Siege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Siege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1565)[02/06/2013 06:51:10]

Siege of Malta (1565)

Siege of MaltaPart of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars

The siege of Malta "Arrival of the Turkish fleet" (Matteo Perezd' Aleccio)

Date May 18September 11, 1565

Location Valletta, Malta

Result Knights Hospitaller victory

Belligerents Ottoman Empire Knights of Malta

Spain Kingdom of Sicily Maltese civilians

Commanders and leadersKzlahmedli Mustafa PaaPiyale PashaTurgut Reis Salih ReisUlu Ali Reis

Jean de la Valette Jean de la Cassire Mathurin Romegas

Goncales de Medran Melchior de Robles

Strength22,00048,000 6,1008,500

Casualties and losses10,000 2,500 troops

7,000 civilians500 slaves

[show]V T E OttomanHabsburg wars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Siege of Malta (also known as theGreat Siege of Malta) took place in 1565when the Ottoman Empire invaded the island,then held by the Knights Hospitaller (alsoknown as the Sovereign Order of Saint Johnof Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knightsof Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliersof Malta).

The Knights, together with between 400Maltese men, women and children andapproximately 2,000 footsoldiers won thesiege, one of the bloodiest and most fiercelycontested in history, and one which becameone of the most celebrated events insixteenth century Europe. Voltaire said,"Nothing is better known than the siege ofMalta," and it undoubtedly contributed to theeventual erosion of the European perceptionof Ottoman invincibility and marked a newphase in Spanish domination of theMediterranean.[1] The siege was the climaxof an escalating contest between a Christianalliance and the Ottoman Empire for controlof the Mediterranean, a contest that includedTurkish corsair Turgut Reis's attack on Maltain 1551, and the Turkish utter destruction ofan allied Christian fleet at the Battle of Djerbain 1560.

Contents [hide]

1 The Knights of Malta2 Toward the siege3 The armies4 Arrival of the Ottomans5 The siege

5.1 Capture of Fort St. Elmo5.2 Panic5.3 The Senglea Peninsula5.4 St. Michael and Birgu5.5 Fort St. Michael and Mdina

6 Aftermath

Read Edit View historyArticle Talk

Main pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to Wikipedia

HelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact Wikipedia

Catalesky

Deutsch

Espaol

FranaisHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaItaliano

Latina

Malti

NederlandsNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskPolski

Portugus

Sicilianu

Interaction

Toolbox

Print/export

Languages

Create account Log in



7 In literature and historical fiction8 See also9 References10 External links

By the end of 1522, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had forcibly ejected the Order ofthe Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem from their base on Rhodes after the six-monthsiege. Between 1523 and 1530, the Order lacked a permanent home. They became known as theKnights of Malta when, on 26 October 1530, Philippe Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of theKnights, sailed into Malta's Grand Harbour with a number of his followers to lay claim to Malta andGozo, which had been granted to them by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V[2] in return for one falconsent annually to the Viceroy of Sicily and a solemn mass to be celebrated on All Saints Day. Charlesalso required the Knights to garrison Tripoli on the North African coast, which was in territory that theBarbary Corsairs, allies of the Ottomans, controlled. The Knights accepted the offer reluctantly. Maltawas a small, desolate island, and for some time, many of the Knights clung to the dream ofrecapturing Rhodes.

Nevertheless, the Order soon turned Malta into a naval base. The island's position in the center ofthe Mediterranean made it a strategically crucial gateway between East and West, especially as theBarbary Corsairs increased their forays into the western Mediterranean throughout the 1540s and1550s.

In particular, the corsair Turgut Reis was proving to be amajor threat to the Christian nations of the centralMediterranean. Turgut and the Knights were continually atloggerheads. In 1551, Turgut and the Ottoman admiralSinan decided to take Malta and invaded the island with aforce of about 10,000 men. After only a few days, however,Turgut broke off the siege and moved to the neighboringisland of Gozo, where he bombarded the citadel for severaldays. The Knights' governor on Gozo, Galatian de Sesse,having decided that resistance was futile, threw open thedoors to the citadel. The corsairs sacked the town andtook virtually the entire population of Gozo (approximately5,000 people) into captivity. Turgut and Sinan then sailedsouth to Tripoli, where they soon seized the Knights'garrison there. They initially installed a local leader, AgaMorat, as governor, but subsequently Turgut himself tookcontrol of the area.

Expecting another Ottoman invasion within a year, GrandMaster of the Knights Juan de Homedes ordered thestrengthening of Fort Saint Angelo at the tip of Birgu (nowVittoriosa), as well as the construction of two new forts,Fort Saint Michael on the Senglea promontory and Fort Saint Elmo at the seaward end of MountSciberras (now Valletta). The two new forts were built in the remarkably short period of six months in1552. All three forts proved crucial during the Great Siege.

The next several years were relatively calm, although the guerre de course, or running battle,between Muslims and Christians continued unabated. In 1557 the Knights elected Jean Parisot deValette Grand Master of the Order. He continued his raids on non-Christian shipping, and his privatevessels are known to have taken some 3,000 Muslim and Jewish slaves during his tenure as Grand

The Knights of Malta [edit]

Epitaph of Ulrich von Rambschwang, aKnight Hospitaller who participated in thedefense, as victor over the Turks (ca.1601)

Srpskohrvatski /

SuomiSvenska

Trke

Edit links



Master.[3]

By 1559, however, Turgut was causing the Christian powers such distress, even raiding the coasts ofSpain, that Philip II organized the largest naval expedition in fifty years to evict the corsair fromTripoli. The Knights joined the expedition, which consisted of about 54 galleys and 14,000 men. Thisill-fated campaign climaxed in the Battle of Djerba in May 1560, when Ottoman admiral Piyale Pashasurprised the Christian fleet off the Tunisian island of Djerba, capturing or sinking about half theChristian ships. The battle was a complete disaster for the Christians and it marked the high point ofOttoman domination of the Mediterranean.

After Djerba there could be little doubt that the Turks wouldeventually attack Malta again. In August 1560, Jean deValette sent an order to all the Order's priories that theirknights prepare to return to Malta as soon as a citazione(summons) was issued.[4] However, the Turks made astrategic error in not attacking at once, while the Spanishfleet lay in ruins, as the five-year delay allowed Spain torebuild her forces.[5]

Meanwhile, the Spaniards continued to prey on Turkishshipping. In mid-1564, Romegas, the Order's most notorious seafarer, captured several largemerchantmen, including one that belonged to the Chief Eunuch of the Seraglio, and took numeroushigh-ranking prisoners, including the governor of Cairo, the governor of Alexandria, and the formernurse of Suleiman's daughter. Romegas' exploits gave the Turks a casus belli, and by the end of1564, Suleiman had resolved to wipe the Knights of Malta off the face of the earth.

By early 1565, Grand Master de Valette's network of spies in Constantinople had informed him thatthe invasion was imminent. De Valette set about raising troops in Italy, laying in stores and finishingwork on Fort Saint Angelo, Fort Saint Michael, and Fort Saint Elmo.

The Turkish armada, which set sail from Istanbul at the end of March, was by all accounts one of thelargest assembled since antiquity. According to one of the earliest and most complete histories of thesiege, that of the Order's official historian Giacomo Bosio, the fleet consisted of 193 vessels, whichincluded 131 galleys, seven galliots (small galleys) and four galleasses (large galleys), the remainderbeing transport vessels, etc.[6] Contemporary letters from Don Garcia, the Viceroy of Sicily, givesimilar numbers."[7]

The Italian mercenary Francisco Balbi di Correggio, (serving as an arquebusier in the Spanishcorps), gave the forces as:[8]

The Knights Hospitaller The Ottomans

500 Knights Hospitaller 6,000 Spahis (cavalry)

400 Spanish soldiers 500 Spahis from Karamania

800 Italian soldiers 6,000 Janissaries

500 soldiers from the galleys (Spanish Empire) 400 adventurers from Mytheline

200 Greek and Sicilian soldiers 2,500 Spahis from Rouania

100 soldiers of the garrison of Fort St. Elmo 3,500 adventurers from Rouania

100 servants of the knights 4,000 "religious servants"

Toward the siege [edit]

Fort St. Angelo

The armies [edit]



500 galley slaves 6,000 other volunteers

3,000 soldiers drawn from the Maltese population Various corsairs from Tripoli and Algiers

Total: 6,100 Total: 28,500 from the East, 48,000 in all

The Knight Hipolito Sans, in a lesser-known account, also lists about 48,000 invaders, although it isnot clear how independent his work is from Balbi's.[9] Other contemporary authors give much lowerfigures. In a letter written to Philip II only four days after the siege began, de Valette himself saysthat "the number of soldiers that will make land is between 15,000 and 16,000, including seventhousand arquebusiers or more, that is four thousand janissaries and three thousand spahis."[10] Onthe other hand, in a letter to the Prior of Germany a month after the siege, de Valette writes, "Thisfleet consisted of two hundred and fifty ships, triremes, biremes and other vessels; the nearestestimate we could make of the enemy's force was 40,000 fighting men."[11] That de Valette givesthe enemy fleet as 250 vessels, a number much above any one else's, shows that the Grand Masterhimself was not above exaggeration.

Indeed, a letter written during the siege by the liaison with Sicily, Captain Vincenzo Anastagi, statesthe enemy force was only 22,000 and several other letters of the time give similar numbers.[12][13]

However, Bosio arrives at a total of about 30,000, which is consistent with Balbi's "named troops."[14]

Another early history gives essentially the same figure.[15]

Before the Turks arrived, de Vallette ordered the harvesting of all the crops, including unripenedgrain, to deprive the enemy of any local food supplies. Furthermore, the Knights poisoned all wellswith bitter herbs and dead animals.

The Turkish armada arrived at dawn on Friday, 18 May, but did not at once make land. Rather, thefleet sailed up the southern coast of the island, turned around and finally anchored at Marsaxlokk(Marsa Sirocco) harbour, nearly 10 kilometers from the Great Port, as the Grand Harbour was thenknown.

According to most accounts, in particular Balbi's, a disputearose between the leader of the land forces, the 4thVizierserdar Kzlahmedli Mustafa Pasha,[16] and the supremenaval commander, Piyale Pasha, about where to anchorthe fleet. Piyale wished to shelter it at Marsamxett bay, justnorth of the Grand Harbour, in order to avoid the siroccoand be nearer the action, but Mustafa disagreed, becauseto anchor the fleet there would require first reducing FortSt. Elmo, which guarded the entrance to the harbour.Mustafa intended, according to these accounts, to attackthe unprotected old capital Mdina, which stood in thecenter of the island, then attack Forts St. Angelo andMichael by land. If so, an attack on Fort St. Elmo wouldhave been entirely unnecessary. Nevertheless, Mustafarelented, apparently believing only a few days would benecessary to destroy St. Elmo. After the Turks were able toemplace their guns, at the end of May they commenced abombardment.

It certainly seems true that Suleiman had seriously blundered in splitting the command three ways.He not only split command between Piyale and Mustafa, but he ordered both of them to defer toTurgut when he arrived from Tripoli. Contemporary letters from spies in Constantinople, however,suggest that the plan had always been to take Fort St. Elmo first.[17] In any case, for the Turks to

Arrival of the Ottomans [edit]

Turgut Reis



concentrate their efforts on it proved a crucial mistake.

The darkness of the night then became as bright as day, due to the vast quantity ofartificial fires. So bright was it indeed that we could see St Elmo quite clearly. Thegunners of St Angelo... were able to lay and train their pieces upon the advancingTurks, who were picked out in the light of the fires."

Francisco Balbi, Spanish relief soldier[18]

Having correctly calculated that the Turks would seek to secure a disembarkation point for their fleetand would thus begin the campaign by attempting to capture Fort St Elmo, de Valette concentratedhalf of his heavy artillery within the Fort.[19] His intent was for them to hold out for a relief promisedby Don Garcia, Viceroy of Sicily. The unremitting bombardment from three dozen guns on the higherground of Mt. Sciberras reduced the fort to rubble within a week, but de Valette evacuated thewounded nightly and resupplied the Fort from across the harbour. After arriving in May, Turgut set upnew batteries to imperil the ferry lifeline. On 4 June, a party of Janissaries managed to seize aportion of the fortifications.[19] Still, by 8 June, the Knights sent a message to the Grand Master thatthe Fort could no longer be held but were rebuffed with messages that St Elmo must hold until thereinforcements arrived.[19]

Finally, on 23 June, the Turks seized what was left of FortSt. Elmo.[19] They killed all the defenders, totaling over1,500 men, but spared nine Knights whom the Corsairshad captured, and a few others who managed toescape.[citation needed] Turgut, however, died shortly afterthe victory. According to Bosio, a lucky shot from Fort St.Angelo mortally wounded him on 17 June; according toBalbi and Sans, "friendly fire" from Turkish cannons whilehe was directing operations on Sciberras was thecause.[19] Balbi says Turgut died before the day was out,while others have him languishing on until the day that St.Elmo fell. Although the Turks did succeed in capturing St. Elmo, allowing Piyale to anchor his fleet inMarsamxett, the siege of Fort St. Elmo had cost the Turks at least 6,000 men; including half of theirJanissaries.[19]

Mustafa had the bodies of the knights decapitated and their bodies floated across the bay on mockcrucifixes. In response, de Valette decapitated all his Turkish prisoners and fired their heads into theTurkish camp with cannon.

By this time, word of the siege was spreading. As soldiers and adventurers gathered in Sicily for DonGarcia's relief, panic spread as well. There can be little doubt that the stakes were high, perhapshigher than at any other time in the contest between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. QueenElizabeth I of England is said to have remarked:[citation needed]

If the Turks should prevail against the Isle of Malta, it is uncertain what further perilmight follow to the rest of Christendom

All contemporary sources indicate the Turks intended to proceed to the Tunisian fortress of La

The siege [edit]

Capture of Fort St. Elmo [edit]

The Siege of Malta Capture of Fort StElmo , by Matteo Perez d' Aleccio.

Panic [edit]



Goletta and wrest it from the Spaniards, and Suleiman had also spoken of invading Europe throughItaly.[citation needed]

However, modern scholars tend to disagree with this interpretation of the siege's importance. H.J.A.Sire, a historian who has written a history of the Order, is of the opinion that the siege representedan overextension of Ottoman forces, and argues that if the island had fallen, it would have quicklybeen retaken by a massive Spanish counterattack.[19]

Although Don Garcia did not at once send the promised relief (troops were still being levied), he waspersuaded to release an advance force of some 600 men. After several attempts, this piccolosoccorso (Italian: small relief) managed to land on Malta in early July and sneak into Birgu, raisingthe spirits of the besieged garrison immensely.

This section does not cite any references or sources.Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliablesources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(April 2008)

On 15 July, Mustafa ordered a double attack against the Senglea peninsula. He had transported 100small vessels across Mt. Sciberras to the Grand Harbour, thus avoiding the strong cannons of FortSt. Angelo, in order to launch a sea attack against the promontory using about 1,000 Janissaries,while the Corsairs attacked Fort St. Michael on the landward end. Luckily for the Maltese, a defectorwarned de Valette about the impending strategy and the Grand Master had time to construct apalisade along the Senglea promontory, which successfully helped to deflect the attack.Nevertheless, the assault probably would have succeeded had not the Turkish boats come into point-blank range (less than 200 yards) of a sea-level battery of five cannons that had been constructed byCommander Chevalier de Guiral at the base of Fort St. Angelo with the sole purpose of stoppingsuch an amphibious attack. Just two salvos sank all but one of the vessels, killing or drowning over800 of the attackers. The land attack failed simultaneously when relief forces were able to cross toFt. St. Michael across a floating bridge, with the result that Malta was saved for the day.

The Turks by now had ringed Birgu and Senglea with some 65 siege guns and subjected the town towhat was probably the most sustained bombardment in history up to that time. (Balbi claims that130,000 cannonballs were fired during the course of the siege.) Having largely destroyed one of thetown's crucial bastions, Mustafa ordered another massive double assault on 7 August, this timeagainst Fort St. Michael and Birgu itself. On this occasion, the Turks breached the town walls and itseemed that the siege was over, but unexpectedly the invaders retreated. As it happened, thecavalry commander Captain Vincenzo Anastagi, on his daily sortie from Mdina, had attacked theunprotected Turkish field hospital, massacring the sick and wounded. The Turks, thinking theChristian relief had arrived from Sicily, broke off their assault.

After the attack of 7 August, the Turks resumed their bombardment of St. Michael and Birgu,mounting at least one other major assault against the town on 1921 August. What actuallyhappened during those days of intense fighting is not entirely clear.

Bradford's account of the climax of the siege has a mineexploding with a huge blast, breaching the town walls andcausing stone and dust to fall into the ditch, with the Turkscharging even as the debris was still falling. He also hasthe 70-year old de Valette saving the day by leadingtowards the Turks some hundred troops that had been

The Senglea Peninsula [edit]

St. Michael and Birgu [edit]



waiting in the Piazza of Birgu. Balbi, in his diary entry for20 August, says only that de Valette was told the Turkswere within the walls; the Grand Master ran to "thethreatened post where his presence worked wonders.Sword in hand, he remained at the most dangerous placeuntil the Turks retired."[20] Bosio also has no mention ofthe successful detonation of a mine. Rather, in his report a

panic ensued when the townspeople spied the Turkish standards outside the walls. The GrandMaster ran there, but found no Turks. In the meantime, a cannonade atop Ft. St. Angelo, stricken bythe same panic, killed a number of townsfolk by "friendly fire".[21]

The situation was sufficiently dire that, at some point in August, the Council of Elders decided toabandon the town and retreat to Fort St. Angelo. De Valette, however, vetoed this proposal. If heguessed that the Turks were losing their will, he was correct. Although the bombardment and minorassaults continued, the invaders were stricken by an increasing desperation. Towards the end ofAugust, the Turks attempted to take Fort St. Michael, first with the help of a manta (similar to aTestudo formation), a small siege engine covered with shields, then by use of a full-blown siegetower. In both cases, Maltese engineers tunneled out through the rubble and destroyed theconstructions with point-blank salvos of chain shot.

At the beginning of September, the weather was turningand Mustafa ordered a march on Mdina, intending to winterthere. However the attack failed to occur. By 8 September,the Turks had embarked their artillery and were preparingto leave the island, having lost perhaps a third of their mento fighting and disease.

The previous day, however, Don Garcia had at last landedabout 8,000 men at St. Paul's Bay on the north end of theisland. The so-called Grande Soccorso ("great relief")positioned themselves on the ridge of San Pawl tat-Targa,waiting for the retreating Turks. It is said that when somehot-headed knights of the relief force saw the Turkish retreat and the burning villages in its wake,they charged without waiting for orders from Asciano del Corna. Del Corna had no choice but toorder a general charge which resulted in the massacre of the retreating Turkish force. The Turks fledto their ships and from the islands on 11 September. Malta had survived the Turkish assault, andthroughout Europe people celebrated what would turn out to be the last epic battle involvingCrusader Knights.

The number ofcasualties is inas much disputeas the number ofinvaders. Balbi

West face of the seaward bastion atFort St Angelo

Fort St. Michael and Mdina [edit]

The city of Mdina

Aftermath [edit]



gives 35,000Ottoman deaths,which seemsimplausible,Bosio 30,000 casualties (including sailors). Howevermodern estimations from military historians using Turkisharchives have put the number of casualties at 10,000 from

combat and disease, though it is generally agreed that there were likely far more losses amongst thevarious volunteers and pirates, which the Turkish sources would not have noted.[22] The knights losta third of their number, and Malta lost a third of its inhabitants. Birgu and Senglea were essentiallyleveled. Still, 9,000 Christians, most of them Maltese, had managed to withstand a siege of morethan four months in the hot summer, despite enduring a bombardment of some 130,000 cannonballs.

Jean De Valette, Grand Master of the knights of Malta, had a key influence in the victory againstOttomans with his example and his ability to encourage and hold together people as one man. Thisexample had a major impact, because the kings of Europe realized that the only way to win theOttomans was to stop wars between them and form alliances; the result was the vast union of forcesagainst Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto few years later. Such was the gratitude of Europe for theknights' heroic defense that money soon began pouring into the island, allowing de Valette toconstruct a fortified city, Valletta, on Mt. Sciberras. His intent was to deny the position to any futureenemies. La Valette himself died in 1568 after a hunting trip in Buskett.

The Ottomans never attempted to besiege Malta again. The failure of the siege did nothing toreverse the increasing dominance of Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean,[23] but in followinga string of Christian naval defeats, such as at the Battle of Djerba, it did deny Ottoman forces thestrategically vital island base in the centre of the sea which would have allowed them to launch everdeeper strikes into the belly of Europe.[24]

The 1570 Siege of Malta, written in the immediate aftermath of the events by the Cretan writerAntonios Achelis, is a classical work of Cretan Greek literature.

Walter Scott's novel The Siege of Malta, written in 1831-1832, was not published until 2008.

Modern authors have attempted to capture the desperation and ferocity of the siege, with varyingdegrees of success.

Angels in Iron by Nicholas Prata remains faithful to the historical narrative and tells the story froma distinctly Catholic point of view.

The novel Ironfire: An Epic Novel of Love and War by David Ball is the story of kidnapping,slavery and revenge leading up to the siege of Malta. It takes a somewhat less sympathetic viewof the Catholic Knights Hospitaller and maintains a more romantic approach.(British editioncalled,"The Sword and the Scimitar")

The novel The Religion by Tim Willocks (2006) tells the story of the siege through the eyes of afictional mercenary called Mattias Tannhauser, who is on Malta fighting (at times) alongside theKnights (referred to primarily as The Religion), while trying to locate the bastard son of a Maltese

The Siege of Malta - Flight of theOttomans , by Matteo Perez d' Aleccio

Lifting of the Siege of Malta by Charles-Philippe Larivire (1798-1876). Hall of theCrusades, Palace of Versailles.

In literature and historical fiction [edit]



noblewoman. In this attempt his opponent is a high-ranking member of the Inquisition. The storypresents a picture of both sides of the conflict without romanticising or sanitising the content formodern consumption.

The novel Blood Rock by James Jackson tells the story of the siege with a focus on a fictionalEnglish mercenary called Christian Hardy. Throughout the siege, Hardy works to discover theidentity of the traitor within The Religion who works to ensure a Moslem victory. The traitor workson behalf of the French king, Francis I, who believed that peace with the Ottoman Empire was inthe French interest and that the marauding Knights Hospitaller, by annoying the Sultan,threatened the security of France.

It is the main plot of Pirates of Christ, the historical novel by Edward Lamond([1] ).

Dorothy Dunnett in "The Disorderly Knights" (book 3 of "The Lymond Chronicle") gives a detailedfiction account of the events of 1551 in Malta, Gozo and Tripoli. Although several of thecharacters are fictional, the bulk of the personages are historical.

In the video game Age of Empires III, the campaign has a fictional account of the siege of Malta.

The 2011 novel by Christopher Hart, written under the pen name William Napier, was calledClash Of Empires: The Great Siege and focuses on the events of 1565 centred on their impacton the fictional English character Nicholas Ingoldsby, the son of one of the Knights Of St John.

The Simon Scarrow novel Sword And Scimitar published in late 2012 is set around the siege.Seen through the eyes of the fictional character disgraced Knight Sir Thomas Barrett who issearching for a hidden scroll in the possession of the Knights Of St John that could threaten thereign of Elizabeth I when the Ottomans attack Malta.

Battle of LepantoBarbary corsairsList of Ottoman sieges and landingsList of siegesSiege of Rhodes (1480)Siege of Rhodes (1522)

A television show entitled Warriors, from 2010, has an episode on the Siege of Malta, with reenactorsdisplaying the fighting techniques used during the siege by the Ottoman Turks and Knights of Malta.

This article includes a list of references, but its sourcesremain unclear because it has insufficient inlinecitations. Please help to improve this article by introducing moreprecise citations. (January 2010)

1. ^ Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and theMediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol.II ( University of California Press: Berkeley,1995).Siege of Malta (1565)

2. ^ Abbe de Vertot, The History of the Knights ofMalta vol. II, 1728 (facsimili reprint MideasBooks, Malta, 1989).

3. ^ Godfrey Wettinger, Slavery in the Islands ofMalta and Gozo, (Publishers Enterprise Group:Malta, 2002), p. 34

4. ^ Carmel Testa, Romegas (Midsea Book:

III, Versions and Perversions (PatrimonjuPublishing Ltd: Malta, 2002)

13. ^ Coleccion, op. cit.14. ^ Giacomo Bosio, op. cit.15. ^ Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the

Turke (London, 1603).16. ^ Aurel Decei Istoria Imperiului Otoman, Ed.

tiinific i enciclopedic, Bucureti 1978,page 185

17. ^ Coleccion, op. cit., pp. 6-718. ^ Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle a Visual Journey

See also [edit]

References [edit]



[show]V T E

[show]V T E

Wikimedia Commons has mediarelated to: Siege of Malta

Malta, 2002), p. 61.5. ^ Braudel, op cit.6. ^ Giacomo Bosio, Histoire des Chevaliers de

lordre de S. Iean de Hierusalem, edited by J.Baudoin (Paris, 1643).

7. ^ Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos Para LaHistoria de Espana, vol. 29 (Madrid, 1856).

8. ^ Francesco Balbi di Correggio / translated by:Ernle Bradford (1965). The Siege of Malta,1565. London.

9. ^ Arnold Cassola, The 1565 Great Siege ofMalta and Hipolito Sans's La Maltea(Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1999).

10. ^ Coleccion, op. cit., p. 36711. ^ Celio Secondo Curione, A New History of the

War in Malta, translated from the Latin byEmanuele F. Mizzi (Tipografia Leonina: Rome,1928).

12. ^ Giovanni Bonello, Histories of Malta, Volume

Through 5000 Years of Combat. London:Dorling Kindersley. p. 133.

19. ^ a b c d e f g Sire, H. J. A. (1993). "5". TheKnights of Malta. New Haven and London:Yale University Press. pp. 6870. ISBN 0-300-05502-1.

20. ^ Francisco Balbi, The Siege of Malta 1565,translated by H.A. Balbi (Copenhagen, 1961).

21. ^ Bosio, op. cit., p. 552.22. ^ Arnold Cassola, The 1565 Ottoman Malta

Campaign Register, (Publishers EnterpriseGroup: Malta, 1998), p. 111.

23. ^ Maritime History and Archaeology ofMalta page 221

24. ^ Roger Crowley, "Empires of the Sea: Thesiege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and thecontest for the center of the world", publisherRandom House, 2008, p.90.

Bradford, Ernle, Ernle Bradford (1961). The Great Siege: Malta 1565. Wordsworth 1999. ISBN 1-84022-206-9.Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: The Life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.Correggio, Francesco Balbi di (1568). The Siege Of Malta 1565. Copenhagen 1961.Correggio, Francesco Balbi di Francesco Balbi di Correggio translated Ernle Bradford (1568translated 1965). "chapter II". The Siege Of Malta 1565. Penguin 2003. ISBN 0-14-101202-1.Crowley, Roger. Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580. London:Faber, 2008. ISBN 978-0-571-23230-7Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910Pickles, Tim. Malta 1565: Last Battle of the Crusades; Osprey Campaign Series #50, OspreyPublishing, 1998.Rothman, Tony, "The Great Siege of Malta," in History Today, Jan. 2007.Spiteri, Stephen C. The Great Siege: Knights vs. Turks, 1565. Malta, The Author, 2005.Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0

The Ottomans.org (English)

"History's bloodiest siege used human heads ascannonballs" by James Jackson - An account of thesiege

World Digital Library presentation of Antoine du Prac Lafrry's Geografia Tavole Moderne diGeografia or Modern Geographic Table of Geography . Library of Congress. Primary sourcemap with summary description, 17 images with enhanced view and zoom features and text tospeech capability. Latin. Links to related content. Content available as TIF. Map of the GreatSiege of Malta, published in Rome, 1565.

Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire

Malta topics

External links [edit]



Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view

This page was last modified on 9 May 2013 at 01:04.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using thissite, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Categories: Battles involving Spain Battles involving the Knights HospitallerBattles involving the Ottoman Empire Conflicts in 1565 History of Malta Islam in MaltaBattles involving Malta Knights Hospitaller Sieges involving the Ottoman EmpireSuleiman the Magnificent 1565 in Europe

wikipedia.orgSiege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

9TaWVnZV9vZl9NYWx0YV8oMTU2NSkA: form3: search: button:

Siege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Documents

Transcript of Siege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia