SISTEM PEREDARAN SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAHDARAH

Dikendalikan jantungDikendalikan jantungFungsi jtg :Fungsi jtg : Mengedarkan cairan darahMengedarkan cairan darah Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah)

serta hasil buangan metabolisme yg bbtk serta hasil buangan metabolisme yg bbtk larutan dan terlarut dlm darah larutan dan terlarut dlm darah

Pd insang tjd pertukaran O dr air & CO dr Pd insang tjd pertukaran O dr air & CO dr darah, & pengeluaran kotoran darah, & pengeluaran kotoran bernitrogenbernitrogen

Organ lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr Organ lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr darah adalah darah adalah ginjalginjal

Volume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh Volume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh ikan ikan ++ 2,5-3% berat tubuh 2,5-3% berat tubuh

ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAHORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH Pembuluh darahPembuluh darah embrio & dewasa embrio & dewasa LimphaLimpha: pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey): pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey) LimphaLimpha: yg dpt membentuk erythrocyte & sel : yg dpt membentuk erythrocyte & sel

darahdarah MesonephrosMesonephros: membentuk Thrombocyte: membentuk Thrombocyte SubmucosaSubmucosa: esophagus (Elasmobranchi): esophagus (Elasmobranchi) Usus spiralUsus spiral: (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentuk : (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentuk

sel darah putih)sel darah putih) Jaringan di luar jantungJaringan di luar jantung: (Lepidosiren, polyodom & : (Lepidosiren, polyodom &

acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte)acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte) Tl. Rawan CranialTl. Rawan Cranial: membentuk bermcm sel darah : membentuk bermcm sel darah

putih (Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)putih (Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMJantungJantung Letak : cranioventral, dibelakang insangLetak : cranioventral, dibelakang insang dari rongga perut oleh sebuah sekat dari rongga perut oleh sebuah sekat pny 2 ruang, tetapi tdd 4 bagian :pny 2 ruang, tetapi tdd 4 bagian : sinus venosus: ruang penerima darah sinus venosus: ruang penerima darah

dr seluruh tubuh (dr pembuluh vena)dr seluruh tubuh (dr pembuluh vena) atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yg atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yg

lunak, memompa dg lemah lunak, memompa dg lemah ventricle: bag. depan memiliki katup, ventricle: bag. depan memiliki katup,

berdinding tebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), berdinding tebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), selalu berdenyut u/ memompa darah ke selalu berdenyut u/ memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh (pompa utama)seluruh tubuh (pompa utama)

bulbus arteriosus: fibroelastis dg katup bulbus arteriosus: fibroelastis dg katup utk mencegah aliran kembali ke utk mencegah aliran kembali ke ventrikel; berfungsi sbg pengatur ventrikel; berfungsi sbg pengatur tekanan untuk menjaga pembuluh2 di tekanan untuk menjaga pembuluh2 di insanginsang

venous blood to heartvenous blood to heart– hepatic portal systemhepatic portal system– renal portal systemrenal portal system

heart to gillsheart to gills– via ventral aortavia ventral aorta

gills to bodygills to body– via dorsal aortavia dorsal aorta

CirculationCirculation mirip pd mamalia ; jtg mirip pd mamalia ; jtg respiratory respiratory

system (insang) u/ pertukaran gas system (insang) u/ pertukaran gas tubuh tubuh Deoxygenated blood mengalir dr jtg Deoxygenated blood mengalir dr jtg

ventral aorta ventral aorta insang insang Oxygenated blood mengalir dr insang Oxygenated blood mengalir dr insang

dorsal aorta dorsal aorta tubuh. tubuh. Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim. Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim.

a. Dr bag. ekor berjln melewati ginjal a. Dr bag. ekor berjln melewati ginjal jtg jtg (renal portal system). (renal portal system). b. Dr usus berjln melewati hati b. Dr usus berjln melewati hati jtg jtg (hepatic portal system). (hepatic portal system).

Siklus peredaran darah ikanSiklus peredaran darah ikan

Ventral aorta

Kepala,Bag. TbhYg lain

insang

Dorsalaorta

Hati/ginjal

jantung

DARAHDARAHSusunan darah Susunan darah Plasma darah Plasma darah

(cairan jernih mineral t’larut,hsl (cairan jernih mineral t’larut,hsl pencernaan terserap, hsl buangan pencernaan terserap, hsl buangan jaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & jaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & enzim enzim [lipase + carbonic [lipase + carbonic anhidraselanhidrasel , ) , )

Butiran darahButiran darah

Butiran/sel darahButiran/sel darah Butiran darah erythrocyteButiran darah erythrocyte leucocyteleucocyte

granulocytegranulocytelymphocytelymphocytemonocytes monocytes thrombocytesthrombocytes

Granulocyte :Granulocyte : dibedakan berdasarakan dibedakan berdasarakan penyerapan thd zat warnapenyerapan thd zat warna

a.a. Neutrofil Neutrofil menyerang bakterimenyerang bakterib.b. Acidofil (asam)Acidofil (asam)c.c. Basofil Basofil (Fungsi??)(Fungsi??)

Red blood cellsRed blood cells

elongated elongated andand elliptical elliptical with an oval, centrally-located, nucleuswith an oval, centrally-located, nucleus Immature erythrocytes are called Immature erythrocytes are called

polychromatocytespolychromatocytes no bone marrow no bone marrow Blood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleostsBlood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleosts main sourcemain source

– head kidneyhead kidney

Bentuk sel darah merah ikanBentuk sel darah merah ikana.a. sudah masak adl. oval sudah masak adl. oval ΦΦ7-367-36b.b. blm masak bulatblm masak bulat

Pengangkutan zat asam dlm Pengangkutan zat asam dlm darah dilakukan o/ pigmen darah dilakukan o/ pigmen pernafasan pernafasan (haemoglobin)(haemoglobin) terdpt dlm btr darah merah terdpt dlm btr darah merah

Pengangkutan O o/ darah Pengangkutan O o/ darah sangat tergantung pd jumlah sangat tergantung pd jumlah erytrocyteerytrocyte

Darah ikan dpt mengikat zat Darah ikan dpt mengikat zat asam 15-25 x dibanding air, asam 15-25 x dibanding air, shg haemoglobin sgt efisien shg haemoglobin sgt efisien dlm mengikat oksigendlm mengikat oksigen

Mature erythrocyte

Immature erythrocyte

White blood cells / White blood cells / LeucocytesLeucocytes

mirip mammalia mirip mammalia tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

lymphocytes & macrophages lymphocytes & macrophages msg2 msg2 pny ciri spesifikpny ciri spesifik

no lymph nodesno lymph nodes lymphocytes > neutrophilslymphocytes > neutrophils lymphoid tissueslymphoid tissues

– ThymusThymus primary sources primary sources – head kidney head kidney primary sites of primary sites of

antibody productionantibody production– SpleenSpleen– melanomacrophage centersmelanomacrophage centers

Jml leucocytes pd ikan Jml leucocytes pd ikan cth kisaran lymphocytes cth kisaran lymphocytes (tipe leucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow (tipe leucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow TroutTrout ((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss), ), antara 7.8 & 20.9 x antara 7.8 & 20.9 x 103 cells/ mm3103 cells/ mm3

JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi: JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi: Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax) 3.5% of blood ) 3.5% of blood

cellscells White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus) 3.5% of blood ) 3.5% of blood

cells cells SaupeSaupe ((Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 2% of blood cells 2% of blood cells Pd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukan Pd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukan

bone marrow, the spleen and the lymph nodes. bone marrow, the spleen and the lymph nodes. Pd ikan, organs spt kidney, spleen and thymus take Pd ikan, organs spt kidney, spleen and thymus take

part in haematopoeisispart in haematopoeisis Melanomacrophage center Melanomacrophage center mrpk klpk mrpk klpk

macrophages & melanocytes ditemukan di hati, macrophages & melanocytes ditemukan di hati, limpha, & ginjal. limpha, & ginjal. mengandung melanin, lipofuscin, mengandung melanin, lipofuscin, & phagocytized material, & mengalami & phagocytized material, & mengalami hyperplasia hyperplasia and hypertrophyand hypertrophy saat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd saat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd lingkungan yg terpolusilingkungan yg terpolusi

LYMPHOCYTELYMPHOCYTE FUNGSI : membentuk antibodi FUNGSI : membentuk antibodi to mediate the to mediate the

humoral(HT6B3.3) & cellular immune responsehumoral(HT6B3.3) & cellular immune response Lymphocytes Lymphocytes spherical cellsspherical cells (btk bola/bulat) (btk bola/bulat)

spherical cells

immature lymphocytes

fish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinya fish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinya mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals. mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals.

Saat kontak dg antigen Saat kontak dg antigen tjd proliferation of tjd proliferation of lymphocytes lymphocytes then secrete large quantities of then secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin antibody.immunoglobulin antibody.

proportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pd proportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pd bbrp jenis ikan. bbrp jenis ikan.

Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss), 89 - ), 89 - 98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml 98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml lymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit lymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit dibedakan dg thrombocytes. dibedakan dg thrombocytes.

Percentage of i) WBC & ii) lymphocytes pd sel darah : Percentage of i) WBC & ii) lymphocytes pd sel darah : % WBC % WBC % pd sel% pd sel darah darah

Sea BassSea Bass ((Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax) ) 90%90% 3.15% 3.15% White BreamWhite Bream ((Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus) ) 70%70% 2.45% 2.45% Saupe (Saupe (Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 88% 88% 1.76%1.76%

Pny struktur khusus, dikenal Pny struktur khusus, dikenal sbg Polymorphonuclear (PMN) sbg Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes. leucocytes. cytoplasmcytoplasm pny pny sejml granula halus. sejml granula halus.

Granulocytes Granulocytes 3 sub- 3 sub-populations berbeda tgt populations berbeda tgt staining characteristics dr staining characteristics dr granula stl diberi histological granula stl diberi histological dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes). dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes).

3 tipe granulocytes di ikan: 3 tipe granulocytes di ikan: neutrophils & eosinophils neutrophils & eosinophils plg byk, basophils plg byk, basophils jarang jarang

Granulocytes dibutuhkan dlm Granulocytes dibutuhkan dlm mekanisme pertahanan non-mekanisme pertahanan non-specific, yi. Bertgg jwb thd specific, yi. Bertgg jwb thd keberadaan benda asing dlm keberadaan benda asing dlm tbhtp tidak mengenali specific tbhtp tidak mengenali specific antigens. Sel ini bermigrasi antigens. Sel ini bermigrasi ke bagian tbh yg diserang & ke bagian tbh yg diserang & merusak benda asing melalui merusak benda asing melalui phagocytosis / direct killing phagocytosis / direct killing (cytotoxic response). Proses (cytotoxic response). Proses ini menyebabkan ini menyebabkan inflammatory response inflammatory response (peradangan)(peradangan)

Granulocytes

NEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, but NEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, but stainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & stainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & msak jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria.msak jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria.

EOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt EOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt di stained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak di stained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak internal parasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergi internal parasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergi

BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity u/ basic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-u/ basic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-organisms). Dlm darah normalnya jmlnya sgt organisms). Dlm darah normalnya jmlnya sgt ↓↓. Di ikan . Di ikan kebeadaanya msh dipertanyakankebeadaanya msh dipertanyakan

Granulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya Granulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya bervariasi in different species of fish. bervariasi in different species of fish.

Granulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow Granulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow Trout (Trout (Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss).).

Percentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darahPercentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darah% WBC% WBC % granulo dlm sel darah % granulo dlm sel darah

Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax) ) 8%8% 0.28% 0.28% White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus) ) 28%28% 0.98% 0.98% Saupe (Saupe (Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 12%12% 0.24%0.24%

MonocytesMonocytes

Monocytes Monocytes sel yg besar, dg nucleus besar sel yg besar, dg nucleus besar antara ⅓ - ½ dr cell. antara ⅓ - ½ dr cell.

cytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebar cytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebar Monocytes Monocytes precursors of macrophages. precursors of macrophages. Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi. Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi. berperan berperan

pd non-specific immunity & inflammatory response. pd non-specific immunity & inflammatory response. Monocytes lbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocytes Monocytes lbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocytes

Monocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, Monocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, diduga berasal dr stem cells ginjal diduga berasal dr stem cells ginjal

Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg bervariasi, tp umumnya sedikit. bervariasi, tp umumnya sedikit.

Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes. Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes. Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes. Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes.

Percentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darahPercentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darah % (i)% (i) % (ii) % (ii)

Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax) ) 2% 2%0.07% 0.07% White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus) ) 2% 2% 0.07% 0.07% SaupeSaupe ((Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 0% 0% 0%0%

thrombocytesthrombocytes Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-

shaped, spiked & fragmented. shaped, spiked & fragmented. The oval or spindle-shaped cells The oval or spindle-shaped cells dianggap btk normal dianggap btk normal

thrombocytes thrombocytes in vivoin vivo, & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes. , & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes. Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah. Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah. The source of thrombocytes The source of thrombocytes spleen spleen seen in large numbersin seen in large numbersin

mammalmammal thrombocytes thrombocytes precursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm precursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm

darah & bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah. darah & bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah. Mammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikan Mammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikan

thrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darah thrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darah

ada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm ada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm peripheral blood of fish, peripheral blood of fish, ini disebabkan sulit ini disebabkan sulit dibedakan dari lymphocytes.dibedakan dari lymphocytes.

DISAGREEMENT: DISAGREEMENT: Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout, Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss, thrombocytes dihitung sebesar , thrombocytes dihitung sebesar 1-6% of total leucocytes.1-6% of total leucocytes.

Ratio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow Trout Ratio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow Trout 25:1, tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1. 25:1, tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1.

% leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (% leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (Carassius Carassius auratus),auratus), ± 70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk ± 70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-13%.lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-13%.