FUNGSI DARAH

1. Mengangkut gas, nutrien dan bahan kumuh

2. Mengangkut molekul yang diproses3. Mengangkut molekul yang penting4. Mengawal Ph dan osmosis5. Memiara suhu tubuh6. Menentang bahan asing7. Pembentukan clot (darah beku)

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

1. Tissue penyambung2. Formed elements - 45 %3. Plasma - 55 %4. 4 - 5 liter - perempuan5. 5 - 6 liter - lelaki6. 8 % berat badan

KOMPOSISI DARAH

PLASMA1. 91 % of water

2. 7 % protein

3. 2 % other substances (ions, nutrients, gases and waste products)

4. Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins and fibrinugen)

5. Kandungan sentiasa stabil

6. Kidney, lungs, digestive tract and skin.

BAHAN YANG ADA DI DALAM DARAH

FORMED ELEMENTS

1. 95 % red blood cells (RBCs) Erythrocytes 2. 5 % white blood cell (WBCs) Leukocytes

3. (RBCs 700 times > WBCs & 17 times - >platelets)

4. Platelets - thrombocytes

PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS

1. Hematopoiesis 2. In the fetus - liver, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow 3. After birth - (RBCs) red bone marrow (WBCs) lymphatic tissues

4. Stem cells

HEMATOPOIESIS

SEL DARAH MERAH

SEL DARAH PUTIH

BENTUK DARAH

UKURAN DARAH

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)

1. Disk-shaped 2. The greater space - gas in and out 3. Can bend or fold to pass more

easily - small blood vessels.4. Males - 120 days5. Females - 110 days6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour

FUNGSI DARAH1. Mengangkut oksigen 2. Hemoglobin ( 4 proteins chain + 4 heme groups) 3. Setiap globin terikat dengan 1 heme4. 1 heme + 1 ion atom5. Hemoglobin + oksigen - berwarna merah cerah (tanpa + oksigen - berwarna merah

gelap)6. Hemoglobin (protein) - red colour7. 98.5 % mengangkut oksigen8. 2/3 ions - hemoglobin 9. Perempuan memerlukan lebih ion

1. Mengangkut Co2 - bicarbonate , ions, hemoglobin and plasma

2. 70 % - Co2 - dalam bentuk bicarbonate ions

3. Enzime carbonic anhydrase ( in RBCs) menukarkan Co2 and H2o H+ and

bicarbonate ions4. 23 % - Co2 boleh terikat dengan globin5. 7 % - Co2 berada di dalam plasma

FUNGSI DARAH

KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

1. Keadaan biasa - 2.5 millions dan akan musnah dalam beberapa saat 2. Stem cells membentuk proerythroblasts 3. Proses pembinaan sel - vitamin

folate and B12 - synthesis of DNA4. Penghasilan RBCs dirangsang oleh

kekurangan oksigen di dalam darah5. Kekurangan O2 - disebabkan penyakit di

dalam paru-paru, ketinggian dan aktiviti senaman

6. Kekurangan O2 - meningkat pembentukan glycoprotein erythropoeitin (kidney)

7. Erythropoeitin merangsang red bone marrow menghasilkan lebih RBCs

8. < O2 - meningkatkan penghasilan erythropoeitin > RBCs bertambah

9. Memiara homeostatis10. RBCs yang tua, tidak normal dan

rosak akan dikeluarkan drpd daraholeh macrophages (spleen & liver)

KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

11. Bilirubin - pigment molecule (kuning)

dibebaskan ke dalam usus kecil - bile

12. Bile - drpd hati akan menghalang

bilirubin membentuk peredaran dan

menghasilkan jaundice (a yellow color in skin)

13. Di dalam usus, bilirubin ditukar oleh

bakteria kepada pigmen lain (brown color)

14. Kidney - air kencing berwarna kuning

KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

KITARAN HIDUP SEL DARAH MERAH

SEL DARAH PUTIH (WBCs)1. Berwarna keputihan < hemoglobin2. Lebih besar drpd RBCs - a nucleus3. WBCs bergerak ke dalam tisu dibantu

oleh ameboid 4. 2 Fungsi WBCs:

1. Melindungi tubuh - serangan microorganisms2. Mengeluarkan tisu mati dibantu oleh phagocytosis

5. WBCs - dikenali sebagai1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)

6. Granulocytes : 3 jenis - 1. Neutrophils2. Basophils3. Eosinophils

7. Agranulocytes : 2 jenis - 1. Lymphocytes2. Monocytes - macrophages

PROSES PENGHASILAN SEL DARAH MERAH

PLATELETS

1. Platelets or thrombocytes2. Dihasil di dalam red bone marrow

daripada megakaryocytes3. Fungsinya menghalang kehilangan

darah dengan cara:i. Membentuk plug darah:

seal holes in small vesselsii. Membentuk darah beku:

seal off larger wounds in the vessel.

PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS

1. Blood Vessel ConstrictionBlood vessels contrict in response to injury, resulting in decreased blood flow

2. Platelet PlugsMinor damage to blood vessels is repaired by platelet plugs.Platelet use integrins to adhere to collagen, release chemical (ADP and thromboxanes) - connect to another to form platelet plugs.

PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS

3. Blood Clotting

Blood clotting or coagulation - fibrin

3 step in the process:

1. Activating - prothrombinase

2. Conversion of prothrombin to

thrombin by prothrombinase

3. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by

thrombin

SEL DARAH PUTIH MENENTANG BAKTERIA

FORMASI CLOT (clot formation)

PREVENTION BLOOD LOSS

4. Control of Clot FormationAnticoagulation in the blood, such as antithrombin and heparin, prevent clot formation

5. Clot Retraction and FibrinolysisClot retraction condenses the clot, pulling the edges of damages tissues closer together.Serum is plasma without clotting factorFibfinolysis (clot breakdown) is accomplished by plasmin

KUMPULAN DARAH

1. Determined by antigen2. Antibodies can bind - aglutination or

hemolysis

ABO Blood Group1. Type A - A antigen2. Type B - B antigen3. TypeAB - A & B antigen4. Type O - neither A or B antigen

ABO BLOOD GROUP

1. Type A - has B antibodies2. Type B - has A antibodies3. Type AB - has neither A & B antibodies4. Type O - has both A and B antibodies5. Mismatching the ABO blood group

can result in transfusion reactions

Rh BLOOD GROUP

1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen2. Rh-negative blood does not3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are

produced when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood

4. The Rh blood group is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn

Rh BLOOD GROUP

1. Rh-positive blood has Rh antigen2. Rh-negative blood does not3. Antibodies against the Rh antigen are

produced when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood

4. The Rh blood group is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn

TERIMA KASIHDAN

BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI UNTUK

LEBIH MEMAHAMI

TERIMA KASIHDAN

BANYAKKAN ULANGKAJI UNTUK

LEBIH MEMAHAMI