local government) will be invested in the next few years in i) construction of 31 hazardous wastes disposal centers, 300 medical waste disposal ce nters; ii) construction of 7 dioxin labs, and supporting 3 technology and engineering centers for hazardous waste disposal; iii) establishment of collection, transport and disposal system; iv) facilitating the localization and industrialization of

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facilities. This program has also setup a guideline for its implementation. The construction will be systematically programmed following a stepwise approach. Priority sites will be guaranteed as top priority. In terms of technology selection, rotary kiln incineration has been identified as the dominant technology with plasma torch disposal as supplementary technology for the demonstration purpose of advanced technology.

Regarding the disposal facilities for PCBs in this program, a decision was made to further improve the Shenyang incineration facility (the sole facility for PCB destruction in China) to serve as a demonstration of PCBs disposal with Plasma torch given its available infrastructure and technical strength. This strategy has been fully considered in the demonstration project design.

In general, the demonstration project will provide valuable experience and contribution to the implementation of Strategy on PCBs Reduction and Disposal in China; while at the same time, it will also provide demonstration for lifecycle management of other hazardous waste materials, especially with regard to technology options. Moreover, the demonstration will provide a great contribution to the implementation of POPs Convention and National Program as well.

As far as the Zhejiang regulation on hazardous wastes is considered, according to the national rules of the management of the hazardous wastes, “the Principles of the management of the solid wastes of Zhejiang Province”, containing the articles for the management of PCB, are still in a preparatory stage.

23

2 Regulatory Framework

2.1 Laws and Regulations System for Hazardous Wastes in China

Due to their dangerous properties, besides regulations for general solid wastes, hazardous wastes must comply with special regulations and rules. The regulatory framework on hazardous wastes management in China was gradually developed since the beginning of 90s; that framework mainly contains laws, regulations, rules, local regulations, environmental standards, technological guidelines, judge decisions and normative papers.

2.1.1 National Laws

In the management of hazardous wastes, according to the legislation procedure, the National People's Congress formulated and issued laws, including constitution, criminal law, code of civil laws, administrative litigation law, general rules of civil law and so on. There are clear regulations for hazardous wastes management in R.P.C. Constitution and R.P.C. Criminal Laws. The 9th R.P.C. Conference of the National People's Congress committee passed R.P.C. Criminal Laws Amendment( 4) in the 31st meeting, further revising and supplementing the hazardous wastes management

Hazardous wastes management, as an important issue for environmental protection, corresponds to the framework system of environmental protection regulations, including the essential laws for environmental protection R.P.C. Environmental Protection Laws; special laws for environmental laws—R.P.C. Prevention Laws for Solid Wastes Pollutants, and other basic and special laws related to sources and environmental protection, such as laws concerning the environmental protection of seas, air and water pollution control regulations, , and urban planning laws.

2.1.2 Administrative Statutes and Legal Documents

The State Council develops administrative statutes according to the Constitution and laws. At present the special administrative statutes on hazardous wastes management include the Directory of Hazardous Wastes (Huanfa [1998]89) and the Management Method on Hazardous Waste Operation License (State Council 408)..

Table 2.1 Important Administrative Statutes and Legal Documents Related to Hazardous Waste Administration

Name of laws and regulations Example of main contents Adoption

date

Regulation for aquatic products and resources protection

Forbids the releasing of pollutants and wastes such as sewage, oil, oiled mixture that are toxic and harmful to aquatic products and resources into piscatorial water area

1979

24

Decision of strengthening the environmental protection in the transition period of national economy

Regulation of “Three simultaneity” should be executed strictly related to newbuilding, rebuilding, or expanding basic construction item

1981

Circular on the fees for the use of industrial residues

No fee or abnormal fee should be charged on making use of industrial residues

1981

Decision of gradual application of technical reforms with specific emphasis on existing firms

With regard to the establishment of methods on disposing waste and old equipments 1982

Temporary methods for levying charges for disposing pollutants

All corporations and institution should execute standards issued by state related to “Tentative standard for releasing three industrial wastes” etc.

1982

Managing regulation on preventing ships from contaminating seas

No ship is allowed to release oils, oiled mixtures, wastes and other toxic and hazardous substances to fresh water areas near by harbor, special marine protection area and marine natural protection area

1983

Several regulations on prevention of industrial pollution combined with technique reforms (Abandoned)

All industrial corporations should perform comprehensive utilization of industrial wastes combined with technical reforms firmly

1983

Managing regulation on environmental protection for offshore oil drilling and exploitation

The discharge of large amounts of industrial wastes must obey regulation on offshore dumping..Industrial wastes should not be discarded to fishery water areas and channels

1983

Circular on temporary regulation for several problems concerning the comprehensive use of resources

The state encourages corporations to perform comprehensive utilization of resources, and executes favorable policy on comprehensive utilization of resources.

1985

Managing regulation on offshore dumping

The releas e of foreign wastes to sea areas dominated by PRC - including waste ships, aerial crafts, platforms and other artificial structures at sea - is forbidden.

1985

Managing regulation on prevention of environmental contamination from ship dismantling activities

Before abandoning ships, dismantling units must remove inflammable, explosive, toxic and hazardous chemical substances, close valves on the bottom of ships, and blockade pipe alleys which may cause outflow of greasy dirt. Wastes of residues, scavenge oil, greasy filth, oily sewage, inflammable and explosive substances must be transported to bank and performed centralized processing. Disposal methods of seepage pit and leaching well could not be adopted.

1988

Regulation on river management Slag, rock ballast, coal ash, soil and waste may not be discarded in the area of river management

1988

Temporary methods for onerous Utilization of the three wastes is in the 1988

25

usage of special fund to control pollutant source

serviceable range of fund.

Decision of strengthening nonferrous metals management

Strengthening reclamation and recovery of waste and nonferrous metals

1989

Implementation of detailed rules for law of prevention and control on water pollution (Abandoned)

While units for shipbuilding, dock repairing, dismantling, vessel rescue are at work, precautionary measures should be adopted to prevent oils, oily mixtures and other wastes from contaminating waters

1989

Managing regulation on preventing construction of coastal engineering from contaminating marine environment

Rules concerning the disposal of residues deriving from shipyards building and yards repairing s on the bank side.

1990

Several proposals for developing industries for environmental protection.

Defining the industries and products of environmental protection that should be urgently developed, including treating and disposal facility for solid wastes and facility for comprehensive utilization of waste resources

1990

Decision of further strengthening environmental protection

Toxic and hazardous wastes listed in the hazardous substances inventory of foreign countries may not be imported, and transfer pollution should be prevented strictly

1990

Managing regulation on preventing land-sourced pollutant from contaminating marine environment

Solid wastes may not be piled up, discarded and treated on the beach without permission 1990

Implementation detailed rules for law of prevention and control on air pollution (Abandoned)

While transporting, handling and storing substances capable to rele ase toxic and hazardous air or dust, protective measures, such as sealing, covering and spraying must be adopted according to related regulations

1991

Circular on strengthening the management of recovery and usage about renewable resources

For waste metals that are scarce nationwide, regulation on export of waste steels and waste nonferrous metals issued by related departments of the State Council, should be executed strictly. Waste steels and waste nonferrous metals may not be exported without approval

1991

Emergency circular on controlling uncompromisingly external wastes transferring to our country

Strengthening the management of importing wastes. Wastes imported should be divided into two kinds: i)wastes the importation of which is forbidden; ii) wastes that may be used as crude material but must be imported with restriction

1995

Decision on several issues on environmental protection

Adopting available measures. Transferring of waste pollution is not permitted.

1996

Suggestion for increasing comprehensive utilization of resources

For the adequate execution and strict management of the recovery and reuse of old and waste materials

1996

Emergency circular on restriction of the waste importation and old

Controlling the units in operation of importing waste and old metals strictly

1997

26

metals polluted by radioactive wastes

Directory of hazardous wastes Directory of hazardous wastes 1998

Approval about Tenth Five-(Year?)Plan on national environmental protection from the State Council

Perform the work on environmental protection of cities, control water pollution, air pollution, waste pollution and noise pollution, achieve the national standards in required time,

2001

Regulation on safety management of hazardous chemical substances

Dispose waste hazardous chemical substances, according to Environmental control law on solid wastes pollution and national related regulations

2002

Managing regulation on medical wastes

Management of medical wastes 2003

Approval on construction programming of disposal establishments for countrywide hazardous wastes and medical wastes issued by the State Council

Approval 2003

Management method on hazardous waste operation license 2004

Note: all laws and regulations listed are issued by the State Council (including general office of the State Council) or the chief departments with approval of the State Council. Laws and regulations related to radioactive wastes aren’t listed.

2.1.3 Department Regulations and Criterion Documents

Some more important department regulations and criterion documents for solid wastes management are listed in the following table. Regulations that are about to be issued include directory for evaluate method on hazardous waste operation ability, policy for prevention and control of pollution from wasted batteries, policy for prevention and control of pollution from waste and old household appliances, management regulation on controlling pollution from waste and old household appliances, and so on.

Table 2.2 Important Departmental Regulations and Criterion Documents Related to Hazardous Waste Administration

Name of regulations Example of main contents Issue units Adoption date

Circular on changing dielectric fluid of power capacitors

Stipulate to discontinue the use of polychlorinated biphenyl for manufacturing power capacitors in China

No.1 Ministry of Machine-Building Industry

1974

Circular on preventing environmental pollution by PCBs

Electric equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyl must be stored, and the imports of electric installation with polychlorinated biphenyl as the dielectric fluid must bie discontinued

State Economic Commission and Environment Protection Committee under the State Council

1979

27

Circular on mining industrial corporations controlling pollution of three wastes and developing method for performing comprehensive utilization of product profit deduction and reserving

Definition of mining industrial corporations performing comprehensive utilization of product

Ministry of finance, Environment Protection Committee under the State Council

1979

Management standard on medicinal production

Waste and old materials, industrial and domestic wastes should be collected separately, piled up with capping in dedicated site and container, and cleaned up by specialised personnel periodically

State Medicine Administration 1984

Work system in hospital of traditional Chinese medicine (tentative)

Pollutions and wastes should be properly treated to prevent cross infection

Ministry of Health 1986

Provisional method on reporting environmental pollution and destruction accidents

Solid wastes pollution accident is listed to be one sort of environmental pollution and destruction accidents

SEPA 1987

Implementation method on assessing integrated renovation of municipal environment

Two indexes are comprehensive utilization ratio, treatment and disposal of industrial solid wastes

Environment Protection Committee under the State Council

1988

Circular on printing and issuing “development outline on comprehensive utilization of national resources from 1989 to 2000”

Resources such as industrial residue released during one year, should be used and disposed properly in that year

State Development Planning Commission

1989

Implementation detailed rules for law of territory health quarantine

When waste and old goods which enter or leave a country arrive at port, carrier, deputy or consignor must declare to the relevant health quarantine authority and accept the health quarantine

Ministry of health 1989

Management method on certificate of environmental impact assessment about construction projects

Regulation related to assessment certificate of solid wastes SEPA 1989

Managing regulation on pollution prevention and control of drinking water conservation district

Industrial residues, municipal wastes, organic residues and other wastes may not be released into water areas

SEPA, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Water Resource, Ministry of Land and Minerals

1989

28

Regulation on safety production of ship dismantling and environmental protection

Sh ip dismantling plants should possess processing facilities for carbide slag and sewage, antifouling facilities and equipments such as junkyard

Ministry of Resources 1990

Circular on strictly controlling the import of waste and old tires

All levels of local government and departments in charge should strictly control the import of waste and old tires

Ministry of Resources, SETC, General Customs Administration, Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs under the State Council

1990

Regulations on prevention of environmental pollution of electrical equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyl and its wastes

Any institution and person are strictly forbidden to sell, purchase and break up electrical equipment containing PCBs. Design regulation of temporary storage warehouse and concentrative warehouse of wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyl are attached.

SEPA and State Ministry of Energy

1991

Circular on strictly controlling external hazardous wastes transfer to our country

Control uncompromisingly the external hazardous wastes transfer to our country

SEPA, General Customs Administration

1991

Managing regulation on preventing and controlling pollution of scrap

Corporations which have scrap must establish prevention and control plan on refuses pollution, and adopt effective measures

SEPA 1992

Several decisions on preventing and controlling environmental pollution with chromium compounds

For corporations of chromium compounds production, system for manufacture and operation license and system for registry of released pollutants should be executed

Ministry of Chemical Industry, SEPA

1992

Registry management regulation on releasing pollutants

Storage and disposal sites for solid wastes in units releasing pollutants, should be compatible with sampling conditions and monitoring measurement conditions

SEPA 1992

Circular on printing and issuing note for the three tax items of pollution control, environmental protection and energy conservation projects under adjustable tax for investment direct of fixed asserts

The area of application of zero rate for this tax item includes industrial wastes control and domestic wastes control.

State Taxation Administration, State Development Planning Commission

1993

Circular on controlling uncompromisingly import of wastes from EC

Stipulate that wastes could be traded as arm’s -length transaction (under separate transaction?) and

SEPA 1994

29

countries imported after examination and approval, and list the directory of prohibited import wastes

Circular on strengthening environmental management for import of radioactive substances, facilities causing radioactive pollution and radioactive wastes

Import of radioactive wastes is prohibited SEPA 1995

Management method on license for environmental engineering design

Environmental engineering design consists of technological design for environmental pollution controlling projects, and engineering design for wastes recycle and reuse.

SEPA 1995

Directory for comprehensive utilization of resources

The second chapter concerns comprehensive utilization of solid wastes

SETC, State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration

1996

Management method on environmental protection of power industry

Corporations must make arrangements for pollution control fund.

Ministry of Power Industry 1996

Interim provisions of environmental protection management on waste imports

Application, examination and approval procedure on importing wastes. Directory of Restricted Import Wastes that Can be Utilized as Raw Material

SEPA, MFET C, General Customs Administration, State Administration of Industry and Commerce, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

1996

Supplement to interim provisions of environmental protection management on waste import

Any corporation is strictly forbidden to undertake trade of wastes.

SEPA, MFETC, General Customs Administration, State Administration of Industry and Commerce, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

1996

Regulation on strengthening the management of import wastes transportation

All carriers in our country who undertake to transport foreign commerce goods, must abide strictly by related laws, statutes and regulations, and are not allowed to transport prohibited import wastes

Ministry of communication

1996

30

Circular on Enlarge the Directory of Stated Restricted Import Wastes that Can be Utilized as Raw Material

Enlarge the Directory of Stated Restricted Import Wastes that Can be Utilized as Raw Material

SEPA, MFETC, General Customs Administration, State Administration of Industry and Commerce, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

1996

Management method on inspection before shipment of import wastes (tentative )

For wastes the importation of which as raw material is permitted , inspection before shipment must be executed.

State Administration for Entry-Exit Commodities Inspection

1996

Reply on application of law on illegal import of solid wastes

Reply to “referendum on interpretation about application of law on illegal import of solid wastes” from Chinese ocean transportation (group) company

SEPA 1997

Reply on application of law on illegal operation about waste, old and lead containing accumulators

Reply to “referendum on meanings of several related terms in ‘solid waste law’” from Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau

SEPA 1997

Circular on further controlling import management of old electromechanical products

It is prohibited to file a customs application for the importation of old electromechanical products under an import certificate covering new electro mechanical products. In case of non compliance, those old electromechanical products must be confiscated.

SETC, MFETC, General Customs Administration, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

1997

Circular on strengthening environmental protection of township enterprises

It is prohibited to illegally import, process and use external solid wastes.

SEPA 1997

Reply on the problem of illegal importing domestic waste plastics of Jiangxi hualong chemical industrial incorporated company

Reply on the problem of illegal importing domestic waste plastics of Jiangxi hualong chemical industrial incorporated company from Shanghai admiralty court

SEPA 1997

Reply on interpretation on meaning of old hardware electrical appliances imported

Old hardware electrical appliances include manifolds, waste computers and so on.

SEPA 1998

Report on related situations of illegal importing wastes affairs

Further strengthening of the law at the executive level, and severe punishment for those units and persons that illegally import external wastes, without respecting the “Interim Provisions of

SEPA 1998

31

environmental Protection Management on Waste Import” and “Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste”

Interpretation on import of waste tires

Reply to “request from Shenzhen East Development Group Company on importing waste and old tires from Hongkong and other areas” from Shenzhen Environmental Protection Bureau

SEPA 1998

Reply on the problem related to changing imported wastes salvage units by wastes import ing units

Reply to “referendum on the problem related to changing imported wastes salvage units by wastes importing units” [1998] by Supreme People’s Court

SEPA 1998

Reply on the problem whether volatile phenols belong to toxic and hazardous chemical substances

Reply to identify and appointment letter about grave accident of environmental pollution from Yuncheng public security bureau in Shanxi province

SEPA 1998

Interpretation on the problem of importing palm oil residues

Reply to “the report on ‘application of importing palm kernel oil residue and solid residue as crude materials from Fulu grease chemical plant’ from Xiamen environmental protection bureau” from Fujian environmental protection bureau

SEPA 1998

Directory of Hazardous Wastes

Divide hazardous wastes into 47 sorts

SEPA, SETC, MFETC and MPS

1998

Reply on management opinion for illegal entering of waste and old plastics

Reply to “emergent report on checking and detaining ships that are suspected to contraband waste and old plastics to our country by Gongbei Custom” from Cuangdong Environmental Protection Bureau

SEPA 1999

Circular on several problems about regulating the management of waste import

The number of Import-export ports for each “certificate of approval for importing waste ” should be limited under 5, according to the principle of reaching/docking at the nearest harbor.

SEPA 1999

Circular on strengthening the management of hazardous chemical substances

Waste and overdue chemical hazardous substances and package containers that have been used for chemical hazardous substances must be kept appropriately, may not be abandoned casually, and be disposed according to disposal standard of hazardous wastes

SEPA, SETC, MPS, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

1999

Reply on inadmissibility of transferring imported

Reply to “referendum on the problem whether ‘registry

SEPA 1999

32

wastes certification for import of special commodities’ issued by Guangdong development planning Commission is effective ” from Wuxi Administration of Industry and Commerce

Interpretation on import of disposable cameras

Importing recycled disposable cameras should be approved by MFTEC

SEPA 1999

Double draft management on the Transfer of Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste generation units should report their Hazardous waste transferring plan for approval before transferring, according to related regulations of the state. After approval, generation units should apply to the Regulation on Transfer of Hazardous Waste from the chief administrative environmental protection department in the shift-out district

SEPA 1999

Management Measure of the Certification on the Import Waste Raw Material Pre -shipping Inspection Institution (tentative)

Before shipping the waste, the State Administration of the Entry -Exit Inspection & Quarantine (SAEEIQ) should implement the inspection mechanism that combines on-site trail-inspection by the appointed official with the port -inspection, the administration should also certificate the pre-shipping inspection institution. After the waste raw materials are pre-shipping inspected and transported to the Chinese port, the Port Inspection & Quarantine Institution should accept the application and inspecti the materialsaccording to the approved license of waste import, the certified license of the pre-shipping inspection and relevant certifications. If the inspection isn't passed because of the unqualified environment protection measures or of incomplete certifications, the pre-shipping inspection institution must give the reasonable explanation in time.

State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine

2000

Policy on disposal of municipal domestic waste and pollution prevention and control technique

It is prohibited for hazardous wastes to be mixed with domestic wastes

Ministry of Construction, SEPA, Ministry of Science and Technology

2000

Circular on several problems for importing

By the date of the circular issued, each “approval certificate for

SEPA 2000

33

wastes importing waste” may approve only one importing waste unit.

Circular on further strengthening the management of importing wastes

The importing port applied by corporations should choose the nearest port away from processing and use units

SEPA 2000

Circular on several problems for exporting hazardous wastes from hinterland to Hongkong

All enterprises that want to export hazardous waste to Hongkong must make an application to the local city environmental protection bureau, filling in requisition of cross -boundary waste transfer between inland and Hongkong Special Administrative Region, providing related materials . And the local city environmental protection bureau report to the pollution control department of SEPA step by step.

SEPA 2000

Circular on several problems of importing the seventh wastes

The seventh waste with the import approval of SEPA doesn’t include wasted televisions, wasted kinescopes, wasted refrigerators, wasted air conditioners, wasted microwave ovens, wasted computers, wasted monitors and display tubes, wasted copiers, wasted vedio camera, wasted electric cookers, wasted game machines (except for processing trade), wasted home telephone sets, and so on, since Feb. 1st, 2001.

SEPA 2000

Reply on agreement to try out hazardous waste operation license system

Agree on trying out hazardous waste operation license system in Beijing

SEPA 2000

Return Circular on Problems of Hazardous Waste Cognizance and Identification

Environment Protection Bureau of Shenzhen Province« Circular on Problems of Hazardous Waste Cognizance and Identification»

SEPA 2000

Safety Control Regulation of Gangue Storeroom SETC 2000

Technical Polices on Hazardous Wastes Pollutant Prevention

Bringing forward on collection, transport, stockpile, incineration and landfill of hazardous wastes

SEPA 2001

Notify on Changing Approval Certificate of Imported Hazardous Wastes

« Approval Certificate of Imported Hazardous Wastes » must be stamped SEPA special badge of hazardous wastes importing examine and approve from March 1, 2001

SEPA 2001

Return Circular on The problems of worn tire SEPA 2001

34

Arranging Worn Tire and Worn Rubber in the Directory of Limited Imported Hazardous Wastes

importing relate to many departments. whether importing is allowed must be researched deeply and the ideas of relation departments must be collected.

Return Circular on Law Applicability of Management of Sludge Discharging from Wastewater Central Treatment Facilities

The management of sludge discharging from municipal wastewater central treatment facilities should apply the Law of People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Wastes Pollution and relative special regulations

SEPA 2001

Circular on Problems of Enhancing Monitor Managements on Imported Wastes Examination and Approval

Forbid the import of hazardous wastes and wastes which are forbidden by relative laws; limit the import of wastes as raw materials ; corporations under conditions of old techniques, lacking pollution protection facilities, should be closed, are not allowed to import wastes; carry out gross approval and principle of examination and approval.

SEPA 2001

Circular on Publication the Adjusting Directory of the Pointing Units Processing and Utilizing the Second Batch Imported the Seventh Kind Waste

Ascertain the second batch new pointing units, cancel the former nine units at the same time

SEPA 2001

Directory of Limited Imported Hazardous Wastes as Raw Material

Including of 11 kinds of wastes. The ninth is scrap motor to recycle copper. The tenth is waste electrical line to recycle aluminum

MFETC etc. 2001

Circular on Adjusting Environmental Protection Management of Imported Wastes

The directory of automatic imported allowing management wastes as raw material is regulated in the annex. It is regulated that scraps containing copper don’t include waste metal and electrical appliances, waste electrical line and cable and waste motors; scraps containing aluminum don’t include waste metal and electrical appliances, waste electrical line and cable and waste motors.

SEPA 2002

Directory of Forbidden Imported Goods (The fourth, the fifth )

Directory of forbidden imported goods

MFETC 2002

Technical Criterion of Central Disposal of

Technical criterion of central disposal of medical wastes

SEPA 2003

35

Medical Wastes

Regulation on Standards of Medical Wastes Special Packaging, Container and Caution Signs

Regulation on standards of medical wastes special packaging, container and caution signs

SEPA 2003

Technical Request of Construction of Medical Wastes Central Incineration Disposal Project

Technical request for the construction of medical wastes central incineration disposal project

SEPA 2004

Technical Request of Construction of Hazardous Wastes Central Incineration Disposal Project

Technical request for the construction of hazardous wastes central incineration disposal project

SEPA 2004

2.1.4 Environment Standards and Technology Guidelines

In the table below the standards on solid wastes involving hazardous wastes are presented. The standards which will be stipulated or are under examination and approval include: Standard for pollution control on the landfill site for hazardous waste, Standard for pollution control on the storage for hazardous waste, Standard for pollution control on the storage for general industry waste, Standard for pollution control on the landfill site for general industry waste?

Table2.3 Environment Standards on Solid Wastes Involving Hazardous Wastes

No. Name

GBJ4-1973 Effluent Interim Standard of Industry “Three-Waste”

GB3552-1983 Effluent Standard of Pollutants from Ship

GB4280-1984 Effluent Standard of Pollutants in Chrome Industry

GB4283-1984 Effluent Standard of Pollutants in Phosphor Industry

GB4284-1984 Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges from Agricultural Use

GB4916-1985 Effluent Standard of Pollutants in Asphaltum Industry

GB5085-1985 Effluent Standard of Solid Waste in Nonferrous Metal Industry

GB5086-1985 Test Method Standard for Extraction Procedure Toxicity of Solid Waste

in Nonferrous Metal Industry

GB5087-1985 Test Method Standard for Corrosively of Solid Waste in Nonferrous

Metal Industry

GB5088-1985 Screening Test Method Standard for Acute Toxicity of Solid Waste in Nonferrous Metal Industry

GB8172-1987 Control Standards for Urban Wastes for Agricultural Use

36

GB8173-1997 Control Standards of Pollutants in Fly Ash for Agricultural Use

GB12502-1990 Control Standard on Cyanide for Waste Slugs

GB13015-1991 Control Standard on Ploy Chlorinated Biphenyls for Wastes

GB15562.2-1995 Graphical Signs for Environmental Protection Solid Waste Storage (Disposal) Site

GB/T15555.1~12-1995 Solid Waste-Determination of Total Mercury, Copper, Zinc, Lead?

Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium(? ), Total Chromium, Nickel, Fluoride and Corrosively (Infiltrate Liquid Determination Method)

GB16487.1~12-1996

Environmental Protection Control Standard for Imported Scrap Material- Waste animal bone and raw material, Slag as raw material, Scrap wood and wooden products as raw material, Scrap paper and

board as raw material, Scrap cotton and cloth as raw material, Iron and steel scraps, Nonferrous metal scraps, Scrap motor, Waste electrical line

and cable, Metal and electrical appliance scraps, Scraping ships and floating facilities and Plastic scrap as raw material

GB5085.1~3-1996 Identification Standard for Hazardous Wastes: Identification for

Corrosively , Screening Test for Acute Toxicity and Identification for Extraction Procedure Toxicity

GB5086.1-1997 Solid Waste-Extraction Procedure for Toxicity of Solid Waste - Retroflexion Method

GB5086.2-1997 Solid Waste-Extraction Procedure for Toxicity of Solid

Waste-Horizontal Vibration Method

GB16889-1997 Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site for Domestic Waste

HJ/T-1998 Technical Criterion on Sampling Method of Industrial Solid Wastes

CJ/T3083-1999 Technical Request of Medical Wastes Incineration Facilities

GB18218- 2000 Identification of Important Hazardous Sources

GB18484-2001 Hazardous Wastes-Pollution Control Standards of Incineration

GB18485-2001 Standard for Pollution Control on the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

GB18597-2001 Standard for Pollution Control on the Storage for Hazardous Waste

GB18598-2001 Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site for Hazardous Waste

GB19218-2003 Technical Request of Medical Wastes Incinerating Stove

GB19217- 2003 Technical Request of Medical Wastes Transport Vehicles

GB5086-1985 is modified by GB5086.1-1997 and GB5086.2~1997.

2.2 PCBs Related Policy, Regulation and Standard

2.2.1 About PCBs Electric Equipment and PCBs Waste

The management and control of PCBs of Chinese government are mainly focused on the PCBs electrical equipment. China stopped PCBs production at the beginning of

37

1970s, limited the import of PCBs electrical equipment at the end of 1970s, drew up administrative provisions and standards to prevent and control PCBs pollution at the beginning of 1990s, launched a countrywide PCBs investigation in the middle of 1990s and drew up incineration control standard in 2000.

In March 1974, former National No.1 Ministry of Machine-Building Industry issued the Circular on Changing Impregnant of Power Capacitors [Jidian 226 (74)] which stipulated to stop using trichlorinated biphenyl to manufacture power capacitors.

In August 1979, former State Economic Commission and Environment Protection Committee under the State Council issued jointly the Circular on Preventing Pollution Problems of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Harmful Substance [Jingji (1979) 225] which stipulated to control pollution of polychlorinated biphenyl and stop the import of electrical installation with polychlorinated biphenyl as the medium, exceptions should be approved by the competent authorities under the State Council.

In 1990,the former National Environmental Protection Agency (Now SEPA) issued the Circular on Strengthening Management on Abandoned Polychlorinated Biphenyl Power Capacitors[Huguan (1990) 004] which strictly prohibited dealing in waste PCBs power capacitors , dismantling waste PCBs power capacitors and power capacitors with no distinct model number, and put forward an inventory survey of Environmental Protection Department and Electricity Department on PCBs power capacitors ( including those stored and those unstored)

In March 1991, the former National Environmental Protection Agency (Now SEPA) and State Ministry of Energy issued jointly the Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and its Wastes [Huguan (91) 050] (with three annexes) to prevent and control the pollution from the use of PCBs electrical equipment and collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of PCBs wastes and to strengthen governmental supervisors and management on PCBs.

The regulations stipulated that the units owning or using PCBs electrical equipment should faithfully report to local departments of environmental protection in accordance with the technical requirements of annex 1 Registration Form of Electrical Installations Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and take measures to prevent the leakage and pollution of PCBs.

The regulations stipulated that the transfer, treatment and disposal of the PCBs electrical equipment and PCBs wastes must notify the local EPB for approval 15 days ahead of time. Any institution and person are strictly forbidden to sell, purchase and break up electrical equipment containing PCBs.

The regulations stipulated meantime that the waste PCBs electrical equipment and PCBs liquid or PCBs containing pollutants should be collected and stored under the approval of EPB. The site selection and design of temporary storage warehouse and concentrative warehouse of PCBs must conform to annex 2 Design Regulation of Temporary Storage Warehouse and Concentrative Warehouse of Wastes Containing

38

Polychlorinated Biphenyl. The storage years of temporary storage warehouse and concentrative warehouse should not exceed three years and twenty years respectively, and the PCBs wastes stored must be retrievable.

In addition, the regulations stipulated that the water body and soil polluted by PCBs should be used and managed by referring to annex 3 Controlling Value of Water Quality and Soil Pollution Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl (Interim). The soil polluted by PCBs at 50-500mg/kg was considered as the first pollution level and was banned from allindustrial and agricultural uses and should be disposed where applicable. The soil polluted by PCBs over 500mg/kg was considered as the second pollution level and its use was banned for any purpose; disposal by storing or incineration was made mandatory. The discharge control standard for waste water containing PCBs is 0.003mg/l.

In March 1992, Based on appendix 3 Controlling Value of Water Quality and Soil Pollution Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) of the Regulations on Preventing the Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Its Wastes, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision (now General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine -AQSIQ) and SEPA issued GB13015-91 Standards on pollution control of PCBs wastes. The standard stipulated the pollution controlling value of PCBs wastes is 50mg/kg. According to this standard, were classified as dangerous PCB wastes those containing a PCB concentration equal or larger than the control standard, and the obsolete electric power capacitors, in which PCB is used as im pregnant.. The dangerous waste with PCBs > 500mg/kg should be incinerated with at temperature and the dangerous waste with PCBs =50~=500mg/kg should be safely landfilled or incinerated at high temperature. The PCBs dangerous waste (with PCBs > 50mg/kg) should be collected and temporarily stored under the approval of EPB whenever incineration or landfilling were not feasible.. The appendix A of the standard was GC Detection Methods of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) in Wastes.

In December 1995, SEPA and former Ministry of Power Industry issued jointly the Circular on Reporting Countrywide Polychlorinated Biphenyl Electrical Installation and Its Wastes and ordered relevant units to coordinate the countrywide investigation on use, storage status of PCBs electrical equipment. Shenyang Institute of Environmental Sciences conducted preliminary investigation of PCBs electrical equipment and its wastes in important provinces in 1995-1996, according to the requirements of the circular.

In October 1995, the Environmental Control Law of Solid Wastes Pollution of the People’s Republic of China (National Chairman [1995]58), the first law on the environmental management concerning solid wastes (including hazardous wastes) was issued. Several requirements for the management of hazardous were included in the law, which is extended by a several regulations, standards, circular as well as directory.

In January 1998, the Directory of Hazardous Wastes ( huanfa[1998]89) was issued

39

jointly by the SEPA, the former SETC, the former MFETC and the MPS. As PCBs wastes (include PCBs, PBBs and PCTs wastes) was listed as the tenth class among the total 47 hazardous wastes in the directory, since 1998 the relevant statutes applicable to the management of hazardous wastes as follows were equally applicable to the management of PCBs:

Dealing of hazardous waste : In 2004, State Council promulgated Management Method on Hazardous Waste Operation License (State Council 408) (Taking effect in July 1, 2004) which stipulated that any unit engaging in the collection, storage and disposition of hazardous waste should obtain a hazardous waste dealing license from local or state environmental protection departments. License of disposition of hazardous waster containing polychlorinated biphenyls should be approved and issued by SEPA.

Import and export of hazardous waste: On August 20, 1992 the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal came into force in China. The convention stipulated that wastes containing or contacted PCBs, PCTs and PBBs are hazardous wastes, the trans -boundary movement and disposal of which should follow the relevant regulations of the Convention. In 1996, SEPA issued Interim Provisions of environmental Protection Management on Waste Import ( Huankong [1996] 204 . The sixth category of its appendix Directory of Stated Restricted Import Wastes that Can Utilized as Raw Material referred to all kinds of waste hardware, electric engines and electric products , including waste electric engine, waste wire and cable, waste hardware electric devices; the eighth category referred to waste transportation equipment, including ships for dismantling and other floating structures. Import of these wastes must be examined and approved by SEPA. In the same year , SEPA issued Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste (GB16487 Series) , of which GB16487.7 --1996 Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste--Waste Nonferrous Metal(trial implementation), GB16487.8 --1996 Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste--electric engine (trial implementation), GB16487.9--1996 Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste--waste wire and cable (trial implementation), GB16487.10--1996 Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste --hardware electric devices (trial implementation) and GB16487.11-1996 Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste -- Ships and Other Floating Structures for Dismantling (trial implementation) demanded that no waste with PCBs exceeding the control standard value of GB 13015-- 91 Standards on pollution control of PCBs wastes should be imported, i.e. PCBs content in the waste should no exceed 50mg / kg. In December 2001,the former MFETC, General Administration of Customs and SEPA jointly issued Directory of Prohibited Import Articles (The third) which prohibited the import of waste oil containing PCBs and PBBs (including waster oil containing PCTs).SEPA issued in August, 2002 Directory of Prohibited Import Articles ( The fifth , prohibiting the import of waste electromechanical products (including parts, disjointed ,fractured, crashed pieces, unless otherwise regulated by the state).

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Transfer of hazardous waste : SEPA issued Double Draft Management on the Transfer of Hazardous Waste ( SEPA [ 1999] 5 ) ( Taking effect on October 1,1999)which required that the transfer of hazardous wastes should draw double draft and notice to EPB of departure and destination area.

The disposal of hazards waste: GB18484 -2001 the Standard for Pollution Controls on Hazardous Waste Incineration issued by SEPA . Standard for Pollution Control on the Hazardous Waste Incineration was published by SEPA, December 3, 1999. For the issue of pollutant prevention in the process of hazardous waste disposal, it regulated the site-choosing principle of hazardous waste incineration, basic incineration technical performance index, the highest allowed limit for the discharging of atmosphere pollutants, principle of disposal by incinerating the residues and correspondent inspection.

It stipulated that burning temperatures in the incinerator of PCBs wastes should be higher than 1200°C, retention time should be over 2.0 seconds, destruction rate should exceed 99.9999%, the maximum allowable discharge concentration of dioxins is less than 0.5TEQng/m3. In December 2001. SEPA, former SETC and the Ministry of Sciences and Technology issued jointly the Technical Policies on Pollution Prevention and Control of Hazardous Wastes. (huanfa[2001]199) The policies regarded PCBs wastes as special hazardous wastes and emphasized the investigation and the management of the storage disposal of PCBs waste s. PCBs wastes should be incinerated according to GB18484-2001 the Incineration Pollution Control Standard of Hazardous Wastes as soon as possible, the management and storage and disposal should comply with the Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and its Wastes. In the same year, GB GB18597-2001 the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Wastes storage and GB18598-2001 the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Wastes Security Landfill were issued, which did not pay more attention to the PCBs wastes than other hazardous wastes.

Amongall the Regulations on Prevention of Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl, the GB13015-91 Wastes and Standards on pollution control of PCBs wastes are the main document and bases for the PCBs management in China.

2.2.2 PCBs Commodities

In Januar1999, the former SETC issued the Directory on Obsolete Production Capacities, Processes and Products to be Eliminated (the first), which definitely listed pesticides such as pesticide containing PCBs, chlordane, heptachlor are obsolete products that should be eliminated.

On March 16,1994, the former SEPA , General Customs Administration, MFETC jointly issued Environmental Control Provision on first-time Import of Chemicals and Import and Export of Toxic Chemicals( Taking effect in May 1st, 1994) which listed PCBs in Directory of Prohibited or Strictly Controlled Toxic Chemicals in

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China (The first), requiring that to import and export PCBs an application must be filed, followed by an environmental protection registration certificate and release permit, and approval must be obtained from SEPA. Since the implementation of the Provision, no application of import or export of PCBs was received.

2.2.3 On Environmental and Health Quality Standard of PCBS

In 1988, the Ministry of Health released GB9674 -88 Standards on hygiene limits of PCBs in seafood (Taking effect as of June 1st, 1989 ) which stipulated that PCBs content in seafood such as fish, shellfish, shrimps and algae should be less than 0.2mg / kg. At the same time, the GB9675 88 Measuring Method of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Seafood (Taking effect in June 1, 1989 ) (Replaced by GB / 5009.190 - 2003 in January 1st, 2004) was released to specify the measuring method of Polychlorinated biphenyls residue in seafood.

GHZB1 -1999 Standards on environmental quality of surface water release by SEPA regulated that the PCBs content control standard was 8.0×10- 6 mg/L in of I, II, III type surface water

2.2.4 the US. Requirements for PCBs cleanup

Presently, China still hasn’t the detailed standards and requirements concerning the cleanup of PCBs contaminated soil. Therefore, technical standards and requirements of the advanced countries are reported in this document as possible reference criteria. The U.S. requirements for PCB Cleanup reflect those from the U.S.’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (40CFR 761). In addition, in August 1990, the U.S. EPA issued “A Guide on Remedial Actions at Superfund Sites with PCB Contamination”, which establishes cleanup levels of sites contaminated by PCBs. Accordingly, the recommended cleanup levels are as follows:

• Soil in a residential area: 1 ppm • Soil in an industrial are: 10 ppm to 25 ppm • Sediment in aquatic freshwater: 19 ug/g of sediment • Sediment in saltwater: 33 ug/g of sediment

In addition, the Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the following maximum PCB levels to protect aquatic life:

• Acute toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 2 ppb • Chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 0.014 ppb • Acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life: 10 ppb • Chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life: 0.03 ppb.

Moreover, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) specifies the following maximum PCB levels in drinking water to protect human health:

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• Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for PCBs in drinking water:

0.05 ppb • Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) (the level of a

contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety): 0 ppb.

2.2.4.1 Requirements for cleanup of low-concentration spills which involve less than 1 pound of PCBs by weight (less than 270 gallons of untested mineral oil)

Decontamination requirements. Spills of less than 270 gallons of untested mineral oil, low-concentration PCBs, which involve less than 1 pound of PCBs by weight (e.g., less than 270 gallons of untested mineral oil containing less than 500 ppm PCBs) shall be cleaned in the following manner:

(1) Solid surfaces must be double washed/rinsed (as def ined under §761.123); except that all indoor, residential surfaces other than vault areas must be cleaned to 10 micrograms per 100 square centimeters (10 µ g/100 cm2) by standard commercial wipe tests.

(2) All soil within the spill area (i.e., visible traces of soil and a buffer of 1 lateral foot around the visible traces) must be excavated, and the ground be restored to its original configuration by back-filling with clean soil (i.e., containing less than 1 ppm PCBs).

(3) Requirements of paragraphs (1)and (2) of this section must be completed within 48 hours after the responsible party was notified or became aware of the spill.

2.2.4.2 Requirements for cleanup of high-concentration spills and low-concentration spills involving 1 pound or more PCBs by weight (270 gallons or more of untested mineral oil).

n Immediate requirements

(1) The responsible party shall notify the EPA regional office and the NRC as required by other applicable statutes.

(2) The responsible party shall effectively cordon off or otherwise delineate and restrict an area encompassing any visible traces plus a 3-foot buffer and place clearly visible signs advising persons to avoid the area to minimize the spread of contamination as well as the potential for human exposure.

(3) The responsible party shall record and document the area of visible contamination, noting the extent of the visible trace areas and the center of the visible trace area. If there are no visible traces, the responsible party shall record this fact and contact the regional office of the EPA for guidance in completing statistical sampling of the spill area to establish spill boundaries.

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(4) The responsible party shall initiate cleanup of all visible traces of the fluid on hard surfaces and initiate removal of all visible traces of the spill on soil and other media, such as gravel, sand, oyster shells, etc.

(5) If there has been a delay in reaching the site and there are insufficient visible traces of PCBs remaining at the spill site, the responsible party must estimate (based on the amount of material missing from the equipment or container) the area of the spill and immediately cordon off the area of suspect contamination. The responsible party must then utilize a statistically based sampling scheme to identify the boundar ies of the spill area as soon as practicable.

(6) Although this policy requires certain immediate actions, EPA is not placing a time limit on completion of the cleanup effort since the time required for completion will vary from case to case. However, EPA expects that decontamination will be achieved promptly in all cases and will consider promptness of completion in determining whether the responsible party made good faith efforts to clean up in accordance with this policy.

n Requirements for decontaminating spills in outdoor electrical substations.

(1) Contaminated solid surfaces (both impervious and non-impervious) shall be cleaned to a PCB concentration of 100 micrograms (µ g)/100 square centimeters (cm 2 ) (as measured by standard wipe tests).

(2) At the option of the responsible party, soil contaminated by the spill will be cleaned either to 25 ppm PCBs by weight, or to 50 ppm PCBs by weight provided that a label or notice is visibly placed in the area. Upon demonstration by the responsible party that cleanup to 25 ppm or 50 ppm will jeopardize the integrity of the electrical equipment at the substation, the EPA regional office may establish an alternative cleanup method or level and place the responsible party on a reasonably timely schedule for completion of cleanup.

n Requirements for decontaminating spills in other restricted access areas.

(1) High-contact solid surfaces shall be cleaned to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 (as measured by standard wipe tests).

(2) Low-contact, indoor, impervious solid surfaces will be decontaminated to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 .

(3) At the option of the responsible party, low-contact, indoor, nonimpervious surfaces will be cleaned either to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 or to 100 µ g/100 cm 2 and encapsulated. The Regional Administrator, however, retains the authority to disallow the encapsulation option for a particular spill situation upon finding that the uncertainties associated with that option pose special concerns at that site. That is, the Regional Administrator would not permit encapsulation if he/she determined that if the encapsulation failed the failure would create an imminent hazard at the site.

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(4) Low-contact, outdoor surfaces (both impervious and nonimpervious) shall be cleaned to 100 µg/100 cm 2 .

(5) Soil contaminated by the spill will be cleaned to 25 ppm PCBs by weight.

n Requirements for decontaminating spills in non restricted access areas.

(1) Furnishings, toys, and other easily replaceable household items shall be disposed of in accordance with the provisions and replaced by the responsible party.

(2) Indoor solid surfaces and high-contact outdoor solid surfaces, shall be cleaned to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 (as measured by standard wipe tests).

(3) Indoor vault areas and low-contact, outdoor, impervious solid surfaces shall be decontaminated to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 .

(4) At the option of the responsible party, low -contact, outdoor, nonimpervious solid surfaces shall be either cleaned to 10 µ g/100 cm 2 or cleaned to 100 µ g/100 cm 2 and encapsulated. The Regional Administrator, however, retains the authority to disallow the encapsulation option for a particular spill situation upon finding that the uncertainties associated with that option pose special concerns at that site. That is, the Regional Administrator would not permit encapsulation if he/she determined that if the encapsulation failed the failure would create an imminent hazard at the site.

(5) Soil contaminated by the spill will be decontaminate d to 10 ppm PCBs by weight provided that soil is excavated to a minimum depth of 10 inches. The excavated soil will be replaced with clean soil, i.e., containing less than 1 ppm PCBs, and the spill site will be restored (e.g., replacement of turf).

2.2.5 Policies on Wastes Management and PCB Management and Treatment of

Zhejiang Province

? Regulations on Preventing PCB Electrical Equipments and Wastes from Polluting Environment, published in 1991 and transmitted by EPB of Zhejiang Province

? Circular on Printing Management Method of Hazardous Wastes Exchanging and Transporting of Zhejiang, June,1999 .

? Circular on Printing Management Method of Hazardous Wastes Business License, July 2001

? Construction Projects Environment Protection Management Regulations and Actualized Opinions of EPB of Zhejiang Province Construction Projects Environment Protection Management Regulations (State Department No.253)

? Zhejiang Province Atmosphere Pollution Prevention and Cure Regulations

? Zhejiang Province Construction Projects Environment Protection Management

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Method

? Hazardous Solid Waste Administration Temporary Methods in Hangzhou, December 28, 1999

Table 2.4 PCBs related Laws & Regs.

Laws & Regs Adoption date & Document No.

Decrees Issued by General Content

1

Circular on Changing Impregnant of Power Capacitor

[Jidian 226( 74) ]

National No.1 Ministry of Machine -Building Industry

stop using trichlorinated biphenyl to manufacture power capacitors

2

Circular of Preventing Pollution Problems of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Harmful Substance

[Jingji( 1979) 225]

State Economic Commission & Leader Team of Environment Protection Committee

Stop the import of electrical installation with polychlorinated biphenyl as the medium, except when especially necessary, in which case is permitted by the competent authorities under the State Council

3

Circular on Strengthening Management on Abandoned Polychlorinated Biphenyl Power Capacitors

Huanguan(90)004 SEPA Forbid dealing & dismantling of waste PCBs power capacitors

4

Regulations on Prevention o f Environmental Pollution of Electrical Equipment Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyl and its Wastes

Huanguan(90)050 SEPA & State Ministry of Energy

Definitely regulate the use of PCBs electrical equipment and collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of PCBs wastes

5 Standards on pollution control of PCBs Waste

GB13015-91 AQSIQ & SEPA

Stipulated the pollution controlling value of PCBs wastes as 50mg/kg & Present the detect measurement of PCBs waste

6

Circular of Reporting Countrywide PCBs Electrical

1995

SEPA &

Ministry of Power Industry

Order the relevant sectors to coordinate the countrywide investigation on use,

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Installation and Its Wastes

storage status of PCBs electrical equipment

7

Environmental Control Law of Solid Wastes Pollution of the People’s Republic of China

President of the State[1995]58

the Standing Committee of the National People’s congress

Special requirements for the management of hazardous waste are included

8 National Inventory of Hazardous Waste

( Huanfa[1998]89)

SEPA

SETC

MFETC

MPS

Define PCBs waste as hazardous waste

9

Management Measures Hazardous Waste Business License

State Council(2004) 408

State Council

Units which engages in the collection, storage and disposal of hazardous waste must be granted hazardous waste business license from local or state EPA. The disposal of hazardous waste containing PCBs should be examined and approved by SEPA

10

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Aug. 1992

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress

Requirements about the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes

11

Temporary Regulation of Environmental Protection Management of Waste Import

Huankong[1996]204) SEPA

The Import of the listed waste must be examined and approved by SEPA,and the Import of unlisted waste is forbidden

12

Environmental Protection Control Standards on Imported Waste( Series)

GB16487.7~11-1996 SEPA

Forbid importing waste nonferrous metal, waste electric -engine, waste wire & cable, waste hardware metals and waste ships which contains more than 50mg/Kg PCBs

13 Directory of Prohibited Import Articles( the Third)

2001

MFETC,

General Administration of Customs

Prohibit importing waste oil containing PCBs & PBB(Including the TCB)

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SEPA

14 Directory of Prohibited Import Articles( the Fifth)

2002

MFETC,

General Administration of Customs

SEPA

Prohibit importing the listed waste electric -engine

15

Management Measures of Transfer of Hazardous Waste

SEPA[1999]5 SEPA

Define the procedures for the transfer of the hazardous waste

16

the Standard for Pollution Controls on Hazardous Waste Incineration

GB18484-2001 SEPA

AQSIQ

Improve the environmental performance of the incineration of the PCBs waste : the retention time should be over 2.0s, the temperature should be more than 1200°C and the destruction rate and the incineration efficiency should exceed 99.9999% &99.9% respectively

17

Technical Policies on Pollution Prevention and Control of Hazardous Wastes

2001 SEPA

The PCBs waste should be centralized to the special incineration facilities as soon as possible

18

Directory on Obsolete Production Capacities, Processes and Products to be Eliminated

1999 SETC

Define the pesticide containing PCBs as obsolete product which should be phased-out

19

Management Regulation on First Import of Chemicals and Import & Export of Toxic Chemicals

1994

SEPA

Custom General Administration

MFETC

The Import & Export of PCBs should be authorized by SEPA

20 Standards on hygiene limits of PCBs in seafood

GB9674-88 Ministry of Health

PCBs content of seafood such as fish, shellfish, shrimps and algae should be less than 0.2mg / kg

21 Determine Measure of PCB in Seafood

GB9675-88 Ministry of Health Regulate the determined measure of the PCB in the Seafood

22 Standards on GHZB1-1999 SEPA regulated that the PCBs

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environmental quality of surface water

content control standard must be 8.0×10- 6 mg/L in of? ,? , ? type surface water

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3. Institutional Framework

3.1 Introduction of the Convention Implementation in China

The situation of the Convention Implementation in China is shown in the following table:

Table 6 the requirement of the Convention & the actuality of China

the requirement of the Convention the actual situation of China

PCBs Chemicals

Stop Production, Import and Export(Article 3.1&3.2)

Stopped

Stop Import & Export(Annex A,Part II(c)) Stopped

Safely Use(Article 3.6, Annex A, Part II(b)) unregulated

Prohibit Recycle & Reuse(Annex A, Part II (d)) unregulated

PCBs Electric

Equipment

Stop Using before 2025 (Annex A , Part II(a)) Estimated to be stopped by the time

Establish the Strategy of the PCBs(constitution, contain) Storage Inventory (Article 6.1(a))

Establish the Strategy of the using and the waste PCBs Inventory (Article 6.1(a))

uncreated

Investigate the Storage of PCBs(constitution, contain) (Article 6.1(b)) Serious Lack of ability

Environmental Sound PCB Management(constitution, contain) and Storage

(Article 6.1(C))

Storage not Estimated . And all PCB -containing Products

belong to the PCB waste except the PCB electric

equipment

Environmental sound collection, transport, storage and disposal of the PCB waste (consisting, containing, contaminated). (Article 6.1(d))

Execute Environmental Sound Disposal of the equipment containing more than 0.005% PCBs by

2028

Serious Lack of ability

Strive for investigation and disposal of other products with PCB content higher than 0.005%

(Annex A, Part II(f))

Lack Infos in this field

PCBs waste

Strive for establishing the Strategy used for Investigating the PCBs Polluted Sites.

If remediate these sites, the Environmental Sound Method should be adopted (Article 6.1(e))

Uncreated & weakness

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Report the development of the reduction of PCBs to the Parties Convention every 5 years (Annex A,

Part II(g))

PCB Release Strive for the minimum release (Article 3.6(e)) Unregulated

3.2 PCBs Management Adopted by the SEPA & other Relevant

Institutions

According to the investigation of the PCBs taken by SEPA and the Ministry of Energy in 1996, the problem of PCBs in China mainly lies in the electric power sectors and some large scale corporations of other sectors. Therefore, the management of the PCBs is mostly related to the environmental institutions, electric power sectors and other relevant large scale corporations.

3.2.1 Institutions Related to PCB Management

3.2.1.1 Institution of Hazardous Waste Management

SEPA is the governing department of environment protection that is directly under the authority of the State Council.

SEPA is the state contact point and the leading department of the Chinese government's delegation in charge of negotiations to join Stockholm Convention, and is also the governing sectors and state contact point for the implementation of the Basel Convention. Meanwhile SEPA is China’s chief sector of the negotiation delegation to join the Rotterdam Convention and one of the state contact points. Pollution prevention, supervision and management of hazardous wastes are the main functions of SEPA. Besides carrying out the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste, SEPA associated with other related department to issue a series of methods, standards and policy documents on hazardous waste supervision.

EPA administrative constitution includes over 200 members, comprised of many institutions. The sectors concerned with the Stockholm Convention include: Department of International Cooperation, Department of Pollution Control, Department of Policies Laws & Regulations, Department of Science, Technology & Standards, Department of Planning & Finance, and also the Department of Supervising Department. The Department of International Cooperation takes charge of foreign affairs such as the Convention negotiation and the international cooperation etc. The Department of Pollution Control is one of the main operational departments of SEPA, besides being the internal executive department of SEPA as state contact point for the Stockholm Convention, Basel Convention and Rotterdam Convention. The Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Office is affiliated to the Department of Pollution Control, the office has 4 administrative staff, and its primary function is controlling

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PCB pollution.

3.2.1.2 Support Institution of Hazardous Waste Management

Because of the specific requirements posed by the technicalities of the chemicals management and the state policies of instutional reform, , some of the governmental functions may be executed by the institutions affiliated to the governments; the function of such institutions is equivalent to the management technical support of the government institutions.

The management support institutions affiliated to SEPA include: Chemicals Registration Center of SEPA, Waste Import Registration & Management Center of SEPA, China Training & Technicality Transfer of Hazardous Waste Management and Disposal Center.

Chemicals Registration Center of SEPA is a technical support unit affiliated to SEPA, specialized in the environmental management of chemicals, the center is connected to China Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, and its business are under the supervision of Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Office. Chemicals Registration Center of SEPA not only deals with the environmental management of first import of chemicals and the import and export of toxic chemicals but also engages in improving methods and know -how for the environmental management of chemicals on a national basis.

Since July 1, 2003, Sino-Japan Friendship Environmental Protection Center is consigned by the SEPA for examination, approval and other relevant works in regulating the use of imported wastes as raw material in terms of technical support. And the Waste Import Registration Management Center of SEPA is responsible for the implementation and enforceme nt.

China Training & Technicality Transfer of Hazardous Waste Management and Disposal Center is subjected to the Solid Waste Control and Resources Research Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, Tsinghua University. This center provides support on the negotiation, training and other matters relevant to the Basel Convention for SEPA.

3.2.1.3 Lead and Coordination Mechanism of the Convention Implement in China

As China joined the Negotiation and the following subscription and approval of the Stockholm Convention , the Chinese government established some relevant institutions in order to enhance the scope of the convention implementation.

China NIP Development Lead Group of the Convention Implement: the group was founded in Nov. 2003, and consisted of the following 11 sectors or subjected institutions of the State Council: State Environment Protection Administration (SEPA), State Development Planning Commission (SDPC), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Science & Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Construction, State Administration of Custom, State Electricity Regulatory Commission , State

52

Administration of Work Safety. The function of this group is to ta ke charge to organize the development of NIP, to audit the implementation plans and give the decisive suggestions. The chief of the lead group is SEPA. The NIP development communicator group is affiliated to the lead group and takes charge of the coordination and the connection between different sectors.

3.2.1.4 Convention Implementation Office

In April 2003, SEPA founded the Convention implementation Lead Group & the Convention Implementation Preparatory Office in order to effectively launch preparation work concerning policy, project, funding and information for the Convention Implementation. The main function of the Preparatory Office is: (1) To organize and develop the policy research of the Convention, provide support to the Convention Negotiation, mainly including studying out the negotiating plan and taking part in the negotiation; (2)To support the establishment of the relevant policies, laws and the coordination between the sectors, which include organizing the development of the NIP and the relevant laws, regulations, policies, also the supervision would be taken; (3) To take charge of the screening, preparation and submitting for approval of the projects of the Convention Implementation; and organize the execution of approved projects; (4) To provide support services for raising domestic supporting funding of the projects; (5) To collect and compile relevant data and information, report to the public according to relevant regulations, and organize relevant propagandistic & training actions; (6) To undertake other tasks handed by the leading group for Convention Implement.

As China formally joined Stockholm Convention, the SEPA Convention Implement Preparatory Office has now the role of Convention Implement Office.

With the aim to implement the obligation of PCBs elimination and reduction, the Convention Implementation Office of SEPA and the State Electricity Regulatory Commission founded the joint workgroup in order to enhance the relevant abilities of implementation & coordination.

3.2.2 Other Institution Concerning PCB

3.2.2.1 Electric Power Sectors

From the perspective of the production and use, the former Ministry of Chemical Industry took charge of supervising the production of PCBs raw materials, the former National No.1 Ministry of Machine -building took charge of supervising the production of PCBs electric power capacitor, the former Ministry of Electric Power took charge of supervising the trade of the PCBs electric equipment.

After the institutional reform, , Chinese electric power sectors have been disciplined on the basis of a new system. The distribution of electricity (power grid) was separated from the electricity production (power plants). There are two power grid corporations in China, i.e. the State Grid Corporation of China and the South Grid Corporation of China, and five power generation companies. The State Council delegated the State

53

Electricity Regulatory Commission to perform the function of supervising the electricity enterprises.

( 1) State Electricity Regulatory Commission

According to the authorization of the State Council, the State Electricity Regulatory Commission will perform their functions of law execution, and implement the responsibility of electricity regulation at country-wide level according to the laws and regulations. A few subordinated units were set in the State Electricity Regulatory Commission, in which the Power Transmission Regulatory Department is related to the management of PCBs electric equipment.

( 2) State Electricity Grid Corporation of China

State Grid Corporation of China is a particularly large scale corporation established by incorporating some components of the former Ministry of Electric Power, and performs the function of power transmission, power transform and power distribution. The corporation is also the demonstration unit of the investigation institution & state holding company authorized by the State Council. The leaders of the corporation are under the direct guidance of Party Center, and it is operated under the mechanism that the president has the legal responsibility for all major activities.

( 3) South Electricity Grid Corporation of China

South Electricity Grid Corporation of China is a state owned enterprise based on the grid properties of the State Grid Corporation in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan and with the grid properties of Guangdong & Hainan provinces. The company is under the leadership of the Central Government, and it practices the mechanism of planned individual list. The main business branch is in the Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hainan provinces.

( 4) The Five Biggest Power Gene ration Companies

The 5 biggest power generation companies is the Huaneng Group of China, Datang Group of China, Huadian Group of China, Guodian Group of China and Electric Power Investigation Group of China.

Huaneng Group of China: Huaneng Group of China is a reformed state-owned enterprise based on the former Huaneng Group of China. The main business of the company includes: managing the whole state-owned properties of the group invested by the state ; engaging in the investment, construction, management and operation of the electric resources, organizing the production and distribution of the electricity; engaging in investment, construction, and management of relevant information, transmission, new energy, environment protection, trading, fuel etc; Independently developing the foreign trade authorizable by the State; engaging in investment and financing domestic and foreign activity with the approval of State.

Datang Group of China: Datang Group of China is a particularly large scale electric power enterprise group based on parts of the electricity generation enterprises of the

54

former State Electricity Corporation. The group is a state -owned company under the direct supervision of the central government. The Group mainly engages in managing the whole state -owned properties of the group invested by the state; the investment, construction, management and operation of the electric resources, organizing the production and distribution of the electricity; manufacturing, examining and repairing, debugging of the electric equipments; development, consultation of the electric technology; contracting and consulting with the electricity environmental projects; new energy development.

Huadian Group of China: Huadian group of China is a state-owned enterprise based on parts of the enterprises of the former State Electricity Corporation. The group mainly engages in the investment, construction, management and operation of the electric resources, organizing the production and distribution of electricity; new energy development, technical development, construction, contraction and supervision & management of the domestic and foreign projects, equipment manufacture; investment and financing domestic and foreign, independently developing the foreign trade, international coordination and other business authorized by the State.

Guodian Group of China: Guodian Group of China is a state owned enterprise and one of the 5 biggest electricity generation enterprises groups authorized by the State Council. The main business of the group is about the development, construction, investment and management of the electricity resources; the investment, construction, operation and management of the relevant business such as coal, generate equipment, new energy, communication, high & new technology, environmental protection industry, technical service, info consultation; investment and financing domestic and foreign activities; independently developing the foreign trade, international coordination and other business authorized by the State.

Electric Power Investigation Group of China:Electric Power Investigation Group of China is a state-owned enterprise based on Electric Power Investigation Group of China. The group includes 97 member units, and there are 36 individual capital enterprises, 46 holding enterprises, 15 share enterprises, the work force is 75795.

3.2.2.2 Institution of PCBs Waste Elimination and Disposal

Shenyang Environmental Sciences Institute

Shenyang Environmental Sciences Institute is under the jurisdiction of the SEPA and Shenyang Municipal Government, and meanwhile, is also the supporting unit of the National Environmental Protection Technical Center of Hazardous Wastes Disposal Engineering. Such institute studied the techniques of PCBs incineration and disposal at the beginning of 1990s. It completed successively the development of PCBs incineration technology and the construction of incineration pilot plant, conducts the PCBs incineration treatment on a medium-sized test scale and accumulates certain experiences in PCBs collection, transportation and disposal. At present, the institute is undertaking the construction of a PCBs incineration demonstration engineering project set up by the State Planning Commission. The National Environmental Protection

55

Technical Center of Hazardous Wastes Disposal Engineering with the institute as its support unit is presently the only domestic engineering technical center at national level in the field of hazardous wastes disposal. Its main responsibility is to develop the know-how to contr ol PCBs pollution with PCBs as its principal part and conduct engineering demonstrations; to import, assimilate and assess foreign relevant techniques; to study and draft relevant economic and technical policies in the management of hazardous wastes.

3.2.2.3 PCBs Pollution Monitoring Institution

Since 1973, China environmental protection system has established about 2,340 monitoring centers/stations and 15 monitoring networks with 75,000 personnel. The monitoring projects involve 300 indexes including air quality, surface water quality, groundwater quality, seawater quality, soil, substrate sludge, bio-samples, ecological environment, pollution sources (including tail gas from automotive vehicles), waste water, sludge, noise, radiation and electromagnetic ra diation, etc. 9 technical directions, 16 technical specifications, 400 standard methods and 300 reference materials/quality control materials were established. However, the monitoring ability of China on PCBS is seriously insufficient.

3.2.2.4 Other Possible PCBs Related Institutions

( 1) Institution of Dismantling retired ships

In China, there are a few dozens of enterprises engaging in dismantling retired ships. Because lots of the electric equipment in the retired ships have been used for tens of years, it is possible that PCBs were contained in some of these materials. The PCBs of the equipment could not have been totally eliminated before the retired ship import, therefore, the enterprises that engages in retired ship trading and in the machining of shipbreak materials are likely to be PCBs related institutions

China National Shipbreak Association (CNSA) is founded in 1991. The members of the association include the enterprises concerned with shipreak enterprises, shipbreak material machining, distribution, transmission, metallurgy, science research, education, altoether about 100 members. These members may perform their bridge function by the time.

( 2) Other Large Scale Enterprises

We import a large quantity of Electric Power Capacity in 1960s and 1970s, these electric equipment are mainly used in the large scale enterprises, such as the steel facilities. Therefore, these large scale could be the potential PCBs relevant institutions.

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3.3 Provincial EPB and other Provincial Institutions of PCBs

Management

3.3.1 Relevant Management Institutions

3.3.1.1 Institutions of Hazardous Waste Management

From the local perspective, each province, or municipality directly under the jurisdiction of the State, and each autonomous region has a local body dealing with environment protection, usually called EPB. A lot of autonomous states and some cities and counties also set up their own environment protection sectors. The institutional setting of the local EPB is similar to SEPA.

In accordance with Regulations on Pollution Prevention of Electric Power Installations and their Waste Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls, environmental protection departments of governments at all levels conduct uniform management and supervision on PCBs pollution prevention in their own governing areas. Therefore, the pollution control departments of provincial environment protection bureaus or the provincial administrative centers for solid waste take charge of PCBs pollution prevention within their own provinces. Pollution control departments or management offices of city and county environmental protection bureaus take charge of their own PCBs pollution prevention and control. Trans -province transfer is managed by the provincial environmental protection bureau in accordance with Double Draft Management Method of Hazardous Waste Transfer( SEPA [ 1995] 5) .

Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau is a government institution specialized in environmental protection in Zhejiang province. The number of personnel is 60. There are solid waste center, information center, genera l supervising team, propaganda and education center, academy institute and evaluation center affiliated to Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau. Zhejiang Environmental Protection Design Institute, Zhejiang Environment Monitoring Center, Zhejiang Environmental Radioactivity Environment Monitoring Station and Zhoushan Ecological Marine Monitoring Station directly pertain to Zhejiang Environmental Protection Bureau. The provincial EPB consists of management office, planning and finance division, policy and law division, human resource division, monitoring science and technology division, pollution control and environment supervising division, natural ecological protection division, nuclear emergency division (environmental radioactivity management section), and construction management division. In addition, there are also a communist party committee and an international cooperation office.

Chemicals and solid waste pollution prevention and control are mainly taken charge by the Pollution Control Division. Supervising the implementation of environmental protection standards, including environmental monitoring, environmental protection research and other relevant works, is mainly taken charge by Monitoring Science and Technology Department.

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In order to strengthen solid waste management, Zhejiang Province established a solid waste management center in 1999. Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau obtained substantive technology supports about solid waste management, and entrusted the solid waste management centre to implement some of the administrative functions.

3.3.1.2 Hazardous Waste Management Supporting Institutes

Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Centre was established in 1999, with 7 personnel. It plays an important role in developing provincial solid waste management and guiding subordinate administrative organizations in all cities or counties in the province. Entrusted by Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, the Solid Waste Management Centre undertakes a great variety of respons ibilities, such as drafting and enacting local solid waste administrative regulations, rules and normative documents, compiling solid waste administrative program and planning, technical and economic policies for the prevention of solid waste pollution, ta king charge of hazardous solid waste reporting and registration, hazardous waste operation license, organizing and implementing provincial hazardous waste transfer management system, supervising solid waste pollution prevention and reclamation works.

In Nov. 2002, Zhejiang Environment-Oriented Enterprise consultative Program under Sino-German Government Technical Cooperation started up formally. The Program management office is located in Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Centre. The implementation of the program will help Zhejiang province to build up the systems for hazardous waste environmental management policy and local regulation, hazardous waste database, management database and technical database, to carry out the training for the management and technical personnel, develop pilot projects and consultancy for clean production enterprises, accelerate the construction of hazardous waste disposal facility in Zhejiang province, affirm our province as the national pilot project on hazardous waste management and disposal, etc. More than 100 personnel of hazardous waste management and disposal and clean production have been trained at home and abroad. Hospital waste management and recycling workshop, Eco-efficiency seminar, Pilot project of well-regulated hospital waste management in Jinhua, Incineration facility technology optimizing workshop, etc. have been held successfully. The system plan for hazardous waste management information system is in the process of being compiled.

3.3.2 Other PCBs Related Institutes

In Zhejiang province, PCBs mainly exist in electric power industry. Here, we mainly explain the organization of electric power industry.

3.3.2.1 Electric Power industry

Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Company is a company held and supervised by State Grid Corporation. It is composed of 16 departments. Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Company is composed of the following departments:

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Figure 3.1 The Organization Structure of Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Company

Among these departments, the security inspection department is in charge of the management of environmental protection of all the units in Zhejiang electric power industry. This task concerns also the implementation of PCBs inventory investigation and PCBs disposal in the electric power industry. There are totally 12 persons in the security inspection department. The structure of the department is showed in the following figure:

Figure3.2 Structure of the security inspection department of Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Company

3.3.2.2 PCBs Wastes Disposal Institutions

Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd

Zhejiang Province Electric Power Company

security inspection department

department of plan and development

department of agricultural elctric

financial department

department of organization and personnel

department of capital construction

department of production

sales department

department of thechnology and information

department of audit

department of Human Resource

department of general manager

department of supervision

department of ideology and politics

multi-industry department

labour union

Director

Deputy Director Chief engineer

Security section integration section Environment

protection section

Safeguard section

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Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd. is an important component in the Chinese-German Environment Cooperation Project and national environmental protection demonstration project,. Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd. is a province-level hazardous waste disposal center authorized by the state council in the framework of the project for the construction of hazardous waste and medical waste disposal installations in China. It is qualified for clearing, transportation, temporary storage for most hazardous wastes and disposal for part of these wastes. As to what concers PCBs, Hangzhou Dadi Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., entrusted by Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau and Provincial electricity sections, has completed the excavation and removal of PCBs electrical equipments storage site in Xiasha Farm for Hangzhou Iron and Steel Works, and the removal of PCBs wastes in Humen Transformer Substation, Houzhai Town, Yiwu City. All the PCBs wastes are temporarily stored by the company. Presently, the company is undertaking preliminary preparation for the clean-up PCBs wastes landfill site in Jiande, Hangzhou, which is under the responsiblity of the Jinhua Electric Power Bureau.

3.3.2.3 PCBs Monitoring Institutions

Zhejiang Environment Monitoring Center

Founded in 1980, the Zhejiang Environment Monitoring Center is a second-level station in China’s national environment monitoring network, under which are six sections: management office, central management, central analysis laboratory, water monitoring section, atmosphere monitoring section and quality testing section.

The center is located in the high-tech development zone northwest of Hangzhou City, with a total built area of 5,000m2. Its equipment for organic analysis includes a LC, two GCs, and a GC-MS?

The center has a staff of 55 employees, of whom 69.19% is senior technical personnel. Its central analysis laboratory is equipped with instruments for analyzing organic pollutants. It has 5 staff. All of them are under forty, and four of them have followed specialized training in sampling and analysis of organic pollutant in Japan, the United States, or Germany.

The center began to carry out monitoring DDT and BHC in grains, sea water, substrate, and organic bio-samples. It accomplished the study of the GC to analyze the PCBs in water and sea water in 1993-95. In 2001 the station took part in the China-South Korean joint project for detection of the pollutant concentration in the sediment samples from the Yellow Sea (by the GC/ MS method).

Zhejiang environment monitoring center is located within the provincial environmental monitoring technical center. In order to improve the ability to analyze PCDD/Fs, Zhejiang environmental monitoring center established a series of cooperation, research and discussion relations with Germany in the framework of the solid waste cooperation project between Zhejiang province and the German government. In 1999, when some German experts came to the station to give guidance in the PCDD/Fs monitoring, the station carried out the monitoring of possible PCDD/Fs sources (thermal power plants, waste gas and fine particulate matter discharged from iron and steel factories, waste water treating factories, pesticide manufacturers, and sludge from canals). Thr ee of the staff members have received training by German experts and then went to the MPU

60

laboratory in Germany for further training on PCDD/Fs analysis.

The current work of the center concerning POPs includes: the study on the feasibility of monitoring the content of PCDD/Fs in the solid waste matters and waste gas discharged from the incinerators by using HRGC/LRMS, the current situation of typical organic toxic pollution in drinking water and countermeasures to be taken.

3.4 The PCBs Management of Local EPB and other related local

Institutes

3.4.1 Hazardous Waste Management Institute

3.4.1.1 Zhejiang Environmental Protection System

There are 2 sub-provincial cities, 9 cities with districts, and 90 counties or county-level cities or urban districts in Zhejiang province. The government of each city or county set up its own environmental protection bureau to take charge of the management work of local environmental protection. Zhejiang Environmental Protection System is composed of Zhejiang provincial (EPB) and 11 local EPBs, which are the EPBs of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Jiahua , Quzhou , Zhoushan , Taizhou and Lishui.

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Province-level solid waste center City-level solid waste center

Figure3.3 Relationship among Institutes in Zhejiang Environmental Protection System

The situation of institutes and personnel

There are totally 114 environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) at the province-level, city –level and county-level in the whole province. There are totally 1051 personnel. In Zhejiang province, there is one province-level EPB with 60 personnel, 12 city-level EPBs with 241 personnel, and 83 county-level EPBs with 749 personnel.

Table3.1 The situation of EPB institute s and personnel in every district in

Zhejiang Provin cial Environmental Protection

Hangzhou EPB

Ningbo EPB

Wanzhou EPB

Jiaxing EPB

Huzhou EPB

Shaoxin EPB

Jinhua EPB

Quzhou EPB

Taizhou EPB

Lishui EPB

Solid waste center Zhejiang

Environmental Information center

general supervis ing

team

Information and education center

academy institute

evaluation center

Zhejiang Environment

Monitoring Center

Zhejiang Radiant

Environment

Monitoring Station

Zhoushan Ecological

Marine Monitoring

Station

Env

iron

men

t pro

tect

ion

Bur

eaus

in ev

ery

dist

rict

of Z

hejia

ng P

rovi

nce

Aff

iliat

ed u

nits

Directly pertained institutes

Xianshan EPB

Other county EPB

Yinxian EPB

Other county EPB

Leqing EPB

Other county EPB

Tongxiang EPB

Other county EPB

Changxin EPB

Other county EPB

Zhuji EPB

Other county EPB

Lanxi EPB

Other county EPB

Changshan EPB

Other county EPB

Wenling EPB

Other county EPB

Qingtian EPB

Other county EPB

Zhoushan EPB Daishan EPB

Other county EPB

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Zhejiang province

Province-level City-level County-level District

EPB personnel EPB personnel EPB personnel

Province 1 61 / / / /

Hangzhou / / 1 50 13 175

Ningbo / / 2 35 10 79

Wenzhou / / 1 28 11 142

Jiaxing / / 1 16 8 91

Huzhou / / 1 20 3 23

Shaoxing / / 1 18 5 51

Jinhua / / 1 16 7 52

Quzhou / / 1 14 6 40

Zhoushan / / 1 13 3 10

Taizhou / / 1 16 9 51

Lishui / / 1 15 8 35

subtotal 1 61 12 241 83 749

total 114EPBs, 1051 personnel

3.4.1.2 Hazardous Waste Management Support Institutions

At present, Zhejiang province has set up the Zhejiang solid waste management center and four regional solid waste management centers, including Hangzhou hazardous waste management center, Ningbo solid waste management center, Wenzhou solid waste management center and Jinhua solid waste management center. Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Quzhou, Lishui, Taizhou ,Zhoushan EPBs and county-level EPBs have not set up solid wastes. The basic sit uation is reported in the following table.

Table 3.2 The situation of each regional solid waste Management center

name

Year of

establishment Personn

el age educational background main tasks

Work time engaged in solid waste

Quality (full time /part

time)

Zhejiang solid waste management

center 1999 7 28-45

Above graduate

Environmental protection, chemical

engineering etc. 1-5years full time

Hangzhou hazardous waste

management center 2002 5 31-49

Above junior college

Environmental management 2-3years full time

Ningbo solid waste management center

1999 5 30-49 graduate Environmental protection, chemical

3-10years full time

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engineering , law etc.

Wenzhou solid waste management

center 1999 3 29-35

Above junior college

Environmental protection, law etc. 1-3years full time

Jinhua solid waste management center

2004 2 above40 college Plant protection, terrestrial hydrology

3months

One full time

One part time

In conclusion, the solid waste network now covers almost all the province. The construction of Zhejiang solid mana gement center and each regional solid management center are almost complete. Usually, each center has full-time personnel. with good professional skill, and strong ability to manage solid wastes. Of course, a few solid waste management centers are understaffed. Their professional quality needs to be improved. Some employees have not engaged in solid waste for a long time. And some have not been trained in the profession, moreover, they are part-time staff. For example, Jinhua solid waste management center and Wenzhou solid waste management center pertain to the environmental supervising team. Actually, the staff of the center and the team is the same. Other regional environmental protection bureaus have functional sections of solid waste to administer, and designate the stations and personnel of solid waste management. But the sections are not established separately, and do not have strong ability to administer solid waste.

3.4.2 Other PCBs Related Institutes

3.4.2.1 Institutes in Electric Power Industry

Zhejiang Electric Power Company governs 11 regional electric power bureaus, including the electric power bureaus of Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Taizhou, Wenzhou, Quzhou, Lishui, Zhoushan, Ningbo and Hangzhou. Each regional electric power bureau has a security supervising department in charge of environmental protection. The regional power bureau governs subordinate county-level electric power bureaus; county-level bureaus also set security supervising section in charge of environmental protection. The county-level electric power bureaus also administer subordinate transformer substations. The described Electric Power Company, electric power bureaus and transformer substations at all levels may seal up and deposit some electric power equipments containing PCBs. Perhaps few electric power equipments containing PCBs are still in use.

Zhejiang Electric Power Company

Hangzhou electric power bureau Ningbo electric power bureau

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Figure 3.4 The Relationship Within Zhejiang Electricity Sector

3.5 The Relationship of Each Institute

The relationship among state, province and local government follows a “pyramidal” hierarchy. The state has the power to enact regulations and normative documents, mainly enforcing the function of supervision and management. Provincial environmental protection bureaus accept the supervision and management. Furthermore, they enforce the function of supervision and management to regional environmental protection bureaus. Regional environmental protection bureaus are the main institutes to execute the management. In association with them, at the same level, other related institutes (for example, institutes in electric power industry, monitoring center/station) cooperate and assist the management institutes. For the management of PCBs, the management institutes play a leading role, and other institutes cooperate and assist the management institutes to execute management.

Huzhou electric power bureau

Shaoxing electric power bureau

Quzhou electric power bureau

Zhoushan electric power bureau

Taizhou electric power bureau

Jiaxing electric power bureau

Jinhua electric power bureau

Lishui electric power bureau

Zhejiang electric test institute

Wenzhou electric power bureau

Zhejiang electricity transfer engineering company

Zhejiang fire -electricity engineering company

Unltra high voltage construction filiale

Zhejiang electric power design institute

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Figure 3.5 Relationship of Institutes at All Levels

CIO/SEPA

Waste Import Registration Administration Center

Chemical Registration Center/SEPA

EPBs

State Electricity Regulatory Commission

NationaElectricity Grid Corporations

5 Power Generation Companies

Environment Monitor Centers

Environment Monitor Stations

Environment Monitor Stations

Province Electric Power Companies

National Leading Group for

Implementation of the Convention

National

Regional level

Provincial level M

unicipal l level C

ounty level

EPBs

EPBs

Electric Power Bureaus

Electric Power Bureaus

Other affiliated institution /private

partners involved in PCBs

management and disposal

National Environmental Monitoring Center

Waster Management Centers

Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences

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4. Inventory of PCBs Wastes in the Zhejiang Province

In May 2001, the government of China signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were included in the first POPs list in the Stockholm Convention. The Chinese government developed the projects of PCB Inventory Methodology and Strategy Development on PCB Reduction and Disposal, PDF-B project (preparation of a demonstration project of PCBs management and disposal in cooperation with the World Bank and supported by the Italian government and GEF. In January 2004, a combined inception workshop for the two projects was held, organized by SEPA and the World Bank. In the workshop, Zhejiang and Liaoning were selected as the inventory provinces for the purpose of investigation on the existing PCBs amount and contamination situation. On May 14th 2004, Zhejiang province was ratified formally as the demonstration province on PCBs inventory development through Sino-Italian cooperation in China and PCBs management and disposal supported by GEF in China.

The reason that Zhejiang was chosen as the demonstration province on PCBs inventory development and PCB Reduction and Disposal project is the following: Zhejiang has some basic information of their PCBs status (total quantity, storage and disposal, etc.), and has gained some experiences about PCBs survey, collection, transport, storage, disposal: as a result, Zhejiang provinces are well trained in inventory development; Zhejiang is outstanding in effective and strong support from the local government and from power companies, has a good investment environment and sustainable infrastructures.

The work of inventory development in the Zhejiang province was carried out the work on the basis of the China PCBs Inventory Methodology.

4.1 China PCBs Inventory Methodology

As “PCB inventory” is a database of all the equipment, sites and wastes which are contaminated or potentially contaminated by PCB. The aim of the inventory is twofold: i.) provide and store information on the presence of PCB in the equipment and environment for waste management

purposes and ii) guarantee the traceability of contaminated equipment and wastes for risk

prevention.

The methodology is aimed to provide a uniform and standardized methodology for China PCBs inventory development, and the Zhejiang PCBs inventory is one of the pilot users of this method. As the methodology contains the general guidelines for developing a PCB inventory, it is presented as Annex II. This methodology is prepared by Qinghua Unive rsity and supported by the Italian government.

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4. 2 PCB Inventory Development in Zhejiang Province

In consideration of the actual situation of PCBs in Zhejiang, the inventory has been organized as a three -phase activity. Phase 1: Selecting the units and enterprises of the electricity sector as the key investigated objectives, which possibly use PCBs electric facilities and the manufacturers for PCBs-containing electric facilities. Phase 2:Selecting the units and enterprises of the sectors not pertaining to electricity production or distribution as the key, which possibly use PCBs electric facilities; the enterprises containing PCBs residue in the process flow; the original disassembly location; the sealed-up locations need further treatment after cleaning up. Phase 3: Other systems, including army, railway, hospitals, etc as the key objectives for the third round.( Possibly the army will be investigated.)Up to now part of the first and second rounds of work has been finished.

PCBs are mostly used as impregnant in electric power capacitors and transformers. PCBs have never been used in transformers produced in China. The PCB containing transformers in our country were imported with equipment which were introduced during the 1960s and 1970s in limited number. However, as pointed out in the Inventory methodology (annexed), in China, transformers are not labeled as “PCB free”. Information concerning maintenance or replacement of transformer oil, or the properties of the dielectric oil itself is generally not available.. For this reason, in this document also data concerning preliminary inventory results on all the transformers pertaining to the electric sector are reported.

4. 2.1 Inventory Development Process

n Inventory development preparation

(1) Getting support from the relevant institutions

The earlier inventory development got the support from SEPA, State Electricity Regulatory Committee, PCBs inventory methodology working group of Qinghua University, etc, and meanwhile got the support and cooperation from the provincial environmental protection bureau, electric power company, the local environmental protection and electric institutions.

(2) Identification of inventory development principles • Industry Priority: Industries that mass produce or consume PCBs containing

equipment are given priority. Considering the reality of China, the electricity sector that mass consumes PCBs containing electric equipment is the primary

target. Next in importance are large- and medium-sized industrial entities that

mass consume PCBs containing equipment. PCBs or PCBs-containing capacitors manufacturers in the past rank third..

• Site Priority: sealed storage spots for PCBs electric equipment are the main

concern, then comes separate equipment, and PCBs contaminated medium. • Inventory Region Priority: Natural environmental conditions, economic

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development and history records should be considered. The principle of “coastal region, then inner land and western areas” should be reflected.

(3) Establishment and organization of the investigation team

The investigation team member should consist of the personnel of the following authorities:

² Related officials from the provincial Environmental Protection Bureau;

² Related officials from the provincial Environmental Monitoring Center;

² Related officials from the provincial Electric Power Company and Provincial Electric Power Experiment Research Institute;

² Representatives and experts from the local environmental protection bureaus;

² Representatives and experts from the local electric power bureaus;

Grouping: According to the investigation need, the team is grouped into three groups:

² Organization and coordination group

² Site investigation group

² Materials investigation and statistic group

(3) Training

Organized by the provincial Environmental Protection Bureau and the Provincial Electric Power Company, the representatives from the local environmental protection bureaus, electricity sector, and large and medium enterprises will be trained. The training includes: PCBs risk and toxicology, project background briefing, investigation method, investigation procedure, individual protection, and on-site practice.

(4) Inventory Work plan preparation

PCBs investigation team makes a detailed investigation work plan, which includes implementation mode, time schedule, questionnaire investigation, site investigation, data statistic and processing, etc.

n Inventory implementation

(1) Determination of investigation objectives

According to the preliminary investigation result on PCBs by SEPA and Ministry of Energy in 1996, PCBs problems in China mainly exist in the electricity sector and some large-scale enterprises of other industrial sectors. The PCBs problems in Zhejiang are

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basically same as for the national situation. Thus, the potential sites and units can be confirmed according to the electricity sector and the sectors not pertaining to electricity production or distribution.

For the electricity sector, the investigation will include the on-line and no longer in use electric equipment containing PCBs, and the primary target is the no longer in use electric equipment containing PCBs. For the sectors not pertaining to electricity production or distribution, the using of PCBs can be closed, semi-closed and open, etc, the primary target is the big and medium enterprises using electric equipment containing PCBs.

(2) Records search for potentially PCB-containing equipment and PCB waste sites

The Zhejiang inventory team must search and collect the related filing materials of the environmental protection system and the electricity sector, eg. Zhejiang electric power record, the electric power records of different regions, Zhejiang statistic year book, etc. especially the record of the storage and disposal of the electric documents which contain PCBs in electricity sector. Through the above ways it is possible to master the background information to provide the theoretical basis for confirming the suspected locations of PCB equipment and waste, and the data for the theoretical calculation on the amount of electric equipment containing PCBs in Zhejiang.

(3) Confirming preliminarily the suspected PCBs location and units

Preliminarily identify potential PCB users and manufacturers and PCB storage sites according to the search and collection of the related record

(4) Questionnaire investigation

² Distributing the questionnaire

The questionnaire is distributed to the potential locations and units for the preliminary investigation. The provincial electric power bureau is in charge of distributing and collecting the questionnaire for the electricity sector and the provincial environmental bureau is in charge of distributing and collecting the questionnaire for the sectors not pertaining to electricity production or distributions.

² Summary

Summarize the inventory results and develop statistical analysis for the possible regional information on equipment and waste containing PCBs.

(5) Site investigation

² Based on the inventory results, the most important sites to be invest igated have to be selected. In this phase, no sampling and analysis activities will be done on the

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sites, as the main objective of the site investigation is to visually confirm the basic results obtained by the questionnaire.

² Developing the site investigation plan;

² Carrying out the site investigation.

Each investigation group carries out the investigation accompanied by the local electric power and environmental protection departments to know the related information, such as equipment sort and type, source, quantity, the surrounding environment, etc. The questionnaire has to be filled at site and the investigation results have to be exchanged.

² Evaluation of results for the formulation of proposals for the further sampling

(6) Investigation summary

The investigation summary report will contain tables, summaries and maps of the relevant information obtained with the inventory. Separate statistics and graphs will be developed for the different administrative regions. Each region will be provided with the pertinent inventory result for verification and feedback purposes. This part of the work will be done after the completion of the monitoring activity.

4. 2. 2 The Preliminary Result of PCB Inventory in Zhejiang

The four results can be worked out by material search and collection, questionnaire and site investigation, which are the main sources and potential location of PCBs in Zhejiang, the amount of theoretical calculation for electrical equipment containing PCBs, the results of questionnaire and site investigation.

4.2.2.1Main Sources and Potential Location

(1) The no longer in use electrical equipments containing PCBs in each of 11 regions in Zhejiang province;

(2) The on-line electrical equipments containing PCBs in each of 11 regions in Zhejiang province;

(3) The electrical equipments containing PCBs transferred from other provinces;

(4) Contaminated material at the original disassembly location of equipment containing PCB;

(5) Residue PCBs contaminated material at cleanup site;

(6) Unexpected by-product containing PCBs in chemical industries;

(7) Enterprises producing or using the electric equipment containing PCBs.

4.2.2.2 The Calculation of Theoretical Amount for Electrical Equipments Containing PCBs

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China never manufactured PCBs-containing transformer, and the PCBs-containing capacitors were produced from 1965 and prohibited by Chinese Government in 1974. Moreover Chinese Government further prohibited import of PCBs-containing electrical devices since 1979. Hence, whether or not a capacitor would contain PCBs can be identified according to the dates when it was installed. Thus the consumption of the power company from 1964 to 1980 may be investigated in Zhejiang Province.

On the basis of the preliminary investigation for transformer substations by Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Center in June 2004, on-line transformers, and the overall transformer capacity (calculated as sum of the capacity each single transformer) are provided in the Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Tranformer substation, on-line large transformer2 and overall transformer capacity in 1980 in Zhejiang

Region Transformer substations On-line large transformers

Transformer capacity( MVA)

Jinhua 52 100 470

Jiaxing 25 73 640

Wenzhou 44 88 370

Taizhou 18 36 390

Lishui 8 15 80

Hangzhou 36 67 800

Ningbo 33 63 550

Shaozing 37 64 920

Huzhou3 20 40 300

Zhoushan3 20 40 300

Quzhou3 20 40 300

Total 313 626 5,120

(1)The calculation of the theoretical number of capacitors in use in Zhejiang province. 2 The capacity of these transformers is above 35 kva. 3 Means that there are no electric power records of these regions, then the numbers forthese three regions are estimates.

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Ø Calculation method

Here we use the first method mentioned in the inventory development Methodology to calculate- Calculate the number of capacitors in use according to technical standard for paralleling capacitors SDJ-25-85.

Qb = S n *20% ( 1)

In which: Qb- the capacity of capacitors, KVar

Sn- the capacity of capacitors in secondary transformer substations or Distribution transformer substations, KVar

Now that the capacity of capacitors is known according to (1), the number of capacitors in use can be estimated by: n = Qb / Qb0 ( 2)

Where n refers to the number of capacitors in use and Q b0 to the compensable reactive power of each capacitor in KVar. Estimated by the experts, then Q b0 was generally from 25 to 75 KVar, Assuming: Qb0 is 50 KVar.

Ø Calculation

� Qb=5117945×20%=1023589 KVar

� n =1023589/50=20500units

So the theoretical amount about capacitors containing PCBs in use in Zhejiang province is 20500units.

(2) The estimated number of incoming dismissed capacitors containing PCBs from other provinces

It’s a special phenomenon of Zhejiang Province, that dismissed capacitors are imported from other provinces. And in the 1980s, it has even been an industry. Generally, these capacitors are bought ,disassembled and reused as material.

The incoming dismissed capacitors containing PCBs from other provinces : According to the statistic data, there are more than 1300 units capacitors in Taizhou and in Yueqing there are more than 600 units, so there are at least 2000 dismissed capacitors containing PCBs coming into Zhejiang province from other provinces.

(3) The total number of capacitors

The total capacitor amount= capacitors in use amount + incoming dismissed capacitors amount =22500 units

(4) On-line large transformers and transformer capacity in substations in 2003 in Zhejiang

Based on the available information, the number of on-line large transformers in Zhejiang in 1980 is 626 units, and the transformer capacity is 5,120 MVA.

According to a 2005 January investigation by Zhejiang Solid Waste Management

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Center and Zhejiang Electric Power Company on all on-line transformers in the electricity power sector (production and distribution of electricity) for the province, the total number of online transformers is 230,733, and overall capacity is 127,794 MVA. Information is provided in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9 On-line Transformers and Overall Capacity in 2003

Transf. Class(kV) Transf. Number Overall Capacity (MVA) 500kv 24 18,500 220kv 187 28,160 110kv 787 29,069

35( 63) kv 1256 10,938 35/0.4kv 387 1,930

3-10/0.4kv 228092 39,197 Total 230733 127,794

4.2.2.3Questionnaire Result

( 1) questionnaire was addressed to the electric power companies and selected large enterprises to develop PCB inventories.

( 2) 130 copies of questionnaires were distributed and 121 filled out questionnaires were returned by the electric power companies and selected large enterprises. The statistic was done separately according to PCBs pollutant and PCBs-free pollutant. See Table 4.10 in details.

Table 4.10 Questionnaire Result

Questionnaire result sort Number( unit)

Remarks

1 Locations surely having PCBs pollutant

43

2 Locations possibly having PCBs pollutant

4 Need further investigation

3 Locations surely without PCBs pollutant

45

4 Blank questionnaire and unclear information questionnaires

38 Need further investigation.

Total 130

Questionnaire Result

² Table 4.10 shows there are totally 43 confirmed PCBs storage locations in Zhejiang.

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² According to the investigation result, there are 38 copies of blank questionnaires and unclear information questionnaires, and there are 4 locations possibly having PCBs pollutant .Therefore, not been thoroughly investigated(only the first and second rounds have been finished) , there are 0—42 locations possibly having PCBs pollutant. In terms of ignoring the no-feedback answer sheet , the real amount of the PCBs pollutant sites will be larger than that in the basic information report.

² Based on the investigation result, the capacitors amount in most locations is unclear, needs further investigation and confirmation.

4.2.2.4 Site Investigation Result

(1) Table Statistic Result

According to the site investigation on the 43 locations having PCBs pollutants, their basic information can be seen in Table 4.11. Map 1 is the location distribution.

Table 4.11 Site investigation statistics

The district city name

Site code Disposal condition Remark

01 Cleaned up completely. The capacitors in this site have been sent to Shenyang and incinerated.

Site cleaned up completely

02 The capacitors in this site have been sent to Shenyang and have been incinerated. But the soil need be further treated

03 Cleaned up completely. The capacitors in this site have been sent to Shenyang and incinerated.

Site cleaned up completely

04 Still sealed

05 Still sealed

06 Still sealed

07 Still sealed

08 Still sealed

Shaoxing

40 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

Wenzhou 09 The capacitors in this site have been purchased by some people and the local people don’t know the whither of these capacitors. Local people said the capacitors leaked when they were removed. So the soil in this site need be further treated.

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10 The capacitors and oil in this site have been sent to Shenyang and incinerated. The contaminated soil still remained in the site. So the soil in this site need be further treate d.

11 Cleaned up completely. The capacitors in this site have been sent to Shenyang and incinerated.

SITE CLEANED UP COMPLETELY

12 The capacitors have been removed and the soil needed further treatment.

Jiaxing

13 Still sealed

15 Dismantlement site of capacitors, soil need be further treated.

Taizhou

37 In this site, there are lots of chemical residues containing PCBs and depositing in the open air.

Non-Electric Power

14 The capacitors were stolen and the soil need be further treated.

16 The capacitors were stolen and the soil need be further treated.

17 Still sealed

18 Still sealed

19 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

Ningbo

20 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

21 Still sealed

22 Still sealed

24 Still sealed

27 Still sealed

28 Still sealed

38 The capacitors have been removed and the capacitors still stored in the warehouse now

Site cleaned up completely

Hangzhou

42 The capacitors still store in the warehouse New site

23 The capacitors have been removed and capacitors still stored in the warehouse now

Site cleaned up completely

25 Still sealed

Jinhua

26 Still sealed

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29 The capacitors have been removed and the local people don’t know the whither of these capacitors. Local people said the capacitors leaked when they were removed. And the soil needed further treatment.

30 The capacitors have been removed and the local people don’t know the whither of these capacitors. Local people said the capacitors leaked at that time. So the soil need be further treated.

31 Still sealed

33 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

32 Still sealed

34 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

Quzhou

41 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

Lishui 35 Still sealed

36 Still sealed

39 Still sealed Non-Electric Power

Huzhou

43 Still sealed New site

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Map1 PCBs pollutant distribution in Zhejiang

(2) Conclusion:

The distribution of PCBs sites in Zhejiang province is as follow: 3 sites in Huzhou, 1 site in Lishui, 3 sites in Quzhou, 7 sites in Jinhua, 7 sites in Hangzhou, 6 sites in Ningbo, 2 sites in Taizhou, 3 sites in Jiaxing, 2 sites in Wenzhou, 9 sites in Shaoxing. In these 43 sites, 5 sites have been cleaned out completely.

In the present stage of the inventory development, the PCBs wastes are mainly obsolete capacitors containing PCBs from electricity sector and large enterprises. There are no capacitors containing PCBs use 230,733 large on-line transformers in the Zhejiang province in 2003. There are no data concerning the PCB concentration in these transformers, thus a sampling and analysis with screening analytical methods performed on a significant statistical sample of these transformers will allow to estimate the extent of the PCB problem for this class of equipment.

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5. Detailed Descriptions and Priorities for the Cleanup of the

PCB-Contaminated Sites

5.1 Detailed Description and Environmental Impacts

5.1.1 Analysis of Environmental Risks

According to PCB inventory investigation in Zhejiang, several sources of PCB contaminants and dispersed PCB waste storage sites were characterized. At present 43 PCB waste storage sites have been identified, five in of which have already been cleaned up before. During the process of inventory investigation and cleanup on PCBs in Zhejiang, the following questions came up:

n An imperfect inventory methodology may lead to an incomplete PCBs finding.

n PCB has no great impact on atmosphere and plant due to its low volatility and lipo-solubility. But PCBs pose great threat to human health and the environment due to their chemical stability and easy accumulation in the human and animal’s body.

n The experience on PCB cleanup in Zhejiang (for example, two sites in Hangzhou Steel Company Group and Yiwu, Jinhua) shows that due to the long period of storage in coffins or caves, leakage of PCBs were found in some sites.

n Zhejiang is an area with much rainfall in China, so there is a possibility to cause expanded pollution due to the transportation of pollutants by runoff and percolating water if no water-proof measures are taken after excavation.

n The high toxicity of PCBs and their persistence may expose the operator to unacceptable health risk in case of wrong operation.

n Adequate safety equipment and protection measures are thus required in order to reduce the health risk to an acceptable level.

Concerning the 43 PCB waste storage sites identified in Zhejiang, the potential risks by the PCB waste are mainly due to the fact that::

n The exact position of the PCB storage sites is unknown.

n Some of the individual PCB waste disposal sites which were not considered, can result in increased costs and more serious environment damage.

n The mode used for storing PCBs wastes at storage site strongly influence the probability of PCB leakage.

PCBs waste mainly threat the environment and human health by means of water and absorption to dust and animal fat. If there is surface water around the PCB waste

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disposal sites or if water percolating through the PCBs wastes can easily reach the ground water, the risk for environment and human health is significant. In general, the following explanation will help to better understand the detailed description and the environmental impact assessment of the PCB storage site.

n The great ecological environment risks exist around the locations where the animal’s activity is frequent.

n Different models of soil will have different barrier to the diffusion and penetration of PCB. The red clayey soil, which is common in Zhejiang, allows diffusion of PCB in a rather slow progress.

n The shallower the ground water, the higher the environmental risk of the PCB site.

n The larger number of PCB containing equipments stored, the higher probability of the PCB leakage into the environment.

n The type of land use affects the level of cleanup (e.g. 1 ppm for residential areas and 25 ppm to 50 ppm for industrial areas. These are used for reference only.). The national standard is 50 ppm.

5.1.2 Detailed Descriptions of the PCB-Contaminated Sites

At present stage, it is impossible to provide detailed data or information concerning the environmental status of the sites because systematic monitoring has not been made. However, consultation with professional geologists of Zhejiang indicates that the ground water table is normally is between 1 and 2 meter in plain area of Zhejiang. And it is complicated in mountainous and foothill area where the ground water is mostly more than 2 meters in depth, so the quantitative data is not available. In addition, due to the wide seasonal fluctuation of the water table, the exact data cannot be confirmed.

Based on the site visit, the consultation, the indirect data and experiences gathered, the description of the 43 known PCB storage sites can be summarized as follow:

( 1) No. 1 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Unknown Number of Capacitors: 100 units

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Mode: Sealed by the stone coffin

Description: The storage site is situated on the mountain of Shaoxing. The surrounding soil has been monitored and measured, and no PCB was found. It is considered that the groundwater table exceeds 2 meters below the ground level. The PCB storage site was cleaned up thoroughly and the capacitors were incinerated in Shenyang in 1999.

( 2) No. 2 in Shaoxing

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Description of Capacitors: Unknown Storage Time: 1986

Number of Capacitors: 1000 units and have been sent to Shenyang for incineration in 2000

Sealed Mode: Stone coffin

Description: The capacitors were sealed up underground directly in 1986 and cleaned up and sent to Shenyang for incineration in Dec. 1999. Because no perfect anti-leakage measures were taken while sealed up, the excavated capacitors were found serious corrosion and some of PCBs oil had leaked out. D ue to lack of financial support, the local environment protection bureau only sealed up capacitors. While the seepage liquid and the contaminated soil has not been disposed effectively and now they are still sealed up in the pit. The site is 500 meters far away from the residential area and 500 meters from nearest surface water. It is considered that the groundwater is about 2 meters in depth. The around soil is clayey. The plant around is mainly bush, no wild animal activity and the transportation is inconvenient.

Extent of Pollution: PCBs concentration of the soil exceeds the normal standard (50ppm) and needs further characterization to confirm the pollution degree and coverage.

Environmental Impacts: The soil around was contaminated. Because the contaminated soil area is large there, it needs sampling analysis several times to further verify and confirm the pollution coverage. The big amount of contaminated soil in this location poses great potential threat to the surrounding environment. Perfect safety protection and waterproof facility is required due to the large quantity of contaminated soil, long period of excavation and cleanup risk while cleaning up.

( 3) No. 3 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Unknown (manufacturer also unknown)

Number of Capacitors: 443 pieces

Storage Mode: The capacitors were directly piled up in the open area of the factory and sent to Shenyang for incineration in 1998.

Cleanup Status: Completely cleaned up

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The capacitors is simply stored in an open area in the factory where the capacitor was formally installed and now it is used to pile up containers and miscellaneous items. The ground is cement and there is fence wall around.

( 4) No. 4 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Capacitors containing PCB, with no information about its number, manufacturer, or, model.

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Mode: Sealed up in the septic tank, the buried depth is around 3 meters.

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The Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is located in the busy street it is about 15 meters away from the nearest residential area. It is far away from the surface water, more than 300 meters. It is estimated that the groundwater is about 1 and 2 meter in depth, and the ambient soil is arenaceous .The exact position of the PCB site is unconfirmed. The construction work is on going in the sealed up area and to be finished by the end of year. While cleanup the building needs to be demolished. The transportation is convenient and the vehicle is accessible directly to the place.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted and extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impacts: The site is located near the downtown street in Shangyu, Shaoxing, so there are many passers-by and shops are around the PCB waste storage site. Due to the long time storage with poor conditions, it is likely that PCBs has leaked out. Therefore it is great danger to the health nearby inhabitants. In addition, the building was constructed above the storage site and is planned for removed by the end of year. Because the site is just below the constructed building, the building owner may ask for the big compensation, even oppose the cleanup work if compensation is not made. The exact position still has not been located. Before excavation the geological radar is required to locate the exact position and thus reduce the excavation cost and the possibility of anthropogenic damage to the environment.

( 5) No. 5 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Unknown, Number of Capacitors: 10 units

Storage Time: 1982

Sealed Model: Stone coffin with about 4 to 5 meters in depth.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is more than 50 meters away from the nearby residential area. It is about 1000 meters from the surface water. The land near the site is relatively flat where the soil is clayey with low permeability. The inhabitants in this area have no habit of drinking the ground water. The approximate position of the site is confirmed based on the history record of the factory and memory of the older workers. Transportation is convenient. It is accessible for the large transport vehicle, such as big truck.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted for the soil around the site.

Environmental Impacts: The PCB site is enclosed by the stone coffin, so the possibility of PCBs leakage is low in principle. Due to the deep ground water table, the low permeability of soil, the great distance from the surface water, the possibility of PCB diffusion into the ground water is not high even if the PCBs leakage occurs. However, the exact position of the PCB is still unknown, so the geological radar is required for localization in order to decrease the future excavation cost and avoid the possible anthropogenic damage to the environment.

( 6) No.6 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and models unknown

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Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: About 1983

Sealed Model: Not sealed up in the stone coffin, only packaged in two layers of plastic bag.

Surrounding Environment and Site description: It is about 5 meters away from the nearest cemetery, about 100 meters from the residential area, more than 500 meters from the surface water. The sealed up position has been confirmed. At the site, some white plastic package can be found and pungent odor can be smelled. There are plantation (pine tree) around the site. it is considered that the ground water table is about 2 meters in depth,and the soil is clayey. Transportation is inconvenient and a road of about tens of meters long should be built for cleanup preparation.

Extent of Pollution: No monitor was made before, so the extent of contamination is unknown.

Environmental Impacts: The capacitors of this site were directly buried underground but only packaged in the plastic bags. And now the package has already exposed above the ground. It is considered that that a large area around the site has been seriously contaminated.. In addition, the PCB waste storage site is just situated in the cemetery area, only 3 meters away from the nearest grave. In the future the new graves may expand to the site, which will make the cleanup more difficult.

( 7) No. 7 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: The manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: About 1991

Sealed Model: Not sealed up in the stone coffin, cement pouring at the top.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: It is about 300 meters from the residential area, 20 meters away from an large area of tea garden, and about 500 meters from the nearest surface water. It is considered that ground water is more than 2 meters, in depth. The soil around the site is clayey. The approximate position of the PCB waste storage site is confirmed. An area near the site has been purchased and a holiday hotel is planned. And also most of the land around the site may possibly be scheduled for future use within next several years. Transportation is inconvenient around the PCB waste storage site, so a road of about tens of meters should be built for cleanup preparation. The area surrounding the site is mainly covered with low trees and weed, indicating no activity of wild animals.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted; the extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impact: It was not sealed up by the stone coffin, so it is considered that possibly the soil around has been contaminated. But it has little influence to the surrounding inhabitants, surface water and groundwater, because it is located at the peak

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of the hill,and the the soil is clayey. Once the land is re-used for the hotel, the cleanup cost will increase greatly.

( 8) No.8 in, Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and models unknown.

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Capacitor Owner: Zhuji Electricity Bureau Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: No package, buried nakedly, 4 to 5 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: It is surrounded by residents alone the three side of the site, with 30 meters away from the nearest one. It is about 300 meters from the surface water. It is considered that ground water is more than 2 meters in depth. But the position of the PCB storage site has not been confirmed. Transportation is convenient and the vehicle is accessible to the place directly. Close to the site, there is a warehouse with cemented floor, which also requires cleaning.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted, and extent of contamination is unknown.

Environmental Impact: The capacitors have been directly buried in the site for a long time. The possibility of the serious contamination is posing great risks to local inhabitants around the three-side of the site. The exact position is unknown. The geological radar is required to locate the exact position of PCB in order to reduce the excavation expenses and possible anthropogenic damage to the environment.

( 9) No. 9 in Wenzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufactured in Guilin Electrical Capacitor Factory.

Number of Capacitors: The exact number is Unknown. The capacitors stored were removed out in 1985. Information about the capacitors after 1985 is still not available.

Storage Time: Early 1980s

Sealed Model: It is sealed up in the stone coffin, about 2 meters in depth.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The weed around the site grows and becomes very thick. and the ground is flat. Based on the recalling from local people,,the capacitors were dug out after they were buried only several years later. The illegal digging has caused PCB leakage, but no remediation measures were taken. The PCB waste site is about 1000 meters form the surface water., and more than 100 meters away from the residential area. But transportion is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted on the surrounding soil; and contamination status is unknown.

Environmental Impacts: PCB Leakage of capacitors occurred during illegal digging, so it is assumed that the surrounding soil was contaminated which needs careful

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environmental characterization. It’s relatively far away from the surface water and the ground water is more than 2 meters in depth. It is considered that the influence on the surrounding inhabitants and the PCB dispersion are not serious because of wate circulation. It was estimated that the surrounding soil was contaminated due to the PCB leakage.

( 10) No. 10 in Wenzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and models unknown.

Number of Capacitors: Unknown( have already been cleaned up and sent to Shenyang for incineration)

Storage Time; In 1990

Cleaned up Time: 1997 Sealed Model: In the mountain cave

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is surrounded by a large area of farmland. The PCB waste storage site is just opposite to a forging factory. The capacitors have been moved and the large amount of contaminated soil is still sea led in the cave. It is more than 200 meters away from the nearest residential area, more than 400 meters from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is more than 2 meters in depth. The soil around is clayey. Transportation is convenient and the vehicle is accessible to the place directly.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted and extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impact: At present, the cave where the contaminated soil is sealed up has been damaged. There are neither warning sign nor professional management in this sealed site. If the soil remediation can not be taken in time, the cave should be temporarily repaired, pasted with obvious warning signs and be periodically checked by full time personnel.

( 11) No. 11 in Jiaxing

Description of Capacitors: Unknown Number of Capacitors: 112 units

Capacitor Owner: Wangdian Substation, Jiaxing Storage Time: About the middle of 1980s

Sealed Model: Not sealed up by stone coffin, piled up directly in the warehouse

Description of the Storage Site: The PCB waste storage site is about 20meters away from the nearest residential area. Monitoring on surrounding soil done before shows that PCBs concentration are below 50 ppm. The capacitors were completely re moved and incinerated in Shenyang in 1998.

( 12) No. 12 in Jiaxing

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and the model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown, they were produced long ago and the records were lost.

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Storage Time: During 1983 and 1984

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 2 to 3 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site was originally in a small hill, but now its exact position can not be confirmed due to the great change due to human activities of ore exploitation. However, it is roughly estimated that the site is about 200 meters away from the nearest residential area, more than 800 meters from the surface water. The soil is clayey and its permeability is low. There are a lot of stone and a little vegetation around. Transportation is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted, and extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impacts: The site is situated in the mining area, and future cleanup and remediation will not have great influence on the mountain area’s environment. The exact position is unknown. The geological radar is required to locate the exact position in order to reduce the possible anthropogenic damage to the environment during future cleanup work. Because it is far away from the surface water and ground water, so the possibility of surface water and groundwater being contaminated is very little.

( 13) No. 13 in Jiaxing

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and models unknown

Number of capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Early1980s

Containment: Sealed up in a dry well, about 5 to 6 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The PCB storage site is just under a four-storey office building. When the capacitors were sealed up in the dry well, they were simply packaged with the plastic bag. The ground around t he site is flat. It is more than 500 meters away from the surface water and about 100 meters away from the residential area. Transportation is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted and extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impacts:, The capacitors were sealed up directly in the underground dry well after having been only simply packaged in the plastic bags so it is possible that the contamination may be serious. The ground water may be contaminated. The building has been constructed just above the well, so the cleanup work appears problematic and the risk is therefore high.

( 14) No. 14 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and the model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Still unknown.

Storage Time: Around 1985

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 2 to 3 meters in depth

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Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The storage site is located at a hill, and its exact position has been confirmed. It is about 300 meters from the nearest residential area, and about 1000 meters away from the surface water. The ground water is more than 2 meters in depth. The capacitors inside have been stolen. Transportation around the PCB waste storage site is inconvenient.

Extent of Pollution: According to monitor in 1998, it has been contaminated to a certain extent, about 44.6 ppm for the maximum value. It was monitored long time ago, so it needs to be further monitored.

Environmental Impact: The capacitors in the site have been stolen, so it is very likely that PCBs is completely dispersed in the environment. Because road needs to be construction for cleanup work, the vegetation around site will be damaged. Therefore, the immediate turf and tree seeding planting should be done in time after cleanup to minimize the negative impact on the ecological environment.

( 15) No. 15 in Taizhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and the model unknown

Number of Capacitors: More than 500 units (have been sent to Shenyang for incineration)

Storage Time: From1989 to1990 Cleanup Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: Unknown

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is about 30 meters away from the residential area, and about 200 meters away from the surface water. The ground water is about 1 and 2 meter in depth.

Extent of Pollution: In the soil surrounding the farm land which is comparatively far away from the busy street, PCBs has been detected, and the highest concentration is 226.57ug/kg.

Environmental Impact: The location where capacitors were dismantled is approximately situated in the populous reside ntial area. The capacitors have already been disposed, but PCB was detected in the soil of the surrounding farm land, indicating that the soil has been contaminated and the pollution range needs further confirmation. It is estimated that a large area will be cleaned.for a relavtive longer time, which may have great influence to the surrounding environment.

( 16) No. 16 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Unknown Number of Capacitors: Unknown, no records

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Time: Unknown

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The PCB site is enclosed by tombs and the distance from the site to the tombs is about 25 meters. There is a road path nearby on the north-west. The fall from the PCB waste storage site to the road is about 20 meters.

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The mountain is covered with weed. The soil is of some viscosity. Because it is on the mountain, the ground water is comparatively deep and transportation is inconvenient.

Extent of Pollution: No inspection and monitoring was made, so extent of pollution is unknown

Environmental Impact: For the future cleanup and site remediation, transportation should be a big problem, and the potential risk is high. The capacitors will be transferred first from the hillside to the foot of the hill, so the road needs to be built. In this case, the work will cause damage to the turf, and water and soil loss will influence the surrounding trees. The impact on the environment could be minimized by appropriate mitigation measures like immediate turf re-plantation in the damaged area.

( 17) No. 17 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Early 1980s

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 5 to 6 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The storage site is situated under the middle vegetation area of the No.2 provincial-level Road. The ground at the storage site is comparatively flat, about 10 meters away from the residential area, and about 1000meters away from the surface water.The approximate position for the PCB storage site can be confirmed. It is convenient for transportation. It is considered that the ground water is between 1 and 2 meter in depth,and the around soil is arenaceous.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted on the surrounding soil, and pollution degree is unknown.

Environmental Impacts: It is very close to the residential area which is posing the great potential threat to the health of the nearby inhabitants. It has very small impact on the surface water and groundwater. Because it is under No. 2 Provincial-level Road, future cleanup work will influence the local traffic. Before excavation, a detour needs to be constructed to surpass the the excavation site. The excavation should be completed as soon as possible, and the No. 2 Road should be recovered right after excavation.

( 18) No. 18 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is located in a park, ,about 300 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is between

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1 and 2 meter in depth, and the soil around is clayey. The position of the PCB waste storage site can be confirmed and it is convenient for transportation.

Extent of Pollution: The monitoring was done on the soil around the PCB waste storage site; and the PCB concentration is within the normal standard.

Environmental Impact: The surface water and groundwater is unlikely to be contaminated. The area around the PCB site has been planed for municipal program. Once municipal project is conducted, then the cleanup work will be much difficult. There are lots of culture service and facilities there, for example a basketball field around the site. Therefore, there is a great potential threat to the human health.

( 19) No. 19 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown Storage Time: 1980s

Sealed Model: Buried directly after packaged with plastic bags

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is about 700 meters from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is between 1 and 2 meter in depth. The soil is arenaceous, and the ground is relatively flat. Due to rapid economic development, it has included and covered by the urban activities. The change is so big that the exact position can’t be located. Based on the recalling of some old workers, the approximate range of the PCB storage site can be identified. Transportation is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted, and extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impacts; The capacitors in this site were not sealed up in stone coffin, so it is considered that the capacitors may possibly have leaked due to corrosion based on the experience. So further monitor is recommended to make sure whether the soil was contaminated or not. The geological radar is required to identify the specific location,

( 20) No. 20 in Ningbo

Description of Capacitors: Capacitors containing PCB3

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Around in 1985

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 2 t 3 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: It is located at a hill, where there is good vegetation nearby. It is about 450 meters away from the surface water, with few inhabitants nearby. The ground water is more than 2 meters in depth. The soil is arenaceous, so its permeability is low.. The exact locatin of the PCB storage site can be confirmed, but transportation is inconvenient. The road needs to be constructed for future cleanup.

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Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted on the surrounding soil, and contamination degree is unknown.

Environmental Impact: The PCB site was sealed up in stone coffin. Based on the experience, contamination should not be big problem. It is far away from the surrounding residential area, and temporarily it can pose no threat to the human health. The surrounding trees will be damaged when the excavation is conducted. ,but it should be recovered right after the site excavation,in order to reduce the anthropogenic influence to the environment.

( 21) No. 21 in Hangzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: About300 to 400 units

Storage Time: During 1982 and1983

Sealed Model: In stone coffin (there are two site due to ever transferred to another site for storage)

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: There are two storage sites, and the distance between them is about 50 meters. Both are about 20 meters far away from the residential area, and more than 200 meters from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth. The exact position of PCBs site can be confirmed. Transportation nearby is not very convenient and road may be concerned for future cleanup work.

Extent of Pollution: The results of site monitoring conducted in 1998 and 2001 revealed that the maximum PCB concentrations were five times higher than the controlled standard (50 mg/kg) in China

Environmental impacts:The great number of sealed up capacitors can cause great range of pollution in case of leakage. It is near the residential area, so has potential threat for the surrounding inhabitants’ health. The soil sample has shown the PCBs leaked, thus the work of excavation and cleanup should be done as early as possible.

( 22) No. 22 in Hangzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Quantity of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: 1980s

Source of Capacitors: Yuhang transformer substation

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The sealed up site is located on a hill, which is more than 500 meters away from the residential area, and more than 900 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. The exact position of the site is not confirmed. The transportation nearby is very inconvenient, so a road need to be constructed.

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Extent of Pollution: In 1998 the soil around the PCB storage site was tested, and concluded by the monitoring station of the provincial power company that the soil concentration of PCB was below 50 ppm. And the site was not monitored after this testing.

Environmental Impact: It is far away from the residential area, so it has little influence on the local inhabitants. However, the site clean-up will be of difficult and high risk. Future cleanup will cause damage to the plants on the hill which should be replanted to avoid water and soil loss. The exact position of the sealed site is uncertain, so the geological radar is required before excavation to reduce the possible anthropogenic damage to the environment.

( 23) No. 23 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Early 1980

Sealed Model: In the cement stone coffin in the form of semi-open caisson, with the top covered by soil.

Site Description: The PCB storage site is situated on the foot of a hill. Thereafter, a factory was constructed above there. Now the ground has been raised up. The site was excavated in 2003, and the capacitors were disposed together with the contaminated soils. Still it is necessary to conduct further monitor to determine whether the remediation of the soil is required or not.

( 24) No. 24 in Xin’anjiang

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown.

Number of capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time; 1980s

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is situated along the side of a mountain, and the residential area are about 50 meters away. It is about 200 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. The location of PCB waste site can be confirmed. Transportation is very convenient nearby, so no necessity to construct a road.

Extent of Pollution; In 2003 the soil around the PCB storage site was tested, and concluded by the monitoring station of the provincial power company that the soil concentration of PCB was below 50 ppm. And the site was not monitored after this testing.

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Environmental Impact: The monitoring station of provincial electricity company did the testing PCB concentration in the soil for this site, and concluded that the concentration is below 50 ppm, which is below the national standard. So monitoring was not conducted after this testing. Record of the testing was not kept, and information on PCB concentration level for this site is not available. Based on the testing result, it does not affect surface water and groundwater.

( 25) No. 25 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: About 200 units

Storage Time: In 1986

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is 15 meters above the foot of the hill. There is a large area of tombs in one direction, about 20 meters away. It is more than 300 meters from the residential area, and about 200 meters from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. The location of PCB site can be confirmed. Transportation is very inconvenient, so it needs to construct a road for future cleanup.

Extent of Pollution: The soil was monitored in 2003, and its PCBs content was three times higher than that of normal standard (<50ppm).

Environmental Impacts: The soil has been contaminated. It is unavoidable to pass through the tomb area once cleanup is conducted. It may cause expensive compensation for removal.

( 26) No. 26 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Unknown

Number of Capacitors: The records are lost and the number of capacitors are still unknown.

Storage Time: In 1980s

Sealed Model: Unknown, but possibly in stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site was designed to temporarily store the remaining capacitors which were beyond the capacity of No.25. Now the ground at the site has been raised up and a factory has been constructed. So the exact position of PCBs site can not be confirmed. It is about 20 meters away from the residential area, and about 500 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. It is very convenient for the transportation.

Extent of Pollution: The soil has never been monitored, so the extent of pollution is unknown.

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Environmental Impacts: The seal up mode is unknown. It is relatively close to the residential area, so the potential environmental risk is high, which requires cleanup action as soon as possible. The geological radar will be used to locate the exact position, which may reduce the anthropogenic damage to the environment by excavation.

( 27) No. 27 in Chunan

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown Numbe r of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: 1980s

Sealed Model: The ground of site was ever cover a layer of cement and sand grout and the top was sealed by cement, which is rather similar to stone coffin.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: It is about 10 meters from the residential area. And there is a brook about 20 meters away from site, which provides fresh water for the local inhabitants. It is considered that the ground water is about 1 meter in depth, and the soil is clayey. The site is very close to the kaleyard, about30 meters from the residential area. Its exact position can be confirmed. Transportation is not very convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No historical data on the monitoring, so the PCB contamination is unknown.

Environmental Impact: It is situated at the vegetation area so the probability of corrosion of the stored capacitors increases greatly due to the much water penetration in the soil by irrigation. In addition, the site is very close to the residential area, surface water and groundwater, and the nearby brook which serves the drinking water for the inhabitants. Therefore, once the PCBs oil leaks out, it will cause great adverse impact to the local inhabitants.

( 28) No. 28 in Chunan

Description of Capacitor: Manufacturer and mode l unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: Still unknown

Sealed Model: Similar to the stone coffin, with slush covering the ground and cement grout covering the top.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is located under the road where there is a transformer substation on the hillside, but now it has been consolidated and raised up, It is about 40 meters from the residential area, and about 500 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is more than 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. The exact location of the site is unknown. The road where it is situated is the only path to the local Writers’ building. Transportation is very convenient nearby, no need to construct a road for future cleanup.

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Extent of Pollution; No monitoring was conducted and the extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental impacts: There is little probability for the surface water and the ground water to be contaminated. But it is close to the residential area, which poses the potential threat to the surrounding inhabitants in case of PCBs leakage. The PCB storage site is under the road, which can cause inconvenience for the traffic nearby if the cleanup work lasts for a long time. The geological radar will be used for the exact localization in order to reduce the possible anthropogenic damage to the environment. Sample and analysis is also required to find the PCB concentration in the soil around the PCB storage site.

( 29) No. 29 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors ; E lectrical capacitors containing PCB3, manufacturer and model are unknown.

Number of Capacitors: They were produced long time ago, the records are lost and the number is unknown.

Storage Time: Around 1983

Sealed Model: Directly stored in the warehouse of the electric power company

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The PCB storage site is more than 900 meters away from the surface water (The drinking water of the local inhabitants is the tap water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth. It is about 800meters away from the residential area. The ground is covered by cement and transportation is very convenient. It is known that in 1991 the stored capacitors were sold as waste and their whereabouts is unknown.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted and contamination status is unknown.

Environmental Impact; The electric power company sold out the capacitors as waste over ten years ago and it is impossible to get them back, therefore it is estimated that most possibly PCBs has completely enter into the environment. The surface water and groundwater is less possibly contaminated because the capacitors were stored in the warehouse with cemented ground. Contamination of the surrounding environment is considered to be little . However, monitoring is also required for determing possible further action of remediation.

( 30) No.30 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors : Unknown

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: In stone coffin.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: Now the evidence shows that the capacitors are lost. The residential area around is only about 20 meters away. The site is

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located at a land of high elevation,, about 1000 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. Transportation is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted on the soil, and the extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impact: It is close to the residential area, nobody knows how the capacitors were lost, thus the extent of pollution is unknown, and PCB diffusion can pose the potential threat to the surrounding inhabitants. So monitoring is needed to make sure whether the soil needs to be further remediated.

(31)No. 31 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: About 100 units

Storage Time: In 1980s

Sealed Model: Directly packed with plastic bags and sealed up.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The PCB site is surrounded by the dispersed farmer houses, far away from the residential area. It is on a higher slope, covered with few weeds. The entire mountain area is covered with flourishing medium -sized trees. Because it is in a higher elevation, about 300 meters over the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. The location of the storage site is confirmed. Because the PCB w aste storage site is on the hill, which is accessible by the small truck or tractor are.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted and the contamination is unknown.

Environmental Impact: It is packed with some plastic bags and directly sealed up, thus it can be concluded that the PCBs-containing oil has probably leaked out, which causes severe pollution. Therefore, earlier cleanup is required. The inconvenient transportation causes more difficult for future clean up. The immediate turf and trees are required to recover the site after excavation.

( 32) No. 32 in Quzhou

Description of Capacitors: Capacitors containing PCB3 and PCB5

Number of capacitors: 44 units

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 1 to 3 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: It is enclosed by the arc fence wall in the northeast, and the trees in the north and west. There is the substation in its northwest corner, and some office buildings nearby. It is about 100 meters from the nearest residential area outside of the fence wall, and about 300 meters from the surface water. It

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is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring, still unknown

Environmental Impact: This site has little impact on the surrounding inhabitants, surface water and ground water. It may cause some damage to the vegetation by future cleanup work. The immediate turf and tree planting right after completion can reduce the loss to the local environment.

( 33) No.33 in Jinhua

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown.

Quantity of capacitors : 150 to 200 units

Owner of Capacitors: Zhejiang Huaneng Aluminum Co., Ltd

Storage Time: Middle of 1980s

Sealed Model: The capacitors were packed in some plastic bags and buried underground about 4 to 5 meters in depth.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is about 200 meters from the residential area, and about 500 meters from the surface water. The local inhabitants uses the ground water for washing clothes, not for drinking. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the soil is clayey. But it is assumed that the pollution of the surrounding area has reached a great extent because the capacitors were packed in plastic bags, which usually has leaked.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was conducted.

Environmental Impact: Packed with the plastic bag, the capacitors usually should have leaked. Therefore the site is considered to be seriously contaminate d.

( 34) No. 34 in Quzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: The records are lost and the number is unknown.

Storage Time: Between1983 and1984

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 1 to 3 meters in depth

Owner of capacitors: A big enterprise in Zhejiang, which was enlarged in 1970s and has ever used a large amount of capacitors.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The local residents use tap water. The site is more than 400 meters away from the nearest surface water. The landform near the factory is the upland. The soil is the typical red soil, which is low permeable. And the site is about 100 meters from the residential area. The groundwater is about 2 meters in depth from the ground level.

Extent of Pollution: The surrounding soil has never been monitored.

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Environmental Impact: The PCB waste was sealed up in stone coffin, so the contamination should not be serious.

( 35) No. 35 in Lishui

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time: 1980s

Sealed Model: Directly buried underground

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is about 10 meters from the residential area,almost enclosed by the residential houses, and about 300 meters from the surface water. The ground water is about 2 meters in depth.It is just inside the kailyard of the local residents, where pumpkin, eggplant and waxberry are planted. The exact position of PCBs site is unable to confirm. Transportation is not very convenient. Some problems, such as house removal and road construction, will be considered.

Extent of Pollution: There are no monitoring records and the extent of pollution is unknown.

Environmental Impact: Because all the capacitors were directly buried underground, neither sealed up in stone coffin nor packed with anything. So it can be concluded that the capacitors must have leaked greatly. It is about 10 meters from the residential area and there is the local kailyard in the surrounding area. Therefore, the contaminate d land area would extend due to the much water penetration by farm irrigation. It is possible that vegetation is contaminated. The problems such as house removal and road construction should be considered for future cleanup. The unknown position should require the geological radar before excavation. The soil and the ground water all need carefully monitoring and then the implementation plan could be decided.

( 36) No. 36 in Huzhou

Description of Capacitors: Unknown Number of Capacitors: About 230 units

Storage Time: Mid of 1980s, once re-sealed by cement inearly1990s

Sealed Model: In stone coffin, about 2 meters in depth

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The PCB storage sitee is surrounded by the greengage trees, with bamboo forest in the north. The site is labeled and in good condition. The fall is about 10 meters from the site to the small road. The soil of the area is somewhat clayey. The ground water is about 2 meters in depth, The location is more than 750 meters from the surface water and the exact position is confirmed. The transportation is inconvenient, so a road needs to be constructed for future excavation.

Extent of Pollution: Never monitored, and the contamination status is unknown.

Environmental Impact: The PCB storage site is sealed up in stone coffin, so it is considered that there is little impact on the surrounding environment, same for the

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residents, surface water and groundwater. One road needs to be built for cleanup, which will cause the damage to the surrounding trees and turf.

( 37) No. 37 in Taizhou

PCBs Source: The waste slag containing PCBs generated by the production process.

Time of Slag Produced: July 2003

Products Containing PCBs: Organic fluoride series products( 2,5- dichloride aniline)

Process Generating PCBs: Double nitrogen pyrolysis, and the temperature is not controlled properly.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: Stock dump of a volume of 3000 m 3 is exposed in the open air. And a storage warehouse is planned. The factory is 20 km far away the town, located on a coast. The PCB storage site is more than 100 meters from the nearest residential area, and about 200 meters from the surface water. Transportation is convenient and vehicle can be accessible to the site.

Extent of Pollution: The monitoring data shows that PCBs concentration is 120ug/kg. Further monitoring is required due to the different components of the waste slag.

Environmental Impacts: The slag is stored in the open air without any protective measures taken near the coast, so PCBs can be quickly diffused with the rain water and the ground water in the completely open environment. The storage warehouse should be built as soon as. It is better to dispose of the slag first and then remedy the site.

( 38) No. 38 in Hangzhou

Number of Capacitors: 334 capacitors were sealed up. Now they have been transferred to the warehouse of Dadi Company for temporary storage.

Storage Time: 1980s Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Disposal Status:The site has been cleaned up completely, but the PCB capacitors need to be sent to Shenyang for incineration.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is situated in Xiasha farm, with flat ground and flourishing weed nearby. It is about 5 km from the residential area. The ground water is about 1 meter in depth, and the soil is arenaceous. Now it has been cleaned up completely, but the soil and the groundwater all need further monitoring.

( 39) No. 39 in Huzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: The records were lost.

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: Directly buried after packaged with some plastic bags

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The approximate position of the

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PCB storage site has been confirmed. According to the recalling by the local people who were ever involved in PCB storage, the site is located under the cemented road which is outside of the factory area. It is about 200 meters from the nearest residential area, and more than 1000 meters from the nearest surface water. The soil is clayey. Transportation is very convenient.

Extent of Pollution; No monitoring was done; and the extent of pollution is unknown.

Environme ntal Impact: Usually it can be concluded that the sealed mode at this site has great possibility of PCBs leakage. During future cleaning work, the cement road have to be excavated. The fast excavation scheme should be planned to reduce the influence on the traffic.

( 40) No. 40 in Shaoxing

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and the model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Over 100 units

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is located on the hillside, a highland. The local residents do not used the ground water for drinking. It is about 450 meters from the nearest residential area, and more than 1000 meters from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is about 2 meters in depth, and the around soil is clayey. The PCB site is covered by a little weed, and surrounded by the flourishing medium -size trees. The exact position can be confirmed. Transportation is convenient.

Extent of Pollution: No monitoring was done on the surrounding soil.

Environmental Impacts: The capacitors is sealed up in stone coffin, so usually it is impossible to cause much contamination. It is considered that there is little impact on the health of the nearby inhabitants.

( 41) No. 41 in Quzhou

Description of Capacitors: Manufacturer and model unknown

Number of Capacitors: Unknown

Storage Time; In 1980s

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The position of the storage site has not been confirmed. It is more than 700 meters away from the nearest surface water. It is upland around the site. And the soil of is typical red, and its permeability is low. The ground water is about 2 meters in depth. It is far from the nearest residential area, and transportation is convenient.

Environmental Impacts: The PCBs containing capacitors were originally sealed up 20 years ago. Before excavation the geological radar is required to find the exact position

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and thus decrease the excavation cost and the possible anthropogenic damage to the environment.

( 42) No. 42 n Hangzhou

Description of Capacitors: The manufacturer is Xian Electric Power and Capacitor Factory; the model is YL310.5-40-1

Amount of Capacitors: 2 units

Owner of capacitors: The transformer substation of a factory

Storage Time: Unknown

Sealed Model: Directly and temporarily stored in the warehouse of the factory.

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The capacitors are stored in the warehouse of the factory, which is connected to the running transformer substation. It is about 300meters away from the local residential area, and 300 meters away from the nearest surface water. It is considered that the ground water is between 1 and 2 meters in depth, and the soil around is clayey. The drinking water is supplied by urban water supply system. The transportation nearby is quite convenient, so the buildings dismatle and roads construction can be avoid during future cleanup.

Extent of Pollution: There isn’t any monitoring data available, so the pollution condition is unclear.

Environmental Impact: The capacitors were produced in 1973. It’s possible that the PCBs oils will leak out due to possible improper operation during cleanup. Therefore, it’s necessary to take some measures to prevent from leaking when cleaning up the site. In addition, the transformer substation connected with the warehouse is in operation, so it’s also necessary to take some measures to keep its normal operation during cleanup work at the site.

( 43) No. 43 in Huzhou

Description of Capacitors: The manufacturer and model unknown.

Amount of Capacitors: 30-40 units Storage Time: Unknown

Owner of capacitors: The local transformer substation

Sealed Model: In stone coffin

Surrounding Environment and Site Description: The site is about 100 meters away from the transformer substation in Huzhou, about 100 meters away from the local residential area, and about 300 meters away from the surface water. It is considered that the ground water is between 1 and 2 meters in depth, and the soil around is clayey. The drinking water is supplied by urban water supply system. A four-floor building is just located on the storage site.

Extent of Pollution: There isn’t any monitoring data available, so the pollution condition

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is unclear.

Environmental Impacts: The capacitors were sealed up in stone coffin, so it is impossible to cause much contamination in principles. It is considered that there is little impact on the health of the nearby inhabitants because of application the urban water supply system. Before the cleanup work, a lot of problems need to be solved, especially dismantle of the four-floor building.

5.2 The Priority Ranking for Cleanup and Disposal

In Zhejiang we have many PCBs waste disposal sites, which are scattered and have a complicated surrounding environment, so it is difficult to arrange a reasonable priority order for cleanup and disposal. .

In order to make a priority classification of the sites, the different environmental, social, technical and geographical parameters have been used as weighting factors. Each factor has been assigned with a weight resulting from the knowledge of the specific Zhejiang situation and expert judgment. For each site the overall priority value has been calculated as the sum of the individual values of the different factors multiplied by the weight for each factor.

The priority order for cleanup and disposal takes into account the seal up mode, the environmental impact factor and the social impact factor, whereby, the environmental impact factor considers whether the residential area , the surface water and the groundwater may be contaminated, the existing extent of pollution, etc. The social impact factor mainly takes into account the scheduled use of the location land (i.e. some development activities).

The Number of capacitors in the PCB waste disposal site, however has a great impact on the priority order. According to the current information on the PCB waste disposal site, the priority order is as in Table 5.1 can be adjusted on the basis of new information, as soon as it becomes available

According to the weighing, marking and sorting order, combine with the inventory investigation on the 43 location. The method for sorting the order and the result for the 43 locations see in details in Table 5.1.

Sealed up mode: sealed up in stone coffin, mountain cave, 10=a=30; packaged , no stone coffin, 30=a=60; no package, 60=a=100. The better sealed up mode is, the lower mark.

n Distance from the residential area: 10m=d=20m, 80=a=100; 21m=d=50m ,50=a=80; 51m=d=200m, 30=a=50; 200m=d, 10=a=30.The shorter distance to the residential area, the greater possibility for it to be polluted, the higher mark.

n Distance from the surface water: 0m=d=50m, 70=a=100; 50m=d=300m,30=a=70, d=300m,a=30. The shorter distance, the greater possibility for it to be polluted, the higher mark.

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n Possibility for the groundwater to be polluted: plain, near seaside, 50=a=100;plain, away from seaside, 30 =a=50 ; Mountain area, away from sea, 10 =a=30. The higher groundwater level, the greater possibility for it to be polluted, the higher mark.

n Extent of pollution: 0ppm=c=50ppm, 0 =a=20 ; 50ppm=c=300ppm, 20 =a=70 ; c=300ppm, 70 =a=100. The extent of pollution is unknown, a= 50, the more serious pollution, the higher mark.

n The location has been planned for use or not: it will be used within one or two years, a=100, it will be used two year later and within four years, a=50, it will be planned fours later or it has been developed, a=0. The more pressure for the land use, the higher mark. The higher mark, the first priority.

n Soil type and the way of using: If the soil is clayey, e.g. very clayey, a little clayey, not clayey, 30=a=70, in addition, if the soil is used for garden or other purpose need more water, the amount of “a” has increased more in the basis of the soil type.

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? 5.1: The Result of Priority Order for Cleanup and Disposal of the 43 Location

Environmental factors Social factors

Code

Sealed up

mode

Distance from the

residential area

Possibility of contaminate

d surface water

Possibility of contaminate

d ground water

Soil type

and the way of using

Extent of

pollution

The land has

been planned or not

Total mark

Priority order

for cleanup

0.2 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.2 1 27 50 100 100 100 90 50 20 64.2 1 21 30 80 30 40 90 90 80 62.7 2 37 100 30 40 20 50 100 50 62.2 3 6 60 30 20 20 40 100 100 61.2 4 8 100 80 30 40 50 50 40 58.3 5

35 90 80 30 30 100 50 30 57.2 6 18 30 80 30 30 60 50 100 56 7 25 30 10 20 30 80 90 90 53.3 8 15 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 9 28 50 80 20 20 20 50 50 44.6 10 22 30 10 10 30 50 50 100 44.6 11

7 50 20 20 20 30 50 80 44.2 12 26 50 70 20 20 20 50 20 37.4 13 13 60 20 20 60 50 50 0 36.2 14

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33 60 30 20 50 20 50 0 33.9 15 4 50 70 20 20 20 50 0 33.4 16

42 20 60 30 10 20 50 30 32.2 17 34 30 50 20 20 30 50 20 31.8 18 17 30 70 10 10 30 50 10 30 19 9 30 10 10 40 50 50 20 29.7 20 2 20 20 20 20 10 80 10 28 21

32 30 20 30 20 20 50 20 28.5 22 24 30 20 50 30 20 20 30 28.4 23 43 30 40 30 10 20 50 20 26 25 20 30 10 20 20 10 50 20 25.4 28 30 30 20 10 10 20 50 20 25.2 26 12 40 20 10 10 20 50 10 25.2 24

10 30 10 20 20 30 50 10 25 27 5 30 40 10 10 10 50 10 24.8 29

31 20 20 30 10 30 50 10 24.2 30

39 20 30 10 10 20 50 10 22.4 31 19 20 30 10 10 20 50 10 22.4 32 16 20 20 10 10 10 50 20 22.4 33 43 30 20 0 10 20 50 10 22.1 34 29 30 10 10 10 20 50 10 22 35 40 30 20 0 10 10 50 10 21.3 36

36 30 10 10 10 30 50 0 20.8 38

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14 20 10 10 10 20 40 10 18.2 39 11 / / / / / / / / / 3 / / / / / / / / /

38 / / / / / / / / / 23 / / / / / / / / / 1 / / / / / / / / /

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5.3 The Cleanup Plan According to the result of PCBs inventory investigation in Zhejiang, the 43 PCB waste disposal sites in Zhejiang have been confirmed. Still based on the deduction, we have 20more potential locations containing PCBs pollutant according to the information of the electricity department, so there are 61 PCB waste disposal sites containing PCBs pollutant totally. The pollution in most locations is unknown. Based on the theoretic calculation on the capacitors, the high concentration pollutant in Zhejiang is about 20000 tons, 2000 tons for the low concentration pollutant. According to the characteristics of the PCBs locations in Zhejiang and the pollutants situation, the cleanup for the PCBs locations can be three phases:

Phase 1 (2006.7-2006.12) -- clean up 14 locations

Phase 2 (2007.1-2007.10) -- clean up 30 locations

Phase 3 (2007.11-2008.6) -- clean up 12 locations

The cleanup plan for the confirmed 43 locations( 5 of which have been cleaned up) as follow:

The cleanup can be three phases:

Phase 1 (2006.7-2006.12) -- clean up 10 locations

Phase 2 (2007.1-2007.10) -- clean up 19 locations

Phase 3 (2007.11-2008.6) -- clean up 9 locations

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6. Remediation Procedure for PCB Sites

6.1 Main Activities Zhejiang has identified 43 PCB storage sites and expects to identify 18 more sites based on preliminary inventory established. The exact locations where the PCBs are stored in the 61 PCB storage sites will have to be identified, and the contaminated soil and wastes will be sampled and tested, after which the sites will be cleaned up. Concentrated PCB wastes with PCB content of over 500ppm will be temporarily stored in Chongxian until they are transported to Shenyang for final destruction (See details in Chapter 7 EIA of Temporary PCB Storage in the Zhejiang). Contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm will be treated by a mobile thermal desorption facility (in vehicle) site by site (see details in Chapter 8 EIA of the Proposed Soil Decontamination Scheme for the Zhejiang Province). In some unusual cases that the vehicle can not reach the site, both soil and PCB waste from cleanup action level to 500 ppm will also be transported to Chongxian of Hangzhou for collectively treatment by the thermal desorption facility. The highly concentrated PCB waste generated by thermal desorption will then be sent to Shenyang for final disposal. The cleaned PCB sites will be further monitored and effectively managed until the remediation values of those contaminated sites (with PCB content below cleanup action level) fall within the standard set by the Chinese Government. A mobile thermal unit is intended to be used to decontaminate the soil around the sites in the project. However, if the feasibility study on mobile vs fixed thermal desorption technology concluded that a fixed unit is more cost effective and practical for the project, then a fixed unit will be selected.

6.2 Main Procedure Basically, the remediation for PCB Sites will comply with the following procedures:

a. Mapping of the Exact Position of the Site and Position of the Buried PCB Wastes; b. Data Gathering for PCB Site; c. Environmental Characterization Prior to Site Remediation; d. Site Cleanup Design; e. Personnel Training; f. Site Preparation Prior to Cleanup; g. Contaminated Waste and Soil Removal; h. Package of PCBs Wastes; i. Evaluation of Cleanup Activities and Restoration of the Cleaned Site; j. Site Security during Remediation; k. Site Documentation; l. Transportation of PCBs Wastes; m. Temporary Storage; n. Monitoring One Year after Cleanup; o. Interagency Coordination; p. Information Dissemination and Public Participation.

6.3 Detailed Description of the Procedure

Mapping of the Exact Position of the Site and Position of the Buried PCB Wastes. The

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first step of remediation activities is to determine the specific locations of the PCB storage sites and position of the buried PCB wastes in the Zhejiang Province to initiate environmental sampling.

a. Due to lack of records or information concerning the existence of the PCB storage sites, the institutional reorgnization in the past decades and changes of the ambient environment of the storage sites, the exact location of the site and position of the buried PCB wastes need to be identified by appropriate technologies and equipment.

b. The exact geographic location of each site will be determined using an off-the-shelf global positioning system (GPS). The position of the buried PCB wastes within the site will be determined using a ground penetrating radar or, in simple circumstances, by probing. The use of the GPS and ground penetrating radar will allow preparation of digital maps of sites and of the buried objects for each site.

c. Very often, the use of a simple probe could not be used and in some cases that methodology could be dangerous. For this reason, using a more sophisticated technique that allows a precise localization of buried capacitors or other PCB contaminated wastes in the Zhejiang Province is recommended. The Georadar (Ground Penetrating Radar) is a technology for locating and obtaining a preliminary quantification of buried PCBs wastes. This technology is based on electromagnetic waves, which are sent to the surfaces to be monitored and received back with a different reflection due to the dielectric characteristics of the element s they go through. It is effective for locating and determining the depth of claddings, caves, cracks, metallic elements and any other objects with a sensible dielectric contrast. The use of Georadar or probe will allow preparation of a digital map for each site, which shows the exact location of buried objects or PCB-containing equipments.

Data Collection. Data collection is a pre-field preparatory activity which will be conducted for all identified PCB sites. Information concerning geography, topography, land use, soil morphology, hydrogeology (in particular, groundwater depth and groundwater flow direction), groundwater use, etc. for each site will be collected, organized, and stored in a database for easy retrieval.

Environmental Characterization Prior to Site Remediation. With the exact location of the buried objects in caves and coffins, sampling and analysis will be conducted by professional monitoring centers or stations recruited for designing the cleanup work.

a. Site Sampling. Various sampling methods could be adopted, in accordance with different types of PCBs storage and media. For sites where PCB concentrations have been found to be lower than the cleanup action levels and with deep ground water table, most of samples will be taken from the soil; for sites where PCB concentrations have been found to be higher than the cleanup action levels or with relatively shallow groundwater table, then “Grid Sampling Method” will be used for both soil and underground water. However, “Grid Sampling Method” should always be considered for sites where leakage is found. In addition, for the concrete slab, sampling will be conducted based on some common principles on concrete or solid mass; for industrial residue containing PCBs, then “taper sampling method” or “grid sampling method” could be adopted. Also depending on the type of the site, level of contamination and

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experience gained from practice in other sites in Zhejiang, a range of 66 to 160 samples for each site may be taken for characterization.

b. Some basic principles for sampling: i. Depth of sampling: samples could be taken 0~ 0.15m, 0.5 m,1 m,2 m,3 m,4 m,5

m, and 6 m in depth from the surface according to the depth of PCBs equipments and wastes. However, the normal vertical range of sampling is 0.5 meters extension beyond the edge of coffins. Distribution of sampling will be determined according to size and type of the storage site. See details in the Methodology for Investigating the Pollution of Soil, Underground Water, issued by environmental authority.

ii. Sampling is based on exact identification of the storage site; otherwise, “Grid Distribution of Sampling” method together could be applied and samples from various vertical layers should also be taken.

c. Packaging and Preservation of Samples. Samples should be more than 1 kg in weight. They will be packed in aluminium foil paper, contained in brown terrarium of wide opening with label showing name of sample and source, and be preserved in refrigerator (below -36? ). Samples should be pretreated as soon as possible before normal analysis is made. Samples package and transport should avoid light and ensure no leakage.

d. Pretreatment of samples: Samples pre-treatment including air drying process will be taken as soon as possible; prevent samples from getting commingled during preparation and analysis. Analysis will be made based on consideration of both international and national standards. QA/QC will be ensured for the reliability and preciseness of result.

e. Samples Analysis: (1) estimate the range of PCBs content based on actual conditions; (2) Pre-treatment: weighing, extraction, cleaning, condensing for determining its volume, purification, re-condensing, re-purification and finally re-determining its volume; (3) analysis by mass spectrum equipment; (4) data analysis and statistics; (5) data processing and report draft.

f. After the sampling and analysis, a digital map of PCB concentrations will be prepared using geostatistical software. This map will be overlapped with the map of the buried objects location to design the cleanup activity. Zones with high PCB contamination (>500 ppm) and low PCB contamination (cleanup action levels -500 ppm) will be identified.

Site Cleanup Design. Based on the digital map and the available data or information concerning the surrounding environment , a comprehensive cleanup plan will be designed. Normally, this plan includes the amount of wastes to be removed, the time schedule of the cleanup work, standard safety procedures and measures for preventing further leakage or dispersion of contaminants to the environment. The plan will be subjected to the review by the environmental protection administration at the provincial level. Views and suggestions from the local citizens (including the property owners), representatives from the environmental protection administration, and specialists on the cleanup design will be obtained, and the design will be modified to address these views and suggestions.

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Personnel Training. Cleanup workers will be trained for about five days on personal protection measures (PPE), including use of suitable protective clothing, gloves, boots, masks; prohibition of smoking, drinking and eating during the work in contaminated areas; and access restriction. Training on emergency measures will also be provided to staff in charge of emergency actions.

Site Preparation Prior to Cleanup. These preparatory activities relate to the needs for additional infrastructure at the site, selection of the field equipment, leakage countermeasures, posting of signs, and prevention of soil collapse, etc.

a. Infrastructure. If necessary, access roads will be constructed and the workplace unruffled (including working area, rest area, tools location and temporary storage area.

b. Equipment. The required machinery will be selected on the basis of the area features and landfill type, generally including dredge, electrical generator, electrical kevel, pump, forklift and transportation trucks.

c. Leakage countermeasures. Leakage countermeasures will be implemented.

d. Site security. The entire area to be cleaned will be cordoned off, marked with signs, and protected.

e. Prevention of soil collapse. If the excavation is deep, a steel protective balustrade will be prepared in order to prevent soil collapse. Water will be pumped from the excavated area and stored for analysis and required future treatment.

Contaminated Waste and Soil Removal.

a. Basically, the actual cleanup will include the following activities:

i Excavation. Excavation will be performed according to the contaminated site design and procedures established under this project sub-component. The collected contaminants from heavily and contaminated zones will be placed separately in an isolated area separated by a 1.2-meter-high cofferdam above the water level. The cofferdam will not be located in area where groundwater is shallow. The floor of the cofferdam will be waterproof;

ii Packaging of PCB-contaminated soil. The contaminated soils will be packaged and labeled for future identification. Excavation will be stopped whenever a cistern or a capacitor is found;

iii Removal and packaging of PCB wastes. PCB capacitors or other wastes will be immediately sealed after their removal from the site and transferred into the containers. Each container will be labeled for future identification.

iv Removal of liquid PCBs. Liquid PCBs will be transferred into containers. Each container will be labeled for future identification.

v Small tools and personal protective equipment. These tools and equipment will be collected as PCB-contaminated wastes and put into containers, which will be labeled for future identification.

b. The potential environmental risks may include:

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i PCB oil leaking into the environmental or spilling the cleanup workers due to inappropriate operation;

ii The contaminants might enter the environment with the rain water due to the abundant rainfalls characteristic of southern China;

iii The safeguard measures are not executed completely;

iv Emergency caused by engineering accidents, for example, collapse, accidental falling into the pool, etc;

v Emergency actions not made timely and completely. These measures include fire proofing, poison prevention and water drainage etc.

c. Environmental mitigation measures proposed to address the above risks:

i Establishment of the detailed methodology or regulations for workers or operators, including entering and leaving the working area. There will be a decontamination chamber for the cleanup workers to exit the site at the end of each day. The chamber has three compartments: the first one where the workers take off and clean/package their personal protection equipment, the second one to take a shower, and the third one to put on their street clothing. The packaged PPE and tools will be washed and cleaned for reuse;

ii Special training for the workers and operators on those guidelines and regulations;

iii Review and approval of the cleanup plan by a special expert group established;

iv Arrange professional staff to monitor and supervise the cleanup work on-site;

v Sufficient Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for high protection level, ground collapse protection facilities to prevent accidents due to collapse, and special drainage system for contamination of ground water will be available;

vi Safeguard measures will also take into consideration successful experiences or technology in other countries;

vii A number of universal or common measures setup in various Chinese regulations, guideline and operation manuals for safety and health purposes, for example, fire protection, rain water protection, arranging a dedicated staff, an emergency chamber with clean water source, soap, normal detoxification material or chemicals and a dedicated doctor, etc. These measures (together with those listed in regulations on hazardous waste management) will be considered in this project, and will be established by the cleanup companies and supervised by the independent expert panel recruited by project;

viii The whole coffin will be excavated for disposal if it is contaminated by PCBs;

ix For the excavation of PCBs in caves, if there is no leakage from the stored waste, then the waste with its plastic wrapping will be removed from the cave and treated as PCB-containing waste; if there is leakage with contamination of the rock in the cave, then the waste, the plastic wrapping, and the contaminated rock will be removed from the cave and treated as PCB-containing waste.

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x For PCBs in stone coffins, two cases in Zhejiang will be considered: ² For the first case, the dismantled PCBs equipments were placed in groups (with

2 up to 4 in each group) in the coffins and cement was poured in, thus forming a solid mass for each group. In this case, some excavated equipment in one group is held together by the cement, therefore large steel containers with membrane layers inside are needed, since these are considered as highly contaminated wastes and sent to Shenyang for disposal. If leakage is found in the cemented equipment, then measures should be taken to the surface layer of the coffin. An active reagent will be used to clean the surface area of the coffin and then the exterior layer will be taken away, and treated in the same way as powerful contaminants sent for disposal in Shenyang. The thickness of the layer to be cleaned will depend on the level of contamination. If no leakage is found, then the active reagent will only be used for the exterior layer of the coffin (and no further remediation action will be taken for the uncontaminated concrete coffin).

² For the second case, the dismantled PCBs equipments were simply placed in the coffins and no cement was used. In this case, the excavated PCBs equipments are separate. If leakage is found, the active reagent will be used for the exterior layer of the coffin. The exterior layer will be regarded as a powerful contaminant and sent to Shenyang. The thickness of the layer to be cleaned will depend on the level of contamination. If no leakage is found, then the active reagent will only be used for the exterior layer of the coffin (and no further remediation actions will be required for the uncontaminated concrete coffin).

xi For site with underground water contaminated by PCBs, the water will be pumped out into the isolated area first so that the level of underground water is lower than the buried objects and other contaminants. The solubility of PCBs in water is very low (from 6ppm for monochlorobiphenil to as low as 0.007 ppm for octachlorobiphenyls). However, due to the high toxicity of PCB and the high rate of human exposure associated to the ingestion of contaminated water, the maximum allowed PCB concentration in water is very low (MCL for PCBs in drinking water: 0.05 ppb; Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MCLG is 0 ppb. Please refer to Chapter 2.2.4 for details). In the case of small volumes of PCB contaminated water, the most practical solution is to dispose the contaminated water in the Shenyang incinerator. In order to do that, the water must be collected and temporarily stored in properly designed tanks and then transported to the Shenyang incinerator. In the case of large volumes of PCB contaminated water, probably it is more cost effective to decontaminate the water by means of an activated charcoal filter, and then send the exhaust charcoal to the incinerator. However, selection will be made based on economic analysis between these two options before decontamination action.

d. Some Measures Proposed for Emergency

i If leakage occurs due to wrong operation, segregate the leaking area and put warning symbols around the area. Cleanup of accident area will be done immediately. The leaking material should not be touched directly. The contaminated ground will be scrubbed with soap or detergent in case of concrete ground. Monitoring will also be taken in case of serious accident which causes a

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large area of contamination. To avoid possible accidents in future, training will be strengthened for the workers and operations, or workers or operators who have re-violated the guidelines will be disqualified.

ii Human poisoning during cleanup activities: ² Setup an emergency chamber with clean water source, soap, normal

detoxification material or chemicals, and a dedicated doctor etc; ² In case of accident, wash by water and soap for skin contact; undraw the eyelids,

wash with water for 15 minute for eye contact; leave the site for fresh air, drink warm water and urge vomit for inhaling PCBs.

Package of PCBs Wastes. Specific requirements should be considered as follows due to the environmental risks, including PCB leakage due to the breaking of packages, barrels or layers and error or negligence by the workers or operators. Measures to avoid these kinds of risks may include:

a. Establish the guidelines for safe package, and provide training for the workers;

b. In general, the container should be solid with good protecting ability. Its material, type, specs, and quality should be suitable with the character of PCBs waste and be easy for loading & unloading, transportation and storage;

c. Each capacitor will be packed in one bag made of a thick plastic membrane (The plastic membrane should be non-halogenated. PVC is not acceptable, but a PE would be acceptable). The bag will be filled with some sawdust for the convenience of package. Three to six bags containing capacitors will be put in a pallet for package using a special packer with steel packing tape. The whole pack will then placed in one container with a capacity of 200 liters, be made out of iron or plastic lined inside with a thick plastic membrane, and have a sealed cover on the top;

d. Heavily polluted wastes (such as broken capacitors and heavily contaminated soil) will also be packed, labeled and placed in a 200-liter container. For the packaging of broken capacitors, unlike unbroken ones, more sawdust and membranes will be used ;

e. PCB liquids will be pumped and stored in 10-liter plastic containers. Separately sealed containers will then be put in the same container;

f. The soil with more than 50% moisture content will be packed in the same way as the highly contaminated soil in order to prevent possible leakage of PCBs; while the soil with less than 50% moisture content will be packed in a waterproof bag.

g. There will be two types of labels required:

i Red label for high contaminants (labels in bags and containers with capacitors, transformers, soil, water, and oil.), with information of the weight, type of pollutants, moisture content, the date of excavation, address of cleanup site, address to be stored, and the name of labeling, etc;

ii Pink label for low contaminants (labels in bags and containers with capacitors, transformers, soil, water, and oil.), with information of the weight, high/low

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contaminants, type of pollutant, moisture content, the date of excavation, address of cleanup site, address to be stored, and the name of labeling;

iii Green label for others, with information of the weight, high/low contaminants, type of pollutant, moisture content, the date of excavation, address of cleanup site, address to be stored, and the name of labeling.

Evaluation and Restoration of the Cleaned Site. An evaluation group, consisting of member from the local PIU and of the Independent Expert Panel (IEP) will verify and evaluate the cleanup activities. a. Zhejiang Monitoring Station, part of PIU, will monitor the site which has been

excavated. i. Basic principles: “Grid and Cross Sampling Distribution” could be used for

identified contaminated area; “Site Mixed Grid Sampling Distribution” is suitable for small contaminated areas on soil sampling; “Bisection Imperforate Plate Sampling Distribution” is appropriate for plate type media (concrete for example); and “Conic Stack Sampling Distribution” could be applied for deep sampling in typical areas.

ii. Some methods: “Site Mixed Grid Sampling Distribution” for sites of good buried conditions or slightly broken coffins. “Non-site Mixed Grid Sampling Distribution” and “Site Mixed Sampling Distribution” could be used for sites without solid concrete inside; and “Non-site Mixed Grid Sampling Distribution” for open storage or caves;

iii. An average 40 samples per site will be taken during this stage for all 56 sites. iv. Samples preservation, pre-treatment and analysis for verification should also

comply requirements described in ‘c’, ‘d’ and ‘e’ under ‘Environmental Characterization Prior to Site Remediation’.

b. The evaluation group will prepare a final report for each PCB cleanup site to document and evaluate all activities conducted at the site. After the acceptance and approval by this group, the excavated areas will backfilled with clean soil. The surface and surrounding area will be restored after evaluation.

Site Security during Remediation. The site security will be ensured during the entire time from the start of site remediation until the end of backfilling. Therefore, two staffs in three shifts are required for supervision of the excavated site to make sure the local inhabitants do not enter the work area before the monitoring report approves the excavation work and the backfilling is completed. The cleanup company will need to conduct further excavation if the monitoring data or report shows the work is incomplete. In this case, site security will continue.

Site Documentation. Site documentation will be collected and archived. The documentation will include:

a. Basic site information: address, ownership, ambient environment, sealed-up time, and type, etc;

b. Description of cleanup plan, staff involved, type and amount of wastes cleaned;

c. Description of cleanup work: safety and protection measures taken at site, excavation

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process of PCB-containing equipment, PCB oil, coffin, contaminated soil and backfilling of soil, etc;

d. Package of wastes and contaminants;

e. Transportation of wastes to warehouse;

f. Summary of the site cleanup verification report.

Transportation of PCBs Wastes. As mentioned above, Concentrated PCB wastes with PCB content of over 500ppm, and contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm from very few sites inaccessible by mobile thermal desorption vehicle, will be transported to Chongxian for temporary storage. The contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm will be treated by mobile thermal desorption vehicle; the concentrated PCB wastes with PCB content of over 500ppm together with wastes generated by the thermal desorption facility will then be collectively transported to Shenyang for final disposal once a year from 2006-2008. The transportation of PCB wastes will strictly comply with the terms and requirements setup by Regulation on the Transportation of Hazardous Wastes of China. Consideration should also be given to the characteristics of PCBs.

a. Establish the guidelines for safe transportation;

b. Given the characteristics of PCBs, the transportation will be conducted by the special company or institute licensed for hazardous wastes transportation;

c. Management procedure and emergency procedure for transportation should be established in advance. The management procedures should include:

i Contract negotiation and signed;

ii Establishment of transportation team and responsibility assigned to individuals;

iii Preparation of vehicle and necessary equipment. Trucks transporting PCBs must contain signs displaying that these are vehicles transporting hazardous wastes and include name of the transportation company and the emergency telephone numbers;

iv Prior to placement on the trucks, all containers will be inspected to ensure that there are no spills and there is no potential for any spill during transportation.

v Contents of handover of hazardous wastes from cleanup site/warehouse to the transportation team;

vi Planning of route and agenda;

vii Accommodation and fuel charging;

viii Measures for addressing troubles or breakdown of vehicles;

ix Contents of handover of hazardous wastes from the transportation team to the warehouse;

x Cleaning of the unloaded vehicles;

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xi Arrangement of return;

xii Check, evaluate the transportation tasks completed;

xiii Periodical sampling and analysis on the vehicles to determine the necessity of environmental monitoring on sensitive sites along the route of transportation.

d. The emergency procedures for transportation should cover:

i Measures to address the breakage of the packages and leakage of contaminants;

ii Measures to address traffic accidents;

iii Measures to address fire accidents;

iv Measures to address flooding encountered;

v Measures to address poisoning accident of personnel;

vi Way or approach for emergency help.

e. For short/provincial transportation of contaminated soil and other PCB wastes at concentrations from cleanup action level up to 500ppm from very few sites inaccessible by the mobile thermal desorption vehicle, a transportation team will be established consisting of 8-10 trucks with the container of a capacity of 20 tons (180 tons capacity in total one time, about two times for each site), 1 special commanding vehicle and 1 emergency vehicle. The team will have 1 project manager, 12 drivers (including 2-4 in standby), 2 safeguard staff, and 3 staff for emergency actions. Normally in Zhejiang, the truck goes 600 km per day so the team can start from early morning and reach Chongxian in the afternoon of the same day;

f. For long distance transportation between Chongxian of Hangzhou and Shenyang for three batches respectively from 2006 to 2008, a transportation team will be established, consisting of 5 trucks with the container of a capacity of 20 tons each (100 tons in total one time, about 5 times for the first batch of 2006 and third batch of 2008 in about 2 month, and 10 times for the second batch of 2007 in about 3 months), 1 special commanding vehicle and 1 emergency vehicle. There will be 1 project manager, 10 drivers (including 3 in standby), 2 safeguard staff and 3 staff for emergency actions. It will take 10 days for each round trip assuming that the team routinely covers 700 km in daytime per day.

g. The workers and staff involved in transportation will receive special training on:

i The physical and chemical properties of PCBs and its impact on the environmental and human health;

ii Personal protection and emergency measures for PCBs;

iii Character and types of PCBs wastes to be transported

iv Emergency plan for controlling the possible proliferation of PCBs contaminants during transportation;

v The overall plan and special requirements;

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vi Communication equipment and its operation;

vii In addition to the items above, the training for the drivers of these trucks should cover safe driving practices, and proper completion of the manifest.

h. Risks control and emergency measures;

i Avoid transport in bad weather, for example, rainy and snowy days;

ii The team should be well organized and form into columns. Each vehicle will be equipped with communication equipment;

iii It is prohibited to march at night;

iv The plan should consider possible accommodation in the Service Station in the highway. In this case, the team should arrange 2 to three shifts in charge of trucks with hazardous wastes;

v The team will be equipped with GPS to locate the exact position of the team at any time, besides PPE, package materials and emergency tools or equipment as well.

i. Planning of transportation route. Highway and high quality roads should be planned if possible. The route from Hangzhou to Shenyang (2500 km) is tentatively as follows:

j. Periodical sampling and analysis on the transported vehicle. The monitoring on some sensitive sites, including sampling on soil and sediment along the transportation route from Hangzhou to Shenyang, will be conducted if necessary.

Temporary Storage in Zhejiang. The warehouse which is proposed in Yuyao District of Hangzhou will store the highly contaminated PCB wastes (>500 ppm) until they are transported to Shenyang for final disposal, and some low contaminated PCB wastes (between cleanup action level and 500 ppm) from the sites which the mobile vehicle can not reach. This temporary warehouse will be designed and operated according to the Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Regulation (GB18597-2001). Detailed technical description of the warehouse and measure proposed for environment protection are illustrated in Chapter 8 Temporary PCB Storage in the Zhejiang.

Monitoring One Year after Cleanup. Non-site Mixed Grid Sampling Distribution will be applied, and an average 5 samples per site will be taken during this stage for all 56 sites. Samples preservation, pre-treatment and analysis for verification should also comply

Hangzhou

Hangzhou-Shanghai Highway

Beijing-Shanghai Highway

Shanghai Tianjing

Beijing-Shenyang Highway

11102 National Road Shenyang Xinming of Shenyang

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requirements described in ‘c’,‘d’ and ‘e’ under ‘Environmental Characterization Prior to Site Remediation’.

Interagency Coordination. During the whole process of cleanup activities, coordination will be conducted for the successful implementation.

a. The Convention Implementation Office of SEPA (CIO/SEPA) is responsible for day-to-day compliance with the Stockholm Convention. Under CIO/SEPA, a special working group has been established for overall management and implementation of project; Its responsibilities include:

i Preparing TORs for activities under the project;

ii Reviewing project progress reports submitted by the local PIU, consisting of local EPB and power companies;

iii Managing project procurement and financial resources according to the Bank’s procedures;

iv Organizing and convening project coordination meetings among stakeholders;

v Regularly reviewing the consolidated indicators to assess the effectiveness of the project and reviewing project outputs.

b. Local Project Implementation Unit in Zhejiang (local PIU). Zhejiang will establish a project implementation unit (PIU) to conduct day-to-day project management and coordination at the local level. The PIU’s location, size and specific functions will be clearly defined in a TOR prepared by CIO/SEPA. The PIU will be jointly consisted of staff from the Zhejiang EPB (two key centers: Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center and Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Center) and Zhejiang Power Company. The responsibilities of PIU will include:

i Overseeing operation of PCB management in Zhejiang;

ii Coordinating/organizing local training and seminars to raise awareness of public and to exchange information among different stakeholders;

iii Monitoring PCB sites before and after their cleanup and the temporary storage site for collected PCB wastes to supervise the effectiveness of the cleaning operation;

iv Contributing to advocacy and policy dialogue;

v Collecting information from all contractors of project activities and preparing progress reports with guidance and assistance from the PCB project team in the CIO/SEPA;

vi The PIU’s staffing will include the following positions: (1) executive director, (2) project officers, financial officer; (3) management information system specialist; and (4) relevant technical specialists. Detailed responsibilities for these positions will be defined in the PIU’s TOR.

c. Private Partners. Private companies will be selected through strict competitive process to:

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i Remove, package, transport, temporarily store PCBs and PCB containing equipment;

ii PCB desorption of contaminated soils (cleanup action level < PCBs < 500ppm);

iii Test the environmentally sound decontamination technology for PCB-containing transformers.

d. Other Stakeholders. Other stakeholders involves:

i Enterprises who still have PCBs in service will be involved in implementing the project activity of decontamination of PCB transformers;

ii The public at large and NGOs will be involved in the project through education and public awareness activities;

iii Relevant international organizations and possible bilateral donors will be informed about project progress and invited advice on its implementation.

Information Dissemination and Public Participation. The public should be involved from the demonstration preparation all the way through the project implementation. These may include:

a. Dissemination of the proposed project to the public during environmental assessment process, including project background, objectives, major activities and implementation arrangements, etc, to welcome and accept the suggestions or opinions from them;

b. Dissemination of EIA report to the public both internationally and locally;

c. Awareness raising by education in TV, newspapers, websites, dissemination of brochures or booklets to the public during project implementation stage;

d. Establishment of a mechanism for public participation and complaints so that the inhabitants affected are encouraged to be fully involved in planning and implementation;

e. Cleanup plan should be reviewed and discussed with participation from the representatives from local area so that the local public should be well informed about the activities conducted, resettlement arrangements, issues for special attention, or compensation negotiation if possible;

f. During cleanup activities, information, signs or notices for example, should be provided to the public to ensure the public safety;

g. After cleanup activities, the affected inhabitants should be resettled and their normal living conditions should be restored. And the public should be informed of the result of cleanup activities and issues for attentions. They are also required to provide suggestions or opinions on this demonstration.

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7. The Environmental Impact Assessment for Temporary Storage Facility of PCBs

PCBs demonstration project will be implemented in Zhejiang Province. According to Feasibility Research of Management and Disposal in Demonstrated Province of China and the strategy of NIP, and the collected highly contaminated PCB wastes will be properly stored before they are transported to PCBs disposal center in Shenyang, and meanwhile low contaminated PCB wastes will be disposed of by mobile disposal facility at the site. Highly contaminated PCB wastes will be stored in the storage facility until they accumulate to a certain amount, then they will be transported to Shenyang in a batch. The temporary storage facility is proposed to store all highly contaminated PCBs wastes and some low contaminated PCBs waste form a few sites which can not be accessible by the mobile disposal facility. When all PCBs waste in China has been addressed, this storage facility could be used for other hazardous waste.

This section is to make the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the temporary storage facility.

According to the estimation, there are 20,000 tons of low PCB contaminated waste and 2000 tons high PCB contaminated PCBs waste in Zhejiang province. The storage facility is proposed to have two thirds of its capacity for highly PCB contaminated wastes, and 20% of its capacity for some low PCB contaminated waste, and 10% for packaging material. The construction area of this temporary storage is about 4416.7m2. The total budget is estimated about 11,240,000 RMB.

7.1. Siting of the PCB Storage Facility

7.1.1. Identification of the General Locations for the PCBs Storage Facility

Chongxian and Qiaosi in Hangzhou city have been selected as the general locations for PCBs storage facility. Zhejiang province is poor in land resource, the alternative sites are very little, and the base information about them is scarce. So far as the known data, from the aspect of environmental impact or the baseline information, the two sites above are considerable sound for building of PCBs storage facility. Chongxian site (future Dadi site) and Qiaosi site (current Dadi site) have been approved of land use for hazardous waste disposal. General speaking, the proposed sites are with some advantage conditions for building PCBs storage facility, such as the long distance from the city center, good traffic condition, good water and power supply, and engineering geological condition etc. The Chongxian site and Qiaosi site have been marked in the map of Hangzhou City in Annex ? . Also, # 320 national highway, Huhang highway, 01 provincial highway, and 09 provincial highway etc, have been shown in the map.

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7.1.2. Natural and Socio-Economic Environment of Chongxian and Qiaosi

7.1.2.1 Chongxian

(i) Geography

HangZhou City is in the south of the Changjiang River Delta, to the west of the Hangzhou bay, at the downstream of Qiantangjiang River, which is at the north side of the Jinghang Grant Canal, the metropolitan city in Changjiang River Delta and the key position for transportation in Southeast pa rt of China. The geographical coordinates of Hangzhou urban area is 30º16' in north latitude and 120º12' in east longitude.

The proposed sites of Industrial Waste Incinerating Plant of Yuhang district of Hangzhou, is on Xiwu hill in Chongxian forest center, with geographical coordinate of 30º24´ in north latitude and 20º14 ' in latitude, which is 2km away from #320 national highway in Northwest, 9km away from #09 provincial highway in the northeast, and 15km away from Hu-Hang highway in the southwest. Those highways have been indicated in figure 1.

(ii) Climate

Hangzhou city is in the east and north coast of china, which at the edge of semitropical zone, climate is warm and wet, plentiful rain, a lot of sunshine, and distinguished f rom four seasons. According to the statistical climate data, the climatic feature can be described as fellow.

Table 7.1 Climate Data in Hangzhou Yearly Average Temperature 16.5?

Figure1 The Local Map of Chongxian

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Yearly Average Atmospheric pressure 1011.4hpa

Yearly Average Precipitation 1419.1mm

Yearly Average Relative Humidity 77%

Yearly Average Evaporation 1260mm

Yearly Average Sunshine Hours 1783.9Hr

Yearly Average wind velocity 2.02m/s

Main wind Direction SSW (13.06%)

(iii) Topography

The whole area mainly is hill and mound topographically, in which a small portion belongs to the North Zhejiang plain, the elevation declining from east to west. The mountainous lands is partly composed of the residues from erosion of argillutite, clasolite, the volcanic rock, and partly composed of the denudation of carbonate in Karst area.

The proposed site in Chongxian is located on Xiwu hill which extends from northeast to southwest, approximately in parallel to the geologic strata. The slope of Xiwu hill ranges from 10º to 40º. There are ditches and valleys along the hill side. To its southwest side is Fenggao hill, which is 362 meters in height above the sea level. The north and south peaks of the mountain are about 150m and 250m. The site faces the mountain in three directions, and rest one direction it is open.

(iv) Strata Lithology

Geological formation of the area can be divided into 7 geologic strata totally, consisting of paleozoic clasolite geologic strata, quaternary pleistocene strata, and holocene series strata. The first layer is the lax soil, which distributes in the axle of dam that is planned to be build, and the engineering geology property is unfavorable, so it is not suitable for construction. The second layer consists of clay, sand, and crushed stones Which are quaternary holocene pluvial sediments, possessing better engineering performance compared with the 1st layer, and can be used as base for common purpose; The 3rd layer consists of silty clay with crushed stones, the breccia, and crushed stones are pluvial sediments of pleistocene series of quaternary, whose the geological performance is better, so it is a sound natural base as the supporting layer; The 4th layer is quartz sandstones, which varied from heavily weathered to moderately weathered correspondingly, and particularly moderately weathered quartz sandstone and weakly weathered has a favorable engineering geological performance that can be used as supporting foundation The 5th layer is silty mudstone that buried deeply, and it do not makes sense to serve as supporting layer;The 6th layers is cracked layer, whose engineering geological performance is unfavorable.

(v) Hydrology

Donghegang River, which is the tributary of Shangtang River in the hydro-system of Chongxian location, comes from Tangxi river network, flows from north to south and converges into Shangtang River near the Xingqiao County. The width of water surface of

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Donghegang River is about 10m-20m. The velocity of flow is only 0.03m/s and the water depth is about 1.5m. Donghegang River has many functions such as irrigation and flood diversion.

In addition, near the projected site there is cement factory which has flood diversion ditches. These ditches, which are used to drain water runoff from hill and the flood resulting from rain or storm, distributes and extends eastwardly and flow into Donghegang River near Tangjia village.

(vi) Hydrogeology

According to the regional hydro-geological data, the groundwater can be divided into three types: groundwater in porous media in unconsolidated rock, groundwater in fractured media in bedrock, and groundwater in karst fractures in limestone. The regional hydro-geological condition can be described as: regional groundwater is mainly distributed in low-lying valley. Rainwater infiltrating into fissures, fractures and pores of various rock forms groundwater runoff which flows from a place with high water level (recharging area) to a spot with low water level. It forms water abundance area along valleys. From analysis of landform and geological structure, groundwater has apparent pathway to recharge, flow and discharge. Therefore, to a large extent, each valley in the district constitutes an independent integral hydro-geologic units which have common properties in hydro-geologic feature but they are irrelevant. The regional groundwater sources (centralized groundwater abstraction area) that have been assured are located at Qinglongwu, Nanwu and Furiwu. The hydro-geologic feature around the location can be described as: the three categories of fractured water in bedrock belong to HCO3

-Ca type, of which the concentration of HCO3

- is 53.92mg/L, the concentration of Ca+2 is 16.31mg/L, the minerality is 94.55mg/L, the pH value is 5.44, which belongs to subacidity freshwater; the unconfined water in Quaternary porous media is SO4

-Ca type, the concentration of SO4

2- is 33.34mg/L, the concentration of Ca2+ is 14.54mg/L, the degree of mineralization is 64.19mg/L, the pH value is 5.45, which belongs subacidity freshwater. The conditions of runoff and discharge can be described as: The groundwater around at this location flows from northwest to southeast; The outside of syncline of tongjiawu group in Silurian System is relative aquiclude, above which are unconfined aquifers of porous media and fractured media. And the groundwater in porous media gets recharge through precipitation infiltration. On the one hand, groundwater in porous media drains to fractured aquifer through vertical seepage and on the other hand it receives recharge at each side from the fractured aquifer while it flows to low places. Due to this, at bottom of valley or ditch it is wet all year round during a year with mean precipitation.

(vii) Biodiversity

In Chongxian, the hills around the site of the project are mostly covered with pines, camphor trees, bead tree, bamboo and other trees and weeds. The trees are man-planted, of which most have a diameter of 10~ 20cm. Vegetation in the project area keeps in good condition, and coverage rate is above 70%. Endangered species of wildlife are not found near the project site.

(viii) Soil erosion

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Yuhang district, in which the construction is well developed, is the demonstration district for water and soil conservation in Hangzhou city. The construction location of the project is in a valley, which has 400m long and 100m wide approximately. The bottom elevation of the valley is 40m, and the top elevation is 100m. At present, it is wood land with trees as its main ground flora and ochre clay-quartz sandstone as its top soil layer which is approximately 2m thick. The vegetation coverage rate is over 70%, so the degree of soil erosion is little. The feature of the top soil layer with high permeability and water retention makes it possess a strong ability to endure soil erosion.

(ix) Socio-economy

The Chongxian town governs 28 administrative villages, a residential district, and 38.62 square kilometers in total. In the end of 2002, total population in the whole town reaches 38903, and there are 823 of industry enterprises in whole town in 2002, the total industry production is 3,260,000,000 dollars, annual gross domestic production (GDP) is 97,000,000 RMB, ranking in top 100 villages, key town of Hangzhou Cities in Zhejiang province, “3A" industrial villages of the Yuhang District. The agriculture income amounted to 87,100,000 dollars in the year of 2002, and the gross production for third industry (service business such as touring industry, hotel industry, trade, and etc.) amounted to 250,000,000 RMB.

Since the Chongxian town has well developed channel network, plentiful rain and rich soil, rice, mulberry, lotus root, bright red chufa and cane shoot are widely planted. The pattern of appropriate scale of operation and commercial agriculture has come into being. So far, three leading industries (textiles manufacture, textile machinery, paper making and packaging), and the three industrial parks (Lujia, Doushan and Buyi industrial park) have been built. A number of large scale well-known enterprises boomed. The total production value by them is more than 100 million RMB.

Besides, near the candidate site for storage facility, there are some quarries and cement plants, which generate some pollution, such as dust, SO2. These plants and quarries are sources of dust pollution observed at the proposed site. Dust and noise and SO2 pollutions meet the criteria at the observation spot of 1,000m away.

7.1.2.2 Qiaosi

(i) Geography

The proposed Qiaosi site is in Yuhang district of Hangzhou city. Yuhang district is located in south of Hangjiahu plain, and the west side of Tianmu Mountain. The exact geographic position of Yuhang is longitude 119º40' -120º23' east and latitude 30º09'-30º34’ north. It is in neighborhood with six counties or districts, namely Tongxiang, Haining, Fuyang, Linan, Anji and Deqing, to its east, north and west side. To its south is the Hangzhou urban area. See Annex III for details.

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(ii) Climate

Qiaosi is about 35 km away from Chongxian, so climate at Qiaosi is same as that in Chongxian.

(iii)Topography

The topography in Qiaosi is similar to that in Chongxian location. But Qiaosi has a relatively higher sea level than Chongxian.

(iv) Strata Lithology

The land at the project site is flat, which is in littoral-facies sediment zone, the soil profile of the land from top to bottom is cultivated soil, plain fill, clay silt and littoral-facies sediment sludge, the soil presents powder-sand characters.

(v) Hydrology

Yueya River which belongs to Shangtang hydro-system, lies to the east of the project site of Qiaosi Location. Except in flood seasons, the flow velocity in Yueya River is slow and smooth. Base on hydrologic information, the water level of Shangtang river in usual is 4.6m (based elevation of Wusong harbor), and the low water level is 3.8m and the flood level is 6.6m.Because the capacity of flood control in drainage infrastructure is enforced during late these years, the flood level slightly decreased, and the highest flood level less than 6.0m(1998,1999).

(vi) Hydrogeology

Qiaosi locates in the plain area, the groundwater level is about 1 to 2 meters. The soil types mostly comprise of cultivate soil silt soil and a portion of clay soil. Though conductivity is comparably high, however the topography is flat, so the velocity of groundwater is

Figure 2. The local map for Qiaosi site

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slow.

(vii) Biodiversity

In Yuhang district, there are rich wildlife resources including decades of kinds of birds, over ten kinds of mammals and nearly ten kinds of amphibians and reptiles; it is also rich in fish resources including several kinds of fish and shrimp.

In Yuhang district, the climatic conditions are favorable to plants growth. Except at cultivated land, the plants generally are biyear herbage, shrubbery, arbores and 495 kinds of trees; belong to 77 categories, such as metasequoia, gingko, Chinese Douglas fir, yew, eucommia, insense cedar, cinnamomum pedunculatum, and etc. Bamboo forests and tea forests grow especially well. Bamboo is the main wild plant. Mao bamboo spread over forest farms, while most land-grown bamboo is planted manually. Several kinds of aquatic plant, such as water lettuce, common waterrthacinth, alligator alternanthera etc, distribute around rivers network region.

Qiaosi site is in the Qiaosi town of Yuhang district in Hangzhou, the residents in Xingtang town are considered the protection targets. No wild animals or foliage live in this area. Man-plant trees such as willow, privet, fruit trees, and some bushes are found in there. Man-breed animal such as cow, pig, chick are frequently seen.

(viii) Socio-economy

The Qiaosi town, with a population of 37091 and an area of 30.12 square kilometers including 1703 hectares cultivated land, governs over 22 administrative villages and a residential district. In 2002, the gross domestic production of industry and agriculture reached 1.755 billion RMB, 26.8% higher than that in 2001; the gross domestic production of agriculture is 1.817 billion RMB, 37.7% higher than that in 2001; financial revenue is 36.83 million RMB, 48% higher than that in 2001; the income of farmer is 7003 RMB per capita, 7% higher than that in 2001. During latest these years, with the progress of urbanization, the industrial economy, the process of integration of urban and rural areas, the residence environment and the social enterprises are developing rapidly and harmoniously.

7.2. Detailed Description of PCB Storage Sites Considered in Chongxian and Qiaosi

7.2.1 Siting Requirements

Requirements for siting are listed as below

l Geological Structure is stable, and seismic intensity in an area is less than 7 degree.

l The base of storage facility is above the highest groundwater level

l The Site is 800 meters away from residential area and 150 meters away from surface water.

l Ban the building of storage facility at karstic area or the place that is liable to

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suffering from flood, slide, mudslide, tide and so on.

l The site is to be far away from storage facility for flammable or explosive hazardous goods, from defending area of high-voltage electricity transmitting line.

l The site will be located at a place in the downwind direction of the residential area’s maximum yearly average wind frequency.

Moreover geophysical detecting method is acceptable to be used in siting storage facility area for the further information.

7.2.2 Detailed Description of the Chongxian Site - The proposed site for building PCBs storage facility lies in the valley of the Xiwu

hill of Nashan, Xingqiao, in Chongxian district, with the coordinate of north latitude of 30° and north longitude of 20°14´ , the exact position is marked on the figure 1.

- It is an area mostly covered by low bush, but not the scenery area with no inhabitants within 2 km away.

- Nanshan Cement Plant and Hangzhou Cement Plant is about 1km to 2km respectively from the proposed location. In addition, there are some quarries, among which the nearest one is about 1 km away. These plants and quarries are sources of dust pollution observed at the proposed site.

- The proposed site in Chongxian is 17km away from the Qiaosi site - The proposed site is 2km away from the nearest residential area. - The site is 400m in length and 100m in width. It is about 100 meters in average

above the sea level. The total construction area is about 333,000 m2. - The land of proposed site is a piece of empty land, which grows plenty of grass.

After completion of PCBs disposal in this demonstration and the national replication program, the facility is proposed to be used as the hazardous storage facility of waste disposal center of Zhejiang after measures are implemented (See details in 7.10).

- The proposed site includes industrial waste incineration workshop, medical waste incineration workshop, waste treatment station, solidification workshop, transformer station, parking area, administration building-all belong to Dadi and this storage facility which will have its own entrance and surrounding wall and it not belongs to Dadi, shown in figure 3.

- The surface soil comprises of clay and quartz sandstone of 1 meter in depth. - The groundwater is more than 3 meters in depth. - No landscape spot is within 3 km range. - The distance from the proposed site to residence area is over 2,000 meters. And the

road entering the site is not to cross the residence area. The sensitive spots around the site are listed as table 7.2.

- This area is used for sound disposal of waste. The industrial waste incinerator and the medical waste incinerator owned by DADI are the main engineering of this area, which are about 100 meters from the proposed site for the PCB storage facility to be built. No surface water, school, hospital, and critical natural habitat within 1 km of the proposed site. The figure 3 gives more detailed information.

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Table 7.2 sensitive spots around the proposed site

Sensitive spot Attribution Direction Distance Memo Depot of Chemical light material company of Yuhang

Storage of dangerous material

South 200m from incineration area

Storing explosive

Nanshan cement factory

Mineral & Industrial company

East 1000m Having about 100 employees

Well for drinking of Sanlian electronic company

Groundwater East 1500m Water supply for production and domestic

Hangzhou cement factory

Mineral & Industrial company

East 1500m Having about 300 employees

Tangjiacun Village Residential area

East 2000m~2500m

Hengshancun Village Residential area

East 2600m

Country villa of Tiandushan

Residential area

South and east

2500m Under construction

Tiandu happy 4-seasons park

Resort area South and east

3000m Occupying 666,000 square meters, in use

Residence area of Tiandu city

Residential area

South and East

3000m Under construction

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Figure 3 The Sketch for planned land use in Chongxian site

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Figure 3a Surrounding Environment of Chongxian

7.2.3 Detailed Description of the Qiaoxi Site - The proposed location for the PCB storage facility is in current Dadi site. Dadi is

located in the Hispanic industrial park in Qiaosi, Yuhang district. - The proposed location is an empty area inside Dadi Facility. And now it is covered

with grass. - The current land use in proposed location is shown in figure 4. The farmer

residential area is about 150 meters away from the location, where chicken, duck, pig are normally raised.

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- The Dadi Company is to the south of Huhang Highway, close to the junction of 01 Provincial Highway and 09 Provincial Highway. It’s just 10 km away from Hangzhou city, only 1 km away to the Jiubao town in south and 3km away from Economical developing region of Hangzhou in southeast.

- The north is city ring road, Dongsan County is on the other side of the highway; The east is the Xuejia County, which is 15m away from the proposed location. The south is Jinjiang Municipal Waste Incineration Plant which is 500m away and some residential area of Xuejiacun village. Those spots were considered as environmental sensitive spot, see table 7.3.

- The surface soil in proposed location is mostly sandy with high permeability. - The nearest river is Yueya River, about 300m from the proposed location. The

groundwater level is less than 2m in depth from the ground level. - There is no surface water, school, hospital, and critical natural habitat within 1 km

of the proposed site. The figure 4 gives more detailed information. - Municipal wastes, solid waste and hazardous wastes are stored in Dadi’s storage

facility.

Figure 4. The sketch of land use in Qiaosi site

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Figure 4.a Surrounding Environment of Qiaosi

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Table 7.3 The sensitive spot in Qiaosi site.

7.3. Evaluation of Alternative Sites

Generally speaking, Qiaosi site is very near to the resident area, surface water, moreover many commercial buildings such as factory, are very near, which is a potential danger to the local environment. Biology is abundant in this site, and wild animal are objective to the impact of human activities. The permeability is this area is much high than in Chongxian since Qiaosi site mostly is slit clay while Chongxian is abundant in red clay. Since the gradient of land is relatively flat, it makes surface water and groundwater flow slowly, which is not good for the degrading of pollutants. Comparably, the Chongxian site is in the valley of a small hill, which the surface is covered very heavy clay lay, and the distance from the man-activities areas is far enough. The gradient of ground is comparably abrupt, so the rainfall is easy to run down. There is only some bushes grow in this site, and no wild animals are seen.

The criteria comprise those: geologic structure stability, the distance from the nearest surface water, hydro-geological condition, sensitive water body, protective area of fauna and flora, landscape spot, biological diversity, traffic condition and so on. The information is list as table 7.4, which is use to draw the further comparison.

No. Spot Family amount Population Direction Distance/m

1 No. 6 Unit of

Xuejiacun Village 98 330 E

At the very

boundary of the

planning factory

2 Dongsan village 400 1200 NW

At the very

boundary of the

planning factory

3 Wujiacun Village 750 2300 NE 600

4 Xuejiacun

residence area

45

270 S 150

5

Jinjiang domestic

waste incineration

plant

No date No data S 500m

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Table 7.4 Evaluation of two alternative hazardous waste/PCB storage facility locations Chongxian Qiaosi Criteria

Characteristic Evaluation Characteristic Evaluation Is the geologic structure stable with resistance to a seismic intensity of 7?

7 good 7 good

Is the base of the storage facility above the highest level of groundwater?

>3 good <2 bad

What is the distance of the storage facility site from the nearest residential house?

>2km good 200m bad

What is the distance of the storage facility site from the nearest surface water?

>1.5km good 300-400m bad

Is the storage facility site located at a karst caves?

no good No good

Is the storage facility site located at areas heavily influenced by natural disasters such as floods, landslides, mudslides

no good No good

Is the site far away from storage sites of flammable or explosive hazardous substances or protective zones of high-voltage electricity transmission lines?

>1km good 200m bad

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Table 7.4 Evaluation of two alternative hazardous waste/PCB storage facility locations (continue 1) Chongxian Qiaosi Criteria

Characteristic Evaluation Characteristic Evaluation Is the storage facility site located in the downwind direction of the residential areas’ maximum yearly average wind frequency?

3.1%(WNW) bad 1.12%(W) good

Weather condition Rainfall is plentiful; year average is 16.5?

normal Rainfall is plentiful; year average is 16.5?

normal

Hydraulic condition

The gradient of the ground is comparably high. The runoff goes down quick.

It’s very good for the waterproof performance of the building.

Well developed surface runoff network, River runs mildly.

worse

Hydro-geological Condition thick red soil layer; Good waterproof performance. In hill land area, ground water circulation is good, and groundwater level is low.

Better Earth is sand soil, with high permeability. Flat hypsography; groundwater circulation is good; groundwater level is high

bad

Sensitive water body exists

The mostly appealed surface body is temporary runoff after rain, so there is no sensitive water body in this area

Normal

Yueya river nearby

Bad

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Table 7.4 Evaluation of two alternative hazardous waste/PCB storage facility locations (continue 2) Chongxian Qiaosi Criteria

Characteristic Evaluation Characteristic Evaluation Pollution source Nanshan Cement Plant and

Hangzhou Cement Plant is about 1km to 2km respectively from the proposed location. In addition, there are some quarries, among which the nearest one is about 1 km away. These plants and quarries are sources of dust pollution observed at the proposed site. Dust and noise and SO2 pollutions meet the criteria at the observation spot of 1000m away.

Normal Residents area, most pollution source , traffic noise, and flying dust, which have little impact on the proposed site.

Protective area of fauna and flora exists Not abundant Good Not abundant

good

Scenery spot No scenery spot within 3km range Good No scenic spot within 3km range

good

Biological diversity Not abundant Good Not abundant Anything plantation or farming area near the proposed site

No Good for building storage facility

No good

Economy Activities near The proposed site is an empty land, which grows a few of bushes.

Suitable for building The site choose is near industrial park and commercial center exist

Bad for build ing

Traffic convenient Good convenient good Urbanization Worse Suitable for building normal worse Need emigrating No Good Yes bad Weather condition Rainfall is full;

year average is 16.5? Bad Rainfall is full;

year average is 16.5? bad

From the above table, the Chongxian site gains much more “good” than Qiaosi, so the conclusion is Chongxian will be more acceptable

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to build storage facility.

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7.4. Design of the PCB Storage Facility. Besides designed storage facility volume must meet the requirements, following rules below should be well considered.

7.4.1 The rules for design

Generally, the storage facility is to be designed in light of relating criterions for hazard waste storage which is to be wind-proof, rainproof and sunshine-proof.

i. Rules for anti-seepage

l The floor and curbs are to be made of solid and leakage-proof materials. All construction materials will be compatible with PCBs and other hazardous materials stored at this facility.

l Impermeable layer will be laid on a base or a pedestal. Impermeable layer should cover the area where PCBs and its leachate can reach. Leachate collection system will be built on impermeable layer. The materials used in the impermeable layer should be incompatible with PCBs.

l The thickness of impermeable layer that is made of clay is thicker than one meter (coefficient of hydraulic conductivity is less than 10-7 cm/s) or made of HDPE of 2mm thick with hydraulic conductivity less than 10-10 cm/s.

l The floor of storage facility adopts reinforced concrete to safeguard cracking. The surface of the floor adopts concrete and covered with HDPE membrane of 1.5 mm thickness, and then paved a layer of water-proof terrazzo. Heavily contaminated PCBs wastes and lightly contaminated PCBs wastes are stored in different sub-area separately, and heavily contaminated PCBs wastes are with different composition and attribution. Each area is separated by curb.

l There are to be no floor drains, drain valves expansion joints, sewer lines, or other opening that would permit liquids to flow from the curbed area. Surface water drainage system will be built at the outskirt of the storage facility in order to prevent flow runoff into the storage facility and it is to be designed in light of maximum flooding for 25 years. The rainfall is to be collect to treat before charging.

ii. Rules for spilling prevention l A 15-cm high continuous curb should be constructed around the floor. Curbs are to be

designed to prevent the spills from running out, the volume enclosed by the ground and curb are not to be less than the maximum storage of maximum vessels or 1/5 of total storage.

iii. Rules for containers l The floor where the liquid and solid PCBs vessels are deposited should be hard,

resistant to erosion, and is ensured no crack on surface of floor. l The storage facility will be equipped with containers that meet for the specifications

iv. Rules for the Inside of the Building l A 15-cm high continuous curb should be constructed around the floor.

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l The floor and curbs are to be made of solid and leakage-proof materials. All construction materials will be compatible with PCBs and other hazardous materials stored at this facility.

l It is to contain leakage collecting, gas vent and gas treatment (cleaning) devices. l It will adopt illumination system and monitoring window. l It is to be equipped with communication equipment, lighting facilities, personal

protection equipment and tools, and emergency protection facilities. l The height of stack allowed is designed according to the strength of the floor. l Incompatible hazardous wastes will be stored separately, and segregated by a

partition/room.

v. Rule for the outside of storage facility l The storage facility will have a fenced wall around its boundary with 24-hour

security protection.

7.4.2 Structure facilities

Total area of two floors is 4464m2. The girder of the facility is 10m above the floor. The whole building is a heavy steel-structured factory house whose roofing is of light steel and all materials used are well corrosion-proof. Its ground is watertight and involves drainage system. It is of semi-sealed structure. Each of upper and lower floor is equipped a mobile crane. Tool rooms and watching room are designed at the certain side of storage facility, and lifting-hook and handling space are designed at the extended end. Moreover, the storage facility is well equipped with fire-fighting facilities. PCBs are sealed in the airtight drums and deposited in different areas depending on its contents?

So the building includes such functional Components as below:

l Construction structure

l Seepage-proof Treatment

l Anti-adsorption Treatment

l Analytical instruments

l Fire-fighting System

l Air Cleaning System

l Water and Power Supply System

l Drainage and Water Treatment Facilities

l Special Loading and Unloading Machinery

l Poisonous Gas Monitoring and Warning system

l Surrounding Protection Facilities

l Monitoring System

l Emergency Tools and Material

l Communication Device

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l Curbs are to be designed to prevent the spills from running out, the volume enclosed by the ground and curb should not less than the maximum storage of maximum vessels or 1/5 of total storage.

7.5. Environmental Impact and Risk Assessments 7.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment

PCBs are sealed by metal drums that are bound by iron tape, supported by the stacks, and drums piled no more than 2 floors, after piled, the piles are covered. The storage facility is treated to prevent seepage. Loading and unloading procedure are all conducted inside the storage facility to prevent PCBs from entering the environment by volatilization resulting from wind and solar erosion. Designed according to criterions concerned, monitoring and water and electricity facilities are of good performance, and storage period of PCBs will not exceed the time limit that is stipulated by SEPA, and ventilation is good, hence PCBs have little impact to the environment under normal conditions

7.5.2 Risk Assessment With respect to the temporary storage facility, environmental risks should be considered in case of natural disasters and artificial accidents. The causes can be classified into natural factors, artificial factors and unanticipated factors, as is seen table 7.4.

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Table 7.5 Risk Assessment of Temporary Storage Facility

Natural factor Artificial factor Unpredictable factors Measures Risk

procedure

Continuous rain

Hot drought

Operation

failure

Artificial damage

Earthquake Fire Preventing measure Emergency Measure

Loading and unloading

1) No effect, since the loading and unloading procedure are carried out in the storage facilities.

1) Drums or woven-sack with PE lining is broken, which leads to leakage.

a) Operation carefully

b) Demand stuff operating according to the regulations and enforce the training of the stuff.

c) Arrange the shift sequence properly

1) Stop loading, collect litter and replace the drum.

2) Open air cleaning device that connected to the pollution control system.

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Table 7.5 Risk Assessment of Temporary Storage Facility (continue 1)

Natural factor Artificial factor Unpredictable factors Measures Risk

procedure

Continuous rain Hot drought Operation

failure

Artificial damage

Earthquake Fire Preventing measure Emergency Measure

Storage. 1) Unexpected groundwater level increasing lead to decline of waterproof abilities.

2) Water or moisture enter into the facility unanticipated, thus may cause the corrosion of steel drum and leakage.

a) Maintenance personnel do not check out the fault of wiring during construction

b)Vandalism of the storage facility, for example, setting fire to storage facility, stealing.

c) Waste registering error makes the waste exceed the time limit of storage, which increase the leakage risk.

1. Earthquake causes the damage of waterproof layer, the failure of drainage engineering, the electric accidents

2)Wild fire of forest. Lighting leading fire.

1. Enforce the safe policies

2. Carefully and periodically inspect safe of facilities in storage facility.

3. Install lightning rod 4. Seal the drum with

wax 5. Fire controlling

equipments should be well equipped, and need train the staff learning how to safeguard the fire and to use those equipments.

1. Enforce the safe policies

2. Carefully and periodically inspect safe of facilities in storage facility.

3. Install lightning rod

4. Seal the drum with wax

5. Fire controlling equipments should be well equipped, and need train the staff learning how to safeguard the fire and to use those equipments.

1) Put out the fire at once.

2) Pump away the pounding water around the storage facility.

3) Imform the police office when stealing happens

4) Clog the seepage source and purge the polluted spot

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Table 7.5 Risk Assessment of Temporary Storage Facility( continue 2) Natural factor Artificial factor Unpredictable factors Measures Risk

procedure

Continuous rain

Hot drought

Operation

failure

Artificial damage

Earthquake Fire Preventing measure Emergency Measure

Storing 3) Hot and dry climate may increase the volatilization PCBs contained from the drums; hot weather may also accelerate the aging of plastic thus lead to leakage.

1) Animal intrude the storage facility (mice, for example, dug holes around the facility) which lead leakage.

6. Enforce the staff training management and the sense of responsibility The training should cover spill prevention, control and countermeasure etc.

7. Build impermeable floors and drains.

8. The water in drains will be collected to send to the water treatment center. No floor drains flowing to the outside of the building.

9. Fire hazards will be safeguarded in a special room and incompatible wastes will be stored separately.

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7.6. Operation of the PCB Storage Facility

l PCBs that are not suitable to be disposed of temporarily will be stored in temporary storage facility, and warning signs need to be setup. Storage period should not exceed the time limit stipulated in Technique Policy for Pollution Control of Hazardous Wastes. 2001

l PCBs storage organization is to be authorized with specific license to the business. PCBs transfer is to be strictly in compliance with specifications to safeguard the recordkeeping rule of PCBs transfer.

l Organization that stores waste is to acquire the analysis report of physical and chemical characteristics of PCBs completed by qualified organization before they are accepted. Meanwhile necessary checking will be done by operators to assure the PCBs to be stored are the expected wastes, and record to be done

l Storage facility operators of PCBs will carefully record the de tail information about PCBs they dealt with. The record must offer such PCBs’ information as condition, origin, quantity, characteristic, the type of packaging container, storage date, position in storage facility, shipping date, and receiving organization and so on.

l PCBs that are without label or the label doesn’t accord with the regulation not allowed to be taken into the storage facility. The PCBs records and manifests of PCBs are to be kept for at least 3 years after they have been shipped out.

l The PCBs with similar attributions or properties can be stacked, however, PCBs wastes of different status will be separated by curbs and there will be transport alley between curbs.

l Inspection of the drums and storage facilities periodically. If any breakage or damage occurs, emergency response measures of cleaning up and replacement of package are to be taken immediately.

l Storage facility will be equipped with fire-fighting equipments. The storage facility need be looked after in 24 hours of each day.

l Special personnel are in charge of temporary storage facility running and daily management. Acceptable work shift is to be worked out, in order that operator work more efficiently.

l Monitoring of the ambient air quality in the storage facility at least half a year and inspecting of the storage facility and then carefully recording of information everyday will be carried out.

l The leaked material as well as the absorbents or other adequate means used for cleanup will be properly transferred to a non-leaking drum for the disposal.

l Any equipment used to handle PCBs that comes into direct contact with the PCBs will be decontaminated by swabbing the surface with an appropriate

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solvent before being removed from the storage facility area. The solvent (approved by the local or provincial EPB) can be reused until it contains 50ppm PCBs, and the solvent and any non-liquid PCBs that result form decontamination must be disposed of properly.

7.7. Safety Measures

7.7.1. Preventive Measures

Measures for spill are to cope with emergent leakage accidents and lessen the effects to human and Environment will include.

l Strictly abide by operational regulations on the danger waste management.

Personnel must wear on defense equipments, which are replaced periodically.

l Check the PCBs drums periodically. If any drum is broken, replace it at once.

l People, who are hurt by PCBs, should be sent to the nearby hospital.

l Check the drainage and power supply facilities, to prevent from the failure of

drainage and electrical facilities and get rid of potential problem.

7.7.2. Emergency Measure

1. Emergency Measures for Personnel Security in Accidents Spot

(1.) Emergency Rescue of Inspiration of PCBs

l Move people to ventilation area

l Give artificial respiration to the victim if breath ceases.

l Keep the victim’s body temperature and let him/her take a rest

l Send to the hospital at once (2.) Emergency Treatment of Skin Contacting PCBS

l Swab the skin with soap or neutral detergent at once.

l If PCBs has permeate into the clothes, take them off and then clean it with soap or neutral detergent

l Send the victim to the hospital at once (3.) Emergency Treatment of Eye Contacting PCBs

l Open the eyelid of victim, rinse eye with a quantity of water

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l Send the victim to the hospital at once (4.) Emergency Treatment of Ingestion of PCBs

l Send victim to the hospital at once.

l Use sirup or finger inserting the victim’s throat to induce vomiting

l If victim is out of consciousness, don’t carry out vomit inducing. .

2 Emergency Measures for Pollution Emission Preventing

l Cleanup of the released PCBs should be initiated as soon as possible, but no later than 24 hours after discovery of a spill.

l Pump out the air in the close circumstance with air pump whose outlet is fixed with carbon fiber absorber to safeguard the PCBs emit to the atmosphere.

l Use plastic cloth to cover surface of polluted spot to lessen the vaporization of PCBs, and then take away all polluted materials when leakage occurs in open environment.

l When cleaning the polluted spot cleaning, a sophisticated scheme should be planned to prevent personnel from moving about at polluted spot in order to lessen pollution.

l PCBs waste solid should be collected and filled into the plastic sacks and sealed. If condition permitting, after the PCBs waste can be filled into PE sack, they are put into steel drum.

l If drums have been cracked, transfer PCBs waste to spare drum and wrap the drum with PE bag.

7.8. Employee Training

Before starting to work, all PCB storage facility personnel will successfully complete a training program that will cover the following topics.

l The directions for PCBs receiving, transporting, and storing

l How to keep the facilities in good conditions.

l Check and get rid of the breakdown of facilities, such as the mechanism failure of the traveling crane.

l Accidents and emergency response measures, safety protection, evacuating the people in accident spot.

l The background knowledge for daily maintenance of pertinent facilities in storage facility

l Learn how to fill in the maintenance record form, accident form and other kind form.

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l Recording of received, stored, and shipped wastes

7.9. Environmental Monitoring

As ref Article 8.2 of GB 18597-2001, the hazardous waste facility that will receive PCB wastes for storage will be monitored for environmental discharge in accordance with national requirements on pollution source.

The national requirements are as follows:

1) Complex Discharge Criterion for air pollution GB16297-1996

2) Complex Discharge Criterion for Waste water GB8978-1996

3) Identification Criterions for Hazardous waste GB5085.1-3-1996

4) Graphical Signs for Environmental Protection solid waste Storage (Disposal) Site GB15562.2-1995

5) Emission standards for odor pollutants GB14554-93

6) Determination Measures for toxicity of leachate of solid waste GB/T1555.1-12-95

The sampling Criterion is:

1) Test and Monitoring measures for Toxicity characteristic of Industrial Solid Waste

7.9.1. Monitoring Phase

1. Environment monitoring in storage facility area before constructing, in

order to know the background level of PCBs in soil, groundwater, and air.

2. Environmental monitoring during the storage facility running, every a half

year a time.

3. Environmental monitoring after storage facility closure.

7.9.2. Criteria for Monitoring

1. Analytic methods for Environment Monitoring ,SEPA

2. Experimental Analysis & Appraisal Manual for Solid Wastes, EPA, translated by Environmental monitoring center of China etc.

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3. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations( e-CFR);

4. Criterion for Investigation of Soil and Groundwater, Department of Water quality protection of Japan Environmental Protective administrative.

7.9.3. Environmental Monitoring Scheme

PCBs concentration in Environment and in living creatures is the monitoring focus of this project.

1. Monitoring Priority

Considering that Density of PCBs is heavier than water and the semi-volatility of PCBs, the monitoring Priority is

1) Soil

2) Groundwater

3) Air

4) Concentration in organism

2. Monitoring Zone

Monitoring zone is limited within a circus that radius is about one to two times of the distance of from sensitive spot.

3. Sample layout

Soil sample, air sample and biology sample are gained from the spots on radial shape. Groundwater sample needs to be drawn from the drill holes or from the drinking well.

4 Monitoring Frequency

Soil and air monitoring are done quarterly. Water monitoring is done in low water season as well as ample water season. Biology monitoring is done spring and winter separately.

5 Monitoring sampling

Soil sample adopts surface soil (0cm ~20cm) and the bottom soil (20cm~40cm) separately. Water sample are drawn from the different depth of ground. Biology samples are drawn from the leave, the stem and the root of plant in storage facility area; moreover the insects and small mammals should be taken into account according to the condition.

6 Sample Preparations and Analysis

a) Collected sample should be air dried and analyzed at once.

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b) Sample preparation and analysis should prevent from across -contamination, since the concentration difference samples.

c) Sample analysis should be carried out according to international standard and national standard. Carefully carr y out the test to assure the data accuracy.

So, the environmental Monitoring Plan is given in table 7.6.

Table 7.6 Environmental Monitoring Plan Monitoring phases

Media monitored

Frequency of monitoring

Parameters to be monitored

Purpose of Monitoring

Soil Once per year PCBs content in soil and soil biological.

The PCBs soil background value

Ambient air Once per year PCBs content and concentration of hydrocarbons in air

The ambient air background value of PCBs and hydrocarbons

Prior to construction

Groundwater Once per year PCBs content in groundwater

The PCBs groundwater background value

Soil Quarterly PCBs content in soil and soil biology.

Pollution condition and biological accumulative coefficient.

Groundwater

Twice a year (low and high levels of groundwater)

PCBs content in groundwater

The groundwater contamination control.

Air discharge Quarterly

PCBs content in emission gas Hydrocarbon content in emission gas

The discharge quantity

Ambient air Quarterly PCBs content and concentration of hydrocarbons in air

Environmental quanlity

During operation

Biological Twice a year (spring and winter)

PCBs content in organ or tissue of biological

Accumulative coefficient and harm to the biological

Surfaces inside the building

A half year The PCBs content in surface

Environmental quality

Soil A half year The soil PCB content Environmental quality of soil and leakage preventing

Groundwater A year PCBs content in water

Environmental quality of soil and leakage preventing

Ambient air Quarterly PCBs content and concentration of hydrocarbons in air

Environmental quanlity

At closure

Discharge air Quarterly PCBs content and concentration of hydrocarbons in air

The discharge quantity

7.10. Closure of the PCB Storage Facility

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After exceed lifetime of temporary storage facility, it will be closed. The possible activities are to be disassembled and the storage facility for another hazardous wastes. Those measures should be taken

u Before the temporary storage facility will be closed, the operators should submit the closure plan, and is to be approved by the government.

u The operators will take measures to eliminate of PCBs pollution in storage facility. Such as cleaning the storage facility using surfactant. Discharged water should transport in Shenyang disposal center as high concentration PCBs.

u Some facilities that PCBs contained can not be eliminated at the site, such as equipment, soil, wall-paint, are to be disposed of as hazardous wastes and transported to disposal facility of hazardous waste or storage facility in use

u The warning sign and watching personnel cannot be removed until the monitoring results shows that no pollutions exist in storage facility.

u Retain water and electricity for safety protective use, and security inspection should be done periodically during the closure period.

u Warning message painted with striking color should be hung around the storage facility.

u Monitor the concentration of PCBs in ground water, soil, air, plant and animal. Prepared emergency measures are to be taken to handle with unexpected matters.

u Arrange personnel to watch over the storage facility in case artificial damage and wild animal destroying.

u Microbiological environmental monitoring in soil pollution is to be carried out, by determining the quantities and the components of microbiology in soil.

If the storage facility is considered to be used for storing another hazard wastes, the closure plan is to be added those.

u Swab all the equipment and devices and the wall with surface–active agent, the polluted water is treated as high concentration PCBs pollutants and will be transported to Shenyang.

u Torn off the waterproof membrane on the floor, swab the floor (the waste water is treated as 1 planed) and cover a new waterproof membrane. The obsolete membrane will be transport to Shenyang as high concentration PCBs waste.

u Monitoring the residual concentration of PCBs in storage facility Every 3 months. Until the PCBs concentration in air is less than the stipulated value, the storage facility can not be used for storage of other hazardous waste.

If the storage facility is considered to be disassembled, such measures are to be

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included:

u Swab all the equipment and devices and the wall with surface–active agent, the waste water is treated as high concentration PCBs pollutants and will be transported to Shenyang.

u Tear off the waterproof membrane on the floor, swab the floor (the waste water is treated as 1 planed). The obsolete membrane will be transport to Shenyang as high concentration PCBs waste. Adsorptive materials are placed in the storage facility. The adsorptive materials are to be considered high concentration PCBs pollutants, which need to be stored in another storage bank or transported to Shenyang Disposal Center.

u Monitoring the residual concentration of PCBs in storage facility Every 3 months. Until the PCBs concentration in air is less than the stipulated value, the storage facility cannot be disassembled

u The anti-adsorption membrane on the wall and the roof are to be torn off and transport to Shenyang disposed as high content PCBs waste.

u After the facility is disassembled, the site will be recovered.

The owner of the PCB storage facility will submit a written request to SEPA or Provincial EPB for a modification to its storage approval to amend the closure plan whenever: (i) changes in ownership, operating plans, or facility design affect the existing closure plan, (ii) there is a change in the expected date of closure, or (iii) in conducting closure activities, unexpected events require a modification of the approved closure plan.

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8. Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Soil and

Transformers Decontamination Technologies for Zhejiang

8.1. Selection of Soil Decontamination Technology

In this section, a three-stage methodology is employed for the evaluation of alternatives for decontaminating soils containing low concentrations of PCBs (between cleanup action level and 500 ppm).

8.1.1 First Stage Evaluation

In this evaluation stage, several applicable technologies for decontaminating soils with low concentrations of PCBs would be identified. And then they are screened for further evaluation. (1) Incineration Incineration is a high-temperature thermal oxidation process whereby the molecules are decomposed into gases and unburned solid. The solids are referred to as the residue and comprise ash and slag. A tall chimney or stack carries waste gases into the air. Stack gases may contain water, carbon dioxide, acid or toxic gases and toxic particles, including ash and metal oxide. To control pollution, the incinerator may be equipped with gas cleaning equipment, such as a scrubber and/or electrostatic filters. The solid residues are landfilled.

Hazardous waste incinerator has a main chamber for burning wastes and an afterburner to achieve maximum destruction of hazardous organic by-products, by holding combustion gases at the appropriate temperature (over 1000°C) for at least 2 seconds (residence time). Since gas cleaning equipment can not work at the high temperature of the gases leaving the furnace, the gases in the stack are cooled down to temperatures of approximately 200°C.

Properly managed incineration can, in principle, destroy PCBs waste with a Destruction and Removal Efficiency rate of 99.99% or higher. However, the effectiveness of incineration is influenced by many factors, such as: design, process control and maintenance of the correct residence time, temperature and turbulence; type of products incinerated; and capacity and effectiveness of air pollution control devices. There are various options for the modality of high-temperature incineration, including large-scale fixed incinerator, small-scale fixed incinerator, mobile incinerator, cement kiln, and the like. (2) Plasma Transform Technology

Plasma is a high energy technology for treatment of a range of sche duled wastes. A thermal plasma is generated by an electric current (alternate at high frequency or uninterrupted) passing through the gas; the resistivity energy is dissipated by the gas which, with the increase in temperature, becomes conductive and able to sustain the electricity flow.

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The plasma arc technology can create plasma using almost any type of gas (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, air, etc.) and can be operated in a wide range of pressures (vacuum to 20 atmospheres). The plasma arc has a wide spectrum of temperatures ranging from 1,500°C to over 7,000°C. The intense high temperature zone can be used to dissociate the waste into its atomic elements by injecting the waste into the plasma, or by using the plasma arc as a heat source for combustion or pyrolysis.

(3) In Situ. Vitrification

In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is a commercialized mobile, thermal treatment process that involves the electric melting of contaminated soils, sludges, or other earthen materials, wastes and debris for the purposes of permanently destroying, removing, and/or immobilizing hazardous and radioactive contaminants. The ISV technology is widely applicable to all types of soil and all classes of contaminants including organics, heavy metals and radionuclides.

The ISV process is a batch process that involves forming a pool of molten soil at the surface of a treatment zone between an array of four electrodes. The molten soil serves as the heating element of the process wherein electrical energy is converted to heat via joule heating as it passes through the molten soil. ISV melt temperatures typically range between 1,500-2,000°C. Continued application of energy makes melt pool growing deeper and wider until the desired volume has been treated. When electrical power is off, the molten mass solidifies into a vitreous monolith with unequalled physical, chemical, and weathering properties compared to alternative solidification/stabilization technologies. Individual melts up to 7 m deep and 15 m in diameter are formed during commercial operations. Large volumes of contaminated material requiring more than one batch melt are treated by making a series of adjacent melts resulting in the formation of one massive continuous monolith. The process is operated on an around the clock basis and can achieve treatment rates of up to 150 tonnes per day.

(4) Thermal Desorption Thermal desorption has been employed widely as a means of removing contaminants from solid waste streams. In some cases, treatment may be effected within the thermal desorption unit, whereas in other cases, the off gases are subject to separate treatment. Thermal desorption has also been employed or is proposed to be used in a number of processes where some contaminant degradation occurs within the thermal desorption unit, followed by combustion of the off gases.

Thermal desorption is based on the principle of heating up polluted soil in a rotary kiln to desorb PCBs and other organic pollutants from the soil. Gas cleaning equipment is used to wash the volatilized gas. The remaining off gas can be emitted after being cleaned by a filter. After oil-water separation, the concentrated liquid containing PCBs will be sent to a PCB incineration plant, the waste water will be drained after being treated. As the process is not a combustion one, but only a phase transfer enhanced by thermal energy, dioxin by-production is not expected.

(5) Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a physical/chemical means of separating hazardous waste contaminants from equipment, soil or sediment, thereby concentrating the

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contaminants and reducing the volume of hazardous material that needs to be destroyed. This process produces relatively clean soil or sediment which can be returned to site or disposed of to landfill. Cleaned equipment may be suitable for reuse or disposal to landfill. Solvent extraction is generally applicable to organic wastes, using an organic chemical as a solvent to strip the contaminants of concern from the soil, sediment or other solid matrix (eg PCB contaminated capacitor internals).

Solvent extraction uses organic solvents such as liquefied gases and low boiling point solvents to extract organics from sludges, contaminated soils and wastewater. Propane, butane and hexane are some of the solvents used for sludges and contaminated soils, while carbon dioxide has been used for wastewater streams. Solvent extraction technology is available for continuous flow processes for wastes which can be pumped or as a batch process for soils and sludges.

(6) Solvated Electron Technology

Sodium metal is dissolved in liquid anhydrous ammonia to form a characteristic dark blue solution. The blue color is due to the presence of solvated electrons which are powerful dehalogenating agents. Solvated electron solutions form rapidly when alkali or alkaline earth metals dissolve in ammonia or certain amines, forming solutions that can be regarded as containing the metal cation and free electrons. Halogens can be split from organic halides to yield a fully substituted parent hydrocarbon and a metal halide.

The application of the technology to waste treatment has been the subject of a 10 year development program by Commodore Environmental Services (US). This work has resulted in a proprietary re-agent named Agent 313. The technology can be applied as a relocata ble system. Treatment of waste with Agent 313 is carried out without the need for elevated temperatures and the conversion of the waste occurs in a matter of seconds. Solvents Australia states that there is no need for pretreatment, although some dewatering of sludges or sediments may be required.

(7) Base Catalysed Dechlorination The Base Catalysed Dechlorination (BCD) process was developed to treat halogenated organic compounds. The process was developed from work by the USEPA on earlier forms of dechlorination. The BCD process can involve direct dehalogenation or decomposition of the waste material, or can be linked with a pretreatment step such as thermal desorption which yields a relatively small quantity of a condensed volatile phase for separate treatment by the BCD process. The base catalysed dechlorination process involves the addition of an alkali or alkaline earth metal carbonate, bicarbonate or hydroxide to the contaminated medium containing one or more halogenated or non-halogenated organic contaminant compounds. Then the mixture is heated at a temperature and for a time sufficient to totally dehydrate the medium.

This may be performed at atmospheric or at reduced or elevated pressure. The water which is included in the aqueous solution allows homogeneous distribution of the alkali throughout the mixture and acts as a wetting agent and penetrant. When the water is removed from the medium during the dehydration step, the alkali is concentrated to a reactive state. The medium is further heated at a temperature between 200? and 400?

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for a time sufficient to effect reductive decomposition of the halogenated and non-halogenated organic contaminant compounds, typically 0.5 to 2 hours. At this temperature the carbon source acts as a catalyst for the formation of a reactive hydrogen ion from the hydrogen donor compound. The reactive hydride ion then reacts with the halogenated organic compounds contained in the contaminated medium. Finally, the mixture is neutralized by the addition of an acid, preferably to a pH of 7 to 9.

It is required by the Stockholm Convention that PCB wastes will be disposed of in such a way that the persistent organic pollutant content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed so that they do not exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants or other wise disposed of in an environmentally sound manner when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option or the persistent organic pollutants content is low, taking into account international rules, standards, and guidelines, and relevant global and regional regimes governing the management of hazardous waste.

And for the disposal of PCB contaminated soil in China, only those techniques commercially used in developed countries will be taken into consideration for further evaluation.

In that case, all these potential technologies for Soil Decontamination are then screened based on:

(i) The Requirement of the Stockholm Convention for the Destruction of PCBs Technologies Whether destroy or irreversibly

transform PCBs, or dispose PCBs in an environmentally sound manner

Whether lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation and direct reuse or alternative uses of PCBs

Incineration Yes No Plasma Yes No In situ vitrification

Yes No

Thermal desorption

Yes No

Solvent Extraction

Yes No

Solvated electron

Yes No

Base catalysed dechlorination

Yes No

and (ii) the stage of development and (worldwide) experience of the technology to date. Technologies Stage of development Experience of the technology Incineration Commercialized in China Mature application Plasma Commercialized abroad Successfully employed

abroad

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In situ vitrification

Commercialized abroad Successfully employed abroad

Thermal desorption

Commercialized abroad Successfully employed abroad

Solvent Extraction

Under demonstration

Solvated electron

Pilot scale testing

Base catalysed dechlorination

Commercialized abroad Under demonstration for PCB contaminated soil

From the above comparison and screening, incineration, plasma, in situ vitrification and thermal desorption are selected for the second stage evaluation

8.1.2 Second Stage Evaluation

In this evaluation stage, the remaining four technologies would be evaluated based following criteria:

i. Extent of Decontamination Technologies Extent of decontamination Incineration DER of about 99.9999% Plasma DER of above 99.99% In situ vitrification DER of above 99.9999% Thermal desorption DER of above 99.99%

ii. Pollutant discharges and requirements for their control Technologies Pollutant discharges Requirement for control Incineration High technology incineration

with sophisiticated APC system could achieve a dioxin concentration of 0.1 ng /Nm³ for the flue gas and 1 mg/kg for residues

Sound APC system for the purification of flue gas; Engineered landfill for the disposal of incineration residues

Plasma Compliance with regulatory requirements regarding air emissions can be achieved and dioxins were not detected in the stack gas during trials

A exhaust gas treatment system consists of a quench tank; a jet scrubber; a packed-bed scrubber; a demister; and a stack blower

In situ vitrification

Most heavy metals and all radionuclides are largely retained in the melt, which contains no organic matter; the off-gas treatment system is robust and dioxins are not detected.

Off-gas collection and off-gas treatment systems are required, including quenching, two stages of high efficiency scrubbing, de-watering, heating and one or two stages of high efficiency particulate air filtration

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Thermal desorption

A low dioxin content of 0.005 ng/Nm3.

Combustion of off-gases requires careful control and emissions treatment to minimize dioxin formation.

iii. Preliminary costs Technologies Preliminary cost Incineration $1,000- $2,000 per tonne Plasma $4,000- $8,000 per tonne In situ vitrification $500 - $750 per tonne Thermal desorption $200- $400 per cubic meters

iv. Other Consideration: Of all the above four technical alternatives, in-situ vitrification is poorly adaptable to different soil types and soil conditions. Since Zhejiang has fairly complex terrain characters, different contaminated sites may be in different states, and there may even be various soil conditions and soil types in one site. This actually seriously hinders the application of in -situ vitrification for disposal of contaminated soil in Zhejiang Province. In addition, after the treatment, soils are changed into vitreous products, which would neither be re-utilized as soils, or be excavated for further treatment. This actually means that the treated site could never be utilized for agricultural purpose again.

Other three technologies, however, are generally adaptable to various soil types. The residues from incineration and plasma would be landfilled and thus the treated soils will be sent for backfilling of excavated sites. Thermal desorption could maintain the original properties of the soil to the maximum extent and thus could be further utilized.

v. Summing-up screening

² The above evaluation could be summarized as follows: ² All the four technical alternatives could achieve acceptable removal extent of

PCBs ; ² With the specific regulation for dioxins of 0.5 ng/Nm3, all the four technical

alternatives could achieve acceptable emission of PCDD/PCDF;

² Due to poor adaptability and inability in main taining the original property of soils, in-situ vitrification is eliminated for further evaluation upon the above analysis;

² Taking into consideration cost for disposal, plasma is much too expensive for the disposal of PCB contaminated soil in Zhejiang Province and is thus phased out for further evaluation. Technology Incineration Plasma In-site

vitrification Thermal desorption

Removal extent Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Dioxin emission Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable cost Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Acceptable Adaptability Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable

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Result Eliminated Eliminated

In conclusion, incineration and thermal adsorption are selected for the third stage evaluation.

8.1.3 Third Stage Evaluation

In this evaluation stage, the remaining two technologies, incineration and thermal desorption, would be evaluated in details. In that case, Five alternatives can be considered for these two technologies: (1.a) fixed incineration at Shenyang, (1.b) fixe d incineration (in Zhejiang), (1.c) mobile incineration (in Zhejiang), (2.a) mobile thermal desorption (in Zhejiang), and (2.b) fixed thermal desorption (in Zhejiang).

(1) Comparison between incineration and thermal desorption:

i. Incineration

Description of Incineration:

Incineration is a high-temperature thermal oxidation process whereby the PCB-contaminated soil is decomposed into gases and unburned solid. The solids are referred to as the residue and comprise ash and slag. A tall chimney or stack carries waste gases into the air. Stack gases may contain water, carbon dioxide, acid or toxic gases and toxic particles, including ash and metal oxide. To control pollution, the incinerator should be equipped with gas cleaning equipment, such as a scrubber and/or electrostatic filters. The solid residues are landfilled.

Hazardous waste incineration have a main chamber for burning wastes and an afterburner to achieve maximum destruction of hazardous organic by-products, by holding combustion gases at the appropriate temperature (over 1000°C) for at least 2 seconds (residence time). Since gas cleaning equipment can not work at the high temperature of the gases leaving the furnace, the gases in the stack are cooled to temperatures of approximately 200°C.

Properly managed incineration can, in principle, destroy PCBs waste with a Destruction and Removal Efficiency rate of 99.9999% or higher.

Process water treatment system

Control system

Pretreatment Rotary kiln Afterbuner

APC

Storage PCB soil

Online monitoring

Storage

Discharge

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Major operational parameters:

DRE: 99.9999%;

Combustion efficiency: 99.9%;

Dioxin contents in flue gas: < 0.1TEQng/Nm3

Advantages: 1) This technology has been developed and thus is reliable.

2) China has years of experience in the incineration of hazardous waste Disadvantages:

This technology is mainly used in the disposal of highly contaminated PCB waste. The cost for the disposal of light contaminants is much too high;

Cost: Refer to the disposal cost in Shenyang ii. Thermal desorption

Description of thermal desorption:

The desorption unit is the main component of the process. Waste is partially vaporised in a reductive environment under low vacuum conditions (0 to 50 Pa). The rotary reactor operates on a continuous basis. The reactor is cylindrical in shape, arranged horizontally and rotates around its axis. The operating temperature in the reactor ranges from 500 to 600°C. The waste may be introduced directly. PCBs are vaporized and thus desorbed from the soil. And then N2 is applied to carry the desorbed PCBs to activated carbon for absorption. The gas stream is cleaned in a wet gas multi venturi scrubber prior to discharge. The scrubber process water will be treated with flocculation, precipitation and activated carbon filtration before discharged into the environment. The solid phase is cooled indirectly and is discharged for later use. All the activated carbon used for desorption and filtration will be disposed with incineration. Refer to the following flow chart for details about thermal desorption technology.

Major operational parameters:

Off-gas

Wastewater

Off-gas

Fuel

Pretreated Soil

Contaminated Soil Material Treatment Thermal Desorber

Treated Soil

Treated Soil Handling

Backfill

Absorption Scrubber Discharge

Residue Incineration Flocculation,

Precipitation, Filtration

Off-gas

Discharge

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DRE: 99.99%;

Dioxin contents in flue gas: undetectable

Advantages:

1) This technology has been developed and thus is reliable; 2) High thermal desorption efficiency;

3) Low cost and controllable technical conditions; 4) High adaptability to soil types, soil conditions and disposal load.

Disadvantage: 1) Microorganisms in the soil would be destroyed and it may take several years to

recover; 2) There might be some residues from the process which will be disposed by

incineration.

Cost: A disposal cost of 200-400 dollars per ton.

Upon the above comparison, it can be concluded that both incineration and thermal desorption process could achieve high destruction and removal efficiency of PCBs. Both, with properly equipped air pollution control system, wastewater treatment system and landfilling technologies, could achieve acceptable discharge level of polluants. And both are highly developed, with years of application, and are thus reliable technologies. Under this condition, it is obvious that incineration is much more expensive than thermal desorption. In addition, thermal desorption is more adaptable to soil types and soil conditions, and property of treated soil can be maintained to a maximum extent so that soils can be backfilled to the original position for further utilization after treatment In that case, thermal desorption is the most preferable technologies for the disposal of PCB contaminated soil in Zhejiang Province.

(2) Comparison between mobile thermal desorption and fixed thermal desorption

Of the 5 alternatives proposed in the beginning of the 3rd evaluation stage, two alternatives remaining from the above comparison (2.a) mobile thermal desorption (in Zhejiang), and (2.b) fixed thermal desorption (in Zhejiang) are compared based on:

i. Cost

There’s a huge amount of contaminated soil (about 20,000 tonnes) for disposal in Zhejiang Province. And all the contaminated sites are widely distributed across the province. A fixed thermal desorption would require the package and transportation of all contaminated soils before treatment. And after the soils are treated, they will have to be packed and transported back to the original positions for backfilling. And this package and transportation may cost more. A mobile thermal desorption facility, however, could treat the soils site by site, thus reducing the cost for package and transportation. The feasibility study will be conducted to compare the cost of the two options.

However, a mobile thermal desorption unit would require demobilization after the job is completed at one site, transportation to the next site, and mobilization at the next site. A fixed thermal desorption unit would require transportation of contaminated soils

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from different locations to a fixed site, and there are cost involved. Thus, there are cost tradeoffs between the mobile and fixed thermal desorption options.

ii. Environmental Risk The fixed thermal desorption alternative would be associated with environmental risk of accidents and spills of PCB contaminated soils during long-distance transportation of soils. A mobile disposal facility could treat the soil at the same time when cleanup is being conducted, and there is no need for large volume storage of contaminated soils, thus reducing the risk during storage. Moreover, once the soils are disposed, they could be backfilled immediately and thus facilitate the restoratio n of the cleaned site. Re-assembly (during site mobilization) of the mobile thermal desorption unit at each new site and different conditions at these sites may lead to more inadvertent environmental discharges of pollutants than the fixed thermal desorption unit. With the presently available information about the PCB sites, there are no rational bases for selecting the mobile versus the fixed thermal desorption alternative. A detailed feasibility study will be conducted to compare the merits of mobile versus fixed thermal desorption alternatives after all the locations of the PCB sites have been identified and the amounts of low concentration PCBs have been estimated for these sites, and more detailed cost information has been developed.

However, a mobile thermal desorption unit would require demobilization after the job is completed at one site, transportation to the next site, and mobilization at the next site. As one can see, there are cost tradeoffs between the mobile and fixed thermal desorption options.

8.2 Modality for the Site of the Facility

8.2.1 Location of the Facility

The disposal facility is proposed to be located in Zhejiang province for the following reasons:

² The principle that hazardous waste (including PCBs) is better to be disposed at the site;

² The disposal cost, including the cost for package and transport will greatly increase with the long distance transport of the wastes;

² There would be much higher environmental risk in case of the long distance transport;

² The long distance transport will not facilitate the backfilling and restoration of the cleaned site.

8.2.2 Determination of the Facility Capacity

Without concrete monitoring data, it is difficult to determine the pollution level, the quantity of soil waiting for disposal in each site and thus the disposal capacity of the facility. In that case, the following methodology is proposed for the determination of the disposal capacity.

(1) Carry out monitoring for contaminated soil in each site during the clean up stage;

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(2) Fill out the following matrix in accordance with the monitoring data. This matrix is based on the U.S. EPA’s “A Guide on Remedial Actions at Superfund Sites with PCB Contamination” (August 1990), which includes the action/cleanup level of 25 ppm for industrial (or low occupancy) areas and 1 ppm for residential (or high occupancy) areas.

Low occupancy (low risk) areas

High occupancy (high risk) areas (residential)

Action level

>500 ppm

25-500 ppm

>500 ppm

10-500 ppm

1-10 ppm

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 … Site 41 …

Site 61

Total

(3) Based on the result of the above filled out matrix, the quantity of soil to be treated under this project could be estimated.

(4) The capacity of the thermal desorption unit will be determined based on the amount of low concentration PCB-contaminated soils in the Zhejiang Province and the operating schedule (number of hours per day) of the thermal desorption unit.

Based on the above assumption and the information from the matrix, the disposal capacity of the thermal desorption facility will be estimated.

8.2.3. Site Selection of the Thermal Desorption Facility

(1) Selection Principles and References for Siting of Thermal Desorption Facility i. Siting of thermal desorption facility will comply with the professional plan for

local environmental protection and the requirement for the local air control, water resource protection and ecological preservation. The selection will pass environmental impacts/risks assessment;

ii. Site selection of thermal desorption facility will be identified according to relevant national regulations on solid waste storage and disposal as follows:

² The facility will not be constructed at 1st class and 2nd class functional areas as regulated by the environmental quality standards for surface water and 1st class functional areas for air quality as regulated by GB 3095;

² The facility will not be constructed at the windward side of residential regions;

² The facility will be constructed at regions with stable geologic structures; ² The facility will be established at regions with a distance of at least 150

meters to surface waters and at least 800 meters distance to residential areas;

² The facility will be kept away from vulnerable area of natural disasters such

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as tides, floods, earthquakes and so on;

² The facility will be kept away from storerooms of combustible and explosive materials and high voltage electricity transmit network.

iii. The selection of disposal sites will integrate the service area, traffic conditions, land utilization status, infrastructure condition, transport distance, public opinions, and the like;

iv. The site restoration and temporary storage and transport of the residues will be taken into account.

(2) Reference

i. State or local policy, statutes, standards and regulations on environmental protection, such as the national regulation on siting of hazardous waste storage facilities (GB 18597-2001) and national regulation on siting of hazardous waste incinerators (GB 18484-2001), and land utilization and protection regulations of regional general plan and environmental plan;

ii. The basic status of the disposal site, including the size, soil type, soil characteristics and so on;

iii. State and regional management regulations on occupational security and sanitation.

(3) Special Siting Requirements for Mobile Thermal Desorption Facilities

i. Traffic condition: The traffic requirement for the mobile disposal facility to enter and exit the site and the transport of the residues after the disposal will be met;

ii. Electricity condition: The facility and electricity for the sound operation of disposal and service facilities will be guaranteed. And if not, generation units will be installed;

iii. Water supply and drainage condition: There will be reliable water supply and drainage system to guarantee dependable water resource and wastewater drainage after treatment.

8.2.4 Environmental Impact Estimation

The facility is operated under a reduced pressure and does not use large amounts of excess air or water during treatment. Also, the post treatment of the gas and solid phases are separate from the main process treatment. However, treatment of off-gases requires careful control and emissions treatment to minimize dioxin formation. As a conclusion, there’s little environmental impact if the off-gases from the disposal facility are properly treated.

Since there was no soil or other PCB contaminated material in the facility after one site was treated, there will be little environmental risk during the transportation process between two sets of treatment.

The fixed thermal desorption alternative would be associated with environmental risk of accidents and spills of PCB contaminated soils during long-distance transportation of soils. A mobile disposal facility could treat the soil at the same time when cleanup is

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being conducted, and there is no need for large volume storage of contaminated soils, thus reducing the risk during storage. Re-assembly (during site mobilization) of the mobile thermal desorption unit at each new site and different conditions at these site s may lead to no more inadvertent environmental discharges of pollutants than the fixed thermal desorption unit.

However, a detailed environmental assessment for the thermal desorption facility will be prepared after determination of the mobile versus fixed mode of operation. The environmental assessment will evaluate alternative thermal desorption processes, estimate the environmental discharges from the selected process, propose mitigatory measures along with monitoring requirements.

8.2.5 Operational Monitoring

l Process monitoring. The transport, accepting, load and unload of contaminated soil will meet the regulatory requirement to prevent pollution diffusion and guarantee personnel’s safety;

l Operation monitoring. The implementation of the disposal technique, and the control of technical parameters including the desorption temperature, time and the pressure of protection gases;

l Release monitoring. Refer to Section 8.3 Environmental Monitoring for the Disposal Process for details.

8.3 Environmental Monitoring for the Disposal Process

The major monitoring items include:

(1) Monitoring and control of PCBs, including PCB content in the treated and untreated soil, the desorbed gas, and treated water;

(2) Monitoring and control of PCDDs/PCDFs, including the content of PCDDs/PCDFs in treated soil, released gas and particulates in the ambient atomosphere;

The monitoring frequency will be specified in the full environmental assessment of the thermal desorption facility.

8.3.1 Monitoring for PCBs

8.3.1.1. Collection and Storage of PCB Sample

Since PCBs are fairly stable during the collection and storage process, regular approaches could be employed in the sampling.

(1) Particulates

For particulates, HV samplers will be employed for sampling. The membrane will be made of quartz, fluorin resin or nitryl cellulose. The air flow will be measured in the beginning and end of the sampling process and then the air volume could be calculated. The weight of the membrane will be determined before and after the sampling process

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so as to calculate the particulate content in the air.

(2) Water sample

For water sample, the sampling spots locate at the surface level, that is ,about 0.5 m below the water level. Samplers for water include buckets, scoops, or vertical and horizontal water samplers, which will be made of inertia materials, such as synthetic resins and glass. The samplers and containers must be clean, and will be washed by purified organic solvents.

In the sampling process, 10 liters of water will be taken for each spot and then filtered by C18 membrane. During the filtration, isotope marked by C13 will be added as substitute. Then after extraction, the sample could be used for analysis.

(3) Soil sample

The tools used for sampling soil include shovels and drills which are made of stainless steel. Brown glass bottles with a plug will be employed for PCBs. All the samplers and container will be clean, and will be washed by purified organic solvents.

The soil sample from the surface to a depth of about 5 cm will be taken. And 3-5 sampling spots will be set within a distance of 10 meters. And in the mean time, sampling date, sample name, exact sampling position, altitude, and relevant environmental conditions, such as surrounding pollution sources, the utilization of soils, terrain, and climate conditions will be recorded.

8.3.1.2 Laboratory Analysis

The basic procedure of PCB analysis includes the transfer of PCBs from samples to appropriate solvents, the separation of PCBs from disturbance, and finally, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCBs by GC/ECD or GC/MS. The following analytical methods are particularly adopted for professionals with specific training to use special equipment, with the total amount of PCB congeners as the target. Please refer to relevant EPA methods for laboratory analysis of PCBs (EPA Method 505, EPA Method 508, EPA Method 608, EPA Method 617, EPA Method 625, EPA Method 8080A, EPA Method 8081, and EPA Method 8250)

8.3.2 Monitoring for PCDDs/PCDFs

8.3.2.1 Collection and Storage of PCDD/PCDF Sample

(1) Particulates

For particulates, HV samplers will be employed for sampling. The membrane will be made of quartz, fluorin resin or nitryl cellulose. The air flow will be measured in the beginning and end of the sampling process and then the air volume could be calculated. The weight of the membrane will be determined before and after the sampling process so as to calculate the particulate content in the air.

(2) Water sample

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For water sample, the sampling spots locate at the surface level, that is, about 0.5 m below the water level. Samplers for water include buckets, scoops, or vertical and horizontal water samplers, which will be made of inertia materials, such as synthetic resins and glass. The samplers and containers must be clean, and will be washed by purified organic solvents.

In the sampling process, 10 liters of water will be taken for each spot and then filtered by C18 membrane. During the filtration, isotope marked by C13 will be added as substitute. Then after extraction, the sample could be used for analysis.

(3) Soil sample

The tools used for sampling soil include shovels and drills which are made of stainless steel. Brown glass bottles with a plug will be employed for PCDD/PCDFSs. All the samplers and container will be clean, and will be washed by purified or ganic solvents.

The soil sample from the surface to a depth of about 5 cm will be taken. And 3-5 sampling spots will be set within a distance of 10 meters. And in the mean time, sampling date, sample name, exact sampling position, altitude, and relevant environmental conditions, such as surrounding pollution sources, the utilization of soils, terrain, and climate condition will be recorded.

8.3.2.2 Laboratory Analysis

The basic procedure of PCDD/PCDF analysis includes the transfer of PCDDs/PCDFs from samples to appropriate solvents, the separation of PCDDs/PCDFs from sample disturbance, and finally, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCDDs/PCDFs by HRGC/HRMS. The following analytical methods are particularly for professionals with specific training to use special equipment, with the total amount of PCDDs/PCDFs congeners as the target. For more details, please refer to EPA method 1613.

8.4 Management and Decontamination of PCB Contaminated

Transformers

8.4.1 Current Situation of PCB Contaminated Transformers in Zhejiang Very few are known concerning the situation of PCB contaminated transformers in China. Despite PCBs containing transformers were not produced in China, it cannot be excluded that transformers imported in the past are PCB free; moreover in the case of PCBs free transformers imported after 1979 the possibility still exists of PCBs contamination due to improper refilling with PCBs containing oil.

Near 630 main transformers were present in the Electricity substations in Zhejiang in the period 1964-1980; there is however not information on the current situation of these transformers and on their PCB contamination status.

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8.4.2 Main Points of Proper Technology Selection of Decontamination of PCB

Contaminated Transformers

Considering also the experience of other countries, where the problems of PCBs contaminated transformers is very widespread, it will not be excluded that in a more advanced state of the inventory project, the problem of PCB contaminated transformer may arise, and in that case it could be a great shortcoming if a suitable technology for dealing with that problem has not been properly individuated and tested. However, due to lack of information on the number of contaminated transformer, it is recommendable to limit that activity to the testing one technology, by renting of the proper equipment.

In selecting the proper technology for this testing activity, the following points have been considered:

China is a fast growing nation, in which the demand of electricity may increase more rapidly than the building of new plants; thus, the management of the electrical system is very sensitive, and in the case of individuation of a large number of PCB contaminated transformer, a sound plan for their decontamination will be developed in order not to affect the production or distribution of electricity;

A large size transformer is a very valuable piece of equipment (near 200.000 € for a 25 MVA transformer); its disposal and replacement with a new PCB-free transformer could be justified only if the transformer is at the end of its operational life; otherwise decontamination and re-use is the preferred solution.

Beside the environmental aspects, dielectric oils are also very valuable and expensive goods and their recycling and regeneration may present significant economic benefits.

8.4.3 Available Technologies for Online Decontamination of Transformers

(1)Metallic Sodium Technologies

Under this category fall all the technologies based on the use of metallic sodium to dechlorinate the PCB molecules. These technologies may be adopted for the decontamination of transformer oil in closed loop decontamination processes, or for the decontamination of PCBs contaminated oils. The use of dispersed sodium for the destruction of organic compounds is based on the Wurtz reaction, which general expression is:

2RX + 2Na ? R-R + 2NaX Where R is the alkyl radical and X is the halogen atom. In the case of a chlorinated compound, X is the chlorine atom.

The concept of the Wurtz reaction was expanded by Fittig in the mid 1860s, who discovered that, in the presence of metallic sodium, hydrocarbons could be synthesized which contained the combination of an alkyl radical and an aromatic residue. The general representation of the Wurtz-Fittig reaction is:

ArX + RX + 2Na ??? ??? Ar-R + 2NaX

The efficiency of the destruction/reaction process is based on the formation of sodium

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compounds with bonding enthalpies that are higher than those between the non-sodium ions and the stripped ion. For example, the formation enthalpy of a carbon-chloride bond is 328 kJ/mol, while that of a sodium-chloride bond (which exists following destruction of a chlorinated halogen) is 411 kJ/mol. Hence, once the bond is broken and a new molecule is formed with sodium, the reaction is not reversible under the conditions that exist in the reactor. This situation eliminates the formation of toxic halogenated byproducts from the treatment process. The destruction process is also applicable to many non-halogenated compounds containing reactive groups that are sensitive to attack by sodium. (Bilger, 2004, Sodium for Destruction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil)

Due to the fact that sodium is a reactive metal which reacts violently with water to give hydrogen gas, creating a potential fire hazard, processes using metallic sodium usually require the degassing and dewatering of the media to be treated in order to avoid unwanted exothermic reactions. An inert gas (nitrogen or argon) is also required for filling the head space of the reactors. The residues from the treatment process include sodium salts and various aromatic, non-halogenated hydrocarbons. Under pilot- and full-scale conditions, the organic byproducts are either combusted or recovered following refinement for appropriate post-treatment uses (e.g., energy recovery, reuse as dielectric fluids). The inorganic byproducts (together with the excess sodium added initially to the system) must be recovered and disposed of in an appropriate manner. Sodium is a commercially available non expensive chemical and is offered by manufacturing companies in different physical forms. Some of the providers of metallic sodium dehalogenation processes also produce dispersed sodium in order to reduce the treatment cost.

The introduction of metallic sodium into a PCB oil leads to a reaction whose rate is dependent on the metal-oil interface. The rate of reaction between the solid metal and the PCB -containing oils depends on the extent of this interface, in that the finer the metal particles, the faster will be the reaction. Secondary reactions can occur when PCBs react with metallic sodium. During the dechlorination step, the intermediate chlorinated molecules can polymerise and lead to the formation of a solid (polymer) containing chlorine. This product can no longer be dechlorinated and settles out of the reaction as a solid. (UNEP, 2000)

The metallic sodium based technologies have the advantage to lead to a complete reaction in a short time; the oil decontaminated by metallic sodium dechlorination usually may be reused, also if a potential shortcoming of the technology lies in the fact that the strong oxidizing power of the metallic sodium could in some cases affect negatively the dielectric properties of the oil. In order to overcome this shortcoming, these technologies are often associated with technologies specifically designed for the regeneration of dielectric oils. Other advantages are:

The rate of reaction (and, hence, the rate of exothermic heat generated by the reaction) must be carefully controlled by the rate at which the waste is added to the sodium dispersion. The process requires the dewatering and degassing of the matrix to be treated. The process may affect the dielectric properties of the oil.

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(2)Continuous Dehalogenation Process (CDP)

Glycolate dehalogenation makes use of a chemical reagent called APEG. APEG consists of two parts: an alkali metal hydroxide (the “A” in APEG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The metal hydroxide that has been most widely used for this reagent preparation is potassium hydroxide (KOH) in conjunction with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (typically, average molecular weight of 400) to form a polymeric alkoxde referred to as KPEG; Sodium hydroxide has also been used for this process.

A patented improvement of the APEG process designed specifically for the treatment of PCB containing transformer oils (CDP Process, US Patent 5663479, 1997) makes use of a non alkali metal, (preferably a mixture of aluminum and titanium, but also iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel, palladium, silicon and zinc are suitable), a long chain polyalkeneglycol and a alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or alcoholate.

The process uses for the reaction a mixture of glycols (PEG, PPG) and strong bases that by reacting with the chlorinated compounds present in the oil, progressively replace the atoms of chlorine in the molecules into hydrogen (dechlorination detoxification by mechanisms of nucleophilic replacement and hydro dehalogenation). Residual products of such reaction are normal, non-toxic potassium, calcium and magnesium salts, absorbed by the reagent itself. The active principles, mixed in the appropriate proportions, are absorbed by a particle solid support with a high surface area. The reagent (S/CDP Reagent) obtained in this manner, is pre-packaged in cartridges creating a filtering bed on which the oil to be decontaminated flows, pre-heated to temperature of 80 = 100 °C.

In order to make the process flexible for the decontamination of power and distribution transformers on-site or in a dedicated centre, the process is provided by a mobile plant composed of one or more units that can be integrated among them or modulated, as required. The configuration of each unit includes the following systems:

Oil heating system: equipped with low specific power electric heater (1 W/cm2) for a total power from 40 through 100 kW;

Oil circulation system: it includes a suction pump and delivery between 1,000 and 5,000 1/h; Oil degassing system: composed of a vacuum lamination chamber (tower) with relevant single or dual stage evacuation circuit;

Oil filtration system: composed of mechanical filters with different porosity (up to 1 p nominai)

Oil dehalogenation system: composed of a series of columns containing particle chemical reagent (S/CDP Reagent)

Oil depolarization system: composed of a series of columns containing high porosity and adsorbing surface filtering supports (active clays);

Oil supply, control and monitoring system: including supply general electric board, plant controls and automatic monitoring and control centralising all safety functions. The units, components and design manufacturing criteria of the plant are

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"state-of-the-art" in accordance with "the best available techniques", complying with the "EC" requirements for safety and quality assurance.

Despite less fast than the Sodium based process, the Continuous Dehalogenation Process is more safe in the sense that does not require dangerous chemical reagent; the residual concentration of PCBs confirmed after 90 days is normally reduced to less than 25 ppm; this process allow also the complete recovery of the dielectric oil due to the fact that it removes sludge and polar products from the oils, thus extending the operational life of transformer in operation.

Sodium Based Processes: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Discharges. Emissions in the Atmosphere : There are no process emissions in the atmosphere. The process is a non-combustion process, thus there are no off-gases deriving from combustion. Before entering the dehalogenation process, however, the oil need to be degassed and dewatered.. The process consists in mixing the oil in a reactor (whose head space is filled with nitrogen) together with the reagent; the treated oil is then filtered with clay and dried under vacuum conditions.

Emissions of Wastewater or Liquid Wastes. The process does not generates wastewater or liquid wastes. Dehalogenated oil is usually reused in the transformer as PCB free oils.

Generation of Solid Wastes: For each 100 kg of oil to be treated, the process requires 5 kg of clay, 20 lt/min of nitrogen (which are comp1letely recycled), an amount of the Na emulsion which depends on the PCBs concentration of the oil; the process return 95 kg of decontaminated oil, 10 kg of a clay/oil mud containing a variable amount of NaCl, and a variable amount of non halogenated light hydrocarbons and low volatile compounds.

Continuous Dehalogenation Process: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Discharges. Data concerning the solid, liquid and gaseous emissions from the CDP process derives from the patent documentation: US patent 5663479 (sept. 2, 1997).from the “Technical Specification of the CDP process” (March 3rd 2003, Sea Marconi Technologies) and from “Inventory of World-wide PCB destruction technologies” (UNEP, 2004)..

Emissio ns in the Atmosphere : There are no process emissions in the atmosphere, as the process occurs in a completely close circuit. The process is a non-combustion process, thus there are no off-gases deriving from combustion. Before entering the dehalogenation process, however, the oil need to be degassed; in order to d that, it passes through a degasser which is composed by a vacuum lamination chamber with relevant single or dual stage evacuation circuit. The maximum temperature in the degassing chamber is 80°C. Emissions from the degassing unit (with a flow of few cubic meter/hour) are treated on-board by the plant and filtered on activated carbon prior to inlet into the atmosphere.

Emissions of Wastewater or Liquid Wastes. The process does not generate wastewater or liquid wastes. After the dehalogenation, the regenerated dielectric oil can be classified as “PCB free” and is reused directly into the transformer. Generation of Solid Wastes: The process generates a small amount (an average of 0.5 kg per tons of oil treated) of exhaust CDP reagent, which is a PCB free sludge (with

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PCB and PCDD/PCDF concentration under detectable level with GC/MS) containing neutral salts (potassium, calcium and magnesium salts.); these wastes are classified as “non toxic special wastes” following the Italian legislation. The exact amount of these wastes depends on the PCBs concentration in the oil; higher the concentration of PCBs, higher the salts generated during the dehalogenation process.. The process also generated exhaust activated carbon after the degassing treatmemt, which, being using for filtering an outflow deriving from a degassing process at low temperature, is expected to contain mainly non-halogenated, volatile compounds.

8.4.4 Selection and Origin of Technology of De contamination of Transformers

The online decontamination technology for PCB containing transformer will be selected after enough data on the size, location, typology, and contamination level of the transformer will become available.

The equipment of the selected technology will be shipped from abroad to China; after arrival of the equipment, all the necessary permits procedures for operation will be completed. The plant will be installed at the sites (industry, power plant sites, transformer substation sites) where the transformer to be treated will be located. The personnel present at the sites will be trained by the provider of the technology on the use of the equipment, in order to guarantee the safety of the decontamination procedure; moreover, the provider team responsible for the operation of the dehalogenation equipment will be trained by local experts on specific requirements for working at the site.

8.4.5 Test Execution of Decontamination of Transformer

The test will have the purpose to decontaminate power transformer in two separate missions, each one lasting for at least four weeks.

The decontamination test will consist in the execution of onsite chemical dehalogenation of transformers with mobile equipment, in closed loop, without the removal of the dielectric oil contained in the transformers.

According to the experiences available in literature, mobile dehalogenation technologies in Europe are mostly used to handle transformer with oil contaminated up to 1000 ppm of PCB; higher concentration can be handled too, but with unfavorable economics. However, because the economics of the dehalogenation technology depends strongly on reagent costs and manpower costs, it is possible that the highest concentration level which can be economically treated in China is somewhat different. One of the purpose of the test, beside is technical performance, will be to understand its economic performance in China. In order to do that, equipment to be rented must be commercial equipment normally used in western countrie s (not pilot or experimental equipment). In the first mission, at least 3 transformers with an overall cumulative internal volume of 45.000 – 75.000 liters of contaminated oil will be decontaminated, following the BAT outlined in IEC regulation IEC 60422 ed. 2004 12.3.3. (Supervision and

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maintenance guide for insulating mineral oils in electrical equipment).The target level will be to obtain a final decontamination level between 2 and 25 ppm, determined on the basis of the IEC regulation 61619 (Insulating liquids - Contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls “PCBs” - Method of determination by capillary column gas chromatography) or equivalent methodologies

Moreover, aim of the test is to demonstrate the possibility to preserve or improve the initial (pre-test) dielectrical properties of the oil, thus avoiding the economic and environmental costs associated to the disposal and replacement of the dielectric oil. The dielectric property of the oil, before and after the test, will be measured following the already quoted IEC 60422 regulation. In the second mission, further 3 transformer will be treated; in this mission moreover transformer treated in the previous mission, for which the PCB concentration in the oil raised over the 50 ppm level after treatment, will be further treated.

8.5Assessment of the Potential Environmental Impacts

The main issue concerning the environmental impact assessment of the on-line dehalogenation technologies, like the CDP process or the metallic sodium processes, is that these processes operate are non combustion ones operating at low temperature (less than 200°C). This will prevent the formation of dioxin and other toxic compounds. Generally the on line dehalogenation processes may be operated by means of transportable equipment whic h can be easily and quickly transported near to the transformers to be decontaminated. Thus, storage, site preparation, construction or dismantling phase are not required. All the equipment normally fit into a single truck and may be easily mobilized by forklift. Emission into the Atmosphere. The chemical dehalogenation technologies does not generate emissions into the atmosphere, except for the oil degassing unit. The gasses emitted from the degassing unit are filtered on activated carbon prior to the inlet into the atmosphere. Waste Generation. Residual for the CDP process are potassium, calcium and magnesium salts. As far as the sodium process is considered, for each 100 kg of oil to be treated, the process requires 5 kg of clay, 20 lt/min of nitrogen (which are comp1letely recycled), an amount of the Na emulsion which depends on the PCBs concentration of the oil; the process return 95 kg of decontaminated oil, 10 kg of a clay/oil mud containing a variable amount of NaCl, and a variable amount of light hydrocarbons and low volatile compounds Residual from the metallic sodium process are generally sodium chloride Noise: the noise generation is very limited, and generally within 80 dBA 1m far from the installation. Water Consumption/Discharge. Dehaloogenation unit do not consume water, nor generate wastewater. Safety: Safety is a main issue, due to the fact that these plant usually operate at very sensitive installations. Generally speaking, the mobile dehalogenation units must be

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equipped with the following safety and monitoring automatic systems: • safety thermostats measuring and controlling the process temperature

• safety pressure switches controlling the process maximum pressure

• flowmeters measuring and controlling the oil flow

• smoke detectors

• spill protection systems both for the connection pipes and for the reactors

8.6 Environmental Monitoring for the Decontamination of PCB

8.6.1 Environmental Monitoring for the Decontamination of

Transformer

The online decontamination of transformers is a closed loop tec hnology which does not produce off-gases (except for a small volume produced during the oil degassing process, which is treated by adsorption on activated carbon); the solid wastes generated (exhausted reagents) are confined inside the reactor until the end of the process. Thus, no monitoring of soil, water or ambient air is needed during the process.

The major monitoring items include:

(1)Sample and analysis of solid and liquid wastes generated by the dehalogenation plants at the end of the process: this is required in order to classify the waste generated for compliance with the local waste regulation;

(2)Sample and analysis of the off-gas generated from the degassing section of the dehalogenation plants. This is an activity usually not required; this activity may be performed for demonstration purposes in order to verify the absence of organics from the off-gas;

(3)Monitoring and control of PCB in transformers oil before and after decontamination: The concentration of PCBs, PCTs, PCBts will be determined f or these plants by a GC analysis in accordance with method CEI-EN 61619-1998-11 and method EN 12766 part 1,2,3 on oil samples taken from each equipment at the end of the decontamination;

The check of the concentration of PCBs, PCTs, PCBts is generally repeated after at least 90 days from the end of the decontamination to ascertain the possible release from impregnated solid insulations within the transformers, in accordance with European standard CENELEC EN50225 – December 1996. This check is done by taking a sample of insulating oil from the equipment and gas chromatographic analysis in accordance with the method described above.

The monitoring period will be identified based on the specific spot situation and requirement.

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8.6.2 Monitoring for PCBs

(1) Collection and Storage of PCB Sample

Since PCBs are fairly stable during the collection and storage process, regular approaches could be employed in the sampling. The sampling sites are determined based on the specific status of the investigation objective. The sampling instrument and containers will be made of glass, stainless steel, polytetrafluoroethene and other non-contaminating materials. For atmospheric particulates, large flux samplers are employed. The filtering membrane will be made of quartz, fluororesin or nitrylcellulose.

(2) Laboratory Analysis

The basic procedure of PCB analysis includes the transfer of PCBs from samples to appropriate solvents, the separation of PCBs from disturbance, and finally, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCBs by GC/ECD or GC/MS. The following analytical methods are particularly adopted for professionals with specific training to use special equipment, with the total amount of PCB congeners as the target.

A. Pretreatment

l Extraction

In general, SPE, LLE and CLLE are employed for PCB water samples. Soxhlet Extraction will be adopted for soil and atmospheric particulate samples. As non-polar chemicals, PCBs are inclined to enter hydrophobic organic solvents from water phase. Thus LLE is employed in all standard analysis methods for water sample. The solvents applying include dichloromethane, hexane and mixed solvents. Some problems during the extraction process, such as the volatilization in condensing process, the adsorption on experimental apparatus, the contamination of samples and so on, will be highlighted

l Purification

Purification is necessary, able to eliminate those chemicals serving as disturbance to PCB analysis. As the purification technologies for PCB analysis, the currently used methods include column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and Gel permeation chromatography and chemical decomposition. Of all the methods, column chromatography is most commonly adopted, which generally uses florisil, silica gel, aluminum oxide and activated carbon are employed as sorbents. Since there is difference in the activity and filling efficiency among different sorbents, it is required that the dissolving range of PCBs will be identified in advance under the same operationa l condition. And during the adsorption process, nitrogen or air could be used to accelerate the effluence.

l Concentration

K-D concentrator is generally employed for concentration. And during the process, zeolite, beading or capillary will be added to the solution to prevent ebulliency. And

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rotary evaporator could also be adopted with the precaution that all the solution not be vaporized.

l Standard Repertory

Standard repertory could be confected with standard PCBs. If the purity of the standard substance exceeds 96%, weight revision could be passed over to calculate the concentration of the standard repertory.

B. Analytical methods

It is suggested that following methods be employed in the analysis of PCBs

l GC/ECD

ECD has high selectivity and sensitivity to halogens. Therefore it is a suitable and most widely used method in PCB analysis. However, Linear range of quantitative analysis is narrow, and calibrate instrument before analysis. And what’s more, there is Great difference among the detection responses of different PCB congeners;

l GC/MS

When MS is adopted as the detector for GC, data including the number of chlorine atoms and molecular weight could be accessed. And it will also result in more accurate qualitative result. However, MS can not distinguish among isomers and the sensitivity for PCBs of low concentration appears inferior to ECD.

For more detail, refer to standard methods for PCB analysis presented by USEPA, including EPA Method 505, EPA Method 508, EPA Method 608, EPA Method 617,EPA Method 625, EPA Method 8080A, EPA Method 8081, and EPA Method 8250?

8.6.3 Monitoring for PCDDs/PCDFs

(1)Collection and Storage of PCDD/PCDF Sample

Since PCDDs/PCDFs are fairly stable during the collection and storage process, regular approaches could be employed in the sampling. The sampling sites are determined based on the specific status of the investigation objective. The sampling instrument and containers will be made of glass, stainless steel, polytetrafluoroethene and other non-contaminating materials. For particulates in the atmosphere, large flux samplers are employed. The filtering membrane will be made of quartz, fluororesin or nitrylcellulose.

The basic procedure of PCDD/PCDF analysis includes the transfer of PCDDs/PCDFs from samples to appropriate solvents, the separation of PCDDs/PCDFs from sample disturbance, and finally, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCDDs/PCDFs by HRGC/HRMS. The following analytical methods are particularly for professionals with specific training to use special equipment, with the total amount of PCDDs/PCDFs congeners as the target.

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A. Pretreatment

l Extraction

In general, SPE, LLE and CLLE are employed for PCDDs/PCDFs water samples. Soxhlet Extraction will be employed for soil and atmospheric particulate samples. As non-polar chemicals, PCDDs/PCDFs are inclined to enter hydrophobic organic solvents from water phase. Thus LLE is employed in all standard analysis methods for water sample. The solvents applying include dichloromethane, hexane and mixed solvents. Some attention will be paid to some problems during the extraction process, such as the volatilization in condensing process, the adsorption on experimental apparatus, the contamination of samples and so on.

l Purification

Purification is necessary, able to eliminate those chemicals serving as disturbance to PCB analysis. The most commonly used purification techniques for PCDDs/PCDFs are minitype alumina column, double column, and the like. The alumina could eliminate weakly polar chemicals, including chlorobenzene, PCBs and PCDBEs, which are first washed out by a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane (1+50). And the remaining PCDDs/PCDFs could further be washed out by another mixture of dichloromethane and hexane (1+1). This treatment could also remove polychlorinated phenoxylphenol (a precursor of PCDDs/PCDFs) to avoid its disturbance. During the double column process, the extraction is first absorbed by activated carbon, then washed by dichloromethane to separate complanate chemicals from non-complanate chemicals (such as non ortho PCBs and PCNs). This method is particularly applicable for complicated bio-samples and has been commercially produced.

l Concentration

K-D concentrator is generally employed for concentration. And during the process, zeolite, beading or capillary will be added to the solution to prevent ebulliency. And rotary evaporator could also be adopted with the precaution that all the solution not be vaporized.

B. Analytical Method In general, HRGC/HRMS is employed in the analysis of PCDDs/PCDFs. The key points in the analysis are as follows. The addition of internal standard C-13 and pretreatment will be carried out simultaneously. The recovery of the analysis sample, the accuracy of isotopic dilution and GC-MS will be confirmed. The analytical quality control for GC separation and quantitative and qualitative analysis of MS will be conducted. The washing, extraction and recovery of silica gel, silica and magnesium absorbents, alumina and activated carbon will be strictly controlled. The resolution of HRMS will be above 10000 to guarantee the sensitivity and stability of SIM. The quality control measures include system blank, recovery experiment, linear range, retention value of all chemicals, ratio of peaks, GC separation of isomers, resolution of MS, SNR and qualitative analysis with 3 ions. For all the target ions, the identification of PCDDs/PCDFs require that SNR be above 3:1, the divergence between molecular

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area ratio and standard ion fragment will be less that 10% and the ion spectrum of standard substance and internal ion will be consistent. Method 1613 has become the basis for laboratory analysis due to its stringent analytical quality assurance system.

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9. Capacity Building in Zhejiang

It is necessary to strengthen the capacity of Zhejiang in PCBs management and provide trainings to support timely and effective implementation of mitigation measures.

9.1 Institutional Strengthening

This component aims to strengthen the institutions of Zhejiang in PCB management on sustainable basis. It includes the following:

(1) Establishment of PIU in Zhejiang. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established to assist CIO in supervising and monitoring the implementation of demonstration activities in Zhejiang. The local PIU will consist of members from the provincial EPB, financial bureau, and power company. Its main responsibilities under the supervision and guidance of CIO – are to:

a Implement some activities concerning institutional strengthening (for example PIU strengthening, policy research and provincial training) under direct contract with CIO/SEPA;

b Assist CIO/SEPA and the national Independent Expert Panel in supervising the project activities conducted by local consulting firms or engineering companies in Zhejiang.

(2) Capacity Building for Provincial PIU:

a Procurement of equipment such as computers, printers, copiers, camera, and laptops;

b Development of a database for storage and application of data;

c Operating cost such as renting for offices and the meeting room, transportation, and communication, etc;

d Training of PIU staff on POPs and project management.

9.2 Development of a Policy Framework for PCB Management and Disposal

Current policies and regulations on hazardous waste management in China provide some specific requirements on PCB management, although they are insufficient to support the effective implementation of this demonstration project which involves a full-spectrum of activities covering identification, monitoring, cleanup, containerization, transport, treatment, and disposal of PCB wastes. Therefore, an improved policy framework in China is needed in accordance with the Stockholm Convention. This can be achieved through revision of the existing rules or standards, development of new technical guidelines and standards.

This component will develop and improve the legal and regulatory framework for safe

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management of PCBs in Zhejiang, as the pilot province for China under this demonstration project. (1) Development of a pollution prevention/control regulation for PCBs in the Zhejiang. This regulation is to establish the objectives, pollution control principles, its coverage, institutional arrangement and responsibility sharing for management and disposal of PCB-containing equipment and PCB wastes to ensure a successful implementation of this demonstration pr oject in the Zhejiang. It will include: ² Identification of PCBs. It will clearly define the responsibility shared by PCBs

owners, and functionality by the government of different levels; ² Collection, transport and storage of PCBs waste. It will define the management of

license for PCBs disposal, enforcement of PCBs safe transfer system, and measures for PCBs emergency;

² PCBs Contaminated Sites. It will setup related requirements, technical standards and responsibility shared by stakeholders for the full process of sites management;

² In-use PCBs Equipments. It will define the responsibility of the owners and management organizations;

² Monitoring of PCBs. This includes the verification of cleanup activities and disposal process;

² Awareness Raising. This will describe the major contents of training and education on PCBs pollution control, and responsibility mechanism in this aspect;

² Punishment Mechanism. This sets some principles for violation of this regulation. The draft provincial regulation will be prepared based on a comprehensive review and evaluation of relevant documents available in China and other countries, and considering the PCB-related experience gained through the past years in China. The draft guidelines will be presented for discussion at an expert workshop to provide comments and suggestions for revisions. Then the revised guidelines will be applied at specified pilot sites in the Zhejiang and further improved, if necessary. (2) Development of an emergency plan for PCB wastes in Zhejiang. The objective of this plan is to provide the detailed procedures, actions and measures in case of PCB accidents resulting in adverse impact to human health and the environment. The draft plan will include measures to address such cases as illegal dismantling of PCB equipments (in particular, stolen PCB equipment); and possible unexpected leakage of PCB oil during collection, cleanup, transport and storage. The draft plan will be prepared based on a comprehensive review and evaluation of similar plans in China and other countries, and considering the specific conditions in the Zhejiang. The emergency plan will be reviewed by an expert group for improvement. The trial implementation of the plan in the Zhejiang will provide a more practical experience for further improvement.

9.3 Trainings in Zhejiang

These training programs will be extended to the key stakeholders in the Zhejiang, which include: (i) PCB management institutions; (ii) environmental departments of the

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power companies; (iii) PCB monitoring stations; and (iv) companies dealing with hazardous waste. Simple plan for these stakeholders are as follows; (1) PCB management (to include the entire PCB identification to final disposal process) training for administrative staff:

• Participants: 160 participants from EPB and the power companies at the provincial, city, and county levels.

• Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy Experts – will cover environmental sound management principles.

• Training workshops: Four 4-day workshops. (2) Training on PCB site monitoring for the monitoring staff:

• Participants: 60 participants from EPB and the power companies at the provincial, city, and county levels. The participants will be in charge of monitoring work at the PCB sites.

• Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy Experts – will cover sampling, sample preservation, sample analysis, data evaluation, and quality assurance/quality control.

• Training workshops: Two 10-day workshops. (3) Training on PCB site cleanup for the PCB cleanup staff:

• Participants: 20 participants from the selected company/companies. • Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy

Experts – will cover the cleanup technology and personal protection measures. • Training workshop: One 5-day workshop.

(4) Training on transporters of PCBs wastes. l Participants: 20 participants from the selected company/companies. l Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy

Experts – will cover PCBs characteristics, the rules which should be strictly obeyed during transportation, emergency procedures and measures etc.

l Training workshop: One 3-day workshop. (4) Training on in-use/stored PCB equipment management for operational staff:

• Participants: 40 participants from power companies and enterprises having PCB equipment.

• Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy Experts – will cover sound management practices for PCB equipment that are in use or stored.

• Training workshop: One 2-day workshop. (5) Training on remediation of PCB contaminated sites for decontamination personnel:

• Participants: 15 participants from the company selected for PCB soil decontamination.

• Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy Experts – will cover remediation of PCB-contaminated sites.

• Training workshops: One 3-day workshop. (6) Training on emergency measures for staff in charge of emergency actions:

• Participants: 30 participants from EPB at the provincial and city levels.

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• Training materials: These materials – to be provided by the Technical/Policy Experts – will cover emergency measures to be taken during collection, cleaning and transport of PCB wastes.

• Training workshops: One 5-day workshop.

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10 EMP Implementation Plan and Project Cost Estimation

The project has six components: (1) institutional strengthening; (2) development of a policy framework for PCB management and disposal; (3) PCB management and disposal in Zhejiang; (4) disposal in Shenyang of highly -contaminated PCB wastes; (5) project monitoring and evaluation; and (6) design of a national replication program. The environmental management plan for the Zhejiang element of the project will be implemented during the whole project circle, especially the personnel training, emergency plan development, PCBs sites remediation (cleanup, package, label, and transportation), PCBs waste temporary storage, long distance transportation, soil decontamination and site monitoring after cleanup.

10.1 Implementation Plan for the Zhejiang Element of the Project

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Components Activities

3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q

l Personnel capacity strengthening X

l Infrastructure strengthening X

l Development of a database for storage and use of collected data

X X X

l Development of a PCBs management and monitoring software

X X X

1.Local Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

l Zhejiang PCBs management X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

l Management training X

l Monitoring training X

l Cleanup training X

l The training on in-use/stored PCBs equipment management X

l The training on remediation of PCBs contaminated sites X

2.Provincial training

l The training on emergency measures X

3.Public awareness l Information collection and staged dissemination X X X X X X X X X X

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Components Activities

3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q

l Information arrangement, verification and staged dissemination

X X X X X X X X X

l Information compilation and staged dissemination X X X X X X X X X

l Dissemination of information X

l The training on emergency measures X

l Review of relevant technical and legal documents X

l Development of draft guideline X X

l Circulation for comments in an expert workshop X

l Revision based on comments X

4. Develop a technical guide linefor PCB management and disposal in Zhejiang

l Issuance of the guidelin e X

l Research of related policies X

l Information collection X

l Study tour X

l Draft file X

l Expert workshop X

l Revision and finalization X

5.Development of a pollution prevention/control regulation for PCBs in Zhejiang

l Issue of the regulation X

l Research of related policies X

l Information collection X

l Study tour X

l Draft plan X X

l Expert workshop X

6.Develop emergency plan for PCBs waste in Zhejiang

l Revision and finalization X

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Components Activities

3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q

l Issue of the plan X

l Site Characterization and Assessment X X

l Development of 1st cleanup plan(10 spots) X X

l Evaluation of 1st cleanup plan with public consultation X

l Implementation of 1st cleanup plan(Collection, temporary storage and transport to Shenyang)

X X

l Development of 2nd cleanup plan (24spots) X X

l Evaluation of 2nd cleanup plan with public consultation X

l Implementation of 2nd cleanup plan(Collection, temporary storage and transport to Shenyang)

X X

l Development of 3rd cleanup plan(25 spots) X

7.Remediation/Cleanup and transportation

l Evaluation of 3rd cleanup plan with public consultation X

l Implementation of 3nd cleanup plan (Collection, temporary storage and transport to Shenyang)

X X

l Development and certification of the construction plan X

l Preparation and Approval of the EA X

l Preliminary engineering design and shop drawing design X

l Public biding and equipment procurement X

l Earthwork and outdoor tube & cable installation X X

l Indoor tube & cable installation X

l Equipment installation and system debugging X X

8.PCBs waste temporary storage

l Environmental management during the operation X X X X X X X X X X X

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Components Activities

3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q

l Feasibility study for mobile vs. fixed thermal desorption

X X

l Contracting for the construction and operation of the thermal desorption facility

X X

l EA for the thermal desorption facility (with approval) X X

l Construction and startup of the thermal desorption facility X X

9.Decontamination of low concentration PCBs

l Thermal desorption of PCB-contaminated soil X X X X X X X X X X

10. Monitoring after cleanup l Monitoring after cleanup X X X X X X X X X X X X

10.2 Cost Estimation

The EMP components and their cost estimation are listed in the following table. Components Estimated Cost(US$)

1.Zhejiang Project Implementation Unit (PIU) 297,220

2.Provincial training 460,170

3.Public awareness 169,290

4.Development of a regulation that establishes a funding mechanism for PCB management 5,800

5.Development of a pollution prevention/control regulation for PCBs in Zhejiang Province 37,250

6.Develop emergency plan for PCBs waste in Zhejiang 36,520

7.Remediation/Cleanup and transportation 4,458,850

8.PCBs waste temporary storage 1,359,130

9.Decontamination of PCBs polluted soil 4,137,43010. Monitoring after cleanup 516,660

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Total 11,478,320

11. Public Participation

11.1 Objectives and forms of public participation

11.1.1 Objectives

Zhejiang provincial PCBs Management and Disposal Demonstration Project is financed by the Global Environmental Fund, aiming to carry out in Zhejiang province the demonstration work, such as environment management, detailed list investigation, temporary storage and disposal of PCBs contaminants and wastes. The implementation of the project will benefit to perfect the PCBs inventory in Zhejiang province, know better the polluted situation of PCBs in Zhejiang province, and execute the reduction plan PCBs wastes, meanwhile it is useful to perfect the PCBs inventory methodological research of China and make out the NIP(national implementation plan) which is to reduce and delete PCBs. The implementation of demonstration project is helpful to alleviate the environmental risks in Zhejiang province, improve residential living environmental quality and level, and to offer solid basis for sustainable development of Zhejiang province. However, the implementation of the demonstration project will involve occupying land, demolishing and removing and resettlement; it is possible that the improper settlement causes the local environmental risks. According to the requirements of our country’s Environmental Protection Law and Management Rule and World Environmental Assessment Policy(OP4.01), public participation are carried out in environmental assessment by collecting the feedback views and suggestions from experts, management departments, regional units concerned by the project and the residents on the project construction plan. The information about this project was publicized in Zhejiang's Daily on February 8, 2005, which provides the locations where the hard and electronic (i.e. website) copies of the EA Report have been made available. Since February 8, 2005, the electronic copy of the EA Report has been available at Zhejiang EPB’s website (www.zjepb.gov.cn), and hard copies of the EA Report have been made available at both the Zhejiang Solid Waste Management Center of Zhejiang EPB and the Zhejiang Provincial Academy of Environmental Science (which is responsible for providing public inquiry service).

11.1.2 Principles of public participation and investigation

Public participation and investigation are executed with definite aim and in random, it is just, without any subjective problems of being influenced by individual bias or feeling, covering the regional range defined by the environmental assessment of this time as PCBs wastes storage spots, i.e. Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Taizhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing and Lishui.

11.1.3 Method of public participation

Under regional distribution, “public participation questionnaire table” is distributed to units, residential community committee and residents near the project location. At first, the introduction to the basic conditions of the project is appended to the form, explaining to the public the project situation, as well as environment and social efficacy, the good points and potential risks may be caused on regional environment quality and life quality, the measures to be taken in the project to minimize the bad effects, also the risk prevention measures, furthermore, views and suggestions are put forward on the environmental protection concerned by the public.

11.2 Situation of working organizations of public participation

The organization and execution of “public participation” takes each city as unit, combines the environment assessment units and local solid wastes management department of environment protection, collecting viewpoints and suggestions from the local residents by taking the methods of distributing questionnaire, random individual visits and oral investigation. 300 questionnaires were put in for the public participation investigation, and 259 were called back, with the callback rate of 86.3%, in which 251 were effective, accounting for 96.9% of the called back inquires. The representative of the mass for public participation included all ranks of lives, including people of different educational backgrounds from the perspective of cultural level; from the perspective of career, it included civil servants, teachers, students, technicians, public accountants, workers and farmers; the age spanned from younger than 20 to older than 50. Please refer to Table 11.1-1 for details.

Table 11.1-1 Public Participation and the Related Situation of the Mass Age < 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50

Amount 22 63 72 43 51

Percentage (%) 8.8 25.1 28.7 17.1 20.3

residing time Less than 5

years 5~ 10 years

More than 10

years

Amount 50 65 136

Percentage 19.9 25.9 54.2

Sex Female Male

Amount 101 150

Percentage (%) 40.2 59.8

Culture level Primary school Junior high

school

Senior high

school

Above the

junior college

Amount 10 7 71 163

Percentage (%) 4.0 3.8 28.3 64.9

11.3 Result of investigation statistics

Please see Table 11.3-1 for the statistic result of this public participation investigation. The situation acquired and the statistic result of the questionnaires are summed up as follows: (1) The opinions of the objectives to the environmental quality of inhabitant locations are: 38.2% of the objectives expressed satisfied, 18.3% expressed the environmental quality status quo was mediocre, those expressed dissa tisfied accounts for 15.5%, and still 27.9% of the investigated did not show their opinions. (2) Among the main aspects for affecting the local environmental quality, exhaust emission ranks the first, accounting for 31.8%, the second is waste water, with the rate of 26.7%, the affect of noise ranks the third, accounting for 14.4%, and the discharge of solid waste accounting for 8.1%. Besides, some people did not deliver their opinions or suggestions, or they presented some other facts, such as over population and the too hot in summer. (3) When referred to the intended PCBs projects in Zhejiang Province in the past, around 51.4% of the people expressed their knowing, but 35.9% said they had never heard of that before.

Table 11.3-1 The Statistics Form of Public Investigation Result

The result of investigation Investigation questions Attitude Amount

(persons) Percentage (%)

Satisfactory 96 38.2% Mediocre 46 18.3%

Dissatisfactory 39 15.5% 1.What’s the opinion on your

residential environment? Other 70 27.9% Noise 34 14.4%

Exhaust emission 75 31.8% Waster water

discharge 63 26.7%

Solid waste discharge 19 8.1%

Unclear 56 23.7%

2.What’s the primary factors

affecting local environmental quality?

Other 64 27.1% Yes 129 51.4% No 90 35.9%

3.Did you hear PCBs remove program will be developed in

Zhejiang province? Not clear 32 12.7% Government 40 23.7% News paper 50 29.6%

Hear from others 50 29.6% Internet 15 8.9%

4.What are the source channel of information

Other (explain) 14 8.3% Very concerned 44 17.8% Fairly concerned 109 44.1%

Not clear 67 27.1% Not concerned 27 10.9%

5.How do you think this program?

Very indifferent 0 0.0%

6.Do you consider this very extensive 36 14.0%

extensive 88 34.2% Not so extensive 89 34.6%

No influence 19 7.4% Positive 76 29.6%

program will affect your living space? Positive or

negative?

Negative 20 7.8% Yes 84 33.5% No 19 7.6%

7.Will the development of this program improve your living environment? What primary

aspects will be showed ? Not clear 148 59.0%

noise 123 49.0% Exhaust gas 136 54.2% Waste water 121 48.2%

Soil/ Solid rubbish 85 33.9% ecology 98 39.0%

8.When this program started, it will be taken following disadvantage aspects for

environment, what are the effects do you care for in your

living area.? Not clear 42 16.7%

(4) When touched the sources of the information, both newspaper and hearing from others accounted 29.6% respectively, the second is through the introduction of the government departments concerned, the rates from other sources are fairly low. (5) For the concern rate about this project, 44.1% of the people expressed relatively concerned, 27.1% expressed unclear whether concerned or not, those showing much concerned only accounts for 17.8%, and also 10.9% of the people expressed their indifference toward the project. (6) With regard to the influence of project construction, 34.6% of the people thought there would be no big influence; however, 34.2% of the total considered there would be fairly big influences, 14% thought very big, but also 7.4% out of the total thought of no influence. Those assumed positive influences accounted for 29.6% and negative influences accounted for 7.8%. (7) When referred to whether the implementation of the project would affect the living environment quality of those being investigated, 59% out of the total were not clear (the majority of the people did not fill in the blank), but 33.5% of the people thought there would be both influence and would also be favorable. (8) when asked which affect elements of the project were much concerned about, 52% of the people expressed they were much concerned about the exhaust emission, 49.0% of the investigated showed their concern about noise, and also 48.2% about waste water, the rates for those concerned about solid waste and ecological environment facts were 33.9% and 39.0% respectively. 16.7% of the people under investigation expressed not clear or did not fill out the item.

11.4 General public concern and suggestion

According to public participation and investigation, the public, generally speaking, have insufficient knowledge about PCBs. People of lower educational level show less enthusiasm to the investigation, but they are basically in support of the project. What the public concern most are mainly common pollution factors like waste gas, wastewater and noise, with less awareness of impact of solid waste, comparatively. In the investigation, the public put forwards various opinions that mainly include the

following:

1. It is suggested to strengthen the popularizing so that the public will have proper

knowledge about PCBs;

2. It is suggested that competent specialized company be in charge of the

implementation of the project so as to ensure the environmental safety;

3. It is suggested that the project be finished within less time as possible, avoiding

long period taken for the treatment and transportation;

4. The storage place must be prudently selected so as to prevent secondary pollution;

5. It is suggested that the PCBs waste from other provinces be forbidden to enter

Zhejiang Province, and that no PCBs waster be stored or treated in Zhejiang

Province; and

6. The governmental authority shall improve supervision and administration in the

implementation of the project so as to prevent secondary pollution.

11.5 Plan for further information exchange

Presently, the project, still in the previous phase, is considerably subtle. So, pursuant to

the request from Zhejiang EPB, the information disclosure and exchange about the

project should be under control in some certain extent. However, it is planned to

publicize the status quo in respect of the implementation of the project through media

channels, after this project is approved by SEPA and the WB. The announcement

methods for the EA report are as follows:

1. Publicize information about this project in “Zhejiang Daily” which has a

wide circulation in the whole province. Meanwhile, provide the sites for

consulting written materials, contact methods and the website for the

E-version inquiry.

2. The written EA report is kept at Zhejiang solid waste management center of

Zhejiang EPB , Zhejiang Provincial Academy of Environmental Science and

the Performance Office of State Ministry of Environmental Protection, which

are responsible for providing public inquiry service.

3. The inquiry of the electronic version of EA report is available at the website

of Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau.

According to the WB requirement, in order to obtain public views, the demonstration

project will be held further consultation activities to the public. The project will be

carried out in 4 years, and will the disposal of PCBs contaminants and wastes will be

cleaned in three phases for 2 - 3 years. The following is the schedule for consultation

activities:

Date: Public opinion consultation symposiums is scheduled to be held in three times.

Each consultation symposium will be held in half a year earlier after the cleanup list is

determined. That is, the symposium for consultation public opinions on the first

cleanup project approximately will be held in June -July, 2005;

Consultation representatives: the villager representatives, villager heads and residents’

committee directors of the affected villages or neighborhood committees,

representatives from affected enterprises, the provincial EPB and the local EPB, the

provincial electric power corp. and the local electric power company, and the project

implementation corp. and the environmental impact assessment corp..

Notification method: Deliver invitation letters to enterprises and government

authorities, and the villager representatives of the affected villages and neighborhood

committees shall be informed by the respective villages and committees.

Agenda of the activity: include five aspects (1) introduction of PCB and the project

background; (2) announcement of project implementation plan and the relevant events;

(3) compensation method and standard for residents resettlement; (4) security

protection and points for attention and; (5) consultation of reasonable suggestions and

requirements.

Results of the activity: After the activity, a summary will be made which will be

submitted to the model projects administration departments and all implementation

units, so as to modify the cleanup plan and compensation program and make the

demonstration project more reasonable.

11.6 Conclusion

It can be concluded from this public participation investigation that the public mostly

feel satisfied or commonly satisfied with the environmental status quo, with concern

mainly on waste gas, wastewater and noise; that more than half of the people

investigated know something about the project, most of whom express their close

attention to the implementation of the project, though have little idea about whether the

implementation of the project may affect the quality of their living environment or not.

Some people also put forward reasonable opinions and suggestions, which mainly

include that the project shall be implemented by competent specialized company, and

active measures shall be taken to improve the planning, process control and

management of the project so as to prevent secondary pollution.

Annex I: Questionnaire of Public Participation Investigation

Brief introduction on the PCBs management and disposal project The China PCBs Management and Disposal demonstration project is financed by Gobal Environmental Facility (GEF) with the support or Chinese government by counterpart financing and bilateral co-financing. PCBs is a kind of carcinogen which could severely damage the surrounding area and threaten the human health if leaking. The objective of designing and executing this project is to enhance the management capacity and control so as to effectively avoid the impact of PCBs leaking to the environment. This demonstration project involves two provinces, one is Zhangjia as demonstration for management and the other is Liaoning as demonstration for disposal. The objective of this project is to identify and safely dispose the PCBs capacitors, PCBs oil and the wastes including devices and soil contaminated by PCBs of Zhejiang province, resume the environment of storage sites so as to realize the temporary storage, packaging of high concentrated PCBs and the safe transportation of them to the Liaoning waste disposal sites. The disposal of the PCBs waste will be conducted in Liaoning province. Through the investigation, the storage sites of Zhejiang province are in Shaoxing, Wenzhou, Taizhou, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Xinanjiang, Chunan, Jiahua, Quzhou, Huzhou, Lishui, and so on. The questionnaires and visit have been conducted to the local residence. “We focus on the possible changes in your the residential area brought by this project. In order to conduct the work effectively, we hope you could answer some questions relating to your current situations. Your cooperation will be great appreciated and we promise your answer will be safely kept in secret and will not be used outside our study. Please also feel free to let us know if you have any question. In addition, it is also your own willingness to join us, and you are not asked to answer all the questions. It is appreciated if you could leave your name and address; we may need to visit you the second time if possible.

The Questionnaire

Your age

<20 ? 20 -30? 30-40? 40-50? >50?

residing time

Less than 5 years? 5-10 years ? More than 10 years?

Sex: Female? Male? occupation: nation:

Culture level

Primary school ? Junior high school?

Senior high school? Above the junior college?

1.What’s the opinion on your residential environment?

2.What’s the primary factors affecting local environmental quality?

3.Did you hear PCBs remove program will be developed in Zhejiang province?

4.What are the source channel of information

Government ? News paper? Hear from others?

Internet? Other (explain):

5.How do you think this program?

Very concerned? Fairly concerned? Not clear?

Not concerned? Very indifferent?

6.Do you consider this program will affect your living space? Positive or negative?

very extensive? extensive? Not so extensive?

No influence? Positive? Negative?

7.Will the development of this program improve your living environment? What primary

aspects will be showed ?

8.When this program started, it will be taken following disadvantage aspects for

environment, what are the effects do you care for in your living area.? Noise Exhaust emission Waster water discharge Soil or Solid waste discharge

biogeocenose

Why do you think so?:

10 Do you can give us some questions? Do you think How can reduse the Negative

impact?

11 If you want to participate in the project farther, Please give us your name and address,

we may need to visit you the second time if possible.

Annex II Draft PCB Inventory Methodology of China

China PCBs Inventory Methodology

Third Edition (Revised)

PCB Inventory Methodology Group, Tsinghua University

January 2005

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Index

0. 0. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3

1. SCOPE OF APPLICATION......................................................................................................................4

2. CITATION........................................................................................................................................................4

2.1 DOCUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ................................................................4

2.2 RELATED DOMESTIC REGULATIONS ..........................................................................................4

2.3 RELATED DOMESTIC STANDARDS .............................................................................................4

2.4 DOMESTIC PCBS MANAGEMENT H ISTORY.............................................................................5

3. DEFINITION LIST........................................................................................................................................6

4. INVENTORY PREPARATOR Y PHASE.............................................................................................10

4.1 SUPPORT FROM GOVERNMENT ..............................................................................................10

4.2 INVENTORY PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................11

4.3 BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION.................................................................................................11

4.4 TEAM ORGANIZATION.................................................................................................................11

4.5 METHODOLOGY TRAINING .......................................................................................................12

4.6 WORK PLAN ................................................................................................................................12

5. INVENTORY IMPLEMENTA TION PHASE.......................................................................................12

5.1 PCBS CONTAINING EQUIPMENT & SITES IDENTIFICATION................................................................12

5.1.1 Potential Sites & Units 12

5.1.2 Questionnaire 15

5.1.3 Questionnaire Summary 21

5.2 PCBS CONTAINING EQUIPMENT & SITES INVESTIGATION.................................................................21

5.2.1 Site Investigation Procedures 21

5.2.2 Investigation Records 23

5.3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF REPRESENTATIVE SITES ..................................................................................25

5.3.1 PCB Containing Sample Collection & Storage 25

5.3.2 Simple Test ? ? PCB Identification 25

5.3.3 Spot Test ? ? PCB Content Estimation 26

5.3.4 Laboratory Analysis ? ? A ccurate Content Analysis 26

5.4 PERSONAL PROTECTION IN INVENTORY................................................................................................27

5.4.1 PCB Hazard to Human Health 27

5.4.2 The Selection of PCB Personal Protective Equipment 28

5.4.3 The Use of PCB Personal Protective Equipment 28

5.4.4 First Aid 29

6. INVENTORY SUMMARY........................................................................................................................30

7. QUALITY ASSESSMENT & QUALITY CONTROL......................................................................31

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

8. APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................................33

APPENDIX 1 COMPUTATION OF PCBS QUANTITY IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM................................33

APPENDIX 2 INVENTORY FORMS....................................................................................................................34

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

0. 0. Introduction

PCBs are a category of synthetic substances, which can be expressed as C12H(10- n)Cln (n=1-10).

For its persistence and hazard to human beings and the environment, in the

Stockholm Convention, PCBs were listed as one of the first 12 POPs required to be eliminated.

China began to produce trichlorobiphenyl in 1965 and stopped in 1974. In the ten years, total production amounted to 9,000 ton. Major producers include Xi’an Chemical

Plant, Shanghai Electric Chemical Plant, and Suzhou Solvent Plant. Products were mainly consumed as dielectric in electric equipment. Major consumers include Xi’an Electric Capacitor Factory, Guiling Electric Capacitor Factory, Wuxi Electric Capacitor Factory, and Zhejiang Electric Capacitor Factory. YL and YLW series phase shift capacitors, CL series tandem capacitors, and RLS, RLSI series capacitors all use trichlorobiphenyl as dielectric. The production of pentachlorobiphenyl in China lasted for a relative short period. Total production amounted to 1,000 ton. Major producer was Shanghai Sanzhao Chemical Plant. The products were mainly consumed as paint additives in various series of paint, rubber

paint, primer, and enamel paint. Major producers of pentachlorobiphenyl containing paint include Shanghai Paint Factory, Shanghai Zhenghua Paint Factory, Tianjing Paint Factory, Dalian Paint Factory, Harbin Paint Factory, Xi’an Paint Factory, and Gansu Paint Factory. Investigation also showed that electrical equipment imported from Belgium, France, Germany and Japan also contained PCBs as dielectric. For example: power transformers and electric capacitors imported by Liaoyang Synthetic Fiber Company, Wuhan Steel Co., and Shanghai Bao Steel Co. all contained PCBs. The amount of import is not clear. As part of the obligations as signatory country, China should carry out nationwide PCBs

inventory as early as possible to investigate the use, obsolete, storage and disposal of PCBs containing equipment and PCBs environmental impact to storage sites in China, thus technically support China’s ultimate goal to eliminate PCBs pollution. The guideline intends to support and technically direct China PCBs inventory. In the course of the work, PCBs inventory methodology group would continuously revise and improve the guideline for the establishment of China PCB Inventory Methodology.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

1. Scope of Application

The guideline directs the planning, implementation and compilation of PCBs inventory, and is applicable to various levels of regions including provinces, counties, and multi-level administrative regions.

2. Citation

2.1 Documents of International Organizations

² UNEP, Guidelines for the identification of PCBs and materials containing PCB s,

1999.8

² UNEP, Inventory of PCB-Containing Equipment, 2002.8

² James Willis, PCB Inventories: Approaches to Compiling Inventories of PCBs,

PCB -Containing Equipment, Proceedings of the Subregional Workshop on

Identification and Management of PCBs and Dioxins /Furans, La Habana,

Cuba, April 23-26, 2001

2.2 Related Domestic Regulations

² Dangerous Chemicals Packages and Containers Licensed Production

Administrative Regulation, National Committee of Economics & Trade,

2002.10

² Dangerous Chemicals Registration Administrative Regulation, National

Production Safety Supervisory Bureau, 2002.11

² Dangerous Chemicals Safety Administrative Regulation, the State Council,

1987.2

2.3 Related Domestic Standards

² PCBs Containing Wastes Pollution Control Standard (GB13015-91)

² Dangerous Chemicals Safety Label Standard (GB/T 15258-94), which

regulates the required content and information, format, print, and use of safety

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

label

² Dangerous Cargo Transportation Package General Technical Requirements

(GB12462-90), which regulate the technical aspects of dangerous cargo

package in transportation

² Dangerous Cargo Transportation Categorization Standard (GB/T 15089-94),

which regulate the principles of Dangerous Cargo categorization. Dangerous

Cargoes are categorized into level ? , level ? , and level ? based on their

danger

² Commonly Used Dangerous Chemicals Storage Standard (GB15603-1995),

which proposes storage standard, warehouse in and out management, and

waste treatment requirements.

2.4 Domestic PCBs Management History

² The Stop of PCBs Containing Electric Capacitors Production (1974): required

the stop of all PCBs containing electric capacitors production. However,

unused PCBs and produced PCBs electric capacitors are not registered.

Companies and management authorities did not establish related files

² Limit on PCBs Import (1979): required limit on PCBs import. However,

imported PCBs were not checked and inventoried. The Custom did not have

technical standard to identify PCBs containing equipment, thus had difficulties

in their approval and control.

² PCBs Containing Electric Equipment Declaration & Centralized Storage (1991):

required operational units which held PCBs containing electric equipment

report to local environmental protection authorities according to the technical

requirements of “PCBs Containing Electric Equipment Declaration Form”. It

was the first time in China that declaration and inventory of such equipment

were clearly asked for. It also established base for following inventory in the

electric industry. The regulation also required centralized storage for obsolete

PCBs containing electric equipment, PCBs liquids and contaminated materials.

Centralized storage or temporary storage site should be authorized by

provincial environmental protection authorities and related activities should be

supervised by city or higher level of environmental protection authorities.

² Preliminary Nationwide Inventory (1995): required that all provinces,

autonomous regions, & municipality environmental protection bureaus, all

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

electricity management boards and elect ricity bureaus seriously carry out

inventory on local PCBs containing electric equipment ’s use and storage. It

was the beginning of Chinese PCBs inventory, and was the only nationwide

preliminary inventory. However, due to several reasons, investigation did not

achieve satisfactory results.

3. Definition List

(1) PCBs “PCBs” is the abbreviation for Polychlorinated Biphenyl, whose commodity name is

Aroclor, etc. The 10 hydrogen atoms of biphenyl are substituted by chlorine at various level, and form monochloro-, bichloro-, trichloro to decachloro- biphenyls. There substances are called PCBs. There are theoretically 209 PCBs congeners in total.

According to China “National List of Hazardous Wastes”, inventory on PCBs should include:

² In use PCBs containing electric equipment (capacitors & transformers); ² Over supplied, obsolete, sealed, and PCBs containing electric equipment to be

substituted (capacitors & transformers); ² Dielectric oil, insulation oil, cooling oil and heat transfer oil from PCBs containing

electric equipment; ² Cleaning liquid from or contaminated by PCBs containing electric equipment;

² PCBs contaminated soils or packages; ² Other PCBs containing equipment or mixtures.

According to the “PCBs Containing Wastes Pollution Control Standard”

( GB13015-91) , the control level of PCBs contaminated wastes in China is 50mg/kg

(50ppm).

(2) Stockholm Convention.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) was adopted as an international treaty aimed at restricting and ultimately eliminating the production, use, release and storage of POPs by the world’s government on May 22, 2001. The convention came into force on May 17, 2004 when the fiftieth country ratified it and has become effective to China since Nov 11, 2004. PCBs are among the first 12 particular toxic POPs targeted by the convention for reduction and eventual elimination. The convention includes following requirements concerning the identification of PCBs in Part II of Annex A: “Each Party shall: (a) With regard to the elimination of the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in equipment (e.g.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

transformers, capacitors or other receptacles containing liquid stocks) by 2025, subject to review by the Conference of the Parties, take action in accordance with the following priorities: (i) Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing greater than 10 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 litres; (ii) Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing greater than 0.05 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 litres; (iii) Endeavour to identify and remove from use equipment containing greater than 0.005 percent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 0.05 litres; ... omission... (f) In lieu of note (ii) in Part I of this Annex, endeavour to identify other articles containing more than 0.005 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls (e.g. cable-sheaths, cured caulk and painted objects) and manage them in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6; (g) Provide a report every five years on progress in eliminating polychlorinated biphenyls and submit it to the Conference of the Parties pursuant to Article 15; It is the direct requirement of the Stockholm Convention that PCB inventory be carried out by each party. What’s more, as the fundamental activity during the convention implementation, the inventory would provide basis for further activities to reduce exposures and risk to control the use of PCBs. As part of China’s National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention, the development of PCB inventory must follow the Stockholm Convention requirements listed above.

(3) Applications of PCBs

PCBs are mainly used as dielectric in transformers and capacitors. In addition, they are also used as additives in paints, pesticides and polymers, etc. The applications covered by this guideline are mainly PCBs containing capacitors and transformers related products and services.

(4) Closed Application Applications such as capacitors and transformers where the PCBs are in totally

sealed containers. PCBs are less likely to escape to the environment from a closed application.

(5) Partially Closed Application Application in which PCBs are only partially consumed by the use or process.

Some of the PCBs are recoverable by the end of the product life. In partially closed applications, PCBs are able to escape to the environment slowly and more indirectly than open applications (e.g., hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids).

(6) Open Applications Open systems are applications in which PCBs are in direct contact with their

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

surroundings and thereby may be easily transferred to the environment. During the applications, PCBs are totally consumed or irretrievable at the end of their us es, e.g. , PCBs in plasticizers, or paints additives.

(7) “In use” electrical equipment and unlabeled equipment.

In China, transformers are not labeled as “PCB free”. Information concerning

maintenance or replacement of transformers oil, or the properties of the dielectric oil itself is generally not available. Moreover, in the absence of factory certification stating the absence of PCBs in the dielectric oil, it is also not possible to guarantee that imported transformers are PCB free; in the case of PCBs free transformers imported after 1979, the possibility still exists of PCBs contamination due to improper refilling with PCBs containing oil. Therefore the strategy “Equipment of a type which may contain PCBs shall be treated as if it contains PCBs unless it is reasonable to assume the contrary” should be adopted in the determination for presence of PCBs.

In China, considering the evolution of the PCB regulation, transformers and capacitors not labeled as PCB free could then be categorized in three classes :

• Electrical equipment produced before 1980: this equipment is almost surely PCB contaminated and near or after its operational life; any transformer or capacitor produced before 1980 should then be considered as a PCB equipment to be listed under high priority. (Equipment to be soon dismantled or decontaminated). During the pilot phase, analysis of a significant sample from this class should be performed in order to confirm the assumption of PCB contamination. A plan for the decontamination or dismantling and disposal of these pieces of equipment should be drafted soon after the completion of the inventory.

• Electrical equipment produced from 1980 to 1995. As this equipment has been produced or imported after the promulgation of the law …., it is less likely PCB contaminated; however, mostly in the case of transformers, improper maintenance, cross contamination during the production, contamination of the mineral oil used may have lead to PCB contamination of the equipment. Thus, any transformer produced or imported in this period should be listed under a low priority list (equipment to be soon subjected to sampling and analysis for PCB determination). During the pilot phase, analysis of a significant sample from this class should be performed in order to derive statistics on the percentage of PCB contamination.

• Electrical equipment produced after 1995. Very likely, this equipment is not PCB contaminated; moreover, it should be easy to obtain documentation (from the producer or import/export files) stating that the equipment is PCB free. Thus, this category should be ranked as “non priority”, requiring immediate sampling and analysis only if the certification as “PCB free equipment” is incomplete or lacking.

(8) PCBs Containing Capacitors PCBs (mainly trichlorobiphenyl) are used as dielectrics in capacitors. In China, these

capacitors include: ² PCBs containing series phase shift capacitors: YL, YLW series; ² PCBs containing series tandem capacitors: CL series; ² PCBs containing series electric heat capacitors: RLS, RLSI series.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

For example, YL-10.5-60-1 indicates phase shift PCBs containing capacitors for 10.5 KV level, 60 Kvar, and single-phase circuit. The main structure of a capacitor consists of electrical conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric material, frequently a dielectric fluid that may or may not contain PCBs. Typically, a capacitor that contains PCBs is a

completely sealed metal can with two electrical leads or contacts. Compared with transformers, capacitors are more widely distributed and more difficult to collect.

(9) PCBs Containing Transformers Transformers that contain PCBs (mainly pentachlorobiphenyl) or mixture with other substances as dielectric. Domestic transformer producers have never used PCBs as dielectric, thus, PCBs containing transformers in China are mainly imported with equipment in 60s or 70s.

The transformer is a very important component in many different types of electrical circuits, from small-signal electronic circuits to high-voltage power transmission systems. The physical size and shape of transformers vary greatly, from not much bigger than a pea up to the size of a small house. The main structure of a transformer consists of one or more electrical coils (or windings) linked together magnetically by a magnetic circuit or core. For most large transformers, the entire unit is filled with a dielectric fluid (often an oil possibly containing PCBs) to increase the insulation between and to cool the electric coils. Thus, any damage to the transformer's outer casing may result in PCB-fluid leakage. It is important to note that although mineral oil transformers do not intentionally contain PCBs, they often become contaminated by the use of common filling equipment or maintenance filling with used or recycled oil.

Step-up transformers are installed at the power plants to raise the voltage of the

electricity produced in order to increase the efficiency of the long-distance energy

transportation. Step-up transformers can be easily found and listed simply by contacting the management staff of each power plant. For this reason, a list of all the power plant e

should be provided for the inventory. Once the high voltage line reach urban or industrial areas, the voltage must be

reduced for the short distance transportation. This is generally accomplished at the main

transformer substations, were the energy usually enter at high voltage (380 kV in Europe,

up to 500 kV in China) and exit at a much lower voltage. In these substations generally are

located several big-size distribution transformers. Distribution transformers are commonly found near the top of electric utility poles where they function to lower the voltage on the

distribution line for household use. Due to the fact that usually transformed in China are not

labeled as PCB free, each transformer at the distribution substation should be identified and listed for the inventory.

Many little distribution transformers can be found in the urban areas; the role of these transformers is to lower the voltage down to voltage required by the final users. Most of these transformers are within the control of the electricity generating and distributive

companies, but in several cases these transformer may be under the control of the final

users. For this reason, a complete inventory of these transformers may be difficult.

Synthetic PCB -oils are commonly used where fire resistant transformers are required, as inside buildings and in nuclear power plants. Transformers are also found in many

communication circuits where they function to match a load to a line for improved power

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

transfer and to improve transmission quality. Most transformers are within the control of the electricity generating and distributive companies, although some industries privately

generate electricity. These industries, such as military installations, steel mills, assembly and manufacturing plants, and railroads, often have transformers on site.

(10) Electrical equipment in sensitive sites

Capacitors, transformers, heat exchangers potentially contaminated by PCB and used

in food processing industries must be urgently analyzed for PCB concentration; in case of

PCB contamination, these equipment must be replaced with PCB free equipment Capacitors, transformers, or other devices potentially contaminated by PCB and

located at sensitive sites like hospitals, schools, hotels, office buildings, commercial

buildings, or any other building normally opened to the public, should be listed and checked

for PCB presence as soon as possible; in case of PCB contamination, the equipment containing PCBs must be regularly inspected and checked; a plan for the be replaced with a PCB free equipment must be developed. (11) Net Weight” & “Gross Weight”

In the inventory, both the concepts of “Net Weight” and “Gross Weight” are used to indicate PCBs weight. Generally, Net Weight indicates the weight of dielectric oils or heat transfer oils themselves, while Gross Weight counts in the equipment that contains these liquids. Contaminated soils are calculated by Gross Weight. According to literature, when the weight of equipment is unavailable, the volume of liquid can be converted to equipment weight. For example:

Gross weight of transformers (kg) = Dielectric liquid volume (L) × 4.5 Gross weight of capacitors (kg) = Dielectric liquid volume (L) × 6 In other applications other than electric equipment, the net weight of liquid is used to

calculate the amount of wastes. Net weight of liquid (kg) = liquid volume (L) × 0.9 kg/L

4. Inventory Preparatory Phase

4.1 Support from Government

Before the inventory is carried out , support and coordination from national and provincial environmental protection agencies and local electricity management board are

crucial. In addition, provincial environmental protection bureau and electricity management board should co-issue a document on the inventory, indicating the significance of such

project, and highlighting possible measures that may help related units to solve PCBs

pollution problems, thus will encourage every inventory related unit to pay attention to the project and take it seriously. Meanwhile, the document should emphasize that the inventory is closed related to all units’ own interest. The sooner their inventory is complete, the

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

sooner they will resolve the PCBs problem, and the less they will have to pay.

4.2 Inventory Principles

(1) Industry Priority: Industries that mass produce or consume PCBs containing equipment

are given priority. Considering the reality of China, electric power system that mass

consumes PCBs containing electric equipment is the primary target. Next in importance are large and medium industrial entities that mass consume PCBs containing equipment. Third come PCBs or PCBs containing capacitors manufacturers in history.

(2) Site Priority: PCBs electric equipment sealed storage spots are the main concern, then comes separate equipment, and PCBs contaminated medium.

(3) Inventory Region Priority: Natural environmental conditions, economic development and history records should be considered. The principl e of “coastal region, then inner land

and western areas ” should be reflected.

4.3 Background Investigation

Background investigation should access general information at city level by filling Form 1.

Form 1. General information

Region:

Current records should be collected and analyzed, especially the records on the centralized storage and disposal of PCBs containing equipment in electric power system. Meanwhile, preliminary investigation results of 1991 and 1995 within electric industry

should be retrieved.

Background investigation should also include management history and current status of local electricity system, as well as the history of status quo of local large industrial companies.

4.4 Team Organization

Inventory investigation group should include following experts:

Year Population Local GDP Overall electricity consumption

Overall electricity production

1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 Now

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

A Concerned officials from provincial Environmental Protection Bureau; B Concerned officials from provincial Electricity Management Board;

C Representati ves and experts from regional Environmental Protection Bureaus; D Representatives and experts from regional Electricity Management Board Leader of the investigation group should clarify the tasks, qualifications and

responsibilities of each member. Generally, representatives and officials from electricity

boards are responsible for the PCBs containing equipment applied within the electricity system, while representatives and officials from environmental protection bureaus are responsible for equipment in other applications and unclaimed equipment. Sampling and

analysis personnel should have correspondent qualifications, and take necessary personal

protective measures.

4.5 Methodology Training

All members of the Investigation Group, and some representatives from key

companies should participate in the training session organized by FECO/ SEPA, assisted by the Methodology Group, NTA, CTA, and international inventory expert. The training session will cover: hazards of PCB, inventory methods, inventory procedures, sample &

analysis methods, personal protective equipment, and first aids. Site visits will be

conducted.

4.6 Work plan

Detailed inventory work plan should be scheduled by the Investigation group in advance. The work plan should include specific contents, procedures and timetable of inventory

questionnaire, sampling & analysis, and data processing, etc. It should also clarify the responsibilities of all members. If possible, the contact information of person in charge should be publicized on public media to enable self-report and public supervision.

5. Inventory Implementation Phase

5.1 PCBs Containing Equipment & Sites Identification

5.1.1 Potential Sites & Units

According to the preliminary investigation on PCBs carried out by SEPA and Ministry

of Energy in 1996, PCBs p roblems in China mainly exist in electric power system and other

large scale industrial companies. Thus, potential sites and units are divided into electric

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

power system and non-electric power system.

A Potential Sites & Units Identification in Electric Power System ( 1) Investigation on Electricity Consumption Trend For electric power system, Forms 2 to 4 are distributed.

Form 2. Investigation on Electricity Consumption

Power Generation & Distribution Capacity

Year Consumption Number and cumulative Capacity of

Primary Substations

Number and cumulative Capacity of Secondary Substation

Number and cumulative

Capacity of Power Distribution Substations

Notes

1965

1970

1980

1990

2000

now

Form 3. Location & Capacity of Substations Built, Rebuilt or Extended

No. Substation

Name Location Construction Date

Original Capacity

Rebuilt or Extension

Date

Capacity after

Rebuilt or Extension

Notes on Rebuilt or Extension

From 4. Location & Capacity of Working and Obsolete Power Plant

No. Plant Name Location Construction

Date Power

Capacity Number of Modules

Status ( Working/Obs

olete)

Notes on Rebuilt or Extension

B Computation of PCBs Quantity in Electric Power System

According to the data of Form 2 and Form 3, and referring to Appendix I, theoretical

quantity of PCBs containing capacitors in each region can be estimated.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

C Potential Sites & Units Summary in Electric Power System

From above estimation and regional substation and power plant records on PCBs containing electric equipment storage and managem ent, potential PCBs sites & units can be identified. Fill the following Form 5 accordingly.

Form 5 PCBs Potential Sites & Units

Region: No.:

No. PCBs

Application Site & Unit

Name Address Tel / Fax Status

(Working /Obselete)

D Potential Sites & Units Identification in Non-Electric Power System For non-electric power system, the primary targets are large scale enterprises.

Referring to Form 6 and 7, potential sites and units can be identified. Fill the Form 8 accordingly.

Form 6 Potential PCBs Closed Applications in Non-electric Power System

Potential Target Locations PCBs Application

Industrial Facilities (including aluminum, copper, iron and steel, cement, chemicals, plastics, synthetics, and petroleum refining industries)

Transformers, Large Capacitors , Small Capacitors, Heat Transfer Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids (equipment), Voltage Regulators , Circuit Breakers

Railroad Systems Transformers, Large Capacitors, Voltage Regulators, Circuit Breakers

Underground Mining Operations Hydraulic Fluids (equipment), Earthing Coils

Military Installations Transformers, Large Capacitors , Small Capacitors, Circuit Breakers, Voltage Regulators , Hydraulic Fluids (equipment)

Residential/Commercial Buildings Small Capacitors (in washing machines, hair dyers, neon tubes, dishwashers, power supply units, etc.)

Research Laboratories Vacuum Pumps, Fluorescent Light Ballasts, Small Capacitors, Circuit Breakers

Electronics Manufacturing Plants Vacuum Pumps, Lighting Ballasts, Small Capacitors, Circuit Breakers

Waste Water Discharge Facilities Vacuum Pumps, Well motors Automobile Service Stations Re-Used Oil Landfills (including industrial and municipal waste sites)

Decommissioned Equipment , Building Demolition, Fluff, Spills

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Form 7 Potential PCBs Partially Closed or Open Applications

Application Typical Location(s)

Heat transfer fluids Inorganic chemical, organic chemical, plastics and synthetics, and petroleum refining industries

Hydraulic fluids Mining equipment; aluminum, copper, steel, and iron forming industries

Vacuum Pumps Electronic components manufacture; laboratory, instrument and research applications; and waste water discharge sites

Switches Electric utilities Voltage Regulators Electric utilities

Liquid Filled Electrical Cables Electric utilities, and private generation facilities (e.g. military installations)

Liquid Filled Circuit Breakers Electric utilities

Lubricants Immersion oils for microscopes (mounting media), Brake linings, Cutting oils, Lubricating oils

Casting Waxes Pattern waxes for investment castings

Surface Coatings

Paints (Paint on the undersides of ships) Surface treatment for textiles Carbonless copy paper (pressure sensitive) Flame retardants (On ceiling tiles , On furniture and walls) Dust control (Dust binders, Asphalt) Natural gas pipelines

Adhesives Special adhesives, Adhesives for waterproof coatings

Plasticizers Gasket sealers, Filling material in joints of concrete, PVC (polyvinyl chloride plastics), Rubber seals (Around vents, Around doors and windows)

Inks Dyes, Printing inks Other Uses Insulating materials, Pesticides

Form 8 Potential industries in Non-Electric Power System

Region: No.:

No. PCBs Application

Industry Name Address Tel / Fax Status

(Working /Obsolete)

5.1.2 Questionnaire

Distribute Forms 9 “PCBs Containing Equipment & Sites Inventory Form” to potential

sites, units and industries in the region according to Forms 5 and 8, together with file

co-issued by provincial environmental protection bureau and electricity management board,

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

indicating the significance of such inventory, and highlighting possible measures that may help related units to solve PCBs pollution problems. A comprehensive list of PCBs

containing equipment will be provided, together with directions including return deadline, address and contact person.

Form 9. Potential PCBs Containing Equipment & Sites Inventory Form

Region: Record No.: Form 9.1 Potential PCB Containing Capacitor Inventory Form

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone:

Fax: E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. phase shift capacitors, YL series

No.:

B. phase shift capacitors, YLW series

No.:

C. tandem capacitors, CL series

No.:

D. electric heat capacitors, RLS series No.:

E. electric heat capacitors, RLSI series No.:

7.

Are you presently using

electrical capacitors in the

right lists? If yes, please

check the items and give the

numbers.

F. unknown type or unlabeled capacitor

(A). Produced before 1980, No.:

(B). Produced from 1980 to 1995, No.:

(C). Produced after 1995, No.:

A. phase shift capacitors, YL series

No.: 8.

Have you ever used or

accepted electrical capacitors

in the right lists? If yes, please B. phase shift capacitors, YLW series

No.:

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

C. tandem capacitors, CL series No.:

D. electric heat capacitors, RLS series No.:

check the items and give the

numbers.

E. electric heat capacitors, RLSI series No.:

F. unknown type or unlabeled capacitor

(A). Produced before 1980, No.:

(B). Produced from 1980 to 1995, No.:

(C). Produced after 1995, No.:

9.

Fate of such capacitors( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

10.

Have you ever imported

electrical equipment with

capacitors? If yes, compile

lines from 11 to 12 once for

each imported capacitor.

11. Capacitor name and company

name

12. Date of Import

13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

Form 9.2 Potential PCB Containing Transformer Inventory Form

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone: Fax: E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. Step up transformer

(A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

B. Distribution transformer (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

C. Small transformers (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

7.

Are you presently using

transformers in the right lists?

If yes, please check the items,

give the numbers and specify

the capacity.

D. Unknown type, unknown age:

A. Step up transformer

(A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995: B. Distribution transformer (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

8.

Have you ever used or

accepted transformers in the

right lists? If yes, please

check the items, give the

numbers and specify the

capacity.

D. Small transformers (from … to ….MW) (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

E. Unknown type, unknown age:

9.

Fate of such transformers( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

10.

Have you ever imported

electrical equipment with

transformers? If yes, compile

lines from 11 to 12 once for

each imported transformer.

11. Transformer name and

company name

12. Import date

13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

9.3 Other potential PCB containing equipment inventory form

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone: Fax:

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. equipment produced before 1980

B. equipment produced between 1980 and

1995

7.

Are you presently using

equipment other than

capacitors and transformers

included Form 6 and 7? If yes,

please give the item names

and numbers. C. equipment produc ed after 1995

A. equipment produced before 1980

B. equipment produced between 1980 and

1995

8.

Have you ever used or

accepted equipment other

than capacitors and

transformers included Form 6

and 7? If yes, please give the

item names and numbers C. equipment produced after 1995

9.

Fate of such equipment( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

5.1.3 Questionnaire Summary

Summarize returned questionnaires and identify further confirmed sites & units in the region. For electric power system and non-electric power system, fill in Form 10 accordingly.

Form 10 PCBs Sites & Units

Region: Record No.:

No. PCBs Application

Site & Unit Name Address Tel / Fax

5.2 PCBs Containing Equipment & Sites Investigation

5.2.1 Site Investigation Procedures

Step-by-step procedure for site investigation:

1. Pre-planning

2. Site Visit

Communicating with site manager

Obtain cooperation of facility manager

Explain purpose of the inventory

Schedule site visit

Select equipment to be investigated

and identify equipment locations

Learn Safety Regulations

Learn plant safety procedures

Select personal protective equipment

Measures taken in case of emergency

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

3. Post-Inventory Check

Exchange experience and ideas on the inventory

Post-inventory meeting with facility staffs

Return the inventory forms and retain copies

Completing inventory forms

PCB Inventory Form

Check and Confirm Information

Sampling and Analysis (recommended, but not required)

Direct sampling of dielectric fluids

Sample leaks and spills

Sample contaminated soils and water

Test for PCBs

Investigate PCB-containing equipment

Inspect the equipment

Inspect equipment s tatus

Inspect the condition of the equipment

Manufacturer’s nameplate

Other records or information

Leakage, spill or damage

Work with site staffs to locate the equipment

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

5.2.2 Investigation Records

For each PCBs containing equipment or site, fill in the following Form 11 and 12 respectively.

Form 11. PCBs Containing Equipment Investigation Record

Region: Record No.:

Information related to PCBs containing equipment

(repeat this section on a separate sheet for each additional type of equipment)

1. Name of manufacturer and country of origin

2. Type (transformer, capacitor, etc.)

3. Number

4. Producer or import country

5. Power rating (voltage)

6. Date of fabrication

Weight Equipment (dry weight in kg)

Oil/liquid (L or kg)

Total weight (kg) 7.

Size of equipment (length,

width, height in ft or m)

>10%

>0.05% or 500ppm

>0.005% or 50ppm

<0.005% or 50ppm

No PCBs

N. A.

8.

PCB

content of

liquid

Equipment emptied of

liquid

9. PCB analysis performed?

If yes, which method and when?

10. Source of the above information (e.g., a plaque or name plate on the equipment)

In use: yes / since

On stand -by 11.

Operational

status of

equipment Decommissioned

12. Condition of Leaking?

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Immediate action

needed

equipment

Storage situation (e.g.

open air, locked

enclosure etc.)

13. Other observations:

Record of Site Visit

1. Company official(s) involved Name, position, signature, date

2. Government inspector(s) Name, position, signature, date

Form 12. PCB Wastes Sites Investigation Record

Region: Record No.:

Information related to PCBs contaminated sites

(repeat this section on a separate sheet for each site)

1. Site address

2. Site contact Info.

3. Current use of the site

4. Nature of the wastes (e.g., transformer oil in drums or reservoirs)

5. Estimated quantity

6. Are containers leak-proof?

7. Is the place of storage clearly marked to show the presence of PCB?

8.

Have soil or buildings been contaminated by leaking PCB? (indicate magnitude of problem if possible, e.g. tonnes or cubic metres of contaminated soil)

9.

Brief history of any previous remediation efforts, e.g., removal of PCB-containing equipment and waste PCB for disposal (when, by whom, where to, etc.)

10. Other relevant information (e.g., results of any sampling and analysis already undertaken)

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Record of Site Visit

1. Company official(s) involved Name, position, signature, date

2. Government inspector(s) Name, position, signature, date

5.3 Sample Analysis of Representative Sites Select representative sites according to the sites investigation reports, and collect

samples from each site. Analyze content of PCBs in the samples to check the estimated quantity.

5.3.1 PCB Containing Sample Collection & Storage

In inventory taking, samples are normally PCBs containing oils or soils contaminated by leakage, in which PCBs contents are generally over 50 ppm.

Since PCBs are stable in collection and storage, they can be collected by regular

methods. Sample locations should be distributed according to the situation of target sites. Equipment and containers required for sampling are made of glass, stainless steel, teflon, or other non-polluting materials.

5.3.2 Simple Test ? ? PCB Identification

Simple tests are applicable to those equipment or sites which are very likely to contain PCBs, but can not be confirmed by observation, especially to oils contained in closed or partially closed PCBs applications. However, simple test can only be used as a preliminary analysis and can not provide accurate quantitative results of PCBs content.

A. Density Test (oil samples)

This test compares the density of transformer oil to water to determine PCB presence. By observing if the oil sample floats or sinks, one can determine if PCBs are present – PCBs are heavier than water while mineral oils are lighter than water.

B Chlorine Pre sence Test (oil samples) This method checks for the presence of chlorine in transformer oil to determine PCB

presence. PCB presence is determined by observing the color of a flame after heating or burning the substance on a copper wire in a gas flame. Chlorine will color the flam green when heated on a copper wire. Since PCB transformer oils contain chlorine while mineral oils (the other typical transformer fluid) do not, this coloration will indicate the presence of PCBs.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

5.3.3 Spot Test ? ? PCB Content Estimation

For sites contaminated by PCBs leakage, soils are tested by “Hach Portable Soil PCBs Test System”, which is recommended by UNEP. The test semi-quantifies PCBs pollution in the site. Please refer to product directions for detailed guidance.

5.3.4 Laboratory Analysis ? ? Accurate Content Analysis

The principal of PCBs laboratory analysis is first to transfer PCBs from sample base to specific solvent, then eliminate interference from sample base by certain purification process, at last identify and quantify PCBs through GC/ECD or GC/MS. Following analysis methods require professional instrument and trained personnel. Some may only yield results on PCBs gross amount, while others may identify and quantify certain PCB substance.

A Sam ple Pretreatment ( 1) Extraction

Extraction methods in common use are Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (CLLE), etc. PCBs are non-polarity substances, which can easily be extracted to hydrophobic organic solvents. Thus, LLE are specified as the standard method for water quality analysis. Solvents are dichloromethane, n-hexane or their mixture. In extraction process, some points are worth mentioning, such as the volatilization loss during concentration process, adsorption on experimental instrument or sample pollution.

( 2) Purification

Purification is necessary to eliminate interference of potential disruptive chemical substances. Current techniques include adsorption chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or chemical analysis using acids or bases. Among these methods, adsorption chromatography is most widely used. Magenesium silicate, silica gel, alumina, and activated carbon are normally used as adsorbents. Since the activity of adsorbent and packing efficiency differ, the diss olution range of PCBs under identical condition should be confirmed in advance. In desorption process, nitrogen gas or air can be used to raise pressure to expedite effluent speed.

( 3) Concentration

K-D concentrators are normally used. Rotary evaporator can also be applied. In former situation, zeolite, glass beads or glass capillaries are added to prevent abrupt boiling, while in latter, evaporation to dry should be prevented.

( 4) Standard Solution

PCBs standard substances are used to prepare standard solution. Certified standard solution can also be bought. If the standard substance reaches purity over 96%, mass correction can be omitted in calculation.

B Analysis Methods PCBs analysis involved various methods. Following methods are recommended. ( 1) GC/ECD

ECD are high-selective and high-sensitive to high electronegative compounds

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

(including halogen), so GC/ECD is the most widely used identification and quantification methods for PCBs analysis. However, the linear range for quantification of ECD is relatively narrow, which requires correction before analysis. In addition, the responses of ECD differ a great deal. Monochlorid and polychlorid are 100-10,000 times different in response

magnitude. Different isomers may also have different sensitivity. ( 2) GC/MS

When applying MS as the censor for GC, the number of chlorine atoms and molecular

weight can be obtained, thus more accurate in PCBs identification. However, isomers can not be identified, and sensitivity for low concentration PCBs are lower than ECD sensors.

For detailed methods, please refer to PCBs analysis standard methods published by USA EPA. Such as: EPA Method 505, EPA Method 508, EPA Method 608, EPA Method 617, EPA Method 625, EPA Method 8080A, EPA Method 8081, EPA Method 8250.

5.4 Personal Protection in Inventory

5.4.1 PCB Hazard to Human Health

PCB is one of the examples of human’s misuse of chemicals. From 1930s to early

1960s, PCB was only regarded as the cause of Chlorance, a kind of vocational dermatosis,

and its environmental hazards were paid little attention to. In early 1960s, when Sweden Chemist Dr. S Zenenu was studying the remains of DDT in the environment; he happened

to find that PCB was also widely remained, due to the similarity between their molecular structures. Because of its high solubility in adipose, and its persistence to biodegradation, the entire world began to notice its remains in the environment and human beings through

food and drinking water. Western scientists have found that the remains of PCB in Atlantic

oceanic plants may amount to 0.03 to 1.5 ppm, and in some seafood to hundreds of ppm.

In some fish in Hudson River, the remains of PCB amount to an astonishing 1834 ppm. Besides Chlorance, PCB may cause hepatic ill function, endocrine disruptive, many

cancers and rep roductive failure. Its incipient symptoms include: fatigue, lack of appetite,

nausea, vomiting, and swelling limbs. Characteristics symptoms include: excretion of milky gums in the eyes; whelk-like macula, pimple; black fingers, skin, gingival, and lip; and

swollen eye-lid. In China, we still have large amount of PCBs ineffectively treated. Due to lack of

management and long time span, part of the PCBs containing electric capacitors records

are unable to be found. Some storage sites have been redesignated for other use, and

formed long-term pollution sites. In some areas, serious pollution accidents of obsolete

electric equipment have occurred. Thus, obsolete PCBs containing equipment have become “timing bombs” to human health. During the treatment, transportation and analysis

of PCBs equipment and samples, proper personal protective equipment have to be chosen

and used to protect human health.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

5.4.2 The Selection of PCB Personal Protective Equipment

When selecting personal protective equipment (PPE), we should first understand how

the toxic substances entering human bodies. Generally, toxic substances enter human bodies through inhalation, oral, dermal exposures. During the inventory, inhalation and dermal exposure are the major routes. In addition, we have to identify the nature of

activities and related danger, thus determine the protective index of PPE, and select appropriate PPE. At last, we should test the intensity and suitability of every PPE,

According to the characters of PCB, and hazard during the inventory, PPE are

selected as follows: (1) In open environment, when taking preliminary inventory, require: gloves

(2) In confined space, when taking preliminary inventory, require: gloves, boots, and

goggles

(3) In open environment, when taking samples and transportation, require: gloves, boots, goggles, and overalls

(4) In confined space, when taking samples and transportation, require: gloves, boots,

goggles, overalls, and respiratory equipment.

5.4.3 The Use of PCB Personal Protective Equipment

(1) Goggles: Goggles offer brow protection and side shield. They should also use non-absorbent straps.

(2) Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE): When choosing Full Face Vapor Mask

(FFVM), face size and shape, facial characteristics, work rate and wear time should be considered. During high work rate, the wear time of vapor mask should be

reduced. Before using the mask, it should also be inspected for shelf life. When using

some complex RPE, personnel should be trained. Staffs should also be assigned to supervise the RPE.

(3) Gloves: When we look at gloves, we should not only consider its chemical resistance, but also its physical strength, in order to prevent scratch during transportation. After

wearing overalls, the gloves should be worn under the elasticated cuffs of the coveralls. This prevents contaminants from rolling down the sleeve and into the

glove.

(4) Boots: Boots offer protection to feet, meanwhile prevent contaminating surroundings with working shoes. After wearing coveralls, the boots should be worn under the legs

and elasticated ankles of the coveralls. This prevents c ontaminants from rolling down

the coveralls and into the boots. (5) Coveralls: Before wearing coveralls, please check the directions, surface damage,

elasticity of cuffs and production date (if in the shelf life). Coveralls should not prevent free movement. Normally, coveralls have a protective flap designed to prevent the zip

fastener from becoming contaminated. When we remove our coveralls we should always assume the outer surfaces are all contaminated. The key here is after

removal of the gloves only the inner surface (not contaminated) of the coverall is

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

touched. Details are as follows:

I Gloves on when touching the contaminated outer surfaces. II Zip cover removed. Zip is clean. III Glove off.

IV Gloves held on their inner surfaces – free from contamination as the cuffs were

over the glove. V Undo zip and use hand to pull coverall off the shoulder. VI Repeat with the other side.

VII Roll the coveralls down to the waist.

VIII Roll the coveralls down to the knees. IX Step out of the coveralls. Note the tops of the boots are not contaminated as the

ankles of the coveralls were over the top. X Finally step out of the boots. XI Coveralls rolled into a ball with the clean inner surfaces outermost.

Notice (1) Please remove the contaminated equipment soon after the activities. Only reuse

or discard after washing. Please notify the laundry staff of the hazards.

(2) Smoking, food and drinking are forbidden during the activities.

(3) After removing coveralls, please wash your hands carefully. (4) Please keep the neatness of the working area.

5.4.4 First Aid

If PCBs related acute symptoms appear, please first isolate patient from the toxic

substances. Keep breath, and blood circulation, while seeking for medical treatment. When waiting, please keep recovering posture, identify toxic substances and collect evident. If the patience falls unconscious, please do not use emetic. According to exposure routes,

first aid measures are introduced as follows:

(1) Respiratory Exposure I Move patients to open environment II If respiratory arrest occurs, please keep artificial respiration

III Keep warmth and rest IV Seek medical service immediately

(2) Dermal Exposure

Immediately rinse by soap or neutral detergent with water Remove cloth if permeated, and rinse by soap or neutral detergent with water Seek medical service immediately

(3) Eye Exposure

I Wide open the eyelid and rinse with large amount of water II Seek medical service immediately

(4) Oral Exposure

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

I Seek medical service immediately II If immediate medical service is not available, put finger deep into patient’s

throat or use emetic III If patient is unconscious, please do not use emetic

6. Inventory Summary

Inventory results will be analyzed for data on different regions and categories, and Form 13 be filled accordingly. Maps will be drawn to reflect the pollution situation in the region and GPS will be used to position the representative pollution sites.

The final report will consist of two parts, work report and inventory report. Work report should detail the whole inventory process, while the inventory report should summarize the result of the inventory.

Form 13. PCBs Containing Equipment & Contaminated Sites Inventory in XXX Province

PCBs Containing Equipment (Net weight / t)

Region

Capacitors (t)(No)

Transfor-mers

(t)(No)

Other equipment

(t) (No)

Soil & Other

Wastes (PCB

50-499 ppm)

(t)

Soil & Other

Wastes (PCB >500 ppm)

(t)

Total

Total

There should be a discrimination between highly contaminated soil (with a PCB content

over 500 ppm) and light contaminated soil (with a PCB contaminated content between 50 and 500 ppm) since different cleanup and disposal strategies will be carried out for these

two categories of soil(for example: incineration for highly contaminated soil and thermal desorption for lowly contaminated soil) after the inventory. In that case, data in this table will

be used to calculate the disposal capacity of each of the disposal facilities respectively. Results will be returned to related regions and industries for verification and revision to

obtain the final inventory.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Data will be checked and analyzed by specific software (e.g. FORM R). Suspicious data will be required for verification. Test programs will be added into the software to

analyze the reliability of the data and delete incorrect data, thus enhance the credibility of the inventory.

For electric power system, data will be checked by electricity consumption figures. For

detailed information please refer to Appendix 1.

7. Quality Assessment & Quality Control

Quality assessment and quality control should be developed in advance to ensure the maximum completeness and reliability of the inventory.

(1) In general, a good approach should be the use (for cross validation of the data) of data

from different sources: for instance one source could be the local and central environmental administration, and the other could be indus tries: the electric power system and distribution networks, the chemical and petro-chemical industry, ferrous

and non-ferrous metallurgical plants, mechanical engi neering. In general, data from all the sectors where large capacitors and transformers are used are valuable for quality

assessment .

(2) A consulting firm should be responsible for the development of PCB inventory methodology under support and guidance of international inventory consultant and the national technical adviser hired by CIO. At the same time, the firm will guide and assist

the Investigation Group by providing initial guidelines and in specifically dispatching 1

or 2 qualified experts into each of the two pilot provinces to work together with the Investigation Group, while through this way, the Methodology Group may update and revise its guideline according to feedback of these qualified experts.

(3) It is also important to develop a mass -balance based on data concerning − Information on the production of PCBs

− Information on the production of PCB-containing equipment

− Information on the use of PCB-containing equipment

− Information on PCB-contaminated wastes

− Import/export flows of PCB and PCB containing equipment.

The mass balance estimate will be used as a reference to be compared with the

inventory results.

(4) If sufficient amount of reliable data are available to establish a proven relation between the electricity consumption and the amount of PCBs in electric utility, the inventory

could be checked with records of electricity consumption in certain areas. This can sever as a reference term to be compared with the inventory results as the figure of

electricity consumption is relatively accessible. Please refer to Appendix for detailed

information.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

(5) Local environmental departments should be responsible for the sampling and the analysis of PCB concentration in certain sites to check the credibility of the inventory

results. As these sites may be in large number and separately located, it is neither practical nor necessary to do the sampling work in each site due to limited time and resources. In order to optimize the use of the available resources, it is more practical to

select several of the sites for checking and the criteria for the selection should be

planned carefully. Please refer to 5.3 for detailed information.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

8. Appendix

Appendix 1 Computation of PCBs Quantity in Electric Power System

1. Calculate the number of capacitors in use according to technical standard for paralleling

capacitors SDJ-25-85

According to the technical standard for parallel connecting capacitors SDJ-25-85, the

capacity of capacitors can be estimated by: Qb = S n *20% ( 1)

In which: Qb- the capacity of capacitors, KVar Sn- the capacity of capacitors in secondary transformer substations or

Distribution transformer substations, KVar Now that the capacity of capacitors is known according to (1), the number of capacitors in use can be estimated by: n = Qb / Qb0 ( 2)

where n refers to the number of capacitors in use and Qb0 to the compensable reactive power of each capacitor in KVar. Usually Q b0=20KVar. The transmission of electric power is shown in Figure 3:

2. Calculate the number of capacitors in use according to the capacity

Here the capacity can be evaluated by: Qb=2pfcv2 ( 3)

where Qb is the capacity of capacitors in KVar, f refers to the frequency which is 50Hz, c to the capacitance in µF and V to the voltage in volt.

Generator step-up transformer

10KV 500KV Primary transformer

500KV 60KV

Secondary transfomer

60KV 10KV

Distribution substation

10KV~380V

Distribution substation

10KV~380V

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Then the number of capacitors in use can be estimated as follows: n = Qb / Qb0 ( 2)

where n refers to the number of capacitors in use and Qb0 to the compensable reactive power of each capacitor in KVar. Usually Q b0=20KVar.

3. Verify whether a capacitor contains PCBs according to the date when it is installed ² If a capacitor was installed before 1975, it is almost certain to contain PCBs. ² If a capacitor was installed between 1975 and 1980, it may contain PCBs. But

further investigation is required for confirmation. Either description about the

selection of a capacitor in its user manual or its serial number can be referred for confirmation.

² If a capacitor was replaced between 1975 and 1980, the exact time of its

decommissioning, the procedure of its management, regulations, storage site

and person in charge should be examined carefully. Local PCBs or PCBs containing capacitor manufacturers should also be inspected in

the inventory for their technical standard, company records, production, market channels and list of major consumers for further investigation.

Appendix 2 Inventory Forms

Potential PCBs Containing Equipment & Sites Inventory Form

Region: Record No.:

Form Annex 2-1 Potential PCB Containing Capacitor Inventory Form

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone: Fax: E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. phase shift capacitors, YL series

No.: 7. Are you presently using

electrical capacitors in the

right lists? If yes, please

check the items and give the B. phase shift capacitors, YLW series

No.:

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C. tandem capacitors, CL series No.:

D. electric heat capacitors, RLS seri es No.:

E. electric heat capacitors, RLSI series No.:

numbers.

F. unknown type or unlabeled capacitor

(A). Produced before 1980, No.:

(B). Produced from 1980 to 1995, No.:

(C). Produced after 1995, No.:

A. phase shift capacitors, YL series

No.: B. phase shift capacitors, YLW series

No.:

C. tandem capacitors, CL series No.:

D. electric heat capacitors, RLS series No.:

8.

Have you ever used or

accepted electrical capacitors

in the right lists? If yes, please

check the items and give the

numbers.

E. electric heat capacitors, RLSI series No.:

F. unknown type or unlabeled capacitor

(A). Produced before 1980, No.:

(B). Produced from 1980 to 1995, No.:

(C). Produced after 1995, No.:

9.

Fate of such capacitors( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

10.

Have you ever imported

electrical equipment with

capacitors? If yes, compile

lines from 11 to 12 once for

each imported capacitor.

11. Capacitor name and company

name

12. Date of Import

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13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

Form Annex 2-2 Potential PCB Containing Transformer Inventory Form

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone: Fax: E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. Step up transformer

(A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

B. Distribution transformer (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

7.

Are you presently using

transformers in the right lists?

If yes, please check the items,

give the numbers and specify

the capacity.

C. Small transformers (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

D. Unknown type, unknown age:

A. Step up transformer

(A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

B. Distribution transformer (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995: D. Small transformers (from … to ….MW) (A) Produced before 1980:

(B) Produced from 1980 to 1995:

(C) Produced after 1995:

8.

Have you ever used or

accepted transformers in the

right lists? If yes, please

check the items, give the

numbers and specify the

capacity.

E. Unknown type, unknown age:

9.

Fate of such transformers( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

10.

Have you ever imported

electrical equipment with

transformers? If yes, compile

lines from 11 to 12 once for

each imported transformer.

11. Transformer name and

company name

12. Import date

13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

Form Annex 2-3 Other potential PCB containing equipment inventory form

1. Name

2. Address

3. Address of site: (if different)

4. Phone: Fax: E-mail:

5. Name/position of contact:

6. Type of company/industry

type

A. equipment produced before 1980

B. equipment produced between 1980 and

1995

7.

Are you presently using

equipment other than

capacitors and transformers

included Form 6 and 7? If yes,

please give the item names

and numbers. C. equipment produced after 1995

A. equipment produced before 1980

B. equipment produced between 1980 and

1995

8.

Have you ever used or

accepted equipment other

than capacitors and

transformers included Form 6

and 7? If yes, please give the

item names and numbers C. equipment produced after 1995

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

9.

Fate of such equipment( eg:

disposal, landfill, sell, N.A.)

Please specify disposal

technology & company,

landfill site or purchaser.

13.

Note (Please indicate the

source of information, e.g.

design records, purchase

records, production

management records, or

environmental protection

sector.)

Record of questionnaire

Company official (s)

Name, position, signature, date

PCBs Containing Equipment Investigation Record Region: Record No.:

Information related to PCBs containing equipment

(repeat this section on a separate sheet for each additional type of equipment)

1. Name of manufacturer and country of origin

2. Type (transformer, capacitor, etc.)

3. Number

4. Producer or import country

5. Power rating (voltage)

6. Date of fabrication

Weight Equipment (dry weight in kg)

Oil/liquid (L or kg)

Total weight (kg) 7.

Size of equipment (length,

width, height in ft or m)

8. PCB >10%

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

>0.05% or 500ppm

>0.005% or 50ppm

<0.005% or 50ppm

No PCBs

N. A.

content of

liquid

Equipment emptied of

liquid

9. PCB analysis performed?

If yes, which method and when?

10. Source of the above information (e.g., a plaque or name plate on the equipment)

In use: yes / since

On stand -by 11.

Operational

status of

equipment Decommissioned

Leaking?

Immediate action

needed 12. Condition of

equipment Storage situation (e.g.

open air, locked

enclosure etc.)

13. Other observations:

Record of Site Visit

1. Company official(s) involved Name, position, signature, date

2. Government inspector(s) Name, position, signature, date

PCB Wastes Sites Investigation Record

Region: Record No.:

Information related to PCBs contaminated sites

(repeat this section on a separate sheet for each site)

1. Site address

2. Site contact Info.

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

3. Current use of the site

4. Nature of the wastes (e.g., transformer oil in drums or reservoirs)

5. Estimated quantity

6. Are containers leak-proof?

7. Is the place of storage clearly marked to show the presence of PCB?

8.

Have soil or buildings been contaminated by leaking PCB? (indicate magnitude of problem if possible, e.g. tonnes or cubic metres of contaminated soil)

9.

Brief history of any previous remediation efforts, e.g., removal of PCB-containing equipment and waste PCB for disposal (when, by whom, where to, etc.)

10. Other relevant information (e.g., results of any sampling and analysis already undertaken)

Record of Site Visit

1. Company official(s) involved Name, position, signature, date

2. Government inspector(s) Name, position, signature, date

China PCBs Inventory Guideline –Third Edition, Tsinghua University

Annex III Map of Hangzhou City