Sistem Saraf (1)
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JARINGAN SARAFJARINGAN SARAF R Soeharto, dr Sp THT R Soeharto, dr Sp THTDep Histologi FK UPNDep Histologi FK UPN
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Jaringan saraf:Jaringan saraf:
Fungsi :1 informasi dari reseptor sensorikFungsi :1 informasi dari reseptor sensorik
2 pros informasi + bangun memori 2 pros informasi + bangun memori
3 beri sinyal yg sesuai kpd efektor3 beri sinyal yg sesuai kpd efektor
Susunan j saraf :Susunan j saraf :
1. anatomi1. anatomi
2. fungsional2. fungsional
3. histologik3. histologik
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AnatomikAnatomik : SSP: serebrospinal / kraniospinal : SSP: serebrospinal / kraniospinal SST: saraf di luar SSP + ganglianyaSST: saraf di luar SSP + ganglianya FisiologikFisiologik : sensorik -> impuls ke SSP : sensorik -> impuls ke SSP motorik -> impuls dr SSP -> ke tubuh :motorik -> impuls dr SSP -> ke tubuh :MotorikMotorik : sistem somatik + autonomik : sistem somatik + autonomik
Histologik tdd :Histologik tdd :1 (jaringan) saraf sebenarnya -> 1 (jaringan) saraf sebenarnya -> sel sarafsel saraf, , 2 (jaringan) interstitial sistem saraf -> 2 (jaringan) interstitial sistem saraf -> sel gliasel glia3 jaringan ikat (sedikit sekali) -> 3 jaringan ikat (sedikit sekali) -> pengikat saraf pengikat saraf
= lunak= lunak
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HistogenesisHistogenesis : :
Penebalan neuroepitelialPenebalan neuroepitelial Neural plateNeural plate Neural groove -> neural crest ->Neural groove -> neural crest -> Neural tubeNeural tube Rostral -> serebrum / serebelumRostral -> serebrum / serebelum Rest -> medula spinalisRest -> medula spinalis
Neural crest -> ganglion cranial Neural crest -> ganglion cranial / / spinal, sel Schwannspinal, sel Schwann,, sel chromaffin sel chromaffin medula kel adrenalmedula kel adrenal, , melanositmelanosit
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Neuron: badan sel / perikaryon / soma,Neuron: badan sel / perikaryon / soma, 1 akson, dan 1/> dendrit 1 akson, dan 1/> dendrit diam : 5 diam : 5 um – 150 umum – 150 umKlasifikasi morfologik :Klasifikasi morfologik :1.1. Neuron unipolar – jarang (embrio)Neuron unipolar – jarang (embrio)2.2. Neuron bipolar – organ sensorik (vestib/kokl)Neuron bipolar – organ sensorik (vestib/kokl)3.3. Neuron multipolar – paling banyakNeuron multipolar – paling banyak4.4. Neuron pseudounipolar – ggl spinalNeuron pseudounipolar – ggl spinal
Neuron = fungsi penghantar -> ‘manjang – “Neuron = fungsi penghantar -> ‘manjang – “serat” -> serat” -> serat sarafserat saraf
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Klasifikasi fungsional :Klasifikasi fungsional :
1. sensorik : -> stimul int / ekst – SSP (proses / 1. sensorik : -> stimul int / ekst – SSP (proses /
analisa)analisa)
2. motorik : -> SSP ke neuron, otot, kelenjar 2. motorik : -> SSP ke neuron, otot, kelenjar
3. interneuron / asosiasi / interkalaris : 3. interneuron / asosiasi / interkalaris :
3.1. hub sensorik –motorik3.1. hub sensorik –motorik
3.2. regulasi sinyal ke neuron 3.2. regulasi sinyal ke neuron
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Struktur neuronStruktur neuron : :
Soma Soma (perikaryon / badan sel), (perikaryon / badan sel), cabang sitoplcabang sitopl: dendrit , : dendrit , akson.akson.
A. SomaA. Soma : :
NukleusNukleus: besar, sferik, sentral, besar ber- variasi, tgt aktifitas : besar, sferik, sentral, besar ber- variasi, tgt aktifitas sel, kromatin inti halus, pucat , 1 – 2 nukleolus , sel, kromatin inti halus, pucat , 1 – 2 nukleolus , kromatin seks perempuankromatin seks perempuan
SitoplasmaSitoplasma: mengandung :: mengandung :
* organel : bdn Nissl, mitokondria, app Golgi, sentriol, * organel : bdn Nissl, mitokondria, app Golgi, sentriol,
* badan inklusi : pigmen melanin, lipofuscin, lipid, * badan inklusi : pigmen melanin, lipofuscin, lipid,
neurosekretneurosekret
* sitoskeletal : neurofibril, neurofilamen, mikrofilamen aktin,* sitoskeletal : neurofibril, neurofilamen, mikrofilamen aktin,
mikrotubulus, mikrotubulus,
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Membran sel:Membran sel:
Membran sel saraf sama dng memb sel lainnyaMembran sel saraf sama dng memb sel lainnya
B. Cabang sitoplasmaB. Cabang sitoplasma::
- Dendrit- Dendrit - aferen, >1, pendek, sangat bercabang - aferen, >1, pendek, sangat bercabang2, 2,
bdn Nissl, mitokondria, neuro / mikrotubulusbdn Nissl, mitokondria, neuro / mikrotubulus
- menerima stimulus dari sel sensorik, akson, neuron- menerima stimulus dari sel sensorik, akson, neuron
- aksi potensial -> soma- aksi potensial -> soma
- Akson- Akson - eferen, hanya 1, panjang, > besar, sedikit - eferen, hanya 1, panjang, > besar, sedikit
bercabang, bdn Nissl (-), akson hillock, mitokondria, bercabang, bdn Nissl (-), akson hillock, mitokondria,
neuro / mikrotubulus, sel Schwann, sER, rERneuro / mikrotubulus, sel Schwann, sER, rER
- impuls menjauhi soma -> terminal akson- impuls menjauhi soma -> terminal akson
- kolateral - kolateral
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Serat sarafSerat saraf (2 macam): - bermielin (2 macam): - bermielin
- tidak bermielin- tidak bermielin
1.1. Serat s bermielinSerat s bermielin Akson di tengah, mielin -> putih, selubung lembut Akson di tengah, mielin -> putih, selubung lembut
sitpl sel Schwann gepeng, dekat akhir serat saraf sitpl sel Schwann gepeng, dekat akhir serat saraf selubung mielin (-) selubung mielin (-)
Selubung mielin -> lipoprotein, putih, osmium Selubung mielin -> lipoprotein, putih, osmium tetroksida (hitam), neurokeratin tetroksida (hitam), neurokeratin
ME – struktur lamelar konsentrik,ME – struktur lamelar konsentrik,
Sel Schwann : internode, node Ranvier; ( mielin -) Sel Schwann : internode, node Ranvier; ( mielin -) Subst alba : saraf kranial / spinalSubst alba : saraf kranial / spinal
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22.. Serat s tidak bermielinSerat s tidak bermielin lebih kecil, mielin (-) / sedikit sekali, selubung sel lebih kecil, mielin (-) / sedikit sekali, selubung sel
Schwann, lamina basalSchwann, lamina basal serat saraf autonomserat saraf autonom
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Mielinisasi sel Schwann : bbrp sel Schwann --- 1 akson
-“- oligodendrosit : 1 oligo --- bbrp akson
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Ujung (akhir) serat saraf : Ujung (akhir) serat saraf :
1.1. SinapsSinaps
2.2. Akhir saraf sensorik (afektor)Akhir saraf sensorik (afektor)
3.3. Akhir saraf motorik (efektor)Akhir saraf motorik (efektor)
SinapsSinaps : -> : -> (slaid berikut)(slaid berikut)
A s afektorA s afektor : :
- - akhir saraf bebas (free nerve ending)akhir saraf bebas (free nerve ending)
- akhir saraf ‘bentuk organ (nerve end organ)- akhir saraf ‘bentuk organ (nerve end organ)
A s efektor : A s efektor :
- - selsel motorik di medula spinalis motorik di medula spinalis
- sel nukleus sebrebral (otak) saraf kranial efektor- sel nukleus sebrebral (otak) saraf kranial efektor
- sel ganglion autonomik- sel ganglion autonomik
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SinapsSinaps : :
1 tempat pertemuan antara akhir akson sebuah 1 tempat pertemuan antara akhir akson sebuah
neuron dengan dendrit, perikaryon atau akson neuron dengan dendrit, perikaryon atau akson
neuron lainnya;neuron lainnya;
2 di antara kedua neuron tidak ada kontinuanitas2 di antara kedua neuron tidak ada kontinuanitas
sitoplasmasitoplasma
3 penebalan membran presinaptik <-> memb postsinaptik, 3 penebalan membran presinaptik <-> memb postsinaptik, vesikel sinaptik (asetilkolin, katekol amin), depolarisasi, vesikel sinaptik (asetilkolin, katekol amin), depolarisasi, dstdst
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Macam sinaps:Macam sinaps: AksodendritikAksodendritik AksosomatikAksosomatik AksoaksonikAksoaksonik dendrodendritikdendrodendritik
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Akhir saraf sensorik / afektor (= dendrit)Akhir saraf sensorik / afektor (= dendrit)
Akhir saraf sensorik dapat : Akhir saraf sensorik dapat : akhir bebasakhir bebas atauatau
berbentuk berbentuk organorgan
Akhir saraf bebasAkhir saraf bebas::
Jar epitel: serat saraf tidak bermielin yang halus Jar epitel: serat saraf tidak bermielin yang halus menembus epitel permukaan dan ber-cabangmenembus epitel permukaan dan ber-cabang2 2 di di antara sel2 epitel kornea, kulit, mukosa mulut dan antara sel2 epitel kornea, kulit, mukosa mulut dan trakt respiratorius – reseptor nyeri (nociceptor), trakt respiratorius – reseptor nyeri (nociceptor), panas/dingin – (termoreseptor), reseptor raba panas/dingin – (termoreseptor), reseptor raba (mekano-) - pd folikel rambut (mekano-) - pd folikel rambut
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Bentuk organ:Bentuk organ:
- reseptor/cakram Merkel – papil dermis - reseptor/cakram Merkel – papil dermis
bibir/ ujung lenganbibir/ ujung lengan
- badan Ruffini – dermis, reseptor tarikan - badan Ruffini – dermis, reseptor tarikan
ambang rendahambang rendah
- badan Pacini – str retikularis dermis, jar subkutis / - badan Pacini – str retikularis dermis, jar subkutis /
ikat, stroma pankreas, ikat, stroma pankreas,
mesenterium, genit eksterna ->mesenterium, genit eksterna ->
tersebar luas di tubuhtersebar luas di tubuh- badan Meissner – papila dermis, rababadan Meissner – papila dermis, raba- badan Krause – sensasi dingin badan Krause – sensasi dingin
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- badan akhir saraf di tendon dan otot- badan akhir saraf di tendon dan otot
- otot, tendon / jar ikat di antara serat- otot, tendon / jar ikat di antara serat22
- - neuromuscular spindle neuromuscular spindle
- tendon organ of Golgi- tendon organ of Golgi
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Akhir saraf efektor / motorikAkhir saraf efektor / motorik
- - otot skelet - otot skelet - motor end platemotor end plate
1 buah motor neuron bersama seluruh 1 buah motor neuron bersama seluruh
serat otot yg disarafinya = serat otot yg disarafinya = 1 motor unit1 motor unit
- otot jantung- otot jantung
- otot polos- otot polos
- kelenjar / sel kelenjar- kelenjar / sel kelenjar
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isschwan
IS Schw
ER
Sel Schw
ISSchw
Mielin
Mito
CelSinSekunder
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Histofisiologi jaringan sarafHistofisiologi jaringan saraf
Resting membrane potential Resting membrane potential : fisiologi: fisiologi Action potential : Action potential : fisiologifisiologi Axonal transportAxonal transport Trophic function Trophic function jaringan sarafjaringan saraf
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Transport Aksonal : Transport Aksonal :
1. 1. AnterogradeAnterograde (antigrade): kinesin : perikaryon -> ujung (antigrade): kinesin : perikaryon -> ujung aksonakson
1.1. 1.1. transport cepattransport cepat : : - 20 - 400 mm/hari- 20 - 400 mm/hari - RE, mitokondria, gula, asam amino, nukleotide, Ca- RE, mitokondria, gula, asam amino, nukleotide, Ca 1.2. 1.2. transport lambattransport lambat : : - mitokondria, protein neurofilamen, protein matriks sel, - mitokondria, protein neurofilamen, protein matriks sel, enzim enzim 2. 2. Retrograde : dynein : Retrograde : dynein : ujung akson -> perikaryonujung akson -> perikaryon - sebag. besar bahan kl sama spt anterograde- sebag. besar bahan kl sama spt anterograde - toksin, virus herpes + rabies- toksin, virus herpes + rabies * * transp akson -> ‘angkut gelembung sinaptik (transp akson -> ‘angkut gelembung sinaptik (synaptic synaptic
vesiclesvesicles) + enzim metab. transmiter) + enzim metab. transmiter
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Trophic function Trophic function jar sarafjar saraf
Denervasi saraf / degenerasi otot dan kelenjarDenervasi saraf / degenerasi otot dan kelenjar Reinervasi saraf / regenerasi -> memulihkan sruktur / Reinervasi saraf / regenerasi -> memulihkan sruktur /
fungsi organfungsi organ
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Neuroglia :Neuroglia :
1.1. AstrositAstrosit
2.2. Oligodenrosit (-glia)Oligodenrosit (-glia)
3.3. Sel SchwannSel Schwann
4.4. Mikroglia (mesoderm)Mikroglia (mesoderm)
5.5. Sel ependim (tabung neural / ventrikel)Sel ependim (tabung neural / ventrikel)
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Astrosit;Astrosit; Paling besarPaling besar Vascular (end) feet, m basal kapilerVascular (end) feet, m basal kapiler Fagosit. ion + debris neuron, ‘masok enersiFagosit. ion + debris neuron, ‘masok enersi + glia lainnya -> barier bersekat pelindung antara piamater + glia lainnya -> barier bersekat pelindung antara piamater
+ jar serebrospinal + jar serebrospinal Menyokong neuronMenyokong neuron Jar sikatriks -> trauma SSPJar sikatriks -> trauma SSP (2) jenis : a protoplasmatik -> interm filamen, (2) jenis : a protoplasmatik -> interm filamen, a fibrosaa fibrosa A protoplasmatikA protoplasmatik -> subst grissea, cab sitopl gemuk -> subst grissea, cab sitopl gemuk22, , interm filamen, GFAP (glial fibrillar acidic protein), interm filamen, GFAP (glial fibrillar acidic protein), blood-brain barrierblood-brain barrier, maintanance, maintanance A fibrosaA fibrosa -> subst alba, cabang sedikit, langsing -> subst alba, cabang sedikit, langsing22, panjang , panjang interm filamen, GFAPinterm filamen, GFAP
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Oligodendrosit (oligodendroglia) :Oligodendrosit (oligodendroglia) : Simbiose <-> neuron Simbiose <-> neuron Subst grissea + albaSubst grissea + alba Inti kecil, bulat, padat, sedikit cabang sitoplInti kecil, bulat, padat, sedikit cabang sitopl Ribosoma, mikrotubulus (+++), mitokondr (++), rER, Ribosoma, mikrotubulus (+++), mitokondr (++), rER,
1 buah kompl Golgi besar1 buah kompl Golgi besar m‘bentuk mielin di SSPm‘bentuk mielin di SSP
Sel Schwann :Sel Schwann : Gepeng / pipih, inti padat,sedikit sitopl, sedikit mitokondr, Gepeng / pipih, inti padat,sedikit sitopl, sedikit mitokondr,
sebuah daerah Golgi kecilsebuah daerah Golgi kecil Neural crest -> gliaNeural crest -> glia Pelindung / isolator neuron (bermielin / tidak) Pelindung / isolator neuron (bermielin / tidak) 1 selub mielin – bbrp sel Schwann – 1 akson 1 selub mielin – bbrp sel Schwann – 1 akson
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Mikroglia :Mikroglia : Kecil, fagositik mononuklear ssm tulang, sist imunKecil, fagositik mononuklear ssm tulang, sist imun Inti lonjong, padatInti lonjong, padat Cabang2 sitoplasma pendek, dan banyak ber-cabang2 Cabang2 sitoplasma pendek, dan banyak ber-cabang2
lagi tegak lurus lagi tegak lurus Sel fagositik mononuklear -> sumsum tulangSel fagositik mononuklear -> sumsum tulang
Sel ependim :Sel ependim : Sel epitel tabung neural / ventrikel otakSel epitel tabung neural / ventrikel otak Di otak Di otak bersilia bersilia -> ‘gerakkan cairan serebrospinal-> ‘gerakkan cairan serebrospinal Pleksus khoroid Pleksus khoroid -> cairan serebrospinal-> cairan serebrospinal
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Sistem Saraf TSistem Saraf Tepi : saraf + ganglion epi : saraf + ganglion
Saraf: berkas akson - j ikat - bentuk anatomiSaraf: berkas akson - j ikat - bentuk anatomi
akson: motor / sensorik, -> sulit dibedakan,akson: motor / sensorik, -> sulit dibedakan,
bermielin / tidak -> tebal / tipisbermielin / tidak -> tebal / tipis
Ganglion: - kelompokan badan sel saraf tepi,Ganglion: - kelompokan badan sel saraf tepi,
akson aferen / eferen, sel penyokong,akson aferen / eferen, sel penyokong,
sensorik – ggl sensorik spinalis,sensorik – ggl sensorik spinalis,
- perikaryon s autonom – ggl simp / parasimp, - perikaryon s autonom – ggl simp / parasimp,
pusat pusat relay relay di SST, td perikaryon, akson, sel satelit, di SST, td perikaryon, akson, sel satelit,
sel Schwann, j ikat fibrosa yg longgar.sel Schwann, j ikat fibrosa yg longgar.
Nukleus: kelompokan badan sel saraf SSP misalnya di Nukleus: kelompokan badan sel saraf SSP misalnya di
hipotalamus: nukleus supraoptik, - paraventrikularhipotalamus: nukleus supraoptik, - paraventrikular
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Jaringan penyokong saraf tepi :Jaringan penyokong saraf tepi :
Endoneurium: Endoneurium: serat / akson serat / akson
Perineurium : Perineurium : berkas serat / fasikulus berkas serat / fasikulus
Epineurium : Epineurium : saraf / nervus saraf / nervus
EndoneuriumEndoneurium
serat kolagen lonitudinal,serat kolagen lonitudinal,
matriks ekstrasel – glycosaminoglycans,matriks ekstrasel – glycosaminoglycans,
sebaran fibroblas, kapiler darah,sebaran fibroblas, kapiler darah,
mengelilingi akson / sel Schwann.mengelilingi akson / sel Schwann.
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PerineuriumPerineurium
mengelilingi berkas akson & endoneuriummengelilingi berkas akson & endoneurium
7 – 8 lap konsentrik sel gepeng epiteloid,7 – 8 lap konsentrik sel gepeng epiteloid,
dipisahkan oleh lapisan kolagen, dipisahkan oleh lapisan kolagen,
sel2 direkatkan oleh sel2 direkatkan oleh junctional complex, junctional complex,
masing2 lapisan sel dikelilingi lamina ekterna.masing2 lapisan sel dikelilingi lamina ekterna.
EpineuriumEpineurium
lapisan luar dari fibrokolagen yang longgar,lapisan luar dari fibrokolagen yang longgar,
jar lemak, arteri muskular / sedangjar lemak, arteri muskular / sedang
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Ganglion spinalGanglion spinal
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Sistem Saraf Pusat:Sistem Saraf Pusat: Otak & Sumsum tulang belakangOtak & Sumsum tulang belakang Sel saraf + cabangSel saraf + cabang22, sel, sel22 penyokong (sel penyokong (sel glia)glia)Otak besar, kecil & ssm tlg blkang – sbt alba & Otak besar, kecil & ssm tlg blkang – sbt alba & grisseagrissea
Sel glia :Sel glia : astrosit, oligodenrosit, mikroglia, astrosit, oligodenrosit, mikroglia, ependim, meniependim, meninx nx (nges)(nges)
SSP disokong oleh selSSP disokong oleh sel22, , bukanbukan serat --> lunak serat --> lunak
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Selaput pembungkus SSPSelaput pembungkus SSP
Meningen / Meninx : sist membran -> SSP, Meningen / Meninx : sist membran -> SSP,
1. duramater1. duramater
2. arachnoid2. arachnoid
3. piamater 3. piamater
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Blood-Brain Barrier :Blood-Brain Barrier : - ‘cegah bahan ttt dr darah ke jaringan saraf,- ‘cegah bahan ttt dr darah ke jaringan saraf, - (1) taut kedap di antara sel endotel kapiler - (1) taut kedap di antara sel endotel kapiler darah, (2) yg non-fenestrated, (3) pedikel darah, (2) yg non-fenestrated, (3) pedikel astrosit protoplasma astrosit protoplasma
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Kepustakaan :Kepustakaan :
Fawcett DW, Jensh RP: Nerves p 173-174, Chapt 11, Fawcett DW, Jensh RP: Nerves p 173-174, Chapt 11, Nervous System p 117-132, Chapt 9 , in Bloom & Fawcett Nervous System p 117-132, Chapt 9 , in Bloom & Fawcett Concise Histology, Sec Edit Arnold, 2002.Concise Histology, Sec Edit Arnold, 2002.
Gartner LP, Hiatt JL, Strum JM: Nervous Tissue p129-142, Gartner LP, Hiatt JL, Strum JM: Nervous Tissue p129-142, Chapt 9, in Board Review Series, Cell Biology and Chapt 9, in Board Review Series, Cell Biology and Histology, 3Histology, 3rdrd ed Williams & Wilkins, 1998. ed Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
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Terima kasih atas perhatian andaTerima kasih atas perhatian anda