SIXSPIESINTHESHADOWS

RobertC.Williams

Wewillexaminethehistoryofespionagethroughthebiographiesofsixwellknownpractitioners:QueenElizabeth I’sspymasterFrancisWalsingham; theBoerWar hero and founder of Scouting, Robert Baden-Powell; the Dutch femme fataleshotforespionagein1917,MataHari;the“AceofSpies”andmodelforJamesBond,SidneyReilly;theSovietmolewhooperatedatthehighestlevelsofBritishcounter-intelligence, H.A.R. (Kim) Philby; and the German-born atom spy working at theheart of thewartimeManhattan Project in LosAlamos to build the atomic bomb,KlausFuchs. Espionageisawildernessofmirrorsinwhichdeceptionisapracticedartandobservationavitalskill.Whereasthehistorianseeksanapproximationofthetruththrough argument and narrative grounded in evidence, the spy seeks to knoweverything, saynothing,andcommit lying, forgeryandevenmurderasnecessary.Thehistorian is therefore justified inbringing to the studyofespionageahealthyskepticismregardingprimarysourcescreatedbyprofessionalliars.Wewillexplorethe nature of espionage most cautiously by examining the lives, careers anddeceptions of some of the most colorful spies in the world. They all sought todiscover the truth, trust no one, falsify their identities and live their lives in theshadowsuntiltheend.

Forageneralhistoryofespionage,seeTerryCrowdy,TheEnemyWithin.AHistoryofSpies,SpymastersandEspionage(2006)andChesterC.Hearn,SpiesandEspionage.ADirectory(2009).

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Thisclassisclassifiedandwillmeetinasecureundisclosedlocation.Ifyoulearntoomuchinthiscourse,youmaybeterminated.Falseidentitiesareencouraged.Dropboxesinsecretlocationsmaybeusedforcommunicationpurposes. Robert C. Williams is an identity used on this individual’s passport anddrivers’license.Apersonbythatnamemaybereachedat373-1930orbye-mailatbob13harmony@gmail.com. Secrecyisrecommended,securityisnotguaranteed,andsurveillancebyNSAishighlyprobable.Don’ttellasoulaboutthiscourse.Thewatchersareeverywhere.

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1.FrancisWalsingham,spymasterforQueenElizabethI(c.1558-1590). INFORMATION.Watchers,spies,agents,intelligencers,andscouts. DISINFORMATION.Poses,disguises,moles,doubleagents,deceptions. PREDICTION.Skryers,crystalballs,andfutureenemybehavior(forecasting) ReformationEnglandandaCatholiccontinent “TheIsland”—Protestantnationstate HenryVIIIandtheActofSupremacy(1534) TheCatholicenemyandMaryQueenofScots QueenElizabethI(ruled1558-1603);anintelligencecheapskate 1559ActofSupremacyandActofUniformity(prayerbook) CatholicFranceandSpainv.ReformationEurope 1568MaryQueenofScotsfindsasyluminEngland 1570PopePiusVexcommunicatesQueenElizabethI Nationstatesandgovernmentsecrecy:treason AssassinationplotsagainstElizabeth Disguisesandcover:channelports(“passports”) FrancisWalsingham(1532?-1590) FatheralawyerforHenryVIII;FWgraduatedCambridge1552 ProtestmovetoFrance/ItalytoavoidCatholicMaryTudor 1558returnstoEnglanduponQEI’saccessiontothrone 1563electedtoParliament,patronageofCecil,LordBurleigh FWinPadua,Paris,St.Bartholomew’sNight(1572) 1573SecretaryandPrivyCouncilor;1577knighted ProtectingtheQueenandreasonsofstate 1579FWsendsAnthonyMundaytoEnglishCollege,Rome,asmole Openingthemail:sealsandsecrecy Agentnetwork Forgery

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Murderandassassination Treasonandtorture 1584FrancisThrockmortonexecutedfortreason 1585ActforQueen’sSurety CodesandCodeNames CiphersandSecretCorrespondence:ThomasPhelippes TheBabingtonPlotof1586:entrapment Mary’sciphersandthe“brewerexpress”to/fromChartley ForgingMary’sresponse.Walsingham,Phellipesandthe“bloody letter” Babingtonandotherstriedandexecutedfortreason Mary’sexecution(February1587) PreemptiveintelligenceofAnthonyStandenandtheSpanishArmada(1588) July12,1588;Drakekneweverythinginadvance ChristopherMarlowe:spy?murder? ThebirthofBritishintelligence Walsingham,notyetthestate;hediedbankruptfromfundingspies Lowlifesandcasuals,roguesandthieves,notyetprofessionals Militaryintelligence(MI)andpolice(ScotlandYard)functions Forgeryandmurder.Passportcontrolofficers. JohnDee(1532-1608)andtheoccult:esotericsecrets;cryptography Queen’sastrologer;predictingstormsfortheSpanishArmada Enochianlanguageof“angels”;Enochianalphabet;secretmessages Astrologyandoccultknowledge Predictingfutureenemybehavior,events,weather EdwardKelly,forgerandskryer Spymotives:moneyorideology? ScotsasagentsofEmpire;ghilliesandscouts(huntingandfishing) Intelligenceanddeception;wildernessofmirrors;forgeriesandplants. EspionageasanesotericactivityofcodedsecretsSuggested:StephenAlford,TheWatchers.ASecretHistoryoftheReignofElizabethI(2012);StephenBudiansky,HerMajesty’sSpymaster.ElizabethI,SirFrancisWalsingham,andtheBirthofModernEspionage(2005).

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2.RobertBaden-Powell:GentlemenSpiesandTheGreatGame. Militaryintelligenceandscouting.VictorianmothersandHenriettaGrace. Inventingafamilyname.RobertBaden-Powell(1857-1941).Charterhouse school.Theatricals,disguises,songs,dancesanddeception.Houdini,Holmes anddetection/observation. IndiaandtheGreatGame.Kipling’sKim.PunditsandtheSurveyofIndia. Maps.Natal.ReconnaissanceandScouting(1883).Warontheimperial frontierastheater.MIinSouthAfrica(1883-5,87-90). Poloandpig sticking.Racismandimperialism.“TheBoy.”Armyofficersand upwardmobility.Clubland.AttendsGerandRusmaneuvers1886as “observer.” MIunderWarOffice.EdwardChapman(1840-1926).Malta1890-3. SpyinginCroatia1892.Butterfliesandforts.MilintelforentireMed. Churchill:journalist/spyforMIinCuba,SA.AdmiresBoerirregularwarfare. DailyGraphiccover.Cubancigars. The“casuals”.Gentlemanamateurs.AidstoScouting(1899). Deception:thesiegeofMafekingintheBoerWar1899-1900.Fakeland mines(sandbags).“Minefield”signs.Noisemakers.Nighttimeredlamps. Dummieswithbobbleheads.Forgedletterspredictingreinforcements. Fakebarbedwireandforts.Megaphoneorders. PeterPanandLongTominNeverland;boysalwaysboys?LostBoyslive underground. LovatScoutsfromScotland;ghillies.Hunting,trapping,stalking,angling. TheheroofMafekingreturnstoLondon1903.Marconiandkites.

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Spyingandscouting.Retires.OriginsoftheBoyScouts(1908).“boyscouts” usedinTheTrueBlueWarLibrary(1900-6);adventurestories. E.T.Seton,TheBirch-barkRolloftheWoodcraftIndians;outdoorlifeand meritbadges.B-Pmethim(CanadianScot)in1906.B-PScoutingforBoys (1908).Plagiarism? Organizingespionage1909.SIS,WilliamMelville,VernonKellandBasil ThompsonofScotlandYard.B-Pknighted.TheOfficialSecretsActof1911. RobertAnderson’smemoirsandsecrecyofspies.ChurchillopensthePO mail.WilliamLequeuxandthe“Kaiser’sSpies”.RoundingupGermanagents inEnglandin1914.“Blinker”Hallandthecodebreakingofnavalintelligence. MyAdventuresasaSpy(1915).Butterfliesandfortifications.Disguises, signaling,codedsecretmessages,tracking,mapping.Romanticinventionand exaggeration.(Availableonline.) Meinertzhagenandrusesatwar.Haversackruse1917Allenby. Camouflageanddummymen,forts,tanks.“BePrepared!”GodandCountry. Self-reliance,outdoorlife,goodhealth. WasB-Preallyaspy?MIofficer?Howismilitaryinteldifferentfrom espionage?Disguiseanddeception.DidB-Phaveanycontactwithespionage after1908? Suggested:TimJeal,Baden-Powell(1989)

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3.MataHari:TheFemmeFataleandtheGreatWar. Casuals.Houdini.Womenasspies.FemmeFataleand“honeytrap”images. MargaretheZelle(1876-1917)Holland.Leeuwarden,wherethereisnowan MHmuseum.MarriedRudolfMacLeod(1856-1928)at18in1895in Amsterdam.Children,badmarriage,backtoAmsterdam1902. DutchEastIndies.AbusiveScotofficer(Skye)inDutchservice,guerillawars. MHLearnedIndonesiandances,became“MataHari”1897inJava. Separated1902,movestoParis1903.SacreddancesofIndonesiaas“Lady GreshaMacLeod”.Then“MataHari,”exoticdancer.JavaprincessofHindu birthlegend.Parispostcards.ResidentofFranceandGermany.1907divorce. Careerdeclines1912-15.LivinginBerlin1914. TravelsinFrance,Britain,SpainonDutch(neutral)passport1914-6. Courtesanandstripperdependentonmenforincome. Hollandasspyland, DutchpolicechiefpaidbyBritish.ArrestedassuspectedFrenchagentby BritishatFalmouthNov.1916,interrogatedbyBasilThomsonofScotland Yard(and“Blinker”HallofNI)inLondon,sentbacktoSpain,notHolland. MI5watchingsinceDec1915.VladimirMasloffaffair.GeorgesLadoux,head ofDeuxiemeBureau,spyhunter.HerecruitsMH,alsoundersurveillance. Dec.1916FrenchSecondBureauletsMHgetnamesofsixagentsinBelgium. DoubleagentexecutedbyGermans.FrenchsuspectMHgaveGersthenames. Jan.1917GermanmilattachéinMadrid(ArnoldKalle)radiosBerlinabout activitiesofagentH-21.EiffelTowerservesastransmitter,listener,relayfor radiomessagestoandfromEuropeandUS.Frenchintercept,claimH-21is MataHari.SheisarrestedinParisFeb.13.AllMataHarimessages (radiogramsfromKalleinMadridtoBerlin)appearedinanoldbroken

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GermancodereadbytheFrench.Sheisfollowed,phonetapped,mailopened. WhyMHradiogramsonlyonesinbrokencode?EntrapmentbyLadoux? July24treasontrial.NoevidenceMHaGermanspy.Sheclaimsinnocence. ConsortedwithspiesofRussia,France,Germany.Neverpassedinfoofany valuetoanybody.KnewtoomuchaboutFrench,German,Russian,British officer/lovers? Room40andcodebreaking.Signalsintel.BlinkerHall.TheZimmermann telegram.TheexecutionofMataHariOctober15,1917byFrenchfiring squad.Mayhavethoughttheyusedblanks,fearless.WilhelmCanarisleaves Madridbysub. WasMataHariaspy?Forwhom?1970sevidenceshowssheenteredGerman serviceautumn1915undersectionIIIBchiefWalterNicolai.Noevidence shereportedmuchtoanyone.Ignorantofwardetails.WasLadouxadouble agentwhoentrappedher?WasCanarisinvolvedinMadrid?Halland Thomson?DidtheyreturnMHtoMadridtocompromiseKalle,Canarisand herself?Whathappenedtoherbody? 3films1927,1931(GretaGarbo)and1985.Corpsedisappears.Suggested:PatShipman,FemmeFatale.Love,LiesandtheUnknownLifeofMataHari(NY:HarperCollins,2007).RussellWarrenHowe,MataHari.TheTrueStory.NY:Dodd,Mead,1986.

EiffelTowerradiotransmission

Before1914.UsedforH-21telegrams.

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4.SidneyReilly:TheAceofSpies Spyingasaprofession:“Trustnoone.”Falseidentities. WilliamMelville(1850-1918),ScotlandYardandtheRussianimmigration. FirstwifeKateReilly.London’sEastEndandtheRippermurders MultiplefalseidentitiesofSigmundRosenblum:SidneyReilly,Sidney Berens,GeorgeBergman,JohnGillespie,KonstantinMassino,Sidnei Reilinsky,GeorgiiRepinsky,SigismundRosenblum. b.1872/3/4Odessa?Birthcertificate? FellowoftheChemicalSociety;studyatHeidelbergU? 1896,Rosenblum&Co.atBuryCourt(chemistry,patentmedicine).Reilly becomesinformerforMelvilleincoopwithRachkovskyandOkhranain ParisandLondon.S.RosenblumfellowChem.Soc.June1896. EthelandLucyBoole;TheGadfly(1897).Ethelm.WilfredVoynich. OzonePreparationsCo.1897,patentmedicines. TheunfortunatedemiseofRev.HughThomas(1898):murder? ThemarriagelicenseofAugust22.1898.“SidneyReilly”b.1872County Mayo,diedininfancy.Melvillecreatesfakebirthcertificate.Margaret CallahanThomasm.SigismundRosenblum. Dec.17,1898applicationtoBritishMuseumreadingroomas“Sigismund Rosenblum” 2June1899passport“S.G.Reilly” Murderandforgery,toolsofespionage TheProtocolsofZionandtheVoynichManuscript Oilandaircraft

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1899WorkingagainsttheBoersinHollandasST1forBritishNIasRussian “armsdealer”.ReillystoRussia,Istanbul,Cairo,Shanghai,PortArthur. 1901NIDsendstoPortArthur,Rusnavalbase,reportstoLondonandAkashi ofJapaneseintel.DoubleagentR/J. Melville“retires,”worksforWarOfficeafter1903,dies1918. Russo-JapaneseWar1904-5.RussianorJapanesespy?Both?1908StPand London,employedbyBlohm&Voss. PlantsarticlesinStPpress.OzonePrepCoLondon1908-11. Russianaviationclub,StPEnglishclub,1910-14.Okhranasurveillance. TokyotoSanFrancisco,early1915.NYCEquitableInsuranceCoandAllied MachineryCo,both120Broadway.M.NadineZalesky(Massino)16Feb1915 (bigamy).AsMMSGReillyinPetrogradMay-Sep1915,thenRussian munitionspurchaserinUS.BaldwinLocomotiveCo.By1917,made$3mil? BritishespionageintheUSA1915-7.WilliamWisemanMI6andGuyGaunt NI.NYstationofSIS.IndianandIrishrevolutionaries.RogerCasement. The1917RussianRevolutions:MarchandNovember.Bolsheviks;Lenin. RoyalFlyingCorps(RFC),Toronto,July-Dec1917.Com.2ndLt. ReillyjoinsMI6,Cinterview,March1918,notbefore.MI6asksMI5whoheis, “nothingrecordedagainst.”C:“veryclever--verydoubtful—hasbeen everywhereanddoneeverything”.ToRussiaasagentST1,L750indiamonds. May7,1918arrivesKremlin,askstoseeLenin. “KonstantinMarkovichMassino”identity TheReilly/LockhartPlot(Aug1918)andtheRussianCivilWar.Reilly escapestoHelsinkias“GeorgeBergman”artdealer.SeesCNov.8.Sentenced todeathinabsentiainMoscowasBritishspy. May181923m.PetipaBodillo;onlytheaddressanddatearereal. 1925:TheTrust:policeentrapmentandtheRussianemigration.Ernest Boyce,MI6Helsinki.AssassinationbytheOGPUDecember1925. Thedeathofaspy? WhodidReillyworkforanyway?Britain?Russia?Spyorconman? Whowas“SidneyReilly”?Forwhomdidhespy?Moneyonlymotive? ModelforJamesBond?Suggested:AndrewCook,AceofSpies.TheTrueStoryofSidneyReilly(Tempus,2002);RichardB.Spence,TrustNoOne.TheSecretWorldofSidneyReilly(FeralHouse,2002).

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5.KimPhilby:SovietMoleandDoubleAgent ‘’Kim”asanotherinventedidentityforHaroldA.R.Philby.Sovietespionage,fromOkhranatoNKVDandGRU.“Friendship”inEngland.Molesanddoubleagents.Howcouldoneofusbeoneofthem? St.JohnPhilby(1885-1964)andDora.Raising“Kim”inGreatGameIndia.TrinityCollege1904-8.FabianSocialism.BernardMontgomery,bestman.Sep1910.H.A.R.(“Kim”)b.1912.CID SimlaworkforRaj. St.JohninArabia.BasraNov1915.CairoArabBureauandGertrudeBell.LawrenceofArabia.IbnSaud’scourtadviser,Oct.1917.Wahabism.RajrepinIraqtil1924.RenegadeinJidda1924-32.HajtoMeccaandconversiontoWahabism1930.HajiAbdullah,vizier.Anti-Britishpublicnuisance.OilandAmericans. KimatCambridge.TheApostles.J.M.Keynes.MauriceDobb.EarlySovietcontrollers:A.OrlovandArnoldDeutsch.GuyBurgessandtheHomintern.Alice(Litzi)FriedmanandVienneseCommunism(1934).FriedmanaSovietagent.The‘grandmotherofusall’,EdithTudor-Hart,anotherVienneseJewandcommunist,underMI-5watchsince1931.1935DonaldMacleanjoinsFOasSovietmole.Burgess,MacleanandPhilbytheCambridgespies,laterjoinedbyAnthonyBlountandJohnCairncross(Bletchley).HandlerskilledinStalin’spurges. NicholasElliott:Philby“aschizophrenicwithasupremetalentfordeception”TheAnglo-GermanFellowshipasPhilby’scover.Journalistsasspies,bothseekinformation.PhilbyasTimesJournalistintheSpanishCivilWar.MetCanaris?PlantokillFranco.

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TimescorrespondentatDunkirk1940.SOE(SpecialOperationsExecutive)and“SetEuropeAblaze”(WinstonChurchill).The“GermanHouse”.PhilbytrainsSOEagentsontradecraft. Hitler-Stalinpact1939-41.FromSOEtoSectionV,MI6counterespionage.DidPhilbypassnamesofDutchagentstoMoscow(thenontoBerlin)? ThedeathofWalterKrivitsky(March1941)andhis1940debriefingbyJaneArcher(“Mrs.Moore”)ofMI5.Sovietshavean“EnglishjournalistinSpain”whotriedtokillFrancoandaScotsman“ofgoodfamily”intheFO,HOMER.CouldtheMaclean/Philbyleadshavebeenfollowed? TheRudolfHessaffair(May1941).SovietRussiaandwartimeEngland.Exchangingsecrets.Enigma,Ultra,BletchleyParkandJohnCairncross.Cairncrossdocuments1952inBurgess’sflat1952.PhilbyandtheUltradecrypts. BurrowingintoMI6.TheXXcommittee.TeachingNormanPearsonandJamesAngleton(Yale)howtospy.BodyguardofLies.PhilbyandtheCalaisdeception.HeadofSectionIX,counter-Sovietintelligence:theperfectmole. 1945.TheVolkovaffair.BetrayingAlbanians.HowmanyagentsdidPhilbybetrayandkill? PhilbytoUS1949-51,workswithCIA(Angleton)andFBI.BurgesscomestolivewithPhilbysinDC.DonaldMacleanandGuyBurgessflee1951.MI5learnsfromUSthatKrivitsky’sHOMERisMaclean.PhilbywarnsMacleanandMoscow,triggersflightofBandM.JaneArcherfindsMI5fileonPhilbyfrom1939,startsinvestigation.JamesSkardoninterrogatesPhilby1951-5. July1951:PhilbyforcedtoresignfromMI6/FO.Unemployed,suspectbutnotarrested.June1947,FBIinterviewsCedricBelfrage,HUAC,deported1955. Nov7,1955PMHaroldMacmillanexoneratesKPas“TheThirdMan”Philbypressconferenceproclaimsinnocence.MI6arrangesBeirutexileasObserverandEconomistcorrespondent. 1963EscapetoMoscowfromBeirut.NicholasElliottinterrogation.“Monsterplot”moleconspiracytheoryatCIA.AngletondestroysPhilbyfiles. Thewomanwhosuspecteditall:JaneSissmoreArcher(1898-1982),joinsMI51916,createsRegistry1920s,Sovietespionageexpert1930,interviewsWalterKrivitskyas“Mrs.Moore”ofMI5,1941shiftedfromMI5toMI6for“insubordination,”(JasperHarkerincompetent)1944worksforPhilbyinSectionIX,hefeelsthreatened,sheiseasedout.SuspectedFuchs1947,Philby1951andearlier,Cairncross1952.PhilbyknowsArcherknows. HowdidNKVDandGRUsucceedinplacingmolesatthetopofBritishintelligence?Couldtheyhavebeenidentifiedearlier?WhywasPhilbynotchargeduntil1963? Suggested:AnthonyCaveBrown,TreasonintheBlood,H.St.JohnPhilby,KimPhilby,andtheSpyCaseoftheCentury(1994);BenMacintyre,ASpyAmongFriends.KimPhilbyandtheGreatBetrayal(2014).

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6.KlausFuchs:AtomicEspionageandtheColdWar: TheRedFoxesofGermany(Kiel).FuchswasaknowncommunistwhenhefledNaziGermanytoEnglandin1933.Fuchscleared8timesbyBritishsecurityin1940sdespiteknowncommunisttiesandmembership. NuclearphysicsinBritain.PhysicswithNevillMottatBristol,thenMaxBornatEdinburgh. EnemyaliensandBritishinternment.FuchsinCanada1940asGerman,notcommunist,enemyalien. JoinsRudolfPeierlsand“TubeAlloys”atBirminghamUdoing“warwork”ontheatomicbomb.(MelitaNorwoodtheGRUspyistheTADirector’ssecretary,notexposeduntil1999.)FuchsrecruitedbyGRUhandlerSimonKremerafterFuchswalkedintotheSovietembassyinLondonandofferedtohelptheSovietwareffort.FuchsdeliversdocumentstoUrsulaKuczinskiakaRuthBeurton;herfirstandsecondhusbandsalsoGRU.MetnearOxfordandHarwell,Britishatomiccenter.Shereturnedto(East)Germany1950,alsohandledMelitaNorwoodatHarwell,notknownuntil1999. TheManhattanProject.Einstein/SzilardlettertoFDR.OppenheimerandLosAlamosNM.LosAlamosNM,HanfordWA,andKnoxvilleTN.FuchscomestoLosAlamos1944asBritishcitizenandmemberofBritishmissionwithasecurityclearancegrantedbyBritain,acceptedbyUS. FuchsworksonPlutoniumbomb.Hydrodynamicsandwavemechanicsof“lenses.”OpenscienceversusnationalsecurityatLosAlamos.Seminarsinsidethebarbedwire.POBox1776SantaFe. FuchspassestechnicalpapersandreportstoindustrialchemistandspyHarryGoldwhomhemeetsinNYCandSantaFe.(Fuchshasacar…)UltimatelyleadstotheRosenbergs.

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TheVENONAcryptographyafter1943.MeredithGardner,wartimeSovietdecryptsstudiedatArlingtonHall,VA,whereakeycryptographerisWilliamWeisband,anotherSovietspy(likeReilly,bornnearOdessa...)CodebreakersidentifyFuchsand“Homer”(DonaldMaclean)in1949. Sovietstesta-bomb(“JoeI”)August1949.Fuchs,EdwardTellerandtheSuper(H-bomb).Oppenheimercase(1954).FuchssuspectedofworkingonSuperbutdidnot. Harwellandthebomb.JaneArcher1947:“FuchsisapossibleRussianagent [who]shouldbedivorcedfromallcontactwithatomicenergy.”Ignored. 1949Fuchsconfession.WilliamSkardoninterrogatesFuchs.MichaelPerrinhandlestechnicalconfessiononbombwork.Jan.1950confessionsaidtobebasedonFBI“tip”fromUS.Infact,VENONAdecryptsidentifiedFuchsastheLosAlamosspy.Codebreakingstilltopsecret. FuchsinJailinEngland,modelprisoner,releasedtoEastGermany(1959).FuchswastheonlyscientisttoworkonatomicbombforEngland,US,EastGermany,RussiaandChina. Doessecrecyenhanceorthreatensecurity? Doesideologyormoneymotivatespies? WhatmotivatedFuchs?HowmuchdidhehelptheSoviets? Whatisaspyanyway……?

ShellcasingofFatMan,thebombtestedatAlamogordo(July)anddroppedonNagasakiAugust1945.Gun-typeUraniumbombdroppedonHiroshimafirstwasnottestedbecausescientistswereconfidentitwouldwork.Itdid.Suggested:RobertC.Williams,KlausFuchs,AtomSpy(HarvardUP1987).

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