Sinaarsi - Liberty Instituteliberty.ge/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Newsletter-N-6-30.pdf · sapatio...
Transcript of Sinaarsi - Liberty Instituteliberty.ge/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Newsletter-N-6-30.pdf · sapatio...
22222 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
siciliuri urika
`antimafiuri pastoralis~ aucilebloba
leoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlando
sapatriarqo xels afarebs
religiur eqstremizms
sozar subarisozar subarisozar subarisozar subarisozar subari
ivnisi, 2004
Sinaarsi
#6(30)
310
47
Tavisufleba
ra aris samarTliani sasamarTlo28
kanoni `kanonieri qurdebis~ winaaRmdeg15
kardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardo
irakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSvili
maiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvili
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 33333
siciliuri
urika
leoluka orlando
siciliuri renesansis institutis prezidenti
kanonierebis kultura – sityvaTa SeTanxmeba,
romelic sityvebis TamaSis STabeWdilebas
tovebs. iseTi TamaSisa, romelic or sxvadasxva
realobas asaxavs: erTis mxriv, madliani da
tkbili warsuli da meores mxriv,
winaaRmdegobrivi da civi awmyo. mokled,
sityvebis STambeWdavi TamaSia.
swored sityvaTa am wyobaSi Cadebuli azri
miiCnia 2002 wels gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciam danaSaulis prevenciisaTvis
brZolis prioritetad.
ufro metic, palermos xelaxali dabadeba
gaerom msoflios xuTi kontinentisaTvis
kanonierebis kulturis propagandis
samagaliTo modelad da simbolod gamoacxada.
44444 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
ra moxda palermoSi da zogadad
siciliaSi saukunis da aTaswleulis
miwuruls?
siciliis ZirZvelma mcxovreblebma miiRes
gadawyvetileba, yovelgvari Zaladobis
gareSe, dapirispirebodnen Zaladobasa da
iseT aracivilizebul movlenas,
rogoricaa mafia.
moqalaqeTa xmamaRali `ara~ sikvdiliT
dasjas, sapatio moqalaqis wodebis
miniWeba msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi
sikvdilmisjilTaTvis (miuxedavad
mizezisa, radgan aravis aqvs mkvlelobis
ufleba, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos),
sapatio moqalaqis wodebis miniWeba me-14
dalai lamasaTvis, devnili qurTi
xalxisadmi solidarobis koncertis
gamarTva, nobelis premiis lauriatebis –
devid trimblisa da jon hiumisaTvis
sapatio moqalaqeobis miniWeba, massimos
Teatris aRdgena da xelaxali amoqmedeba,
aTwleulebis manZilze gapartaxebuli
qalaqis umSvenieresi centris
reabilitacia – es iyo kargad gaazrebuli
da harmoniuli kulturuli progrmis
Semadgeneli elementebi, romlebic
viTarca didi mozaikis patara kenWebi
qmnidnen erTian suraTs. damerwmuneT, es
srulebiTac ar aris periferiuli adminis-
traciis saqmianobisadmi protagonistuli
damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba.
Cvenma gamocdilebam daamtkica, rom mas
Teoriisa da modelis Rirebuleba aqvs da,
rom umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg aRtkinebuli
aqciebis gamarTva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebis saxuravebze, sanagve
yuTebis gadabruneba da gzebis gadaketva,
siciliuri dialeqtisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mowodebebiT – `Cven am
saqmes dRis bolomde movagvarebT~, –
brZolis erTaderTi saSualeba ar aris.
Cveni es gamocdileba, dRes msoflioSi
vrceldeba da siciliuri renesansis insti-
tuti erTgulad avrcelebs pozitiuri
liderobis gamocdilebas, romelic
demokratiisa da kanonierebis tandems
efuZneba.
udavo WeSmaritebaa, rom demokratiasa da
mSvidobas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.
isic ar aris sakamaTo, rom mSvidoba
erTob mniSvnelovani saqmea saimisod, rom
misi dacva mxolod samxedroebs mivandoT.
palermos magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
demokratia da kanoniereba erTmaneTTan
aseve mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, da rom
kanonireba metismetad mniSvnelovania
saimisod, rom misi dacva mxolod
policiasa da prokuraturas mivandoT.
siciliuri, orborbliani urika aris
modeli, romelic TvalsaCinoebisaTvis
gamodgeba. urika, romlis erTi borbali
kultura, xolo meore – kanonierebaa.
urika, romlis borblebma erTdroulad
unda itrialon, radgan Tu erTi borbali
gaCerda, urika adgilze daiwyebs trials.
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romeli borbali
SeCerdeba – kulturisa Tu kanonierebis,
urika wreze itrialebs da es erTob
saxaliso sanaxaoba iqneba... romelime
mafiuri bosisaTvis.
qalaqis merad Cemi muSaobis dasawyisSi
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 55555
(oTxmociani wlebis bolos) me, iseve
rogorc qalaqis sxva merebs, aRmiqvamdnen
rogorc policiels an prokurors,
romelic gauTaveblad laparakobs
danaSaulsa da sasjelze... urika ki
adgilidan ar iZvroda. misi orive borbali
Rrmad iyo Cafluli SiSisa da SeTqmulebis
WaobSi. magram me uryevad mwamda, rom
raRaciT unda damewyo da urika
moZraobaSi momeyvana.
uSiSari policielebisa da magistratori
moxeleebis meSveobiT moxerxda
kanonierebis borblis amoZraveba, magram
me Cems mTavar amocanas urikis orive
borblis Tanabari siswrafiT amoZravebaSi
vxedavdi.
da marTlac, orive borbali Tanabrad
amoZravda da erT dros CamorCenili
palermo Tavad iqca sxvaTa resursad da
magaliTad.
oTxmocian wlebSi, yovelwliurad 240/250
mkvleloba, romelic mafias ukavSirdeboda
(Tanac mxolod palermoSi), 2000 wlisaTvis
rva SemTxvevamde davida. Tanac am rvidan
arcerTi aRar ukavSirdeboda mafias.
66666 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
oTxmocian wlebSi mavanni ambobdnen, rom
palermoSi demokratia da Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikaa. me ar vici, ra demokrati-
asa da Tavisufal bazars xedavdnen iq,
sadac mTel ekonomikas mafiozebi
ganagebdnen da nebismier palermoels
hyavda megobari an naTesavi, romelic
mafiuri garCevebis msxverpli iyo.
2000 wels Cven namdvilad SegviZlia vilapa-
rakoT demokratiasa Tavisufal bazarze
palermoSi. palermoSi demokratia aris da
masTan erTad cocxlobs imedic da naklic
– Tumca es ukanaskneli arcTu iSviaTia.
da miuxedavad yvelafrisa, palermoSi
SesaZlebeli gaxda icxovro, imuSao da
awarmoo biznesi ise, rom mafiasTan ar
gqondes Sexeba.
Cemi merobis dasawyisSi, municipalur
administracias ara Tu regularuli
biujeti, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
qonebis nusxac ki ar gaaCnda. 2000 wels
palermos municipalurma administraciam,
misdami saerTaSoriso safinanso
organizaciebis ndobis reitingi awia im
niSnulamde, romelzec imyofebodnen iseTi
qalaqebi, rogorebicaa stokholmi,
bostoni, san francisko da gauswro am
reitingSi niu-iorks da Cikagos, romze,
milansa Tu turinze rom araferi vTqvaT.
gana me vamtkiceb, rom palermoSi mafia
aRar aris? ra Tqma unda, ara.
mafia arsebobs – palermoSic ki.
magram dRes mafia veRar akontrolebs –
rogorc warsulSi – palermos
moqalaqeebis gonebas da qonebas.
Tumca mafia – mxedvelobaSi maqvs axali
Zalis amkrefi mafia_ dResac cdilobs
aRidginos gavlena adamianebis gonebaze,
magram veRar axerxebs amas iseTi
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis moxmobiT,
rogorebicaa kultura, Rirseba da ojaxi.
amitom mafia Tavisuflebisa da warmatebis
arsis damaxinjebiT, anu im Rirebulebis
dakninebiT, romelic odiTganve italiuri
kulturis sayrdenia, cdilobs, gavlena
moaxdinos adamianebis cnobierebaze.
dRes palermoSi aris `Zveli~ da `axali~
mafia da orive moqmedebs. Tu `Zveli~
mafia e.w. `pirveli respublikis~
politikur garemoze iyo mibmuli da
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis moralurma
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 77777
afeTqebam Camoacila Zalauflebas, `axali~
mafia e.w. `meore respublikis~ politikur
garemozea morgebuli. Tu `Zveli~ mafiis
fesvebi ekonomikuri sirTuleebi iyo,
`axali~ mafia Tavis dasayrdens mogebis
ekonomikaSi arsebul simaxinjeebSi eZebs.
gamocdileba, romelic modelad
yalibdeba, dRes cvlis im realobas,
romlis sazRvrebi mafiam daadgina.
warsulSi mafia iyo genus-i anu warmomav-
loba da es warmomavloba erwymoda mafias.
mafia iyo siciliuri mafia – mafia iyo
sicilia, sicilia iyo mafia. Tumca dRes
ukve aris imis gageba, rom siciliuri mafia
aris monetis erTi mxare, xolo rusuli
mafia – meore, iseve rogorc mafiis
Cinuri da kolumbiuri variantebi. Tu
msoflioSi moqmedi sxvadasxva mafiozur
gamovlinebebs erTianobaSi gaviazrebT,
davinaxavT, rom warmomavlobas, gvarovnu-
lobas mafiasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. da
rom es sxva araferia, Tu ara e.w. `indivi-
dualuri arakanoniereba~ anu ukanonoba
Serwymuli kulturul individTan.
rodesac vinme ganizraxavs, wagarTvaT
fuli, Tqven SegiZliaT, mimarToT
policias an prokuraturas. magram Tu
igive qmedebis ganxorcielebas gadawyvets
mZarcveli da am mizniT korsikul an
baskur Rirsebas, muhamedis swavlebas,
qristes sityvebs an iehovas moixmobs,
maSin policia da prokuratura sakmarisi
aRar arias. swored aq unda amoZravdes
siciliuri urikis meore borbali –
kultura.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saqmeSi skola,
sainformacio samyaro, mRvdelTmsaxurebi
da mTlianad samoqalaqo sazogadoeba unda
CaerTos.
ase rom, banditebisa da teroristebis
mier adamianis uflebebze ganxorciele-
buli Zaladobisas, miuxedavad maTi
`kulturuli kuTvnilebisa~, Cven
yovelTvis urikis im borbalze unda
vifiqroT, romelsac kultura hqvia da
romelmac palermoelebis cnobiereba
mafiis hegemoniisagan gaaTavisufla.
kultura, cxadia, aris musika da cekva,
magram upirvelesad da umTavresad, is
sakuTari individualizmisa da Temisadmi
kuTvnilebis gancdaa. gancda, romelic
pirovnebis humanizmisaken aris mimarTuli.
Tumca arsebobs safrTxe imasa, rom
`kulturulma individma~ dajabnos
pirovnuli humanizmi anu pirovnebis
fundamentaluri ufleba. aris aseTi
fenomeni, romlis Teorias me, salman
ruSdis cnobili wignis gavleniT, `satanur
poezias~ vuwodebdi.
es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac kulturuli
kuTvnilebis niSani adamianis uflebebis
winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba. es is SemTxvevaa,
rodesac kulturuli Rirebuleba
satanisturi poeziis qargaSi eqceva.
swored ase da amdagvarad iqca Rirsebisa
da ojaxis Rirebulebebi iaraRad mafiis
xelSi, rodesac am satanistur poezias
daqvemdebarebulma Rirebulebebma
saSualeba misca mas, moekla da gaeZarcva
adamianebi isev da isev Rirsebisa da
ojaxis saxeliT.
88888 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
iseve rogorc baskuri Rirsebis,
kaTolikur-irlandiuli da korsikuli
Rirsebebis gamoyeneba mkvlelobisa da
ZarcvisaTvis... da yovelive es, isev da isev
Rirsebis dacvis saxeliT inaTleboda.
aseve iyo germaniaSi, rodesac germaneli
xalxis kanonmorCileba nacistebma
rasobrivi Cagvris samsaxurSi Caayenes...
esec tradiciuli germanuli wesis
saxeliT inaTleboda.
aseve SeiZleba moeqcnen Tavisuflebas,
usafrTxoebas da keTildReobas, Tu am
cnebebs satanisturi poeziis qargaSi
moaqceven da misi saxeliT mkvlelobis,
Zarcvisa da CagvrisaTvis mouwodeben.
es yovelive aris palermos gamocdileba.
ufro swored gakveTili, romelic Cven
palermoSi miviReT.
Cven, sicilielebs gvaqvs aseve didi
gamocdileba imisa, rom siamayis grZnobam
ar gagvitacos da mudam gvaxsovdes
bernard Sou, romelmac Tqva
gamocdileba aris is saxeli,
romelsac Cven Cvenive Secdomebs
varqmevT.
ase rom, sicilielebs gvaqvs didi
gamocdileba swored imitom, rom gvqonda
didi Secdomebi.
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 99999
mafia kvlavac arsebobs. dasustebulia,
magram isev cdilobs `satanistur
poeziaSi~ CaiTrios Rirseba da ojaxi da
amave poezias daumorCilos Tavisufleba,
warmateba da simdidre.
umTavresi siciliuri gakveTili aris is,
rom mafiasTan brZola SesaZlebelia
siciliuri urikis orive borblis Tanabari
brunviT, kanonisa da pirovnebis pativisce-
miT, siciliaSi dabadebuli kanonierebis
kulturiT, romelic SiSsa da imeds Soris
gaCnda. mafiis damarcxeba SesaZlebelia
msoflios nebismier nawilSi iseve,
rogorc arakanonieri individis nebismieri
gamovlinebis aRkveTa. siciliuri gakveTili
gaeros ekonomikisa da socialur sakiTxTa
konsiliumma strategiul mimarTebad
aRiara da mas daukavSira Zaladobis
prevenciis strategiuli gegmac. Tumca es
gakveTili sabolood Camoyalibebuli ar
aris. mas esaWiroeba mudmivi daxvewa, raTa
Tavidan aviciloT iseTi boroteba,
rogoricaa ekonomikuri danaSauli da
dausabuTebeli Semosavlebi, veluri,
kanonis CarCoebidan gamosuli kapitalizmi
da iurisprudenciis usamarTloba, rasac
saboloo jamSi, sazogadoeba sazarel
sisxlisRvramde mihyavs.
1010101010 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
rodesac 1970 wlis dekemberSi pirvelad Cavedi
palermoSi, iq jer kidev musirebda azri imis Sesaxeb,
rom Cemma winamorbedma, kardinalma rufinim uaryo
siciliaSi mafiis arseboba. es ase ar iyo. 1967 wlis
pastoralur werilSi kardinali werda:
mafia siciliis namdvili saxe ar aris~
(rogorc amas dResac amtkicebs zogierTi)
da rom sicilielebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc mafiis
msxverplni. xalxi, romlis mravalsaukunovani
kultura gansazRvravda maT qristianul saTnoebas da
Rirsebas. me aqve davumatebdi, rom kardinal rufinis
werilSi naTlad Canda is mizezi, romlis gamoc
Tavgasuli mafia esoden mZlavrobda am mxareSi. es
imis gamo xdeboda, rom am teritoriaze ar iyo
saxelmwifo, romelic uzrunvelyofda adamianis
ulebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas.
`antimafiuri
aucilebloba
pastoralis~kardinali papalardo
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 1111111111
dRes aRaravin uaryofs, rom aseTi viTareba
karga xani sufevda da moqalaqes, romelsac
raime sWirdeboda, magaliTad, municipali-
tetSi, regionalur an raionul administra-
ciaSi, iZulebuli iyo, eZebna Suamavali an
gavleniani megobari, an politikosebisaTvis
Tu pirdapir mafiozebisTvis miemarTa da
`pativad~ mieRo is, rac samarTliani
administrirebis pirobebSi mas isedac
ekuTvnoda. aseTi urTierTobebis dros
zogjer adamianebi imasac iRebdnen, rac
maT ar ekuTvnodaT, pirdapir rom vTqvaT,
moqalaqeebi kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebis
Tanamonawileebi xdebodnen.
mokled sicilia xangrZlivi droiT
aRmoCnda viTarebaSi, sadac faruli
garigeba da SeTqmuleba, maamebloba da
proteqcionizmi, cxovrebis dadgenil
wesad iqca. 1970 wels warmoebuli
gamoZiebis Sedegad, romelic mafiis
saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda, daido tomebi,
magram praqtikuli Sedegi arc amas
mohyolia. cxadi iyo, rom maTi saqmianoba,
visac faqtebi unda daedgina da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi kanoni aemoqmedebina,
garkveul doneze, garkveul pirTa mier
daibloka da yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa.
unda vaRiaroT, rom maSin cota ram iyo
cnobili mafiis bunebasa da organizaciul
struqturaze. xalxma ubralod icoda, rom
es iyo raRac, risganac Tavi Sors unda
dageWira, Torem problemebs gadaeyrebodi.
miuxedavad amisa, Cems sajaro gancxadebas
imis Taobaze, rom mafia da mafiozebi e.w
`TeTr sayeloebSi~ anu elitaSic
arsebobda, garkveuli reaqcia mohyva.
mokled rom vTqvaT, maSin damkvidrebuli
iyo Sexeduleba, TiTqos mafia – wminda
wylis kriminali iyo da masTan saqme
mxolod policiasa da prokuraturas unda
hqonoda. is mkvlelobebi, romelic im
dros xdeboda, ganixileboda, rogorc
mafiis saSinao saqme da mxolod urTierT
angariSsworeba an zogierTi zedmetad
aqtiuri saxelmwifo moxelis dasaSinebeli
qmedeba. ufro metic, gamoCndnen iseTebic,
romlebic amtkicebden, rom swored mafiam
aarida sicilias organizebuli terorizmis
is gamZvinvarebuli talRa, romelmac erT
dros italiis mTeli naxevarkunZuli moicva.
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom kunZulze ganxorci-
elebuli mkvlelobebisa da yaCaRobebis
raodenobam da am mxriv tendenciis
sworma Sefasebam ganapiroba is, rom 1952
wels, regionalurma episkopatma daamkvidra
eklesiisgan imaTi gankveTis praqtika, vinc
aseT danaSaulSi imxileboda da is
kardinal rufinis drosac gamoiyeneboda.
es praqtika dResac ZalaSia.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom samociani wlebis
bolomde aqtiurad vrceldeboda
Sexeduleba, rom mafia, Tavisi kriminaluri
saqmianobis paralelurad, partniorul
urTierTobaSi imyofeboda xelisuflebas-
Tan da amdenad, kidev ufro ikveTeboda
zogadi pozicia, rom mafiasTan brZolaSi
mxolod policiasa Tu sasamarTloze
dayrdnoba ar SeiZleboda. regionaluri
prezidentis piersanti mattarelas da
palermos meris, general karlo alberto
dala kiezas mkvlelobebma kidev erTxel
warmoaCina situaciis tragizmi da
xelisuflebis mxridan radikaluri
1212121212 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
nabijebis gadadgmis saWiroeba. Cems mier
general dala kiezas dakrZalvaze naTqvami
fraza:
Dum Romae consultar, Sagantumexpugnatur~ ( sanam romSi
msjelobden, sagantumi daeca)
xalxs gonebaSi CarCa, ufro metic, maT es
sityvebi xelisuflebisadmi mowodebad
aRiqves.
gzavnili iyo konkretuli: moqalaqeebi
aRar apirebdnen inertulad yofnas da rom
saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba unda aeRo
Tavisi teritoriis kontrolze.
mas Semdeg, rac eklesiam naTlad dainaxa,
rom cxovreba kunZulze sul ufro metad
Sordeboda saxarebis im arss, romelsac
mRvdelmsaxurebi wirvebze qadagebden,
1965 wels aSkara gaxda `antimafiuri
pastoralis~ aucilebloba. SesaZloa,
Tavad pastoralis manera da stili ar iyo
bolomde daxvewili, magram mniSvnelovani
iyo Tavad faqti: is, rom eklesiam, sazoga-
doebriv-saganmanaTleblo formatSi
moaqcia Tavisi qmedeba da gamoxata Tavisi
pozicia. eklesiam mkafiod da kategori-
ulad ganacxada, rom bunebiTi wesiereba,
RvTaebrivi mcnebebis erTguleba,
bunebrivad gulisxmobs danaSaulisa da
mafiuri mentalitetis nebismieri
gamovlinebis miuReblobas.
episkoposTa es pastoraluri dokumenti
da regionaluri konferenciis mier
gamoqveynebuli komunike iyo mZlavri
impulsi, romelic kidev ufro gaaZliera
romis papma, romelmac 1991 wels
ganacxada:
es socialuri boroteba seriozul
safrTxes uqmnis ara marto
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, aramed
eklesiasac, radgan Signidan
angrevs sicilieli xalxis
zneobriv cnobierebas da
qristianul kulturas~.
Cven TvalnaTliv davinaxeT, rom mafiaze
saubrisas unda agvemoqmedebina ara marto
kanonis ena, aramed gvesaubra eklesiis
kategoriebiTa da eniT, radgan mafia
Tavisi arsiT codvili movlenaa da mafiis
wevrebi siyvarulisa da Semwynareblobis
saxarebiseuli swavlebis mtrebi arian.
aseve mkacri iyo mimarTva, romelic 1992
wels (es weli magistratebis _ falkonesa
da barselinos sazareli mkvlelobiT
aRiniSna) palermoSi gamarTul italiis
eparqiaTa asambleaze gakeTda:
radgan mafia aris yalbi
Rirebulebebis kompleqsi,
romelsac aqvs sastiki,
damangreveli arsi... Cven Tavs
valdebulad miviCnevT, vamxiloT
misi sruli winaaRmdegoba da
SeuTavsebloba saxarebasTan...
mafia, romelic aris borotebis
samefos nawili da misi wevrebis gza
mxolod codvis da eSmakiseuli
gzaa...~
Cven yvelgan da yovelTvis vimeorebdiT,
rom yvela, vinc ama Tu im formiT
,, ,,
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 1313131313
CarTulia mafiis saqmianobaSi da xels
uwyobs mas, Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSi
modis saxarebiseul swavlebasTan da
acdenilia ieso qristes gzas. maTi adgili
eklesiaSi ar aris.
aseTi gancxadeba, naTlad adasturebda da
sadaos ar xdida imas, rom eklesiis
pozicia iyo mkacri da radikaluri.
me SemiZlia kidev bevri citata moviyvano
epistolaruli werilebidan, romlebSic
saboloodaa gacxadebuli eklesiis
damokidebuleba mafiisadmi. magaliTad,
episkoposTa gancxadeba 1996 wels,
siciliis avtonomiis 50-e wlisTavTan
dakavSirebul asambleaze, romelSic
naTqvamia:
Cven vgmobT danaSaulis yovelgvar
formas da gansakuTrebiT mafias...
es aris samarcxvino socialuri
boroteba, romelic spobs
yovelives siciliaSi... vnebs
yovelive mSveniers, rac aq arsebobs...
Crdils ayenebs mis politikur da
socialur avtoritets~.
unda iTqvas, rom aseTma
mizanmimarTulobam Tavisi asaxva hpova maT
cnobierebaSi, vinc Tavs qristianad
miiCnevda. rac Seexeba sakuTriv palermos
eparqias, sxva eparqiebTan erTad, Cven
gavaZliereT e.w. saxalxo misionerizmi,
raTa gagveZlierebina Cveni monawileoba
da yofna sazogadoebaSi, yvelgan, qalaqad
da soflad, mravalsarTulian korpusebsa
,,
1414141414 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
da kerZo saxlebSi, saxalxo Sekrebis
adgilebsa da Sexvedrebze. aTasobiT
moxalise misioneri, qali da kaci,
dauRalavad qadagebda cvlilebebisa da
moralis, religiuri Rirebulebebis
ganmtkicebis aucileblobas. swored am
dros gaizarda mrevlis odenoba. Cveni
gansakuTrebuli zrunva axalgazrdebisken
iyo mimarTuli da dauRalavad
vqadagebdiT sikeTis gzis upiratesobas
borot da qvena cxovrebis wesze. ufro
metic, taZrebSi vatarebdiT `antimafiur
mesas~, romelSic uamravi adamiani iRebda
monawileobas. palermos eklesia, romelic
yovelTvis xasiaTdeboda Rrma religiuri
RirebulebebiT, aZlierebda mis socialur
da humanur saqmianobas. mRvdelTmsaxurebi
gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT muSaobdnen
axalgazrdul jgufebTan, romlebic
mrevlis wevrebi iyvnen. isini cdilobdnen,
gaeTavisuflebinaT maTi sulebi egoizmi-
sagan da eCvenebinaT maTTvis sikeTis gza.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv da samoqalaqo
organizaciebTan TanamSromloba, am
saqmianobis aucilebeli komponenti iyo.
swored maTi enTuziazmi iyo imis garantia,
rom Cveni sityva da saqme yvela eparqias
da mrevlis TiToeul wevrs miswvda. maTive
daxmarebiT moxerxda saganmanaTleblo
skolebis daarseba da Teologiuri codnis
gavrceleba. aseTi ganaTleba integrire-
buli iyo samoqalaqo, samarTlebriv da
politikur ganaTlebasTan da
kaTolicizmis socialur doqtrinasTan.
mrevlSi swori saganmanaTleblo saqmiano-
ba aris saukeTeso antidoti, imuniteti,
romelic sazogadoebas daicavs momavalSi
araeTikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialuri
simaxinjeebisagan.
eklesiam Tavidanve sworad gansazRvra am
saqmianobaSi skolebisa da moswavleTa
mSoblebis roli da isini Tavisi
saqmianobis dasayrdenad aqcia, radgan
cxadi iyo, rom ganaTlebis globaluri
sistemis swori irientirebis gareSe,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda socialur
RirebulebaTa efeqturi propaganda.
simptomaturia, rom 1993 wels mafiam
mokla mRvdeli juzepe paglizi, romelic
palermoSi, brankaCios ubanSi eweoda Tavis
saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. mafiam
swored imaSi dainaxa safrTxe, rom don
juzepe paglizi cdilobda axalgazrdebis
quCis damRupveli gavlenisagan dacvas da
sakvirao skolebSi maTi aRzrdis saqmeSi
warmatebasac aRwevda. maT dainaxes, rom
kulturis paralelurad, igi warmatebiT
aRvivebda bavSvebSi samoqalaqo codnasa
da Rirsebis grZnobas. palermos eklesi-
isaTvis don juzepe paglizis magaliTi
aris mafiasTan brZolis simbolo, romelic
dResac cocxalia. simbolo imisa, rom
samoqalaqo da religiuri cxovreba
harmoniulad erTiandeba qristianul
sarwmunoebaSi, romelic saukuneebis manZil-
ze iyo sicilieli xalxis cxovrebis wesi.
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 1515151515
kanoni
`kanonieri qurdebis~
irakli kotetiSvili
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos parlamentma Tanamdebobis
pirTaTvis ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis
CamorTmevis sakanonmdeblo berketebi daakanona, man
organizebul damnaSaveTa da reketerebisTvisac
moicala.
2004 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos parlamentis mier
sisxlis da administraciul saproceso kodeqsebSi
cvlilebebis Setanam, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda
prokuraturis sarCelis safuZvelze, Tanamdebobis
pirTaTvis, sasamarTlos wesiT, ukanono da
dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmeva, erTgvari
uxerxuloba Seqmna. uxerxuloba imis gamo, rom iseTi
“avtorietetebi” rogoricaa, magaliTad, kanonieri
qurdebi, romlebic aranakleb aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli
korufciul garigebebSi da saxelmwifo donis reketSi,
sakanonmdeblo regulirebis miRma rCebodnen.
winaaRmdeg
1616161616 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
swored am sakanonmdeblo vakuumis Sevsebas
unda isaxavdes miznad saqarTvelos
iusticiis saministros mier momzadebuli
cvlilebaTa paketi zogierT sakanomdeblo
aqtSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi qmnian
qarTul `rikos kanons~. Tumca, vidre
aRniSnul cvilebebs ganvixilavdeT,
umjobesia, Tavdapirvelad Tvali
gadavavloT aSS-Si, rikos kanonis
samSobloSi, misi miRebisa da gamoyenebis
praqtikis istorias.
rikos aqti
The Racketeer Influenced and CorruptOrganizations (RICO) Act
ras emsaxureba rikos kanoni?
aSS-s kongresis mier rikos kanonis miRebis
mizani iyo, Statisa Tu federaluri
sasamarTlos meSveobiT, zaralis
anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba miscemodaT im
pirebs, visac finansuri ziani sxva pirTa
kriminaluri qmedebebis Sedegad miadga.
rodis miiRo kongresma
rikos kanoni?
sxva sakamaTo kanonproeqtebis msgavsad,
kongresi rikos aqts, wlebis Tu ara
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ixilavda.
Tavad rikos kanoni 1970 wels miiRes.
Tumca, igi miRebisTanave ar amoqmedebula.
kanonis asamoqmedeblad iusticiis
departaments ramdenime weli dasWirda.
xolo sasamarTloebis mier samoqalaqo
sarCelebis ganxilva mxolod 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.
Tavdapirvelad metwilad rikos kanoni
gamoiyeneboda mxolod mafiis konteqstSi,
da gazviadebulad ar CaiTvleba Tuki
vityviT, rom rikos kanonis safuZvelze
samoqalaqo sarCelebi sasamarTloebSi
faqtiurad ar Sedioda.
rikos kanonis arsi
marTalia, rikos kanonis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia, ase vTqvaT, „farTo
profiliT“, magram mis arsSi garkveva,
yvelaze ukeT kanonis Seqmnis miznidan
gamomdinarea upriani. es mizani ki mafiis
winaaRmdeg brZola iyo.
mafiis saqmeebSi braldebuls warmoadgens
naTlimama. „reketuli saqmianobaa“ iseTi
kriminaluri qmedebebi, romelSic mafiaa
CarTuli, magaliTad, rogoricaa
gamoZalva, qrTamis micema, mkvleloba,
narkotikebis aralegaluri gayidva,
prostitucia da sxva. radganac mafiis
ojaxi amgvar saqmianobaSi CarTuli iyo
Taobebis ganmavlobaSi, danaSauls
sakuTriv reketul saqmianobaSi
CarTuloba warmoadgens.
rikos kanonis safuZvelze saxelmwifos
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 1717171717
SeuZlia, sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna
awarmoos e.w. klanis naTlimamis (kanonieri
qurdis) winaaRmdeg da Tavi ukras cixeSi
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki personalurad mas
ar mouklavs vinme, ar gamouZalavs, qrTami
ar auRia an ar yofila CarTuli sxva raime
kriminalur saqmianobaSi. naTlimamis
gasamarTleba SesaZlebelia imitom, rom
igi xelmZRvanelobda da „amuSavebda“ im
danaSaulebriv organizacias, romelic
CarTuli iyo amgvar saqmianobaSi. ufro
metic, rikos kanonis 1964-e muxlis safuZ-
velze, mafiis qmedebebis msxverplis ojaxs
(magaliTad, biznesmens, romelsac gamosZales
fuli, damqiravebels, romlis mier
daqiravebuli pirebic moisyides, moklulis
ojaxis wevrebs) SeuZlia, uCivlos
naTlimamas samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis
wesiT da ainazRauros is ekonomikuri
danakargebi, romelic man mafiis reketuli
saqmianobis Sedegad ganicada.
reketuli saqmianoba
reketuli saqmianobis gareSe, gaZneldebo-
da rikos sarCelis safuZvlianobis
mtkiceba, amitom pirma Tavdapirvelad
unda amtkicos Tavad reketul saqmianobad
miCneuli danaSaulis arsebobis faqti.
swored amis gamo rikos sarCeli iTvleba
erT-erT yvelaze Znelad mosagebad.
amboben kidec, imisaTvis, rom damtkicdes
reketuli saqmianobis arsebobis faqti,
prokurorma an mosarCelem unda daadas-
turon „danaSauli danaSaulSi“.
prokurorsa da mosarCeles ara aqvT Sansi,
daadasturon „SedarebiT didi“ danaSauli
(magaliTad, rikos samarTaldarRveva),
vidre Tavdapirvelad ar daasabuTeben
„SedarebiT mcire“ danaSaulis arsebobis
faqts (magaliTad, reketis faqts).
amrigad, rikos sarCelis dasasabuTeblad,
mosarCele an prokurori valdebuli
arian, Tavdapirvelad ganacxadon
1818181818 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
mkvlelobis, gatacebis, SenobisaTvis
cecxlis wakidebis, yaCaRobis da sxva
danaSaulebrivi faqtebis Sesaxeb da
daamtkicon kidec isini. mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac mtkicebulebebiT dadastur-
deba es „SedarebiT mcire“ danaSauli,
mosarCeles da prokurors SeuZliaT,
amtkicon „SedarebiT didi“ danaSaulis
arseboba, rogoricaa danaSaulebrivi
organizacia, moqmedeba da menejmenti.
rikos kanonis 1964(g)-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli zianis
anazRaurebis
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi wesi
1970 wels, anu maSin, rodesac kongresma
rikos kanoni miiRo,
yvela moeloda, rom sasamarTloebSi
rikos sarCelebis umravlesobas
sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis gziT
aSS-s prokurorebi Seitandnen.
Tumca, 1980 wlidan rikos kanonis „kudma“
(anu zianis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
wesiT anazRaurebis SesaZleblobam) qicini
daiwyo.
am droidan rikos kanonis safuZvelze
samoqalaqo sarCelebis ricxvma
arnaxuli zrda ganicada, xolo
yovelwliurad sasamarTloebSi
sisxlis samarTlebrivi wesiT Sesuli
rikos sarCelebis raodenoba rikos
samoqalaqo sarCelebis umniSvnelo
procentiRa iyo.
kanonis Seqmnisas kongresi imdenad
uyuradRebod moekida rikos samoqalqo
sarCelebis wardgenis SesaZleblobas, rom
mas msgavsi sarCelebisTvis garkveuli
SezRudvebis daweseba mxedvelobidan
gamorCa.
samoqalqo-samarTlebrivi wesiT zianis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb rikos kanonis
1964(g)-e muxlis Tanaxmad:
nebismieri piri, vis bizness an/da
sakuTrebas miadga ziani am kanonis
1962/e muxlis darRvevis gamo,
uflebamosilia, iCivlos aSS-s
nebismier kompetentur saolqo
sasamarTloSi da moiTxovos
zaralis sammagi odenobisa da
sasamarTlo xarjebis, maT Soris
advokatis ayvanisTvis saWiro
gonivruli moculobis Tanxebis
anazRaureba...“
miuxedavad imisa, rom es debuleba sakmaod
cxadad aris formulirebuli, rikos
samoqalqo sarCelis sasamarTloSi
Setanamde, saWiroa, ramodenime faqtoris
gaTvaliswineba.
SeuZlia Tu ara pirs, rikos
kanonis safuZvelze, waradginos
samoqalaqo sarCeli im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
braldebuls ar Caudenia
danaSauli?
nebismieri rikos sarCeli unda
efuZnebodes piris mier sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis, rogorc
Tavad kanoni ambobs, „reketis faqts“.
„reketul saqmianobas“ warmoadgens mZime
danaSaulebi, romlebic CamoTvlilia
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 1919191919
rikos kanonis 1961(1)-e muxlSi. samoqalaqo
mosarCelem unda daamtkicos ara marto
braldebulis monawileoba reketul
saqmianobaSi, aramed aseve rikos sarCelis
sxva elementebic. am SemTxvevaSi,
mosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTi, ra Tqma
unda, gacilebiT dabalia, vidre
prokuroris. samoqalaqo
mosarCelem mtkicebulebebis
wardgenis gziT, nafici
msajulebi unda daarwmunos
mxolod imaSi, rom piri
eweoda reketul saqmianobas;
maSin, rodesac prokurori
valdebulia, nafic msajulebs
gonivrul eWvs miRma daudasturos
reketis Cadenis faqti. sxva
ganmasxvavebeli niSani sisxlis da
samoqalaqo rikos sarCelebs Soris
aris saqmis saboloo Sedegi. Tu
mosarCele moigebs rikos samoqalaqo
sarCels, mas aunazRaurdeba
miyenebuli zaralis sammagi odenoba
da advokatis xarjebi. xolo Tuki
sasamarTlo daeTanxmeba prokuroris
sarCels, braldebuls sasjelis
saxiT Seefardeba patimroba.
prokurorze dakisrebuli aseTi
maRali mtkicebis tvirTi
gamarTlebulia saqmis saboloo
Sedegis gaTvalsiwinebiT,
radgan braldebuls ara
mxolod CamoerTmeva fuli,
aramed Seefardeba Tavisuflebis
aRekveTa.
rikos kanonis gansjadia Semdegi saxis
qmedeba:
2020202020 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
reketuli saqmianobis minimum ori
SemTxveva, romelTagan erT-erTi
ganxorcielda am kanonis ZalaSi
Sesvlis Semdeg, xolo ukanaskneli...
bolo reketuli qmedebis Cadenidan
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi“.
Tumca, kanonis amgvari defincia gaxda
ararelevanturi mas Semdeg, rac aSS-s
uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo
gadawyvetileba saqmeze H.J Inc v.Nortwestern Bell Tele. Co., 409 U.S.299 (1989).
H.J Inc-is saqmeze aSS-s uzenaesma
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom
`gangrZobadobisa~ da „dakavSirebulis“
faqtorebi erTad qmnian qmedebis
Semadgenlobas. seriuli danaSaulebi
akmayofileben „gangrZobadobis“
moTxovnas, Tu is grZeldeba sakmaod did
xans (rogorc wesi, erTi weli an ufro
meti), an Tu arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom is
usasrulod gagrZeldeba. ukanaskneli
tipis gangrZobadobis magaliTia, rodesac
klanis wevri gamoTqvams muqaras:
gadamixade TveSi ori aTasi
dolari, Torem fexebs mogamtvrev“.
mas Semdeg, rac msxverplma gadaixada ori
Tvis fuli, gamomZalveli daapatimres.
gamoZalva grZeldeboda mxolod or Tves,
magram arsebobda muqara imisa, rom igi
gastanda usasrulod, magaliTad, Tu
gamomZalvels ar daapatimrebdnen,
msxverpls mudmivad mouwevda
yovelTviuri „gadasaxadis“ Segroveba.
sakmarisad gangrZobadTan erTad
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi unda iyos
„erTmaneTTan kavSirSi“, magaliTad,
saxeze unda iyos msgavsi miznebi,
Sedegebi, monawileni, msxverpli, an
danaSaulis Cadenis msgavsi
meTodebi, an sxvagvarad unda iyvnen
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT da ar
unda warmoadgendnen izolirebul
movlenebs.“
Tuki braldebulis reketuli saqmianoba
akmayofilebs „gangrZobadobis“ da
„dakavSirebulobis“ faqtorebs, mas
(braldebuls) cnoben „reketuli
saqmianobis monawiled“.
,,
,,
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 2121212121
SesaZlebelia Tu ara rikos
kanonis gamoyeneba
korporaciebis winaaRmdeg?
1970 wels, anu Tavdapirvelad kanonis
mizani iyo aSS-s ekonomikaze mafiisa da
sxva kriminaluri sindikatebis gavlenis
Semcireba. saqmeze United States v. Turkette,542 U.S. 576 (1981), uzenaesma sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom rikos kanoni exeba orives,
rogorc kanonier, ise ukanono rikos
gaerTianebebs. am gadawyvetilebamde bevri
qveda donis sasamarTlo cdilobda,
SeezRuda rikos moqmedebis sfero mxolod
„kriminaluri“, „ukanono“, „reketuli“
komerciuli organizaciebiT. Turkette-s
gadawyvetilebaSi dafiqsierbuli poziciis
Semdeg rikos kanonis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia ara marto mafiisa da sxva
kriminaluri organizaciebis winaaRmdeg,
aramed korporaciebis, politikuri
protest jgufebis, SromiTi gaerTianebe-
bis winaaRmdeg. sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom rikos kanonis gamoyeneba SesaZlebe-
lia nebismieri jgufis an organizaciis
winaaRmdeg, romelTa wevrebsac gaaCniaT
saerTo mizani.
bevri Tvlida, rom kanonis amgvari interp-
retacia gascda kongresis Tavdapirvel
mizans. Turkette-is gadawyvetilebis
kritikosebi Ciodnen, rom rikos kanonis
gamoyeneba unda SezRuduliyo mafiiT an
sxva aSkarad danaSaulebrivi
organizaciiT. Tumca aq ismis kiTxva, ras
niSnavs „aSkarad danaSaulebrivi
organizacia“? Sedgeba Tu ara aRniSnuli
organizaciebi mxolod italielebisa da
2222222222 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
kolumbielebisagan? qveda donis
sasamarTloebi verasodes iZleodnen
pasuxs am kiTxvaze, nacvlad amisa, isini
ZiriTadad acxadebdnen:
Cven ar viciT rogor ganvmartoT
`kriminaluri~, `aralegitimuri~, an
`reketuli~ organizacia, Tumca
Cven vcnobT mas, rodesac igi
marTlac saxezea.~
es ar warmoadgens kanonier standarts,
romelsac daeTanxmeboda aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlo. igi ar daeTanxmeboda am
definicias arc raime eTnikuri Tu rasob-
rivi niSnis gamo; gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac Tavad kanoni ar Seicavs amgvar
SezRudvas. ase rom, Turkette-is gadawyveti-
lebaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada,
rom rodesac kongresi iyenebda termins
`gaerTianeba~, igi gulisxmobda yvela saxis
gaerTianebas —kanoniersac da ukanonosac.
qarTuli riko
15 maiss saqarTvelos mTavrobis
sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT parlamentSi
Sevida iusticiis saministros mier
momzadebuli kanonproeqtTa paketi,
romliTac gaTvaliswinebulia cvlilebebis
Setana prokuraturis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
organul kanonSi, saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso da materialur
kodeqsebSi da aseve gamiznulia calke
kanonis miReba „organizebuli
danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb“.
ra ZiriTad siaxleebs
iTvaliswinebs axali qarTuli
antireketuli kanonmdebloba?
SesaZlebelia reketirisa da kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul sxva pirTaTvis
reketuli saqmianobis Sedegad
mopovebuli qonebis CamorTmeva
(sarCelis Setana SeuZlia mxolod
prokurors);
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 181-e
muxls (gamoZalva) reketiris mier am
danaSaulis Cadena erT-erT
damamZimebel garemoebad daemata;
gamartivebulia sisxlis
samarTalwarmoeba reketirad miCneuli
piris mimarT da igi uflebrivad
gaTanabrebulia Tanamdebobis pirTan.
axla konkretulad mimovixiloT SemoTava-
zebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi:
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 2323232323
kanoni organizebuli danaSaulisa da
reketis Sesaxeb:
saqarTvelos kanoni „organizebuli
danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb“
warmoadgens ZiriTad, e.w. CarCo kanons.
rogorc kanonproeqtis pirvelive
muxlidan irkveva, misi mizania
xeli Seuwyos organizebuli
danaSaulisa da reketis winaaRmdeg
brZolasa da prevencias
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebrivi da
kerZo interesebis dacvis mizniT~.
imisaTvis, rom kanonis interesis aRqma
adekvaturad moxdes, aucilebelia misi
Semadgeneli ZiriTadi elementebis
ganmarteba:
ras warmoadgens
reketuli saqmianoba?
kanonis mixedviT, reketi aris Semosavlis
an sxvagvari qonebrivi sargeblis sistema-
tiuri miRebis mizniT warmoebuli araerT-
jeradi da organizebuli saqmianoba,
romelic dakavSirebulia ganzraxi danaSa-
ulis CadenasTan (Tu ar aris gaqarwyle-
buli an moxsnili nasamarTloba), Tu is
ganxorcielda orjer mainc xuTi kalenda-
ruli wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelSic ar
Sedis reketiris dapatimrebisa da
sasjelis moxdis vada.
amgvari definicia gansxvavdeba misi
amerikuli analogisagan, rogorc minimum
or aspeqtSi:
a) amerikul rikos kanons ara aqvs
ukuZala, anu igi ar vrceldeba 1970
wlamde (kanonis miRebis TariRi)
Cadenil reketul qmedebad miCneul
danaSaulebze, maSin rodesac qarTuli
kanoni ar akonkretebs, Tu ramdenad
SeiZleba piris reketirad miCneva, Tu
magaliTad, 2003 wels ganaxorciela
gamoZalva da amas 2004 wels daemata
igive danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kidev
erTi faqti;
b) qarTuli kanoni orjer ufro amcirebs
reketuli qmedebis Cadenis vadebs. anu
Tu aSS-Si rikos kanonis moqmedebis qveS
eqceva reketuli saqmianobis minimum
ori SemTxveva, romelTagan erT-erTi
ganxorcielda kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis
Semdeg, xolo ukanaskneli... bolo
reketuli qmedebis Cadenidan aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli kanoni awesebs
xuT wels.
rogoria reketuli da
jgufebis definicia?
reketul dajgufebad iTvleba Tavisi
saqmianobiT reketTan dakavSirebuli
iuridiuli piri, aseve fizikur an/da
iuridiul pirTa nebismieri gaerTianeba.
anu es kanonproeqti warmatebiT exeba
rogorc registrirebul iuridiul pirebs,
ise sxvadasxva dajgufebas (e.w. saZmos da
bandas) da individebs.
,,
2424242424 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
vin aris reketiri?
anu vis exeba kanoni?
reketiri aris piri, romelic damoukideb-
lad, an sxva pirTan an pirebTan erTad
warmarTavs reketuli dajgufebis
saqmianobas, an sxvagvarad monawileobs
reketuli dajgufebis saqmianobaSi da
misTvis cnobilia is, rom es dajgufeba
reketul dajgufebas warmoadgens, aseve
ukanonod wyvets an monawileobs reketul
dajgufebaTa, an reketul dajgufebasa da
sxva pirTa Soris davebis gadawyvetaSi.
es debuleba gansakuTrebiT „sayuradReboa“
e.w. „kanonieri qurdebisaTvis“, romelTa
„saqmianobis“ ZiriTadi tipia sxvadasxva
kriminalur elementebs Soris saqmis
garCeva, wilebis gadanawileba da sxva.
reketuli qonebis CamorTmeva
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi
prokuratura uflebamosilia, moiTxovos
ara marto im reketuli qonebis CamorTmeva,
romelic imyofeba reketirTan, aramed
reketiris ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis
an dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, qoneba
an qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis
marTlzomieri saSualebebiT miRebis
damadasturebeli sabuTi, an sxva
mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.
aRniSnuli debuleba erTi SexedviT usamar-
Tloa, radgan ratom unda agos pasuxi,
magaliTad, griSam Tu igi aris reketiris
axlo naTesavi megobari. Tumca am dros
unda gavixsenoT, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlisa da administraciul saproceso
kodeqsebSi ukve moqmedebs ukanono da
dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevis
Sesaxeb normebi, romliTac sarCelis
Setana SesaZlebelia ara marto im ukanono
da dausabuTebuli qonebis Taobaze,
romelic Tanamdebobis piris mflobeloba-
Sia, aramed, misi ojaxis wevris, axlo
naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris mimarTac.
qarTuli rikos kanonis aRniSnuli maxasi-
aTebeli erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgens
ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-
Tmevis Sesaxeb ukve moqmedi meqanizmisa,
radgan reketis Sesaxeb kanoni aucilebel
pirobad miiCnevs imas, rom reketiris
ojaxis wevri, axlo naTesavi an dakavSire-
buli piri Semosavlis, qonebis an qonebidan
miRebuli Semosavlis marTlozomierebas
ver adasturebdes Sesabamisi sabuTebiT.
anu am meqanizmiT saqarTveloSi SesaZlebe-
li xdeba ara marto Tanamdebobis piris
(ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-
Tmeva SesaZlebelia, mxolod Tanamdebobis
pirTaTvis) aramed nebismieri moqalaqis
(romelic reketiria) ojaxis wevris, axlo
naTesavis an dakavSirebul piris mimarT
sarCelis Setana.
vis ganixilavs kanoni
reketirTan dakavSirebul pirad?
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, aseTi aris is
piri, romelsac iuridiuli dokumentaciis
safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi aqvs qoneba da
arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi, rom
igi miRebulia reketis Sedegad da am
qonebiT sargeblobs reketiri.
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 2525252525
anu am SemTxvevaSi qonebis CamosarTmevad
sakmarisi safuZveli ar aris is, rom igi
miRebulia reketuli saqmianobis Sedegad.
amasTan erTad aucilebelia, rom reketu-
li qonebiT unda sargeblobdes reketiri.
cvlilebebi sisxlis samarTlis
saproceso kodeqsSi:
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, mniSvnelovnad
gamartivebulia sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba
reketiris mimarT da igi uflebrivad
gaTanabrebulia Tanamdebobis pirTan.
magaliTad:
Tu braldebuli Tanamdebobis piri an
reketiria da Tavs aridebs
sagamoZiebo organoebSi gamocxadebas,
sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba ar Cerdeba.
aseve,
Tu arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi
dasabuTebuli varaudisTvis, rom
reketirma Caidina danaSauli da mZime
avadmyofobis gamo mis mimarT
SeuZlebelia sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis
Catareba, gamomZiebels, reketiris
dauswreblad, gamoaqvs dadgenileba
2626262626 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
misi eWvmitanilad cnobisa da
dakavebis Sesaxeb, xolo braldebulis
saxiT sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxisgebaSi micemis da braldebis
wayenebis Semdeg, ufleba aqvs,
SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos
sasamarTlos mis mimarT aRkveTis
RonisZiebis SerCevis Sesaxeb.
190-e muxlis I I I nawilis mixedviT,
sasamarTlos SeuZlia yadaRa daados
qonebas, Tu aris sakmarisi monacemebi,
rom es qoneba reketulia.
311-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT,
Tu braldebuli reketiria da Tavs
aridebs sagamoZiebo organoebSi
gamocxadebas, mtkicebulebebis
Segroveba da sabraldebo daskvnis
Sedgena SesaZlebelia braldebulis
dakiTxvis gareSe.
cvlilebebi prokuraturis
Sesaxeb organul kanonSi:
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT organul
kanonSive dafiqsirda, rom prokurori
uflebamosilia saxelmwifos saxeliT
sasamarTloSi Seitanos sarCeli reketuli
qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis
Taobaze.
cvlilebebi sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi:
aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT 181-e muxls
(gamoZalva) erT-erT damamZimebel
garemoebad damatebuli aqvs gamoZalva
Cadenili reketiris mier, rac isjeba
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT rvidan
Tormet wlamde. anu aRniSnuli debulebiT,
ar xdeba reketuli saqmianobis calke
danaSaulad gamoyofa, aramed xdeba misi
integrireba gamoZalvis cnebaSi, rogorc
mis erT-erT damamZimebel garemoebad.
iZleva Tu ara qarTuli rikos
kanoni moqalaqeebis mier
reketiris winaaRmdeg
sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis
saSualebas miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovniT?
mxolod prokurors aqvs ufleba,
reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis sarCeliT
mimarTos sasamarTlos. moqalaqeebs ara
aqvT ufleba, sarCeli Seitanon
sasamarTloSi reketirisagan zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovniT.
am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT kanonpro-
eqtis avtorebs aqvT kontrargumenti, rom
rigiT moqalaqes saqarTveloSi isedac Se-
uZlia saamoqalaqo sarCelis Setana zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovniT da Sesabamisad,
ar aris aucilebeli amis Taobaze rikos
kanonmdeblobaSi specialuri Canaweris
arseboba. Tumca, arsebobs sapirispirod
argumentebi. pirvel rigSi, saproceso
kanonmdeblobaSi, gansxvavebiT material-
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 2727272727
urisagan, ar arsebobs principi – dasaSvebia
is, rac ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. sapro-
ceso kanonmdeblobaSi (da rikos qarTuli
kanonmdebloba mTlianad saproceso nor-
mebs efuZneba) moqmedebs principi –
dasaSvebia is, rac mocemulia kanoniT.
rikos qarTuli kanonmdebloba arsad ar
amombobs, rom rigiT moqalaqeebs gaaCniaT
sarCelis Setanis uflebamosileba. metic,
ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis
CamorTmevis (qarTul) kanonmdeblobaSi
saproceso samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
aRniSnuli principi gaiTvaliswines da
swored amitom, kanonSi arsebobs pirdapiri
Canaweri, rom nebismieri piri uflebamosilia,
aRniSnuli sarCeli Seitanos sasamarTloSi,
Tu igi daamtkicebs, rom warmoadgens
uSualod dazaralebuls.
rikos kanonis samSoblos (aSS) magaliTidan
aSkarad Cans, reketiris winaaRmdeg
reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis moTxovniT,
sarCelis Sesatanad mxolod rigiTi moqa-
laqeebi `iclian~. amas Tu davumatebT im
faqts, rom jer-jerobiT saqarTvelos
sasamarTloebSi prokuraturidan ar
Sesula arc erTi sarCeli Tanamdebobis
piris mimarT mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli
ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-
Tmevis moTxovniT, maSin advili savaraudoa,
rom moqalaqeebis mier Setanili sarCelebi
(Tu ki amas dauSvebs kanoni) Seadgendes
sarCelebis saerTo raodenobis did
umravlesobas. amasTanave aucilebelia,
rom am SemTxvevaSi pirma (mosarCelem)
daadasturos, rom igi warmoadgens
reketuli saqmianobis pirdapir msxverpls.
2828282828 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
I. Sesavali
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba adamianis uflebebis
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi normaa, romelic miznad
isaxavs individebis dacvas TviTneburi da arakanonieri
qmedebebisagan, an im ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
xelyofisagan, romelTagan yvelaze Rirebuli adamianis
sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis uflebaa. es ufleba aRiarebulia
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-14 muxliT. am
normis mixedviT,
yvelas aqvs samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, rac
moicavs sajaro mosmenas kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da
moukerZoebeli tribunalis mier, romelic kanonis
Tanaxmad aris Seqmnili~.1
am uflebis fundamenturi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod
imiT, rom mas ganmartebebis sakmaod sqeltaniani dokumentebis
ra aris
sasamarTlo
samarTliani
iuridiuli standartebis da praqtikis gzamkvlevi
,,
maiko oqruaSvilma
moamzada
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 2929292929
nusxa mohyveba, aramed imiTac, rom
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
paqtis Tanaxmad, igi paqtis me-4 muxliT2
garantirebuli, xelSeuvali uflebebis
siaSi unda Sevides. samarTliani
sasamarTlos ufleba vrceldeba rogorc
individis mier Setanili sarCelisas
e.w. `suit at law~, aseve sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas. termini
`suit at law~ moicavs sasamarTlo warmoebis
mraval tips, maT Soris administraciul
samarTalwarmoebas. Tumca am publikaciaSi
samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas mxolod
sisxlis samarTlis warmoebisas ganvixilavT.
calkeuli saqmis specifikidan da monito-
ringis ganmxorcielebeli organizaciebis
interesebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia
sasamarTlo procesze zedmiwevniT detaluri
dakvirvebis gadmocema. Tumca SesaZloa,
ZiriTadi miznebis dajgufeba Semdegi saxiT:
sasamarTlom unda gaacnobieros, rom
qveynis xelisuflebisa da farTo
sazogadoebis interesi ama Tu im
sasamarTlo procesisadmi didia;
saWiroa sasamarTlos xelSewyoba, raTa
braldebulisTvis garantirebuli iyos
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba.
sasamarTlo darbazSi damkvirveblis
daswrebis Sedegad gamowveuli zegavlenis
xarisxi maTematikuri sizustiT ver
gaizomeba. Tumca damkvirveblebma da
dacvis mxarem araerTgzis aRniSnes, rom
damkvirvebelTa yofna sasamarTlo
darbazSi xSirad cvlis atmosferos
pozitiuri niSniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba,
rom sasamarTlo meti yuradRebiT
ekideba dacvis mxaris argumentebs,
Tavis mxriv, dacvis mxarec ufro
kvalificiurad da damajereblad
pasuxobs braldebis argumentebs;
amasTanave izrdeba mediis interesi
sasamarTlo procesisadmi.
saWiroa, movipovoT rac SeiZleba meti
informacia konkretuli sasamarTlo
procesis da saqmis irgvliv da
gavecnoT kanonmdeblobas, romlis
safuZvelzec xdeba saqmis ganxilva;
saWiroa, SevagrovoT informacia
politikuri da iuridiuli safuZlebis
Sesaxeb, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena
moaxdinos saboloo Sedegze.
3030303030 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
sakiTxs Tu ufro farTo WrilSi ganvixilavT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo procesis
monitoringi moicavs ara mxolod
damkvirveblis fizikur yofnas sasamarTlo
darbazSi, aramed mis mier gansaxilveli
saqmis Sesaxeb angariSis saTanadod
momzadebas im organizaciisaTvis,
romelsac is warmoadgens da mis farTod
gavrcelebas. am moxsenebis sajaroobaze
SesaZloa, didwilad iyos damokidebuli
braldebulis Sansi, misi saqme samarTlianad
ganixilon apelaciis dros. saboloo mizani
ki aris is, rom mivawodoT informacia
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas
daSvebul Secdomebsa da darRvevebze da
xeli SevuwyoT imas, rom arsebuli praqtika
adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso
samarTlis standartebTan movides
SesabamisobaSi. qvemoT mocemulia zogadi
kriteriumebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia
sasamarTlos samarTlianobis Sefaseba.
II. samarTliani sasamarTlos
ZiriTadi kriteriumebi
standartebi, romlis mixedviTac sasamar-
Tlo procesis samarTlianoba ganisazRv-
reba aris mravalricxovani, kompleqsuri
da swrafad ganviTarebadi. es standartebi
SeiZleba asaxuli iyos im saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebSi, romlis wevric aris esa
Tu is saxelmwifo, savaldebulo normebis
saxiT, Tumca metwilad msgavsi standartebi
gvxvdeba iseT dokumentebSi, romelTac
formalurad savaldebulo Zala ara aqvT,
magram swored isini asaxaven ama Tu im
sferoSi samarTlis ganviTarebis tenden-
ciebs.3 sasamarTlos samarTlianobis
Sesafaseblad saWiroa, rom damkvirveblebma
gamoiyenon Semdegi normebi:
im qveynis samarTlis normebi, sadac
sasamarTlo procesi mimdinareobs;
adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi, romelsac konkretuli
qveyana SeuerTda;
saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis
normebi4;
III. uflebebi
wina sasamarTlo stadiaze
1. TviTneburi dapatimrebis
da dakavebis akrZalva
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
paqtis me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis
mixedviT:
yvela adamians aqvs pirovnebis
Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis
ufleba~.
`adamianis Tavisuflebis~ interpretireba,
am muxlis miznebidan gamomdinare,
metismetad viwro gagebiT moxda da igi
niSnavs piris fizikuri gadaadgilebis
unars, romelic izRudeba, roca piri iseT
adgilas aris dakavebuli, rogoricaa
sapyrobile an izolatori.5 usafrTxoeba
ganmartebulia rogorc piris ufleba, ar
moxdes misi xelSeuxeblobis darRveva sxva
kerZo pirTa mxridan. samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-9 muxlis
pirveli nawilis mixedviT:
,,
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 3131313131
aravin unda daakavon an
daapatimron TviTneburad~
da
aravis SeiZleba aRekveTos
Tavisufleba kanoniT
gansazRvruli safuZvlebis gareSe
da kanoniT gansazRvruli
procedurebis Seusabamod~.
samarTlianobis principi, romelic
zemoaRniSnul normebSia ganmtkicebuli
rogorc arsobrivad, aseve procedurulad
adgens, rom termini `kanoni~ gagebul unda
iqnes abstraqtul normad, romelic yvela-
saTvis xelmisawvdomi da gasagebia da
asaxulia sakanonmdeblo aqtebsa Tu dauwe-
rel normebSi, romelic saerTo samarTalSi
gvxvdeba. `TviTnebobis~ akrZalva, romelic
zemoaRniSnul normebSi gvxvdeba, miznad isa-
xavs, arc Tavad kanoni iyos ganukiTxavi, anu
aSkarad araproporciuli,
usamarTlo da ganusazRvreli~,
amasTanave dakaveba ar atarebdes
diskriminaciul xasiaTs da efuZnebodes
saqmeSi arsebul garemoebebs.
2. piris ufleba, icodes dakavebis
mizezebi
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis me-9 muxlis meore
nawilis mixedviT:
yvela dakavebul pirs dakavebisTanave
unda ecnobos dakavebis mizezebisa
da wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb,
misTvis gasageb enaze~.
es norma ganimarta, rogorc piris ufleba,
dakavebisTanave Seityos dakavebis mizezis
Sesaxeb, aseve gonivrul vadaSi miiRos
Semdgomi iuridiuli braldeba da sxva
saTanado informacia. cxadia, pirs unda
waredginos sakmao informacia saimisod,
rom mas Semdgom SeeZlos misi dakavebis
kanonierebis6 gasaCivreba. marTalia,
dakavebis werilobiT sanqcias saerTaSo-
riso dokumentebi upirobod ar iTxovs,
magram orderis ararsebobam SesaZloa,
TviTneburi dakavebis da misi gasaCivrebis
safuZvlebi Seqmnas.
piris dakavebis mizezi da uflebebis
ganmarteba (magaliTad dumilis ufleba,
ufleba iuridiul daxmarebaze da a.S) unda
moxdes im enaze, romelic pirs esmis.
Sesabamisad, pirs ufleba aqvs, hyavdes
Tarjimani im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas
samarTalwarmoebis ena ar esmis. es ufleba
vrceldeba winasasamarTlo stadiazec.
3. iuridiuli daxmarebis ufleba
procesis samarTlianobis kvlevisas,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yuradRebiT
Sesaswavli iuridiuli daxmarebisa da
advokatTan urTierTobis uflebaa, radgan
yvelaze xSirad swored es ufleba irRveva.
advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadi principebis
pirveli principis Tanaxmad:
yvela adamians aqvs ufleba,
moiTxovos mis mier arCeuli
advokatis daxmareba, raTa daicvas
Tavisi uflebebi sisxlis
samarTlis saqmis warmoebis
nebismier stadiaze~.
,,,,
,,
,, ,,
3232323232 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
es ufleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
winasasamarTlo patimrobis SemTxvevaSi da
am TavSi mas swored xsenebul konteqstSi
ganvixilavT. dacvis ufleba aseve
mniSvnelovani elementia, rodesac
saubaria dacvis momzadebisaTvis
adekvatur pirobebze, Tumca dacvis
uflebas Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTad principebis
mexuTe principi da principTa erToblioba
nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatim-
rebuli piris dasacavad adgens, rom piris
dapatimrebisas da bralis wayenebisas,
kompetenturma organom dauyovnebliv
unda moaxdinos dakavebulis informireba
misi uflebis Sesaxeb _ moiTxovos mis
mierve arCeuli advokatis daxmareba.
advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadi principebis
me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, dapatimrebul an
dakavebul pirs ufleba aqvs, dauyovnebliv
Sexvdes advokats, Tumca ara ugvianes
dakavebidan an dapatimrebidan ormocdarva
saaTSi. amrigad, piris ufleba advokatis
daxmarebaze warmoiSveba misi dakavebis an
dapatimrebis momentidan, miuxedavad imisa,
wauyenes Tu ara mas formalurad brali.
metic, Tu braldebuls ara aqvs advokatis
daqiravebis saSualeba, Sesabamisma
organoebma unda uzrunvelyon igi ufaso
advokatiT, Tu marTlmsajulebis
interesebi amas moiTxovs. miuxedavad
marTlmsajulebis interesebisa, ufaso
advokatis daniSvna damokidebeulia
braldebis simZimeze da mosalodneli da
potenciuri sasjelis simZimeze.
advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadi principebis
merve principis mixedviT:
yvela dapatimrebuli, dakavebuli
an sapyrobileSi myofi piri
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos saTanado
SesaZleblobebiT, droiTa da
pirobebiT, Sexvdes Tavis advokats,
masTan komunikaciisa da
konsultaciis mizniT, dayovnebis,
Seferxebisa da cenzuris gareSe,
sruli konfidencialurobis
dacviT. aseT konsultaciebs SeiZleba
Tvalyuri adevnos samarTaldamcavi
organos warmomadgenelma, Tumca
maTi mosmenis gareSe.~
4. sasamarTloSi dauyovnebliv wardgenis
ufleba, piris dapatimrebis an dakavebis
kanonierebis gasaCivrebis mizniT
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-9 muxlis
mesame nawili sagangebod exeba sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulSi braldebiT dakave-
buli an dapatimrebuli piris uflebas. am
normis Tanaxmad:
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sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis
safuZvelze dakavebuli an
dapatimrebuli piri dauyovnebliv
unda waradginon mosamarTlis an
sxva moxelis winaSe, romelsac
kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba; aseve
gonivrul vadaSi gasamarTlebis an
sasamarTlo ganxilvamde
gaTavisuflebis ufleba~.
termini `dauyovnebliv~ adamianis uflebebis
komitetma Semdegnairad ganmarta: `piris
dakavebidan sasamarTloSi wardgenamde peri-
odi ar unda aRematebodes `ramdenime dRes~.7
paqtis me-9 muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT
aSkaraa, rom winasasamarTlo patimroba ar
unda iyos `zogadi wesi~ da gulisxmobs,
rom dakavebuls ufleba aqvs, gaaTavisuf-
lon sasamarTlo sxdomamde giraos an sxva
alternatiuli garantiis safuZvelze.
amasTan igive normis mixedviT, Tu sasamar-
Tlo procesi ar gaimarTeba gonivrul
droSi, maSin braldebuli sasamarTlo
sxdomamde pirobiT unda gaaTavisuflon.
is, Tu ra periodia gonivruli vada,
damokidebulia konkretul saqmeze,
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi iseTi faqtorebi,
rogoricaa saqmis sirTule da sxva.8
amaze sagangebo miniSnebis gareSe, me-9 muxlis
meoTxe nawili uzrunvelyofs habeas korpusis
anu amparos uflebas, rac gulisxmobs
piris uflebas, sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros
misi dakaveba an dapatimreba da gaTavisuf-
ldes, Tu igi ukanonod iyo dakavebuli. am
konteqstSi unda aRiniSnos:
aRniSnuli normis miznebidan
gamomdinare, termini `sasamarTlo~
gulisxmobs saerTo iurisdiqciis
sasamarTlos, aseve specialur,
administraciul, sakonstitucio an
samxedro sasamarTlos;
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba moicavs
mxolod dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxs;
rac Seexeba `dayovnebas~, misi ganxilva
unda moxdes yoveli konkretuli saqmis
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
habeas korpusis procedurebi unda iyos
swrafi, martivi da ufaso, Tu dakavebul
pirs ara aqvs gadaxdis saSualeba9. dakave-
buls unda gaaCndes ufleba, gonivruli
intervalebis gasvlis Semdeg kvlav gaasa-
Civros misi dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxi.10
da bolos, paqtis mecxre muxlis mexuTe
nawilis mixedviT:
yvelas, vinc gaxda ukanono dakavebis
an dapatimrebis msxverpli, aqvs
sasamarTlos ZaliT aRsrulebadi
kompensaciis ufleba~.
aseTi sakiTxi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rodesac
irRveva mecxre muxlis (1-4 nawili) normebi,
aseve saxezea qveynis Sidakanonmdeblobis
darRveva. Tumca saerTaSoriso kanonmdeb-
lobiT ar aris daregulirebuli zusti
procedurebi, romelTa mixedviTac
SesaZloa kompensaciis miReba, Tumca
igulisxmeba, rom pirs aqvs ufleba,
samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitanos saxelmwifos,
konkretuli organos an pasuxismgebeli
piris winaaRmdeg.
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5. wamebis akrZalva da piris ufleba,
winasasamarTlo patimrobisas
imyofebodes adamianur pirobebSi
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-7 muxlis
mixedviT, akrZalulia wameba, arahumanuri
da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba an
sasjeli. es norma saerTaSoriso
CveulebiTi samarTlis da jus cogensisnawilia. wamebis definicia da wamebisagan
dacvis RonisZiebebi Camoyalibda 1984
wlis wamebis winaaRmdeg konvenciaSi:
am konvenciis miznebisaTvis, termini
`wameba~ niSnavs nebismier qmedebas,
romliTac mZime fizikuri an
fsiqiuri tkivili an tanjva ganzrax
miadga pirs im mizniT, rom misgan an
mesame pirisagan moxdes informaciis
an aRiarebis miReba; piris dasjas im
qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an
mesame pirma Caidines, an
eWvmitanili arian mis CadenaSi; misi
an mesame piris daSinebiT an
iZulebiT an nebismieri mizeziT,
romelic raime saxis diskriminacias
efuZneba, roca aseTi tkivili an
tanjva miyenebulia an waqezebiT an
TanxmobiT an Tanamdebobis piris
usityvo TanxmobiT an sxva piris
mier, romelic moqmedebda rogorc
oficialuri piri. es ganmarteba ar
moicavs tkivilsa da tanjvas,
romelic gamomdinareobs,
ganuyofelia an SemTxveviT
gamoiwvia kanonierma sanqciam.~
wameba, romelic akrZalulia saerTaSoriso
sisxlis sasamarTlos statutiT, rogorc
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili
danaSauli, Tu mas sistematiuri xasiaTi
da farTo masStabi aqvs, gacilebiT
farTodaa ganmartebuli statutiT, vidre
wamebis konvenciiT. konvenciisgan
gansxvavebiT, statuti moicavs wamebis
aqtebs, romlebic Cadenilia sajaro
moxelisgan damoukideblad, anu kerZo
pirebis mier kerZo motivebiT.
konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, ar
SeiZleba wamebis gasamarTlebad iseTi
gamonaklisi situaciebis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa
saomari mdgomareoba, omis safrTxe,
Sida politikuri arastabiluroba
an sxvagvari areuloba~.
konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebu-
lni arian, miiRon efeqturi sakanonmdeblo,
sasamarTlo da sxva zomebi, raTa aRkveTon
wameba maTi iurisdiqciis teritoriaze (mux-
li 2 (1). amasTanave, me-2 (3) muxlis Tanaxmad,
arc zemdgom pirTa brZanebebi ar warmoad-
gens wamebis gasamarTlebel safuZvels.
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis meaTe muxlis
mixedviT:
yvela TavisuflebaRkveTil pirs
aqvs ufleba, humanurad moeqcnen
da pativi scen mis pirovnebas~.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebiT
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis meSvide muxlisgan,
romelic krZalavs wamebas da araadamianur
mopyrobas an sasjels, adamianuri mopyrobis
ufleba pozitiur valdebulebebs akisrebs
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saxelmwifos. es valdebuleba miznad isaxavs,
uzrunvelyos minimaluri standartebis
dacva dakavebisas.
zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom humanuri
mopyroba, romelic meaTe muxliT aris
uzrunvelyofili, moicavs
adamianis Rirsebis ufro dabali
xarisxiT ugulebelyofas, vidre es
konvenciis meSvide muxliT aris
gaTvaliswinebuli~.11
amasTanave wamebis akrZalvis muxli exeba
piris Rirsebis specifiuri saxis Selaxvas
da vrceldeba yvela pirze, miuxedavad
imisa, dakavebulia es piri Tu ara, xolo
humanuri mopyrobis norma exeba mxolod
dakavebul pirebs. adamianis uflebebis
komitetis mier gakeTebuli komentarebis
mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT ufleba,
arahumanuri mopyrobis gasamarTleblad,
argumentad finansebis uqonloba
moimizezon. dakavebul pirebs unda
hqondeT adekvaturi sakvebi, tansacmeli,
samedicino daxmareba da saSualeba, rom
kavSiri hqondeT maT ojaxebTan.12
5. Incommunicado _ dakavebis akrZalva
adamianis uflebebis komitetma daadgina,
rom incommunicado dakaveba arRvevs
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis meSvide muxls,
romelic krZalavs wamebas, arahumanur,
sastik da Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobas.
principTa erTobliobis mecxramete
principis Tanaxmad:
dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs
ufleba aqvs, awarmoos Sexvedrebi
da hqondes mimowera Tavisi ojaxis
wevrebTan da unda mieces
SesaZlebloba, hqondes urTierToba
gare samyarosTan kanoniT da sxva
kanonieri gadawyvetilebebiT
gansazRvruli pirobebisa da
SezRudvebis farglebSi~.
gare samyarosTan urTierTobis ufleba,
rogorc minimum, moicavs piris uflebas,
urTierToba hqondes mis ojaxTan,
advokatTan da eqimTan.
principTa erTobliobis meTeqvsmete prin-
cipis Tanaxmad, dakavebuli piris ojaxs
dauyovnebliv unda acnobon piris dakave-
bisa da adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. piris
sxva adgilas gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi, amis
Sesaxeb unda ecnobos mis ojaxs. dakavebul
pirs ar unda aekrZalos mis ojaxTan komu-
nikacia ara umetes ramdenime dRisa, xolo
rodesac piri winasasamarTlo patimrobaSi
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3636363636 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
imyofeba, unda hqondes ufleba, rom is
moinaxulon ojaxis wevrebma, es ufleba
SeiZleba SeizRudos, rodesac es aucile-
belia marTlmsajulebis ganxorciele-
bisa da usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis.
sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri ucxo qveynis
moqalaqea, mas unda hqondes ufleba,
Sexvdes misi qveynis warmomadgenlebs.13
IV. sasamarTlo mosmena
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani norma,
romelic am sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda gaviT-
valiswinoT, aris samoqalaqo da politiku-
ri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-14
muxli. xsenebuli muxlis mixedviT, garanti-
rebulia sasamarTlos winaSe Tanasworoba,
samarTliani da sajaro mosmenis ufleba
kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da miuker-
Zoebeli tribunalis winaSe, romelic
kanoniT aris dadgenili, rogorc sisxlis,
aseve samoqalaqo saqmeebisaTvis.
1. sasamarTloebis Tanabari
xelmisawvdomobis da sasamarTlos
winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba
paqtis me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis
Tanaxmad:
yoveli adamiani Tanasworia
sasamarTlosa da tribunalis winaSe~.
es norma ganimarta, rogorc piris ufleba,
diskriminaciis gareSe mimarTos
sasamarTloebsa da tribunalebs; aseve
rogorc akrZalva garkveul pirTa jgufe-
bisaTvis specialuri sasamarTloebis
Seqmnaze. Tumca saerTo iurisdiqciis
specialuri sasamarTloebis Seqmna, rogo-
riciaa, magaliTad, samxedro sasamarTlo-
ebi, mainc problematur sakiTxad rCeba.
adamianis uflebebis komisiis komentarebis
mixedviT, me-14 muxlis safuZvelze ar aris
akrZaluli samxedro sasamarTloebis
Seqmna, Tu gansazRvrulia da daculia
proceduruli garantiebi. Tumca arasam-
Tavrobo organizaciebs Soris gavrcele-
bulia Sexeduleba, rom samxedro sasamar-
Tloebis mier samoqalaqo pirTa
gasamarTleba aris ukanono.
me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winada-
debiT dadgenilia garantiebi sajaro mos-
menisaTvis, kompetenturi, damoukidebeli
da miukerZoebeli, kanonis safuZvelze
Seqmnili sasamarTlos an tribunalis mier.
2. samarTliani mosmenis ufleba
samarTliani mosmenis erT-erTi kriteriumi
aris sasamarTlo procesis dros prokurorsa
da dacvis mxares Soris mxareTa Tanasworo-
bis garantiebis dacva. mxareTa Tanasworobis
ufleba gulisxmobs, rom procesis
msvlelobisas prokurors da dacvis
advokats hqondeT Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
_ daayenon Suamdgomlobebi, warmoadginon
mtkicebulebebi da dakiTxon mowmeebi.
3. sajaro mosmenis ufleba
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad, pirs aqvs
sajaro mosmenis ufleba, Tumca garkveul
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SemTxvevebSi arsebobs gamonaklisebi am
ZiriTadi wesidan. procesis sajarooba
moicavs rogorc sasamarTlo sxdomis
Riaobas, aseve gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis
momentis Riaobas. es ufleba ekuTvnis
rogorc braldebuls, aseve zogadad
sazogadoebas.
sajaro mosmenis ufleba niSnavs, rom sasa-
marTlo sxdoma unda Catardes zepirad da
unda iyos Ria, mxareTa moTxovnis gareSec.
sasamarTloebi da tribunalebi ki valde-
bulni arian, gonivrul vadaSi gaxadon
sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi infor-
macia sxdomis adgilis, droisa da sxva
detalebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebis da, maT
Soris, presis warmomadgenlebs SesaZloa,
aekrZaloT mTel procesze an mis romelime
nawilze daswrebis ufleba im mizezTa gamo,
romlebic CamoTvlilia paqtis me-14 muxlis
pirvel nawilSi, Tumca aseTi akrZalva sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT unda dadgindes.
sazogadoebas SeiZleba aekrZalos sxdomaze
daswreba
moralis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis,
erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sxvaTa
interesebis dacvis mizniT~.
sazogadeobas SesaZloa aekrZalos
sxdomaze daswreba iseT SemTxvevebSic,
rodesac, sasamarTlos azriT,
sajaroobam SesaZloa, safrTxe
Seuqmnas marTlmsajulebis
interesebs~.
moraluri safuZvliT sxdomebze sazogado-
ebis daswrebis akrZalvas sqesobrivi dana-
Saulebis Sesaxeb procesebis dros vawyde-
biT. termini `sazogadoebrivi wesrigi
(ordre public)~ ganmartebulia rogorc
wesrigi sasamarTlo darbazSi, xolo
erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacva, SesaZloa,
samxedro saidumloebis gauxmaureblobiT.
Tumca nebismier SemTxvevaSi SezRudva
unda esadagebodes demokratiuli
sazogadoebis principebs.
maSin, roca sasamarTlo sxdomis daxurvis
mizezebi sakmaod farToa, igives Tqma ar
SeiZleba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
gamocxadebaze, rac sajaro sxdomaze unda
moxdes14 , Tumca sxdomis es nawilic SesaZ-
loa daixuros, Tu saqme exeba arasrulw-
lovanTa interesebs, saojaxo saqmeebsa da
bavSvze meurveobis daniSvnis sakiTxebs.
rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi sxdomis
sajaroobis SezRudvis safuZvlebi sakmaod
viwrod formulirebuli da zustia.
4. kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili
kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da
miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo
meToTxmete muxlis pirveli nawilis
ZiriTadi arsi, sadac kanonis safuZvelze
Seqmnili kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da
moukerZoebeli sasamarTlos uflebaa
garantirebuli, aris is, rom Tavidan iqnes
acilebuli TviTneboba da mikerZoebuloba
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gadawyvetisas,
rac saxeze iqneboda, Tu saqmes ganixilavda
politikuri an administraciuli organo.
tribunali da sasamarTlo unda iyos
kompetenturi da kanonis safuZvelze
Seqmnili. orTave maxasiaTebeli erTi da
imave moTxovnis aspeqtebia: kompetencia
exeba saTanado personals, Tavad
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3838383838 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
gansaxilvel sakiTxs, mocemul saqmeze
sasamarTlos teritoriuli an droebiT
iurisdiqcias; termini `kanonis Tanaxmad
Seqmnili~ ki gulisxmobs im organos mier
miRebul kanons, romelsac amis
kompetencia da uflebamosileba gaaCnia.
orive SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom
kanoni yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos.
damoukidebloba gulisxmobs xelisufle-
bis danawilebis principis dacvas, rac
niSnavs sasamarTlo sistemis dacvas arasa-
Tanado zewolisa da Carevisagan aRmasru-
lebeli xelisuflebis, gacilebiT mcire
masStabiT ki sakanonmdeblo organos
mxridan. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
damoukideblobis ZiriTad principebSi15
Camoyalibebulia im aucilebel meqanizmTa
erToblioba, romlebic saWiroa sasamarT-
lo xelisuflebis damoukideblobisaTvis.
am mxriv, zogierTi praqtikuli saTadarigo
zoma SesaZloa, moicavdes mosamarTleTa
daniSvnisTvis saWiro kvalifikacias,
mosamarTleTa daniSvnis vadas16, mosamarT-
leebisTvis samarTliani, efeqturi da
damoukidebeli disciplinuri procedure-
bis arsebobas17, saxelmwifos valdebulebas,
uzrunvelyos mosamarTleebi adekvaturi
anazRaurebiTa da sakuTari movaleobis
SesrulebisaTvis saWiro resursebiT18. kon-
kretuli saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare,
sasamarTlos damoukidebloba SesaZloa,
Sefasdes misi urTierTobiT cnobil soci-
alur jgufebTan, rogoricaa politikuri
partiebi, media da sxva lobisturi jgufebi.
sasamarTlos damoukidebloba ZiriTadad
efuZneba meqanizmebs, romelTa mizanicaa
sasamarTlos garegnuli poziciis gamyareba,
miukerZoebloba ki exeba sasamarTlos
qmedebas, mis Semxeblobas konkretuli
saqmis saboloo SedegTan. amisaTvis saWiroa
iseTi meqanizmebis arseboba, romlebic
SesaZlebels gaxdis, saqmes CamovaciloT
mosamarTle, romelsac warsulSi Sexeba
hqonda konkretul saqmesTan an dakavSire-
buli iyo saqmeSi CarTul mxareebTan, aseve
is mosamarTleebi, romelTac ukve winaswar
aqvT Seqmnili mosazreba gansaxilvelis
saqmis saboloo Sedegze.
5. udanaSaulobis prezumfcia
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis meToTxmete muxlis
meore nawilis Tanaxmad:
TiToeul pirs, visac bralad edeba
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis
Cadena, ufleba aqvs, iTvlebodes
udanaSaulod manam, vidre misi
damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba
kanonis Sesabamisad.~
rogorc samarTliani sasamarTlos erT-
erTi ZiriTadi komponenti, udanaSaulobis
prezumfcia, inter alia, niSnavs imas, rom
mtkicebis tvirTi sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeSi braldebis mxarezea. miuxedavad
imisa, rom paqtis 14 (2) muxlSi ar aris
zustad miTiTebuli mtkicebis tvirTis
standarti, zogadad miRebulia, rom brali
unda damtkicdes `gonivrul eWvs miRma~.19
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia unda gavrceldes
braldebulze ara mxolod sasamarTlo
stadiaze, aramed eWvmitanilzec winasasa-
marTlo etapze. sasamarTlo mosmenis dros
braldebulis xelborkilebiT, fexze
damagrebuli jaWviT, patimris samosSi
wardgena an misi specialur `galiaSi~
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ganTavseba ewinaaRmdegeba udanaSaulobis
prezumfciis princips. evropis adamianis
uflebebis sasamarTlom Seqmna SedarebiT
ganviTarebuli precedentuli samarTali
am sferoSi. saqmeSi mineli Sveicariis
winaaRmdeg20 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
dairRva konvenciis meeqvse muxlis meore
nawili. am saqmeSi Jurnalisti sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebis gareSe daajarimes
ciliswamebisTvis, radgan igive braldebiT
sxva Jurnalists sasamarTlom jarima
dauwesa. evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom, Tu pirs samarTlebrivi dacvis
saSualeba ar eZleva, aseT SemTxvevaSi
saxezea meeqvse muxlis darRveva. saqmeSi
alenet de ribemonti21 safrangeTis
winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris gancxadebebi,
rom dakavebuli pirebi danaSaulis wamqezeb-
lebi iyvnen, arRvevda udanaSaulobis
prezumfcias.
6. ufleba, droulad waredginos brali
sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis Camoya-
libebisas, yvelas Tanaswor safuZvelze
aqvs ufleba, droulad da misTvis gasageb
enaze iyos informirebuli mis winaaRmdeg
wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb. es movaleoba
moicavs rogorc braldebis zust iuridi-
ul aRweras (`danaSaulis tipi~), aseve am
danaSaulis damadasturebeli faqtebis
(`mizezi~) Sesaxeb informirebas. Sesabami-
sad, es ufleba odnav ufro farToa, vidre
4040404040 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
paqtis me-9 (2) muxliT garantirebuli
ufleba, romelic dapatimrebis momentze
vrceldeba, es ki imiT aris ganpirobebuli,
rom braldebis wayenebisas wardgenili
informacia sakmarisi unda iyos,
procesisTvis dacvis mosamzadeblad.
termini `droulad~ ar yofila ganmartebu-
li, Tumca zogadad igulisxmeba, rom
sabraldebo aqtis wardgena unda moxdes
winaswari gamoZiebis dawyebisas an winaswari
mosmenisTvis. evropis adamianis uflebebis
sasamarTlom saqmeSi broziceki italiis
winaaRmdeg22 daadgina, rom dairRva
meeqvse muxlis mesame nawilis a) qvepunqti.
broziceki, romelic germaniis moqalaqe
iyo, italiaSi erT-erTi politikuri
partiis ofisis win gamofenili droSebis
Camoxevis gamo daakaves. policielma,
romelmac broziceki daakava, eWvmitanilis
mier gaweuli winaaRmdegobis gamo travma
miiRo. italielma samarTaldamcavebma
aplikants germaniaSi gaugzavnes sabraldebo
aqti, romelic italiur enaze iyo Sedgenili.
man moiTxova, rom misTvis mSobliur enaze
gaegzavnaT sabraldebo aqti, Tumca igi
mogvianebiT in abstencia gaasamarTles
savonas regionalur sasamarTloSi da
gaamtyunes. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
italiel samarTaldamcavebs unda mieRoT
zomebi konvenciis meeqvse muxlis
dasacavad, Sesabamisad, braldebulisTvis
gasageb enaze SeetyobinebinaT misTvis
braldebis detalebisa da mizezis Sesaxeb.
7. braldebulis ufleba, hqondes saTanado
dro da pirobebi, sasamarTlo
procesisaTvis mosamzadeblad
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis me-14 (3) muxlis
Tanaxmad, braldebis wayenebis Semdeg
yvela pirs aqvs ufleba, hqondes saTanado
dro da pirobebi sasamarTlo sxdomisaTvis,
dacvis mosamzadeblad da mis mier arCeul
advokatTan Sesaxvedrad. es ufleba,
rogorc Cans, exeba ara mxolod braldebuls,
aramed vrceldeba mis advokatzec.
is, Tu ras niSnavs termini `saTanado~,
damokidebulia saqmis faqtobriv da
procesualur garemoebebze. mxedvelobaSi
ki misaRebia Semdegi faqtorebi: saqmis
sirTule, braldebulisaTvis mtkicebule-
bebis xelmisawvdomoba, sisxlis samarTlis
procesis dros Sida kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvruli vadebi.
rac Seexeba `saTanado pirobebs~, igi
ganmartebulia rogorc braldebulis da
misi advokatis ufleba, miiRon da maTTvis
xelmisawvdomi gaxdes Sesabamisi informacia,
failebi da dokumentebi, romlebic saWiroa
sasamarTlo procesisTvis mosamzadeblad.
igi aseve gulisxmobs braldebulis da misi
advokatis uflebas, Sexvdnen iseT adgilze,
sadac daculi iqneba konfidencialoba.
piris ufleba _ Sexvdes mis mier arCeul
advokats _ warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan elements, raTa dacva sasamar-
Tlo procesisaTvis saTanadod moemzados.
rac Seexeba evropis adamianis uflebebis
sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals am
mxriv, sasamarTlom saqmeze alberti da
le kompte belgiis winaaRmdeg23 daadgina,
rom eqimebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul discip-
linur procesisze 15 dRe dacvis mosamza-
deblad saTanado droa da Sesabamisad, ar
daadgina meeqvse muxlis darRvevis faqti.
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 4141414141
8. piris ufleba, gaasamarTlon
usafuZvlo gaWianurebis gareSe
sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis Camoya-
libebisas yvelas aqvs ufleba, gaasamarT-
lon usafuZvlo gaWianurebis gareSe. es
ufleba ganmartebulia rogorc samarTli-
ani sasamarTlos mniSvnelovani elementi,
rodesac xdeba piris braleulobis dadgena,
saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotana da Tu
saWiroa sasjelis Sefardeba. vadis aTvla
am SemTxvevaSi iwyeba piris informirebidan
imis Sesaxeb, rom samarTaldamcavi organoebi
iwyeben mis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlbriv
devnas24. paqtis Tanaxmad, Tu ra CaiTvleba
usafuZvlo gaWianurebad, damokidebulia
konkretuli saqmis garemoebebze. amasTa-
nave, unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa,
xdeba Tu ara saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis usa-
fuZvlo gaWianureba, pirs, romelic winasa-
samarTlo patimrobaSi imyofeba, ufleba
aqvs, gaaTavisuflon sasamarTlo mosmenamde.
9. piris ufleba, daicvas Tavi Tavad da
advokatis saSualebiT
piris ufleba, winaswari dakavebisas Sexvdes
advokats, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
sasamarTlos mosmenis stadiaze dacvis
uflebasTan. samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis saTanado
muxlis mixedviT,
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi
misi braleulobis dadgenisas,
TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, sruli
Tanasworobis safuZvelze, sxvaTa
Soris isargeblos Semdegi minimaluri
garantiebiT: gasamarTlebul iqnas
misi TandaswrebiT da daicvas Tavi
piradad an mis mier arCeuli dacvis
saSualebiT, Tu ar sargeblobs
iuridiuli daxmarebiT, iyos
informirebuli aseTi uflebis
Sesaxeb da gaewios iuridiuli
daxmareba nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac marTlmsajulebis
interesebi amas moiTxovs, amasTanave
usasyidlod, Tu mas ara aqvs saSualeba,
Tavad aanazRauros xarjebi~.
es norma Seicavs qvemoT CamoTvlil
specifiur uflebebs:
a) ufleba gasamarTlebul iqnas misi
TandaswrebiT _ aris erT-erTi yvelaze
sadao ufleba. am muxlis sityvasityvi-
Ti ganmartebiT, dauSvebeli iqneboda inabstencia gasamarTleba, am ideas karga
xania mxars uWeren saerTaSoriso
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da bolo
xans sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos statutic25. adamianis
uflebebis komitetis komentarebis
Tanaxmad ki, in abstencia gasamarTleba
dasaSvebia gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saxelmwifo miiRebs saTanado zomebs
da Seatyobinebs braldebuls sasamarTlo
procesis daCqarebis Sesaxeb da miscems
mas saSualebas, moamzados dacva;
b) daicvas Tavi piradad;
g) airCios advokati;
d) iyos informirebuli dacvis uflebis
Sesaxeb;
e) miiRos ufaso iuridiuli daxmareba.
am uflebebis moqmedeba SeiZleba Sejamdes
Semdegnairad
yvelas, visac bralad edeba
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis
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4242424242 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
Cadena, gaaCnia upirvelesi da
SeuzRudavi dacvis ufleba, sadac
sasamarTlos akisria valdebuleba,
acnobos braldebul pirs am uflebis
Sesaxeb. Tumca pirs aqvs ufleba,
airCios advokati, Tu mas saTanado
finansebi gaaCnia, Tu pirs amis
saSualeba ara aqvs, maSin saxelmwifo
valdebulia, dauniSnos mas advokati,
Tu es saWiroa marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. es ukanaskneli
ki damokidebulia Cadenili
danaSaulis simZimesa da
potenciuri sasjelis vadaze~.26
10.mowmeTa dakiTxvis ufleba
sisxlis samarTlis braldebis
gansazRvrisas, yvela pirs aqvs ufleba,
dakiTxos mowmeebi, romlebic mis
winaaRmdeg aZleven Cvenebas, an
hqondes ufleba, rom es mowmeebi
sxvam dakiTxos, aseve gamoiZaxon da
dakiTxon misi mowmeebi imave
pirobebiT, rac arsebobs mis
winaaRmdeg gamosuli mowmeebisaTvis~;
(samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis 14 (3) (e)).
es ufleba mniSvnelovani elementia mxareTa
Tanasworobis dasacavad. terminebi
`dakiTxos~ da `sxvam dakiTxos~ warmoadgens
ori sisxlis samarTlebrivi sistemis _
inkviziciuris da SejibrebiTi sistemebis
asaxvas mowmeTa dakiTxvis teqnikaze.
damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom paqtis 14 (3) (e)
muxli ganimarta Semdegnairad: prokurori
valdebulia, rom gonivrul droSi acnobos
dacvis mxares im mowmeTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
dakiTxvasac gegmavs braldebis mxare mTavar
sasamarTlo sxdomaze, raTa dacvis mxares
hqondes saTanado dro, rom moemzados am
mowmeebis dasakiTxad. braldebuls aseve
gaaCnia ufleba, daeswros mowmeTa dakiTxvas,
Tumca es ufleba SesaZloa, SeizRudos, Tu
arsebobs safuZvlebi, rom braldebuli
mowmes SemdgomSi zians miayenebs micemuli
Cvenebis gamo.
imisaTvis, rom srulad iqnas garantirebuli
braldebulis ufleba _ dakiTxos mowmeebi
an sxvam dakiTxos isini mis nacvlad, sasamar-
Tlo valdebulia, skurpulozurad
ganixilos rom braldebulis mowmeTa
dakiTxvaze daswrebis sakiTxi da gaaZevos
dacva sasamarTlo darbazidan mxolod
gansakuTrebul da iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac arsebobs saTanado safuZvlebi,
rom braldebuli Surs iZiebs mowmeze.
Tumca arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar daiSveba
mowmis dakiTxva rogorc braldebis, aseve
dacvis mxaris daswrebis gareSe. aseve
dauSvebelia anonimuri mowmeebis Cvenebis
gamoyeneba, radgan igi arRvevs
braldebulis uflebas, dakiTxos mowme.
11.Tarjimnis ufleba
TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, misTvis
wayenebuli sisxlis samarTlis braldebis
ganxilvisas, sul mcire, sruli Tanasworobis
safuZvelze, miiRos Semdegi garantiebi:
isargeblos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmarebiT,
Tu ar esmis samarTalwarmoebis ena. am
frazis umniSvnelovanesi elementi,
romlis interpretaciac unda moxdes, aris
`samarTalwarmoebis ena~. unda davaskvnaT,
rom Tarjimnis ufleba mxolod zepir
procedurebs exeba da ar vrceldeba weri-
lobiTi dokumentebis Targmanze, Tumca
rogorc mecnierTa naSromebSi, aseve adami-
anis uflebebis sferoSi momuSave
arasamTavrebo organizaciebis praqtikis
safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
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TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 4343434343
ufleba vrceldeba saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
arsebuli werilobiTi dokumentebis
Targmanzec27. amasTan, rogorc ukve
aRiniSna, Tarjimnis ufleba gaaCniaT
eWvmitanil pirebsac, romelTac
winasasamarTlo stadiaze mosamarTle an
policieli dahkiTxavs.
Tarjimnis ufleba Tanabrad vceldeba
rogorc qveynis moqalaqeebze, aseve ucxo
qveynis moqalaqeebze, Tumca ar SeiZleba,
is moiTxovos iqnes piris mier romelsac
saTanadod esmis samarTalwarmoebis ena28.
Tarjimnis momsaxureba braldebulisaTvis
Tu eWvmitanilisTvis ufasoa da ar
SeiZleba SeizRudos gadasaxadis gamo.
12.TviTinkriminaciis akrZalva
sisxlis samarTlis braldebis ganxilvisas,
TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, ar misces
Cveneba mis winaaRmdeg an aRiaros danaSauli
(samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saeraTaSoriso paqtis 14 (3 muxli). es norma
miznad isaxavs rogorc winasasamarTlo,
aseve sasamarTlo stadiaze fizikuri Tu
fsiqikuri daSinebis akrZalvas, romelic
SesaZloa, aRiarebis misaRebad gamoiyenon.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am normaSi pirdapir
ar aris miTiTebuli, ra elis im mtkicebu-
lebebs, romlebic amgvari daSinebis
meTodiT aris miRebuli, miCneulia, rom
sasamarTloSi aseTi mtkicebulebebis
miReba dauSvebelia29. dauSvebelia aseve
dumilis gamoyeneba braldebulis
sawinaaRmdegod an bralis asaxnelad.
13.ukuqceviTi sisxlis samarTlis
kanonebis gamoyenebis akrZalva
miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso
paqtSi sisxlis samarTlebrivi uflebebis
CamonaTvalis bolos mocemulia e.w.
kanonierebis prinicpi nullum crimen sinelege, igi SesaZloa, miviCnioT erTgvar
gadaxrad samarTliani sasamarTlos
uflebidan. farTo gagebiT, igi gamoxatavs
kanonierebis princips, romlis mixedviTac,
aravin SeiZleba cnon damnaSaved
iseTi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis
CadenisaTvis, romelic iseTi
moqmedebis Tu Secdomis Sedegia,
romelic misi Cadenis momentSi
moqmedi saxelmwifos Sida
kanonmdeblobisa Tu saerTaSoriso
samarTlis Sesabamisad ar iTvleboda
sisxlis samarTlis danaSulad.~
ufro viwro gagebiT ki, es norma gulisx-
mobs ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanonebis
gamoyenebis akrZalvas. es norma ganekuT-
vneba paqtis im normebs, romelTaganac
gadaxveva da romelTa darRvevac
dauSvebelia nebismier SemTxvevaSi.
kanonierebis principi avaldebulebs
saxelmwifos, gansazRvros sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulebi naTlad da ara
abstraqtuli formiT da xelmisawvdomi
gaxados es normebi yvelasTvis. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone
normebis gamoyenebis akrZalva exeba yvela
danaSauls, dasjads rogorc Sida
kanonmdeblobiT, aseve saerTaSoriso da
CveulebiTi samarTliT.
14.ganmeorebiTi devnis akrZalva
aravin SeiZleba gaasamarTlon an
dasajon ganmeorebiT
danaSaulisaTvis, romlisTvisac
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4444444444 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
igi ukve iyo msjavrdadebuli an
gamarTlebuli romelime qveynis
kanonisa da sisxlis samarTlis
procesualuri samarTlis
Sesabamisad~
(paqtis 14(7) muxli).
ne bis in idem anu ganmeorebiTi devnis
akrZalva miznad isaxavs pirisTvis erTi da
imave danaSaulisaTvis xelmeored
gasamarTlebis Tavidan acilebas. am
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania iurisdiqciis
ganszaRvra im danaSaulisTvis, romlisTvi-
sac asamarTleben pirs. adamianis uflebebis
komitetis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es akrZava
exeba mxolod erTi iurisdiqciis
fargelbSi piris orjer gasamarTlebas,
zogi ki miiCnevs, rom es akrZalva zogadia
da nebismier iurisdiqciaze vrceldeba.
saintereso kiTxva warmoiSva saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTlis tribunalebis
daarsebisas _ iTvleba Tu ara ganmeorebiTi
devnis akrZalvis sawinaaRmdegod
tribunalebis mier im pirTa gasamarTleba,
romlebic ukve gaasamarTles qveynis
SigniT? umravlesobis azriT, miCneulia
rom am SemTxvevaSi ganmeorebiTi devnis
akrZalvis principi ar irRveva.
V. uflebebi post sasamarTlo
stadiaze
1. gasaCivrebis ufleba
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad
TiToeul msjavrdebul pirs aqvs
ufleba, misi braldeba da ganaCeni
kanonis Sesabamisad gadasinjos
zemdgomma sasamarTlom.~
gasaCivrebis ufleba miznad isaxavs,
uzrunvelyofil iyos saqmis ganxilva ori
sasamarTlos mier, aqedan meore unda iyos
zeda instanciis sasamarTlo. gasaCivrebis
procedurebi aseve gonivrul vadaSi unda
jdebodes. gasaCivrebis ufleba vrceldeba
yvela pirze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis
danaSaulSi edeba brali aRniSnul pirs.
2. kompensaciis ufleba
Tu romelime pirs saboloo
gadawyvetilebiT dasdes msjavri
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisaTvis
da SemdgomSi mis winaaRmdeg
gamotanili ganaCeni gauqmda an
misTvis naboZebi iyo Sewyaleba
raime axali an misTvis ucnobi
garemoebebis gamo, romlebic
uciloblad amtkicebs, sasamarTlo
Secdomas, maSin aseTi msjavrdadebis
Sedegad, dasjili piri kompensacias
iRebs kanonis Sesabamisad, Tu ar
damtkicdeba, rom aRniSnuli ucnobi
garemoeba Tavis droze ver aRmoaCines
misi an nawilobriv misi mizeziT~.
(paqtis 14(6) muxli).
kompensaciis ufleba warmoiSveba mxolod
maSin, rodesac ZalaSia Sesuli saboloo
ganaCeni da Setanilia sarCeli
kompensaciis misaRebad. aseve kompensaciis
misaRebad aucilebelia, rom arsebobdes
Semdegi kumulatiuri pirobebi:
1. marTlmsajulebis Secdoma gamoswordes
Semdgomi gadawyvetilebiT an
SewyalebiT;
2. marTalmasjulebis Secdomis Sedegad
piri unda dasjiliyo.
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1 samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, miRebulia generaluri
asambleis mier 2200A (XXI) rezoluciiT, 1966 wlis 16 dekembers da ZalSia 1976 wlis 23
martidan;
2 ix. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis mesame fakultaturi oqmi,
yvela SemTxvevaSi samarTliani sasamarTlos garantiis Sesaxeb, danarTi I;
3 arasavaldebulo dokumentebi, romlebic samarTliani sasamarTlos standartebs da sisxlis
samarTalwarmoebas exeba: patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, miRebulia generaluri
asambleis 45/111 rezoluciiT 1990 wlis 14 dekembers; patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli
minimaluri wesebi, miRebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos 663 C (XXIV) rezoluciiT
1957 wlis 31 ivliss; nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piris dacvis
principebi, miRebulia gaerTainebuli erebis generaluri asambleis mier 43/173
rezoluciiT 1988 wlis 9 dekembers; ZiriTadi principebi iuristTa rolis Sesaxeb,
miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis danaSaulis aRmofxvrisa da patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb
merve kongresze, 27 agvisto-7 seqtemberi, 1990; sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebi, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri
asambleis 40/32 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis 29 noembers da 40/146 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis
13 dekembers; gaerTianebuli erebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovnebTan
dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis
generaluri asambleis 40/33 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis 29 noembers; samarTaldamcavTa qcevis
wesebi, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleis 34/169 rezoluciiT,
1979 wlis 17 dekembers; saxelmZRvanelo principebi prokurorTa rolis Sesaxeb,
miRebuli 27 agvisto-7 seqtembers, 1990 wels;
4 adamianis uflebebis universaluri deklaraciis (miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis
generaluri asambleis 217 A rezoluciiT, 1948 wlis 10 dekembers) normebis umetesoba
aRiarebulia rogorc saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, rac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania im qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ar arian mierTebuli samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqts da sxva Sesabamis konvenciebs;
5 The ensuing interpretation of ICCPR is primarily based on Manfred Nowak Commentary;
6 magaliTad, evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom konvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilis
ganmartebisas aRniSna, rom: `dakavebul pirs martivad, misTvis gasagebi eniT da
arateqnikuri terminologiiT unda ganumarton dakavebis iuridiuli da faqtobrivi
mizezebi imgvarad, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mas SeeZlos dakavebis kanonierebis
Semdgomi gasaCivreba...~ Tumca, sasamarTlom iqve aRniSna, rom ar aris aucilebeli, pirs
dakavebisTanave detalurad ecnobos misi yvela braldebis Sesaxeb (Fox, Cambell andHartley (18/1989/178/234-236, 1990 August 30 para 40);
7 Human Rights Commitee, General Comment # 8, July 27, 1982 para 2. evropis adamianis
uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom piris sasamarTloSi wardgenis dagvianeba oTxi
dRiTa da eqvsi saaTiT arRvevs konvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawils (ix. brogani da sxvebi
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 29 noemberi, 1988 weli). interamerikuli komisia ki
erTkviriani dayovnebas sakmaod did drod miiCnevs (Inter-American Commission SeventhReport on the Situation on Human Rights in Cuba, 1983);
8 evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kompetenturma organoebma unda
gamoiCinon `specialuri gulisxmiereba~ sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis dros, rodesac piri
winasasamarTlo patimrobaSi imyofeba (i.x. tomasi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 27/1991/279/
350, 25 ivlisi 1992, aseve abdoela niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 1/1992/346/419,28
oqtomberi, 1992);
9 ix. principTa erToblioba nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa
dasacavad, principi 32 (2);
10 principTa erToblioba nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa
dasacavad, principi 11 (3), 32, 39;
SeniSvnebi:
4646464646 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)
11 manfred novakis komentarebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso
paqtTan dakavSirebiT gv. 186;
12 am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiT ixileT principTa erToblioba, nebismieri
formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa dasacavad da patimarTa mopyobis
standartuli minimaluri wesebi;
13 venis konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, 24 aprili, 1963 weli, 36-e muxli;
14 es muxli vrceldeba samxedro sasamarTloebzec da saapelacio instanciis
sasamarTlozec, ix. adamianis uflebebis komitetis zogadi komentari # 13/21/ 12
aprili, 1984;
15 ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobisaTvis, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis
danaSaulis sawinaaRmdego da samarTaldarRvevTa mimarT mopyrobis Sesaxeb meSvide
kongresis mier, milani, 1985 wlis 26 agvisto-6 seqtemberi; ZalaSi Sevida generaluri
asambleis 1985 wlis 29 noembris 40/32 da 13 dekembris 40/146 rezoluciebiT;
16 principi 12;
17 principebi 17-20;
18 principebi 10-11;
19 adamianis uflebebis komiteti zogadi komentari # 13/21 12 aprili, 1984;
20 Mineli v. Switzerland, A62 (1983) 5 ECHR 554;
21 Allenet de Ribemont v. France, A.308 (1995) ECHR;
22 Brozicek v. Italy, A 167 (1989) 12 ECHR 371;
23 Albert and Le Compte v. Belgium A58 (1983) 5 ECHR 533;
24 ix. manfred novakis komentarebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso
paqtTan dakavSirebiT;
25 ix sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statutis 67 (1) (d) muxli;
26 magaliTad, adamianis uflebebis komitetma SemTxvevaze, romelic exeboda pirs, romelsac
bralad edeboda iseTi danaSaulis Cadena, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia sikvdiliT
dasja, daadgina, rom advokatis monawileoba saqmeSi savaldebuloa (Henry and Douglas v,Jamaica 571/1994), 26 ivlisi 1996, UN Doc CCPR/C/57/D/571/1994, para 9.2), Tumca sxva
SemTxvevaSi daadgina, rom pirs, romelsac bralad edeba sagzao wesebis darRveva, ar
daeniSneba savaldebulo dacva saxelmwifos xarjze (OF v. Norway (158/1983), 26 oqtomberi
1984, 2 Sel Dec 44. interamerikuli sasamarTlos prcedentebis mixedviT dadginda, rom
advokatis monawileoba savaldebuloa, Tu es saWiroa piris samarTliani mosmenis
uzrunvelsayofad (Inter-America Court, Advisory opinion of August 1990, OC 11/90, Exceptions tothe Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies, OAS/Ser.L/V/III23 Doc 12 rec 1991, paras 25-28);
27 magaliTad interamerikuli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, dokumentebis Targmani iseve
mniSvnelovania samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebisaTvis, rogorc zepiri
samarTalwarmoebisas Tarjimnis daxmareba (Report on the Situation of Human Rights of aSegment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin, OEA Ser.L/V/11.62, doc.10, rev. 3, 1983.);
28 Cadoret and Bihan v France (221/1987 and 323/1988), April 11, 1991, Report to the HRC (A/46/40),1991 at 219;
29 ixileT wamebis winaaRmdeg konvenciis me-15 muxli, romelic mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebis
akrZalvas Seicavs, aseve evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze
murai gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg 41/1994/488/570/8 Tebervali, 1996, para 45.
SeniSvnebi:
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sapatriarqo
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dagvikavSirdiT○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Tbilisi
griboedovis quCa N23
tel: 93 66 15, 93 25 16; faqsi: 93 67 84
el-fosta: liberty@ liberty. ge
quTaisi
griSaSvilis quCa N37, oTaxi 23
tel: (8 231) 4 42 15
rusTavi
dumbaZis quCa N8
tel.: (8 24) 15 76 70
foTi
9 aprilis quCa N6
tel: (8 293) 2 86 90
gori
9 aprilis quCa N2
tel: (8 270) 2 22 46
axalcixe
rusTavelis quCa N26
tel: (8 265) 2 30 77
Telavi
nadikvris quCa N1
tel: (8 250) 7 51 55
mogvwereT,mogvwereT,mogvwereT,mogvwereT,mogvwereT,
ra saxisra saxisra saxisra saxisra saxis
korufciulkorufciulkorufciulkorufciulkorufciul
qmedebebsqmedebebsqmedebebsqmedebebsqmedebebs
aqvs adgiliaqvs adgiliaqvs adgiliaqvs adgiliaqvs adgili
Tqvens regionSiTqvens regionSiTqvens regionSiTqvens regionSiTqvens regionSi
(miuTiTeT konkretuli Tanamdebobis piri,
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi darRvevis saxe)
saxeli, gvari
misamarTi
telefoni
(saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi anonimuroba
daculi iqneba)
irRveva Tqveni ufleba,
Tanamdebobis pirTasaqme
korufciul qmedebebs ukavSirdeba
Tu
Tu
Tavisuflebis institutis
gamocema
yvela ufleba daculiayvela ufleba daculiayvela ufleba daculiayvela ufleba daculiayvela ufleba daculia
Tbilisi 0108, griboedovis 23 tel.: 93 66 15 faqsi: 93 67 84 el-fosta: [email protected] www.liberty.ge
redaredaredaredaredaqtoriqtoriqtoriqtoriqtori:::::
Tamar kinwuraSvili
redkolegia:redkolegia:redkolegia:redkolegia:redkolegia:
akaki minaSvili
giorgi melaZe
levan ramiSvili
maia oqruaSvili
sozar subari
dizainidizainidizainidizainidizaini:::::
besik danelia
garekanzegarekanzegarekanzegarekanzegarekanze:::::
guga kotetiSvilis
fotofotofotofotofoto
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba\
vrceldeba ufasodvrceldeba ufasodvrceldeba ufasodvrceldeba ufasodvrceldeba ufasod
gamocemulia aSS-is
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentos (USAID) da
merilendis universitetis
IRIS Center-is finansuri
mxardaWeriT